‫‪Applied & Forensic‬‬

‫‪Pharmacognosy‬‬
‫‪Report no.2‬‬
‫)‪Section 3 (101-112‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫هاجر معين عبد المنعم محمود علي‪101-‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫هاديه عبد المنعم هاشم محمود هاشم‪102-‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫هناء محمد حسن حسن‪103-‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫هند حسن طه محمد‪104-‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫وفاء اشرف محمد محمد علي سليمان‪105-‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫يارا ايهاب محمد محمد محمد االلفي‪106-‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ياسمين احمد عرفات احمد‪107-‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫يمني ايهاب محمد سعيد عبد هللا فرحات‪108-‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫يمني سعيد عبدالوهاب عبدالمقصود‪109-‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫عمر مجدي عبدالحميد عبدالرحمن‪110-‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫منار سلمي محمود سلمي‪111-‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 112-‫عبدالرحمن وائل عبدالرحمن عبدهللا‬
Q1: Which is the most commonly used culture
media for plant cells and tissues?
 Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium is one of the most
commonly used culture media for plant cells and tissues .

 MS medium contains a balanced combination of macro- and

micronutrients, vitamins, and plant growth regulators such
as auxins and cytokinins. It provides essential nutrients and
hormones necessary for the growth and development of
plant cells and tissues in vitro. The medium can be
supplemented with sucrose as a carbon source and solidified
with agar to provide a solid surface for tissue culture.

 MS medium supports the growth of various plant species

and is used for a wide range of applications, including
micropropagation, callus induction, organogenesis, and
somatic embryogenesis. However, it's important to note
that the choice of culture medium can vary depending on
the specific requirements of the plant species and the
objectives of the tissue culture experiment. Different plant
species or specific cell types may require modified or
specialized media to achieve optimal growth and
development.
 MS medium has proven to be versatile and supports the
growth of a wide range of plant species. It has contributed
significantly to the advancement of plant tissue culture
techniques and has become a foundation for developing

2
 customized media for specific plant species and tissue
culture applications.
Q2: Name the substance added to the culture
medium to induce callus induction?
 Callus Induction by Plant Hormones
 Auxin and cytokinin have been widely used to generate
callus, but surprisingly little is known about how they induce
callus at the molecular level
 Exogenous application of auxin and cytokinin induces callus
in various plant species. Generally speaking, an intermediate
ratio of auxin and cytokinin promotes callus induction, while
a high ratio of auxin-to-cytokinin or cytokinin-to-auxin
induces root and shoot regeneration, respectively (Skoog
and Miller, 1957). Since the discovery of this regeneration
system, it has been widely used, for example, in the
propagation of economically important traits and the
introduction of transgenes. Other hormones, such as
brassinosteroids or abscisic acid, also induce callus and in
some species may substitute auxin or cytokinin in callus
formation

3
 Q3: Name a few compounds used as
cryoprotectants?
 Cryoprotectants lower the melting point of water on
dissolving in it and hence protect the cells.
 Glycerol (GLY), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol
(EG), and propylene glycol (PG) are some commonly used
cryoprotectants.

 These are sometimes known as “antifreeze” when applied

outside the cryobiology.