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四川甘孜藏区50岁及以上人群白内障患病率及手术治疗情况调查
四川甘孜藏区50岁及以上人群白内障患病率及手术治疗情况调查
调查研究
四川甘孜藏 区 50 岁 及 以 上 人 群 白 内 障 患 病 率
及手术治疗情况调查
嘉初丹巴 央京 蒋凤 罗莉
甘孜藏族自治州人民医院眼科 四川大学华西医院甘孜医院ꎬ康定 626000
通信作者:嘉初丹巴ꎬEmail:1399968593@ qq. com
Prevalence and surgical status of cataract in adults aged 50 years and older in Kandze Tibetan areas of
SichuanꎬChina
JiachudanbaꎬYangjingꎬJiang FengꎬLuo Li
Kham Eye Centreꎬ Kandze Prefecture People ' s Hospitalꎬ Ganzi Hospitalꎬ West China Hospital of Sichuan Universityꎬ
Kangding 626000ꎬChina
Corresponding author:JiachudanbaꎬEmail:1399968593@qq. com
[ Abstract] Objective To investigate the prevalence of cataractꎬ cataract surgical coverage and surgical
outcomes in people aged 50 years and older in Kandze Tibetan areas of Sichuan Provinceꎬ and to evaluate the
effectiveness of the prevention and treatment of blindness in the region. Methods A cross ̄sectional study was
conducted to study the population aged 50 years and above in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefectureꎬ Sichuan
Provinceꎬfrom October 2017 to April 2018 using the Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness ( RAAB) method. A
total of 5 000 permanent residents aged 50 years and older were selected using a stratifiedꎬcluster sampling method
with reference to the data from the 2010 China Population Census with the RAAB softwareꎬand each cluster consisted
of 50 peopleꎬfor a total of 100 clusters. The survey was conducted by two survey teamsꎬand all subjects underwent
visual acuity and ophthalmic examinations at home to investigate relevant cataract prevalenceꎬ surgical coverageꎬ
中华实验眼科杂志 2023 年 6 月第 41 卷第 6 期 Chin J Exp OphthalmolꎬJune 2023ꎬVol. 41ꎬNo. 6 583
surgical barriersꎬand postoperative outcomes according to WHO Standards. This study adhered to the Declaration of
Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kandze Prefecture People 's Hospital ( No.
GZZYY ̄2016 ̄11) . Written informed consent was obtained from each subject. Results Of 5 000 eligible
participantsꎬ4 763 were examinedꎬwith a response rate of 95 3%. Referred to the visual impairment standard of WHO
and the pinhole visual acuityꎬthe prevalence of bilateral blindnessꎬsevereꎬmoderate and mild visual impairment was
0 6%(95% [confidence intervalꎬCI]:0 4% -0 9%)ꎬ0 9%(95% CI:0 6% -1 2%)ꎬ2 4%(95% CI:2 0% -2 9%)
and 5 2%(95% CI:4 6% - 5 9%) ꎬrespectively. The prevalence of cataract blindness was 0 7% ( 95% CI:0 4% -
1 0%) in femalesꎬsignificantly higher than 0 2% ( 95% CI:0 1% - 0 5%) in males( P< 0 05) . The prevalence of
cataract blindness was 2 3% among Tibetanꎬhigher than 1 0% among Han Chineseꎬshowing a statistically significant
difference ( P<0 05) . By the number of eyesꎬthe cataract surgical coverage was 60 8% ( 95% CI:55 5% -65 8%)
in femalesꎬwhich was lower than 70 1%(95% CI:63 7%-75 7%) in malesꎬwith a statistically significant difference
( P<0 05) . By the number of casesꎬthe surgical coverage for cataract blindness in both eyes was 82 0% (95% CI:
75 2%-87 6%)ꎬwith blindness defined as the pinhole visual acuity <0 05 in the dominant eye. A total of 171 people
with untreated cataract received a questionnaire about barriers to cataract surgery. The most important barrier was
unaware that treatment was available at 77 8%ꎬfollowed by inconvenient transportation or being unaccompanied to the
hospital at 11 7%. A total of 364 eyes underwent cataract surgeryꎬ of which 336 eyes underwent intraocular lens
implantationꎬand the intraocular lens implantation rate was 92 3%. There were 216 eyes with a postoperative cataract
visual acuity ≥ 0 3ꎬ accounting for 59 3% ( 216 / 364) . Conclusions In the Kandze Tibetan area of Sichuan
Provinceꎬcataract is still the main cause of blindness among people aged 50 and aboveꎬ and surgery for cataract
remains the focus of blindness prevention work. The cataract surgical coverage in this area is highꎬ but the
postoperative outcomes are still poor compared with the WHO reference index for post ̄cataract surgery ( 1998) ꎬand
corresponding measures must be taken to improve the quality of surgery.
