Innovations, Number 74 October 2023

Innovations
A Study on Performance of Bricks Producing From Solid Waste
Amgoth Pavan*, A. Laksmi Parimala**

*
PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of
Technology and Management, Hyderabad, India.
**
Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering, Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of
Technology and Management, Hyderabad, India.
Corresponding Email:* amgothpraveen08@gmail.com
DOI: 10.54882/7420237411463

Abstract: Research has been done on the industry's use of waste products industrial, municipal,
agricultural, and other for financial, technological, and environmental reasons. A fibrous waste
product of the sugar refining industry is sugar cane bagasse. Energy is produced by burning a
combination of twenty percent coal and eighty percent bagasse in boilers. The ecology is being
gravely contaminated by this waste product. During the sawing and polishing procedures, the
granite processing sector produces a significant quantity of waste, most of which is in the form of
powder, which contaminates and damages the environment. Using the X-ray diffraction
technique, the chemical composition of granite debris and bagasse ash was examined. The
findings were compared with those of clay. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential
applications of bagasse ash and granite debris in brick manufacturing. Mixtures containing 0, 10,
20, 30, 40, and 50% of the total weight of leftover clay were produced. As mandated by the Indian
Standard Codes, the bricks are evaluated for mechanical attributes including compressive
strength, tensile strength, and water absorption. The result demonstrates that 20% of waste
granite and bagasse ash should be used in the production of regular bricks. It has been shown
that these bricks are superior to conventional bricks in that they preserve land for agricultural
use by lowering the need for rich soil during the brick-making process.

Keywords: Fibrous Waste, Sugar Cane Bagasse, X-ray Diffraction, Compressive Strength,
Tensile strength, and water absorption.

1. INTRODUCTION

Concrete, bricks, hollow blocks, solid blocks, pavement blocks, and tiles are some examples of the
common construction materials that may be manufactured by utilizing the natural resources that
are already accessible. Other examples include roofing shingles, stone, and wood. Traditional
building materials include things like paving blocks and solid blocks, to name just a few examples.
This is having a detrimental effect on the general health of the ecosystem as a direct consequence
of the continued exploration and usage of natural resources. Concerns about the maintenance of the

1 www.journal-innovations.com
 Innovations, Number 74 October 2023

natural environment have developed into ones of substantial relevance in our society over the
course of the most recent few years.

If the waste material is brought into close proximity to the environment, there is a danger that the
ecosystem may be disturbed, and this disturbance may have potentially detrimental impacts. In
every region of the world, new efforts are being launched with the purpose of managing and
regulating the management of byproducts, residuals, and industrial waste in order to maintain the
environment free from pollution and to preserve and care for natural regions. The protection of the
natural world is the motivation for this action. These activities, which are now being implemented,
are protecting the natural environment in which we live.

Bricks are a form of building and construction material that may be employed in a range of
applications due to their versatility as well as their long-lasting nature. They have outstanding
bearing load qualities, a high thermal mass, and a possibly low energy impact. The fact that they
do not catch fire or deteriorate provides support for the notion that they are an immortal substance

1.1 Objectives of study

➢ The primary objective of this research is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the

chemical properties shared by ash derived from bagasse and waste generated during the
production of granite.
➢ The objective of this project is to manufacture bricks out of waste bagasse and granite
byproducts, test them to see whether they are acceptable for use in construction, and then
employ those bricks in construction.

2. Materials and Methodology

2.1 Collection of Bagasse Burnt Ash

Bagasse that had been reduced to ash had been collected from a source, and that source was the sugar mill in
Erode. In this specific sector of the economy, the generation of electrical power was accomplished by the
combustion of bagasse at an efficiency of eighty percent alongside coal at an efficiency of twenty percent. The
use of electrical power in manufacturing processes as well as other kinds of industrial activities. The remainder
of the ash was loaded onto a truck, taken away, and disposed of in the open areas that were located in the area.

2 www.journal-innovations.com
 Innovations, Number 74 October 2023

2.2 Collection of Granite Waste

The waste granite that was collected at that location came from the granite company in Coimbatore, which is where that
site is situated. The trash and granite were gathered in that area. As a result of the process of cutting and polishing granite,
this sector of the economy generates waste material in the form of slurry. This waste material is then discarded. Following
that, this slurry is discarded as waste. After having been transported there after being allowed to air dry for the previous
month, the waste was thrown out in wide fields of land after having been placed onto a truck and having been left to air dry
for the previous month.

