MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Physics Department
Physics 8.07: Electromagnetism II October 18, 2012
Prof. Alan Guth
FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 1
Exam Date: October 18, 2012
∗∗∗
Some sections below are marked with asterisks, as this section is. The asterisks
indicate that you won’t need this material for the quiz, and need not understand it. It is
included, however, for completeness, and because some people might want to make use
of it to solve problems by methods other than the intended ones.

Index Notation:

·B
A
= Ai Bi ,
×B
A
i = ijk Aj Bk , ijk pqk = δip δjq − δiq δjp
det A = i1 i2 ···in A1,i1 A2,i2 · · · An,in
Rotation of a Vector:
Ai = Rij Aj , Orthogonality: Rij Rik = δjk (RT T = I)
j=1 j=2 j=3
 
i=1  cos φ − sin φ 0 
 
Rotation about z-axis by φ: Rz (φ)ij = i=2 

 sin φ cos φ 0 


 
i=3 0 0 1
Rotation about axis n̂ by φ:∗∗∗
R(n̂, φ)ij = δij cos φ + n̂i n̂j (1 − cos φ) − ijk n̂k sin φ .
Vector Calculus:
∂
Gradient:
ϕ)i = ∂i ϕ ,
(∇ ∂i ≡
∂xi
Divergence: ∇

·A

≡ ∂i A i

Curl:
× A)
(∇
i = ijk ∂j Ak
∂ 2ϕ
Laplacian: ∇ ϕ=∇

· (∇
2
ϕ) =
∂xi ∂xi
Fundamental Theorems of Vector Calculus:
 b
Gradient:
ϕ · d
 = ϕ(
b) − ϕ(
a)
∇
a
 
Divergence: ∇

·A

d3 x =
· d
a
A
V S
where S is the boundary of V
 
Curl:
× A)
(∇
· d
a =
· d

A
S P
where P is the boundary of S
8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 1, FALL 2012 p. 2

Delta Functions:
 
 
ϕ(x)δ(x − x ) dx = ϕ(x ) , ϕ(
r )δ 3 (
r −
r  ) d3 x = ϕ(
r  )
 
d  dϕ 
ϕ(x) δ(x − x ) dx = −
dx dx x=x

δ(x − xi )
δ(g(x)) = , g (xi ) = 0
i
|g  (xi )|
1
∇2 = −4πδ 3 (
r −
r  )
|
r −
r  |

Electrostatics:


r) = 1 (
r −
r  ) qi 1 (
r −
r  )
E(
3 = 3 ρ(
r  ) d3 x
4π0
i |
r −
r  | |
r −
r  |
4π0
 
r

 1 ρ(
r  ) 3 
V (
r ) = V (
r 0 ) − E(
r ) · d =

d x
r0 4π0 |
r −
r  |
∇

·E
= ρ , ∇

×E
= 0,
= −∇
E
V
0
ρ
∇2 V = − (Poisson’s Eq.) , ρ = 0 =⇒ ∇2 V = 0 (Laplace’s Eq.)
0
Laplacian Mean Value Theorem (no generally accepted name): If ∇2 V = 0, then
the average value of V on a spherical surface equals its value at the center.
Energy:

1 1 qi qj 1 1 ρ(
r )ρ(
r  )
W = = d3 x d3 x
2 4π0 ij
rij 2 4π0 |
r −
r  |
 i=j


1 1  2 3
W = d xρ(
r )V (
r ) = 0 E
3
 d x
2 2
Conductors:

= σ n̂
Just outside, E
0
Pressure on surface: 1 σ |E|
outside
2
Two-conductor system with charges Q and −Q: Q = CV , W = 12 CV 2
N isolated conductors:

Vi = Pij Qj , Pij = elastance matrix, or reciprocal capacitance matrix

j

Qi = Cij Vj , Cij = capacitance matrix

j
8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 1, FALL 2012 p. 3

a a2
Image charge in sphere of radius a: Image of Q at R is q = − Q, r =
R R

Separation of Variables for Laplace’s Equation in Cartesian Coordinates:

cos αx cos βy cosh γz

V = where γ 2 = α2 + β 2
sin αx sin βy sinh γz

Separation of Variables for Laplace’s Equation in Spherical Coordinates:

Traceless Symmetric Tensor expansion:

1 ∂ ∂ϕ 1
∇2 ϕ(r, θ, φ) = 2
r2 + 2 ∇2θ ϕ = 0 ,
r ∂r ∂r r
where the angular part is given by
1 ∂ ∂ϕ 1 ∂ 2ϕ
∇θ ϕ ≡
2
sin θ +
sin θ ∂θ ∂θ sin2 θ ∂φ2
() ()
∇2θ Ci1 i2 ...i n
ˆ i1 n̂i2 . . . n̂i = −( + 1)Ci1 i2 ...i n
ˆ i1 n̂i2 . . . n
ˆ i ,
()
where Ci1 i2 ...i is a symmetric traceless tensor

