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Textbook Human Dispersal and Species Movement From Prehistory To The Present Nicole Boivin Ebook All Chapter PDF
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HUMAN DISPERSAL AND SPECIES MOVEMENT
How have humans colonised the entire planet and reshaped its ecosystems in the
process? This unique and groundbreaking collection of essays explores human
movement through time, the impacts of these movements on landscapes and
other species, and the ways in which species have co-evolved and transformed
each other as a result. Exploring the spread of people, plants, animals, and diseases
through processes of migration, colonisation, trade, and travel, it assembles a broad
array of case studies from the Pliocene to the present. The contributors from
disciplines across the humanities and natural sciences are senior or established
scholars in the fields of human evolution, archaeology, history, and geography.
Edited by:
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107164147
© Cambridge University Press 2017
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2017
Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc.
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication data
Names: Boivin, Nicole, 1970– editor. | Crassard, Rémy, editor. | Petraglia, M. D.
(Michael D.), editor.
Title: Human dispersal and species movement : from prehistory to the present / edited by Nicole
Boivin, Rémy Crassard & Michael D. Petraglia.
Description: Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press, 2017. | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016045366| ISBN 9781316615744 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781107164147 (hbk.)
Subjects: LCSH: Human beings – Migrations. | Migrations of nations. | Animal migration. |
Introduced organisms. | Human ecology. | Nature – Effect of human beings on.
Classification: LCC GN370 .H85 2017 | DDC 304.8–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016045366
isbn 978-1-107-16414-7 Hardback
isbn 978-1-316-61574-4 Paperback
Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/delange
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
CONTENTS
I. Introduction
1 Human and human-mediated species dispersals through time:
Introduction and overview 3
Nicole Boivin
II. Origins: Species Movements in the Pleistocene
2 Carnivore guilds and the impact of hominin dispersals 29
Margaret E. Lewis
3 Pleistocene hominin dispersals, naïve faunas and social networks 62
Robin Dennell
4 Hominins on the move: An assessment of anthropogenic shaping
of environments in the Palaeolithic 90
Michael Petraglia
5 Reconceptualising the palaeozoogeography of the Sahara and the
dispersal of early modern humans 119
Nick A. Drake and Roger Blench
III. Across the water: Species movements by Coast and Sea
6 Coastlines, marine ecology, and maritime dispersals in human history 147
Jon M. Erlandson
7 Breaking down barriers: Prehistoric species dispersals across Island
Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Australia 164
Tim Denham
v
vi Contents
Index 535
vii
FIGURES
xii
CONTRIBUTORS
divide between the natural sciences and humanities. She has undertaken
pioneering research in Asia and Africa, exploring a broad range of issues
through field, laboratory, and theoretical applications – from human migra-
tions out of Africa in the Late Pleistocene, to the transition to agriculture in
India and Africa, rock art, and material culture. Her most recent project, the
ERC-funded Sealinks Project, has investigated the emergence of long-
distance trade and connectivity in the Indian Ocean, and its relationship to
processes of biological exchange and translocation. Nicole Boivin is author
of Material Cultures, Material Minds: The Role of Things in Human Thought,
Society and Evolution (2008, Cambridge University Press).
Rémy Crassard is a permanent Research Fellow at the National Centre for
Scientific Research (CNRS) in Lyon, France. His research addresses the
dispersal and cultural evolution of modern humans during the Palaeolithic
and Neolithic periods through the study of the lithic industries in the
Arabian Peninsula. He is a member of several international teams working
in the region and has directed many excavations and archaeological surveys
in Yemen, Oman, and Saudi Arabia. He is also directing the Globalkites
Project, aiming at the interdisciplinary study of desert kites across the world,
and especially in the Middle East and Central Asia. He recently first authored
three papers in PLoS ONE (all in 2013) on the prehistory of three different
regions of Arabia, and another paper in the Journal of Archaeological Method and
Theory on the desert kites phenomenon (Crassard et al. 2015).
Patrizia d’Ettorre is Professor of Ethology at the Laboratory of Experimental
and Comparative Ethology, University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité,
where she is responsible for the research line “Communication and
Cognition.” Patrizia d’Ettorre is also guest professor at the CNRS
Research Center on Animal Cognition, University of Toulouse. She is co-
editor of the book Sociobiology of Communication, an Interdisciplinary Perspective
(2008, Oxford University Press). Her areas of interests are communication,
social insects, evolution of queen pheromones, recognition systems, learn-
ing, and memory.
Tim Denham is Associate Professor of Archaeology at the Australian National
University. His primary research has focussed on plant exploitation and the
emergence of agriculture in the highlands of Papua New Guinea during the
Holocene. He has also published extensively on the Holocene history of
Island Southeast Asia and northern Australia. He is the lead co-editor
of Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological
Perspectives (2007, Left Coast Press), The Emergence of Agriculture (2007,
Routledge), and The History of Banana Domestication (2009, special volume,
Ethnobotany Research and Applications).