2.3 Chemical Analysis

For the purpose of conducting chemical analysis of wastes, the National Institute of Technology in Trichy
made use of a technique known as the X-ray Diffraction Method. This study was carried out in order to
ascertain the composition of the waste, which was the primary purpose of the investigation. X-ray diffraction,
which is more often abbreviated as XRD, is a method that does not cause any kind of damage to the object that
is being researched in any manner and provides specific information on the crystallographic structure as well
as the chemical composition of natural as well as man-made substances. XRD is more commonly abbreviated
as XRD. X-ray diffraction may also be shortened to XRD. The following is a list of some other applications of
X-ray diffraction that may be discovered in contemporary scientific research:

➢ a categorization of materials that are always and only ever found in a single phase, such as minerals,
chemical compounds, ceramics, and other items that have been manufactured by humans.
➢ The investigation of the myriad of distinct phases that may be discovered in microcrystalline
combinations, which are more widely known as rocks.
➢ It is necessary to investigate the crystalline structure of the newly discovered compounds.
➢ The structural characteristics of clay minerals and methods for identifying them are studied in this
article.
➢ Recognizing the presence of amorphous components within materials that include both crystalline and
amorphous components.

3.4 Mix Proportion

The manufacturing of the three diverse kinds of bricks required the use of various quantities of total clay
weight, in addition to ash derived from bagasse and waste granite. Bricks might therefore be constructed as a
result of this advancement. The following ratios of ash from bagasse and waste bricks from granite should be
utilised during the process of mixing:

➢ Pavers that are made from the ash that is obtained from bagasse.
➢ Used bricks made from granite that have been discarded. The following is a list of some of the qualities that
granite waste bricks possess.

Table 1 Bagasse Ash & Granite Waste Bricks Mix Proportion

Clay by Weight Bagasse Ash Granite Waste

by Weight by Weight
90% 5% 5%

80% 10% 10%

3 www.journal-innovations.com
 Innovations, Number 74 October 2023

70% 15% 15%

60% 20% 20%

50% 25% 25%

3 Results and Discussions

3.1 XRD Analysis

The figure displays the results of an XRD chemical analysis that was carried out on waste granite and
sugarcane bagasse. The experiment was done in Canada. Both of these resources were examined in depth
throughout the course of the investigation. Both the ash that is produced from bagasse and the garbage that is
produced from granite include a significant amount of sio2, which is the primary component of both types of
waste. The ash that is created from bagasse and the rubbish that is produced from granite both include various
trace elements in addition to those already mentioned.

Figure 2: XRD result of Bagasse ash and

3.2 Compressive Strength Test

The compressive strength of the burned bricks that were formed of bagasse ash, granite waste, and clay in
varying quantities was evaluated. The bricks showed signs of having been burned. The following table
provides information on the values of the average compressive strength possessed by six different types of
bricks. These numbers are shown for each percentage.

Table 2: Compressive Strength of new bricks

Mix proportion by Average Compressive Average Compressive Average Compressive
S.No Weight percentage Strength of Bagasse Strength of Bagasse Ash Strength of Granite
2
of wastes Ash & Granite Waste Bricks N/mm Waste Bricks
Bricks N/mm2 N/mm2
1 Clay Brick (0%) 3.18 3.18 3.18

2 10% 4.09 3.41 4.55

3 20% 3.18 2.73 3.64

4 www.journal-innovations.com
 Innovations, Number 74 October 2023

4 30% 2.95 1.59 3.18

5 40% 2.05 0.68 2.73
6 50% 1.36 0.25 2.27

Figure 3: Variation in Compressive Strength of Bagasse Ash & Granite Waste Bricks, BA Bricks
and GW Bricks

These findings shed light on the beneficial effect that bagasse ash and granite waste have on brick
samples, an influence that reaches its pinnacle when there is 20% waste inclusion in the brick samples.
On the other hand, the compressive strength of the bricks began to decrease as the amount of waste in
the bricks rose. This was because the accumulation of rubbish began to weaken the bricks. In contrast to
the standards, it is permitted to replace up to twenty percent of the clay with waste samples in order to
achieve the desired compressive strength. This is the case even for the structural criteria that are
specified in India's standards (3.5 N/mm2). This is since samples of rubbish have a higher compressive
strength than clay does, which explains why this phenomenon occurs. As a direct consequence of this,
the percentage of brick moulding replacement work that may be done is limited to a maximum of
twenty percent of the whole job.