[ Key words] Cataractꎻ Prevalenceꎻ Surgeryꎻ Health surveyꎻ Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindnessꎻ
Kandze Tibetan areasꎻ China
Fund program: Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Science and Technology Department ( 2020YFS0537) ꎻ
Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Health Department (080132)
DOI:10. 3760 / cma. j. cn115989 ̄20210803 ̄00444
21 8%ꎻ80 岁 及 以 上 313 人ꎬ 占 双眼白内障 751 0 8(0 5-1 2) 1 453 1 5(1 2-1 9) a 2 204 1 2(1 0-1 4)
单眼白内障 766 0 9(0 2-1 5) 1 233 1 3(0 4-2 2) 1 999 1 1(0 5-1 7)
6 57%ꎮ 白内障眼数 2 268 1 3(0 8-1 7) 4 139 2 2(1 6-2 8) 6 407 1 7(1 4-2 1)
2. 2 白内障导致的视力损伤和 轻度视力损伤
盲患病率比较 双眼白内障 1 420 0 8(0 2-1 4) 2 647 1 4(0 9-1 9) a 4 067 1 1(0 7-1 5)
1 116 0 6(0 1-1 4) 1 414 0 8(0 0-1 5) 2 530 0 7(0 1-1 3)
根据针孔视力和 2009 年 WHO
单眼白内障
白内障眼数 3 956 2 2(1 5-2 9) 6 708 3 6(2 9-4 2) 10 664 2 9(2 4-3 4)
盲和视力损伤的标准ꎬ按人数为单 注:与男性比较ꎬ a P<0 05( χ 2 检验) CI:可信区间
位统计ꎬ双眼白内障致盲以及重 Note:Compared with maleꎬ a P<0 05 ( χ 2 test) CI:confidence interval
586 中华实验眼科杂志 2023 年 6 月第 41 卷第 6 期 Chin J Exp OphthalmolꎬJune 2023ꎬVol. 41ꎬNo. 6
P<0 05ꎻ眼数:Z = 6 389ꎬP<0 05) ꎬ其中藏族明显高于 有统计学意义 ( 人数: Z = 10 707ꎬ P < 0 01ꎻ 眼数: Z =
汉族 和 其 他 少 数 民 族ꎬ 差 异 均 有 统 计 学 意 义 ( 均 13 607ꎬP<0 01) ꎬ其中牧区居住的人群中白内障导致
P<0 05) ꎬ其他少数民族与汉族之间白内障导致的视 的不同等级视力损伤的患病率均明显高于农区及城镇
力损伤患病率比较差异均无统计学意义( 均 P>0 05) 人群ꎬ差异均有统计学意义( 均 P < 0 01) ꎮ 城镇人群
( 表 2) ꎮ 白内障导致的不同 BCVA 人数和眼数分布患病率均稍
2. 4 不同性别间白内障患病率比较 低于农区ꎬ差异均无统计学意义( 均 P>0 05) ( 表 4) ꎮ
不同性别间白内障导致的不同等级视力损伤患病 2. 6 距医院不同居住距离及海拔条件者白内障患病
率比 较 差 异 均 有 统 计 学 意 义 ( 人 数: Z = - 2 014ꎬ 率比较
P<0 05ꎻ眼数: Z = - 2 158ꎬ P<0 01) ꎬ 其 中 与 男 性 比 居住地到医院距离 < 200、200 ~ < 400 及≥400 km
较ꎬ女性 BCVA< 0 05、≥0 05 ~ < 0 1、≥0 1 ~ < 0 3 和 的受检者不同等级视力水平的人数和眼数分布均明显
≥0 3 ~ <0 5 的患病人数和眼数分布均明显增加ꎬ患 不同ꎬ随着距离增加ꎬ白内障患病率逐渐升高ꎬ总体比
病率 均 明 显 高 于 男 性ꎬ 差 异 均 有 统 计 学 意 义 ( 均 较差异均有统计学意义( 人数:Z = 32 179ꎬP < 0 001ꎻ
P<0 05) ( 表 3) ꎮ 眼数:Z = 19 126ꎬP < 0 001) ꎻ其中居住地到医院距离
2. 5 不同居住区域白内障患病率比较 为 200 ~ <400 km 和≥400 km 受检者不同等级视力水
牧区、农区和城镇人群白内障导致的不同 BCVA 平的人数和眼数较<200 km 均明显增加ꎬ≥400 km 较