Robin Dennell is an Honorary Professor in the Department of Archaeology,
University of Exeter. He is the author of The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia
(2009, Cambridge University Press), and co-editor (with Gao Xing) of two
List of contributors xv
xxi
xxii Preface
Graf and Beatrice Rehl, as well as the broader editorial team, for their advice,
support, and important role in bringing the book to press.
Almost all of the original conference participants contributed a chapter to
this book. One invited participant – George J. Armelagos – was unable to
attend the conference for health reasons, and was subsequently prevented from
contributing a chapter by his untimely passing. We would like to take the
opportunity to acknowledge the important contributions of Professor
Armelagos to the study of ancient disease. His chapter is sorely missed, but
his important role as a pioneer in the exploration of health and disease in the
bioarchaeological record is reflected in the extraordinary advances in the field
that are addressed in multiple chapters.
This book is equally the outcome of two European Research Council-
funded projects and the synergies that emerged between them. The Sealinks
Project (Grant Agreement 206148) and the Palaeodeserts Project (Grant
Agreement 295719) are funded under the European Union’s Seventh
Framework Programme. In the interests of full disclosure, we note that the
PIs of these projects are also married to one another. While recognition of the
parallels between the processes of movement addressed in the two projects was
undoubtedly facilitated by the discussion of dispersals at inappropriate domestic
moments, however, the broader linkages are also the result of ongoing discus-
sion between the project teams, and we wish also to acknowledge their
important contributions here.
Finally, the book is also the result of collaboration across the Anglo-French
academic divide, and reflects the existence of long-term working relationships –
and, indeed, friendships – between scholars in France and the UK. The book
reflects time spent in the UK and France by the editors (for two of them as an
outcome of being awarded Fyssen Foundation postdoctoral fellowships) and
the opportunities such research exchange has provided. By the time the book is
published, two of the editors will have moved from Oxford to the Max Planck
Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany, holding out the
promise that such ties will expand their reach to the broader European context.
It is our sincere hope that these exciting and dynamic new linkages built
across the boundaries of disciplines, projects, and nations will be reflected in the
finished book you find before you here.
Nicole Boivin
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena
Rémy Crassard
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon
Michael Petraglia
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena
April 2016
1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
Homo sapiens is essentially an African primate. The vast majority of our evolu-
tion occurred in Africa, and the migrations of both our own species and
ancestral human populations out of Africa are, in the grand scheme of things,
relatively late-in-the-day occurrences. Nonetheless, we have not only travelled
and settled beyond Africa, we have also achieved a global distribution unpar-
alleled in other mammals (Gamble 2013; Finlayson 2014). From the most arid
deserts to the iciest reaches of the frozen poles can be found human societies of
diverse types and forms. And processes of dispersal, colonisation, and migration
continue. Indeed, we now travel faster, further, and more often than ever
before. In 2006, a staggering 4.4 billion people passed through the world’s main
airports (ACI 2007, cited in Hulme 2009: 13).
We have travelled far, but we have not travelled alone. Linked to the spread
of human populations has been the geographic expansion of an extraordinary
range of other species. These species have moved with humans, either directly,
by way of our bodies, our caravans, our ships, and our roads, or indirectly by
way of new routes opened up by our activities, for example, as we transform
environments and accordingly provide pathways for new types of species to
migrate and colonise. Much of this movement has been inadvertent, leading to
the unintentional co-migration of a wide array of parasites, microbes, disease
vectors, and invasive and commensal species. But we have deliberately carried
with us a whole host of species as well, in particular the domesticated crops and
animals that have enabled our astounding demographic success.
This book is about the extraordinary movements of humans across the globe,
and the equally remarkable role that we and our ancestors have played in
shaping the geographic dispersal of other species. It draws together contributors
from diverse disciplines, whose research explores a broad range of species, time
periods, and regions. The chapters collected here do not provide
a comprehensive account of human dispersals and human-mediated species
movements – such an undertaking would span many volumes and probably
3
4 Nicole Boivin
many lifetimes. Instead, they offer a broad range of illustrative examples that
underscore the complex palimpsest of species movements through time.
Together, these highlight a key point: humans have dramatically reshaped
the distribution of our own species as well as that of countless others. This
understanding is part of a wider recognition of the pivotal role that humans
have played in altering the earth and its ecosystems.
In the research world, a broad range of data sources and methods across the
natural sciences and humanities are being drawn upon to explore the move-
ment of species through time. Archaeologists and palaeoanthropologists study
fossil and material culture evidence to explore the migrations and dispersals of
earlier forms of humans, as well as our own and other species, through to recent
times. Historians and linguists mine textual, iconographic, and linguistic
sources to examine migrations and population dispersals, as well as the historical
movements of domesticated plants and animals, and exotic translocated species.