3.2 Water Absorption

It was determined how well the burnt bricks absorbed water in the test samples that were offered up
for examination. In the past, it was believed that the degree to which one could estimate the porosity
of a material by analyzing how quickly it absorbed water was an accurate indicator of that porosity.
On the other hand, there is a consensus that this approach is no longer reliable. In the table, the value
of the average quantity of water absorbed by six bricks is supplied next to each percentage. This
number can be found at the bottom of the table. You may find this number in the table right next to
each individual cell. This figure was discovered because of testing carried out on a total of six
different bricks.

Table 3: Water Absorption of new bricks

Mix proportion by Average Water Average Water Average Water

S.No Weight percentage absorption of Bagasse absorption of absorption of
of wastes Ash and Granite Waste Bagasse Ash Granite Waste
Bricks (%) Bricks (%) Bricks (%)

5 www.journal-innovations.com
 Innovations, Number 74 October 2023

1 Clay Brick (0%) 8.13 8.13 8.13

2 10% 8.42 10.43 8.78
3 20% 13.13 20.22 11.31
4 30% 16.94 25.96 13.08
5 40% 19.4 31.8 15.12
6 50% 23.36 41.38 17.88

Figure 4: Variation in Water Absorption of Bagasse Ash & Granite Waste Bricks, Bagasse Ash Bricks
and Granite Waste Bricks
4. Conclusions

➢ At the moment, people in all parts of the globe are producing enormous quantities of rubbish in a
broad variety of shapes, sizes, and other forms.
➢ These waste products are accumulating in landfills at an alarming rate. This trash might have
been produced either as a result of processes that occur naturally or as a result of actions carried
out by people. When it comes to the methods of waste management, the various types of garbage
need to be processed rather than collected at open-air dumpsites or landfills or disposed of at
rivers and manufacturing facilities in the surrounding area, which poses challenges for the
environment as well as for public health. Processing the garbage also helps reduce greenhouse
gas emissions that would otherwise be produced during the collection process. The processing of
waste requires the use of machines that, among other functions, shred the waste into smaller
pieces, which are then disposed of in a way that is friendlier to the environment. It is imperative
that we come up with a use for these wastes in order to cut down on the quantity of rubbish that is
created and to diminish the destructive influence that people have on the natural environment. In
addition to this, it makes effective use of the few quantities of natural resources that are still
accessible.
➢ Waste materials and other leftovers of manufacturing operations are increasingly being included
in the production of bricks. This method is becoming more popular and is getting closer and
closer to being acknowledged as a standard operating procedure in businesses. The cultivation of
sugarcane, as well as the extraction of granite, leads to the creation of a sizeable amount of waste,
which, in turn, pollutes the surrounding environment and causes damage to it. As a direct
consequence of this reality, the objective of this study is to identify and evaluate the possibility of
employing wastes such as bagasse ash and granite that are formed by process industries as
alternative raw materials in the production of bricks. These many types of garbage are some
examples of alternative raw resources that may be used.
➢ Since the waste possesses the same chemical qualities as clay, it is possible to recycle it and use it
in its place whenever clay is required since it may serve as a suitable substitute. This makes it
possible to use it as a suitable replacement for recycling purposes. Bricks made from ash derived