人数和眼数分布患病率均明显不同ꎬ总体比较差异均 200 ~ <400 km明显增加ꎬ患病率差异均有统计学意义
表 2 不同民族间白内障导致的不同等级视力损伤患病率比较[ n( %) ]
Table 2 Comparison of the prevalence of cataract causing different BCVA grades among different ethnic groups [ n( %) ]
不同 BCVA 人数分布 不同 BCVA 眼数分布
民族
<0 05 ≥0 05 ~ <0 1 ≥0 1 ~ <0 3 ≥0 3 ~ <0 5 <0 05 ≥0 05 ~ <0 1 ≥0 1 ~ <0 3 ≥0 3 ~ <0 5
藏族 160(3 9) 202(4 9) 323(7 8) 506(12 3) 188(2 3) 240(2 9) 424(5 1) 719(8 7)
汉族 a 9(1 8) 11(2 2) 22(4 4) 44( 8 9) 10(1 0) 14(1 4) 33(3 3) 72(7 3)
其他少数民族 a 4(2 8) 5(3 5) 10(7 0) 14( 9 9) 4(1 4) 5(1 8) 12(4 2) 21(7 4)
Z值 7 604 6 389
P值 <0 05 <0 05
注:与藏族比较ꎬ a P<0 05( Kruskal ̄Wallis H 检验ꎬNemenyi 检验) BCVA:最佳矫正视力
Note:Compared with Tibetanꎬ a P<0 05 ( Kruskal ̄Wallis H testꎬNemenyi test) BCVA:best corrected visual acuity
表 3 不同性别间白内障导致的不同等级视力损伤患病率比较[ n( %) ]
Table 3 Comparison of the prevalence of cataract causing different BCVA grades between different sexes [ n( %) ]
不同 BCVA 人数分布 不同 BCVA 眼数分布
性别
<0 05 ≥0 05 ~ <0 1 ≥0 1 ~ <0 3 ≥0 3 ~ <0 5 <0 05 ≥0 05 ~ <0 1 ≥0 1 ~ <0 3 ≥0 3 ~ <0 5
男性 60(2 9) 78(3 7) 124(5 9) 202( 9 7) 67(1 6) 88(2 1) 157(3 8) 281(6 7)
女性 a 113(4 2) 140(5 2) 231(8 6) 362(13 5) 135(2 5) 171(3 2) 312(5 8) 531(9 9)
Z值 -2 014 -2 158
P值 <0 05 <0 01
注:与男性比较ꎬ a P<0 05( Kruskal ̄Wallis H 检验ꎬWilcoxon 秩和检验) BCVA:最佳矫正视力
Note:Compared with maleꎬ a P<0 05 ( Kruskal ̄Wallis H testꎬWilcoxon rank sum test) BCVA:best corrected visual acuity
表 4 不同居住区域之间白内障导致的不同等级视力损伤患病率比较[ n( %) ]
Table 4 Comparison of the prevalence of cataract causing different BCVA grades among different regions [ n( %) ]
不同 BCVA 人数分布 不同 BCVA 眼数分布
区域
<0 05 ≥0 05 ~ <0 1 ≥0 1 ~ <0 3 ≥0 3 ~ <0 5 <0 05 ≥0 05 ~ <0 1 ≥0 1 ~ <0 3 ≥0 3 ~ <0 5
牧区 55(5 0) 71(6 4) 114(10 3) 176(15 9) 64(2 9) 82(3 7) 144(6 5) 247(11 2)
农区 a 111(3 2) 140(4 1) 231( 6 7) 368(10 7) 130(1 9) 168(2 4) 311(4 5) 533( 7 8)
城镇 a 7(3 2) 7(3 2) 10( 4 6) 20( 9 1) 8(1 8) 9(2 0) 14(3 2) 32( 7 3)
Z值 10 707 13 607
P值 <0 01 <0 01
注:与牧区比较ꎬ a P<0 01( Kruskal ̄Wallis H 检验ꎬNemenyi 秩和检验) BCVA:最佳矫正视力
Note:Compared with pastoral areaꎬ a P<0 01 ( Kruskal ̄Wallis H testꎬNemenyi test) BCVA:best corrected visual acuity