General solution to Laplace’s equation:

∞
B ()
V (
r ) = A r  + Ci1 i2 ...i n̂i1 n̂i2 . . . n̂i , where
r = r n̂
r +1
=0

Azimuthal Symmetry:
∞
B
V (
r ) = A r  + c { ẑi1 . . . ẑi } n
ˆ i1 . . . n̂i
r +1
=0

Special cases:
{1} = 1
{ ẑi } = ẑi
{ ẑi ẑj } = ẑi ẑj − 13 δij
 
{ ẑi ẑj ẑk } = ẑi ẑj ẑk − 1
5
zˆi δjk + ẑj δik + ẑk δij

{ ẑi ẑj ẑk ẑm } = ẑi ẑj ẑk ẑm − 17 ẑi ẑj δkm + ẑi ẑk δmj + ẑi ẑm δjk + ẑj ẑk δim
 1
 
+ ẑj ẑm δik + ẑk ẑm δij + 35 δij δkm + δik δjm + δim δjk
8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 1, FALL 2012 p. 4

Legendre Polynomial / Spherical Harmonic expansion:

General solution to Laplace’s equation:

∞ 
B
V (
r ) = A r  + Ym (θ, φ)
r +1
=0 m=−

 2π  π
Orthonormality: dφ sin θ dθ Y∗
m
(θ, φ) Ym (θ, φ) = δ
 δm
m
0 0

Azimuthal Symmetry:
∞
B
V (
r ) = A r  + P (cos θ)
r +1
=0

Multipole Expansion:

First several terms:

1  Q
p · r̂ 1 r̂i r̂j 
V (
r ) = + 2 + Qij + · · · , where
4π0 r r 2 r3
  
Q = d x ρ(
r ) , pi = d x ρ(
r ) xi Qij = d3 x ρ(
r )(3xi xj −δij |
r |2 ) ,
3 3

dip = 1 1  1
E 3
3(p
· r̂)r̂ − p
− pi δ 3 (
r )
4π0 r 30

Traceless Symmetric Tensor version:

∞
1 1 ()
V (
r ) = Ci1 ...i n
ˆ i1 . . . n̂i ,
4π0 r +1
=0

where

(2 − 1)!!
ρ(
r  ) {
r i1 . . .
r i } d3 x
()
Ci1 ...i =
!

Griffiths version:
∞ 
1 1
r  ρ(
r  )P (cos θ  ) d3 x

V (
r ) =
4π0 r +1
=0
where θ = angle between
r and
r  .


∞  ∞
1 r< 1
= P (cos θ  ) ,
+1 
√ = λ P (x)
|
r −
r  | r> 1 − 2λx + λ2
=0 =0
8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 1, FALL 2012 p. 5


1 d
P (x) = (x2 − 1) , (Rodrigues’ formula)
2 ! dx
 1
 2
P (1) = 1 P (−x) = (−1) P (x) dx P
(x)P (x) = δ

−1 2 + 1

Spherical Harmonic version:∗∗∗

∞ 
1 4π
V (
r ) = qm Ym (θ, φ)
4π0 2 + 1
=0 m=−

∗ 
where qm = Ym r ρ(
r  ) d3 x

Connection Between Traceless Symmetric Tensors and Legendre Polynomials

or Spherical Harmonics:
(2)!
P (cos θ) = { ẑi1 . . . ẑi } n
ˆ i1 . . . n̂i
2 (!)2
For m ≥ 0,
(,m)
Ym (θ, φ) = Ci1 ...i n̂i1 . . . n
ˆ i ,
(,m)
where Ci1 i2 ...i = dm { û+ ˆ+
i1 . . . u ˆim+1 . . . ẑi } ,
im z

(−1)m (2)! 2m (2 + 1)
with dm = ,
2 ! 4π ( + m)! ( − m)!
1
and û+ = √ (êx + iêy )
2
∗
Form m < 0, Y,−m (θ, φ) = (−1)m Ym (θ, φ)

More Information about Spherical Harmonics:∗∗∗


2 + 1 ( − m)! m
Ym (θ, φ) = P (cos θ )eimφ
4π ( + m)! 
where Pm (cos θ) is the associated Legendre function, which can be defined by
(−1)m 2 m/2 d
+m
Pm (x) = 
(1 − x ) +m
(x2 − 1)
2 ! dx
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8.07 Electromagnetism II
Fall 2012

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