6 www.journal-innovations.com
 Innovations, Number 74 October 2023

from bagasse and bricks made from debris derived from granite both provide outcomes that are
equal in terms of the mechanical qualities of the materials (compressive strength) and the physical
characteristics of the materials (water absorption). When compared to the average compressive
strength that can be produced with garbage whose weight has been dropped to any of the other
percentages of its original weight, the average compressive strength that can be achieved with
garbage whose weight has been lowered to 10% of its original weight is much higher. In addition,
when it is 20% by weight, the compressive strength of the material is comparable to that of a clay
brick. Both the water absorption rate and the porosity of waste-incorporated bricks must be lower
than 20% in order for the bricks to be considered compliant with the standards of the IS. This is
due to the fact that these values are closely tied to the quantity of trash that is included inside the
bricks. This is due to the reasons that are listed below.
➢ Ash derived from bagasse and granite waste has a favourable impact on clay brick samples, and
this effect reaches its ideal level at 20% by weight when it may be mixed with the raw clay
materials used in brick chambers.
➢ Ash from bagasse and granite waste has a beneficial effect on clay brick samples. There is a
possibility that brick chambers will also do rather well as a result of this influence. This is done
without inflicting any harm to the mechanical properties that are naturally present in the bricks, so
there is no loss of functionality as a result. As a conclusion, the utilisation of alternative raw
materials in the manufacturing of bricks, such as ash from bagasse and waste granite, would help
to decrease anxieties about waste disposal. This is because these alternative raw materials would
be used in the production of bricks. In addition, the utilisation of wastes in the making of bricks,
such as the ash from bagasse and granite, results in the construction of a new route for the
disposal of wastes and is discovered to be an environmentally favourable recycling process in
enterprises that create bricks. This procedure may be found in brick-producing firms. Because the
ash left over from burning bagasse and granite may be turned into bricks, this is the case.
"Recycling" is the activity that refers to this particular sort of action.

References

[1] Aigbodion V.S, Hassan S.B, Ause T and Nyior G.B. (2010) ‘Potential Utilization of Solid Waste
(Bagasse Ash)’, Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 9, No.1,
pp.67-77.
[2] Amu O.O, Ogunniyi S.A and Oladeji O.O (2011) ‘Geotechnical properties of lateritic soil
stabilized with sugarcane straw ash’, American Journal Of Scientific And Industrial Research
vol.2(2): 323-331.
[3] Anne sturz, Mika itoh, and Susan smith (1998) ‘Mineralogy and chemical composition of clay
minerals, Tag hydrothermal mound’, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific
Results, Vol. 158 pg 277-284.
[4] Asokan Pappua, Mohini Saxenaa, Shyam R and Asolekarb (2007) ‘Solid wastes generation in
India and their recycling potential in building’, Materials Building and Environment 42 pg. 2311–
2320.
[5] Borsaikia A, Maity D and Mishra M ‘Stone Dust Bricks as Replacement of Burnt Clay Building
Brick in Construction Industry’.

7 www.journal-innovations.com
 Innovations, Number 74 October 2023

[6] Cordeiro G.C, Toledo Filho R.D, Tavares L.M, E.M.R. Fairbairn E.M.R (2008) ‘Pozzolanic
activity and filler effect of sugar cane bagasse ash in Portland cement and lime mortars’.
[7] Cordeiro G.C, Toledo Filho R.D, Fairbairn E.M.R (2010) ‘Ultrafine sugar cane bagasse ash: high
potential pozzolanic material for tropical countries ‘,Ibracon structures and material science
(journal) Volume 3, Number 1 pg. 50 – 67.
[8] Dhanapandian S and Gnanavel B (2010) ‘Using Granite and Marble Sawing Power Wastes in the
Production of Bricks: Spectroscopic and Mechanical Analysis’, Research Journal of Applied
Sciences, Engineering and Technology 2(1): 73-86.
[9] Ganesan K, Rajagopal K and Thangavel K (2007) ‘Evaluation of bagasse ash as supplementary
cementitious material’, Cement and Concrete Composites, v.29, n.6, pp. 515-524.
[10] Prasanna K and Kurian Joseph (2007) ‘Management of Waste from Stone sProcessing
Industry’,Journal of environ. science & engg. vol. 49, No. 4, P. 273-276, October 2007.
[11] Rania A, Hamza Salah El-Haggar, and Safwan Khedr (2011) ‘Marble and Granite Waste:
Characterization and Utilization in Concrete Bricks’, International Journal of Bioscience,
Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp.286-291.
[12] Romero M, Rincon J.Ma and Teixeira S.R (2009) ‘Crystallization of a SiO2-CaO-Na2O glass
from sugarcane bagasse ash’, 1st Spanish National Conference on Advances in Materials
Recycling and Eco – Energy Madrid pg. 129-132.
[13] Romualdo Rodrigues Menezes, Gelmires de Araujo Neves, Heber Carlos Ferreira, Helio de
Lucena Lira, (2002) ‘Recycling of granite industry waste from the northeast region of Brazil’,
Environmental Management and Health, Vol. 13 Iss: 2, pp.134-141.

8 www.journal-innovations.com