中华实验眼科杂志 2023 年 6 月第 41 卷第 6 期 Chin J Exp OphthalmolꎬJune 2023ꎬVol. 41ꎬNo. 6 587
(均 P<0 01)(表 5)ꎮ 居住地海拔<2 000、2 000 ~ <3 000、 无人陪同到医院者 20 例ꎬ占 11 7%ꎮ 不同性别或民族
3 000 ~ <4 000 和≥4 000 m 的受检者不同等级视力水 之间未接受白内障手术治疗的例数差异均无统计学意
平的人数和眼数分布均明显不同ꎬ患病率总体比较差 义( 均 P>0 05) ( 表 7ꎬ8) ꎮ
异均有统计学意义( 人数:Z = 24 765ꎬP<0 001ꎻ眼数: 2. 8 受检的白内障患者不同手术效果眼数比较
Z = 25 681ꎬP<0 001) ꎻ随着居住地海拔的升高ꎬ白内 本次调查中共有 364 眼接受过白内障手术治疗ꎬ
障患病率逐渐升高ꎬ 两两比较差异均有统计学 意 义 其中 251 眼是在 60 ~ 79 岁接受手术ꎬ占 68 9%ꎻ242 眼
( 均 P<0 01) ( 表 6) ꎮ 在政府医院接受白内障手术ꎬ占 66 5%ꎬ115 眼在下乡
2. 7 未接受白内障手术者不同原因例数比较 巡回手术点接受手术ꎬ占 31 6%ꎮ 白内障手术以人工
本次调查中共 171 人未接受白内障治疗ꎬ问卷调 晶状体植入术为主ꎬ共 336 眼ꎬ占 92 3%ꎬ接受针拨白
查结果显示ꎬ受检者“ 不知道可以接受治疗( 包括不知 内障手术者 10 眼ꎬ占 2 7%( 表 9) ꎮ
道患有白内障) ” 者共 133 例ꎬ占 77 8%ꎬ交通不便或 参照WHO白内障手术后视力参考指标(1998) [2] ꎬ
表 7 不同民族间未接受白内障手术者不同原因例数比较[ n( %) ]
Table 7 Comparison of cases not having cataract surgery for different reasons among different ethnic groups [ n( %) ]
民族 感到没必要 害怕 费用 拒绝治疗 不知道可以治疗 无法获得治疗 当地原因 合计
藏族 6( 4 0) 1(0 7) 2(1 3) 5( 3 3) 116(77 3) 4( 2 7) 20(13 3) 150(100)
汉族 0( 0 0) 1(5 3) 0(0 0) 2(10 5) 16(84 2) 2(10 5) 0( 0 0) 19(100)
其他民族 1(50 0) 0(0 0) 0(0 0) 0( 0 0) 1(50 0) 0( 0 0) 0( 0 0) 2(100)
χ2 值 5 294 3 106 0 283 2 309 1 365 3 151 3 171 13 868
P值 >0 05 >0 05 >0 05 >0 05 >0 05 >0 05 >0 05 >0 05
注:( χ 2 检验)
Note:( χ 2 test)
588 中华实验眼科杂志 2023 年 6 月第 41 卷第 6 期 Chin J Exp OphthalmolꎬJune 2023ꎬVol. 41ꎬNo. 6
表 8 不同性别间未接受白内障手术者不同原因例数比较[ n( %) ]
Table 8 Comparison of cases not having cataract surgery for different reasons between different sexes [ n( %) ]
手术类型 手术地点
BCVA 结果 总眼数
无晶状体眼 人工晶状体眼 针拨术 政府医院 慈善医院 民营医院 巡回手术点
很好( ≥0 5) 173( 47 5) 0( 0 0) 173( 51 5) 0( 0 0) 133( 55 0) 1( 50 0) 2( 40 0) 37( 32 2)
好(0 3-<0 5) 43( 11 8) 0( 0 0) 43( 12 8) 0( 0 0) 29( 12 0) 0( 0 0) 0( 0 0) 14( 12 2)
中(0 1-<0 3) 53( 14 6) 3( 16 7) 49( 14 6) 1( 10 0) 36( 14 9) 1( 50 0) 0( 0 0) 16( 13 9)
差( <0 1) 95( 26 1) 15( 83 3) 71( 21 1) 9( 90 0) 44( 18 2) 0( 0 0) 3( 60 0) 48( 41 7)
合计 364(100 0) 18(100 0) 336(100 0) 10(100 0) 242(100 0) 2(100 0) 5(100 0) 115(100 0)