Biogeographers piece together past range expansions and translocations
through an analysis of contemporary species populations, while palaeoecolo-
gists contribute direct data on past environments and species compositions.
Historians, epidemiologists, and geographers look at disease history, and
a broad range of scientists examine the historical movements of invasive species.
In more recent years, molecular geneticists have begun to contribute substan-
tially to a wide variety of these endeavours, providing phylogenetic informa-
tion that is increasingly fine-tuning, verifying, and also at times overturning the
findings of other disciplines.
The chapters in this volume address a diverse selection of these data sources
and methods. While a few chapters in the book (those by Tatem and d’Ettorre)
focus on the contemporary world in order to explore points of comparison,
most specifically seek to offer a historical perspective on species dispersals.
The book includes contributions from archaeologists, historians, geneticists,
geographers, and biologists. The kinds of datasets discussed range from fossils of
humans and other species to genetic sequences, historical texts, and environ-
mental data, each presenting vastly different opportunities, limitations, and
degrees of temporal resolution. Lewis’ chapter (Chapter 2) deals with gaps in
the fossil record of many hundreds of thousands of years, while Tatem’s
(Chapter 20) addresses daily mobile phone records for millions of people.
The strength of many chapters is in drawing such diverse datasets together.
Drake and Blench (Chapter 5), for example, bring together data on modern and
fossil animal species distributions with findings from genetic, palaeohydrolo-
gical, archaeological, ethnographic, linguistic, and rock art studies. Boivin
(Chapter 14) focuses on archaeological sources, but also draws upon historical,
iconographic, genetic, and isotopic data. Many of the archaeological and
Human and human-mediated species dispersals through time 5
historical chapters (particularly those by Denham; Hunt and Lipo; Crassard and
Khalidi; Zeder; Fuller and Lucas; Smith; and Green) draw upon molecular
genetic evidence, highlighting the increasing relevance of the discipline to
historical reconstruction. Dennell (Chapter 3) looks at archaeological and fossil
evidence, but also explores research in ethology and evolutionary science. One
of the key aims of the volume was to reach from archaeology across to other
disciplines and methods in order to look more broadly and comparatively at
datasets that often get analysed by distinctive – and non-interacting – groups of
researchers.
Along with multidisciplinarity, developments in chronology have also been
key to an improved understanding of the movement and dispersal of humans
and other species. The chapter by Hunt and Lipo (Chapter 8), on the colonisa-
tion of remote Oceania by Polynesians, places chronology centre-stage, and
demonstrates how chronological revision has implications for understanding
both the processes and consequences of human migration. Their revised
chronology for remote Pacific settlement, also addressed elsewhere (Hunt
and Lipo 2006; Reith et al. 2011; Wilmshurst et al. 2011), is not without
controversy (Kirch 2011; Mulrooney et al. 2011), but it does challenge archae-
ologists to demand more robust chronological frameworks. But chronological
issues remain challenging, particularly for earlier periods. Pleistocene archae-
ology suffers from limitations of preservation, resolution, and chronological
accuracy that have led to significant debate over the dating of specific dispersal
events and their impacts. Particularly notable is the controversy surrounding
the role of dispersing humans in the demise of the numerous genera of
megafauna they encountered upon arrival on different continents and islands
outside of Africa (discussed in Petraglia, Chapter 4). Much of this debate rests
on understandings of the chronology of human arrivals, megafaunal extinc-
tions, and the climatic changes that have also been implicated in these extinc-
tion events. In this case, the resolution needed to untangle causality is generally
lacking, but even for later periods of human history, dating can be patchy.
The vast majority of historical plant and animal translocations, for example, are
poorly dated. Understanding of the timing of plant introductions to Britain in
the last 2,000 years (addressed in Boivin’s chapter) has been greatly improved by
systematic archaeobotanical recovery from archaeological sites over the past
few decades, but this record primarily concerns food crops and is unmatched in
most other parts of the world, in many of which the application of archae-
ological science methods is in its infancy. Chronological imitations also plague
molecular genetic reconstructions of dispersals, with continued debate over the
calibration of the molecular clock confounding efforts to reliably date geneti-
cally observed dispersal events.
Nonetheless, the advent of new technologies holds much promise.
In particular, ancient DNA (aDNA) studies, addressed in a number of the
chapters (Larson’s in particular, but also those by Dennell, Zeder, Boivin, and
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tombeau au temps de Lejuge, p. 175, qui en a lu une autre en prose. Celle que fit
faire le cardinal est donc la troisième.
[355] Le P. Modeste de Saint-Aimable la Monarchie sainte, t. I, p. 23.
§ I.—CHRONIQUES
GRÉGOIRE DE TOURS