注:BCVA:最佳矫正视力
Note:BCVA:best corrected visual acuity
民族
藏族 64 3(60 1-68 3) 58 5(54 5-62 5) 44 4(40 9-48 0) 81 6(74 5-87 0) 77 7(70 7-83 3) 59 4(53 2-65 4)
汉族 66 7(48 0-81 3) 58 8(41 6-74 1) 37 7(25 7-51 5) a
85 7(37 5-98 4) 70 0(35 7-90 7) 38 9(19 3-62 9) a
其他民族 63 6(32 5-86 4) 58 3(29 6-82 3) 36 8(18 3-60 4) a
100 0 100 0 50 0( 9 3-90 7) a
性别
男性 70 1(63 7-75 7) 64 1(57 9-70 0) 50 0(44 5-55 5) 88 5(77 6-94 5) 85 3(74 6-92 0) 65 3(55 1-74 2)
女性 60 8(55 5-65 8) b 55 0(50 0-60 0) b 40 1(36 0-44 4) b 78 0(68 7-85 1) b 72 8(63 8-80 3) b 54 0(46 5-61 3) b
居住区域
牧区 66 3(59 3-72 7) 60 6(53 7-67 0) 46 7(40 8-52 7) 84 7(73 0-92 0) 83 3(72 2-90 6) 67 7(57 5-76 5)
农区 64 2(59 1-69 0) 58 1(53 2-62 9) 42 8(38 7-47 0) 80 8(71 7-87 5) 75 0(66 1-82 2) 53 5(46 0-60 9) c
城镇 46 7(23 4-71 5) 43 8(21 9-68 4) 33 3(16 5-55 9) 66 7(9 37-97 5) 50 0( 9 3-90 7) 33 3( 7 2-76 4) c
到医院距离( km)
<200 73 8(65 2-80 8) 67 7(59 2-75 1) 48 9(41 7-56 1) 90 9(74 8-97 1) 83 8(67 9-92 7) 60 3(47 2-72 2)
200-<400 61 6(54 4-68 3) 57 9(51 0-64 6) 44 5(38 6-50 6) 80 7(68 2-89 1) 76 7(64 2-85 8) 59 5(48 6-69 5)
≥400 62 1(56 0-67 9) 54 8(49 0-60 5) 41 0(36 2-46 0) 78 9(67 7-86 9) 75 3(64 9-83 4) 55 8(47 1-64 2)
海拔( m)
≤2 000 59 3(39 9-76 1) 50 0(33 1-66 9) 34 8(22 4-49 6) 83 3(31 9-98 2) 66 7(31 3-89 8) 40 0(18 5-66 1)
2 000-<3 000 64 9(55 7-73 2) 59 2(50 3-67 5) 42 5(35 4-50 0) 82 1(63 0-92 5) 80 0(61 5-90 9) 48 0(34 5-61 8)
3 000-<4 000 63 6(58 2-68 7) 57 3(52 1-62 3) 43 4(39 0-47 9) 83 2(74 1-89 5) 76 9(67 9-83 9) 58 5(50 6-65 9)
≥4 000 68 0(58 2-76 4) 64 8(55 1-73 3) 50 0(41 6-58 4) 78 1(60 2-89 4) 80 0(63 2-90 3) 72 3(57 7-83 3)
合计 64 4(60 3-68 4) 58 6(54 6-62 5) 43 8(40 4-47 3) 82 0(75 2-87 6) 77 5(70 7-83 3) 57 9(51 8-63 9)
a b
注:与藏族比较ꎬ P<0 05ꎻ与男性比较ꎬ P<0 05ꎻ与牧区比较ꎬ P<0 05( c χ2 检验) CI:可信区间
Note:Compared with Tibetanꎬ a P<0 05ꎻcompared with maleꎬ b P<0 05ꎻcompared with pastoral areaꎬ c P<0 05 ( χ 2 test) CI:confidence interval
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