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TENTH EDITION
Human Services in Contemporary America

W i l l i a m R . B u r g er
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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Tenth Edition
Human Services
in Contemporary America
William R. Burger
Kingsborough Community College of the City University of New York
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Printed in the United State of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017
Dedication
To all of you already in the human services field and to those who choose to
enter this field, we all thank you. We need you now more than ever.
W. R. B.
About the Author
William R. Burger received his doctorate in social psychology, but his academic
background also encompasses the fields of educational psychology and philoso-
phy of education. While attending graduate school at Harvard University, he was
awarded a research assistantship for his work in the area of community decision
making.
Bill has served as Director of the Mental Health and Human Services Program
and Chairperson of the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Human Services at
Kingsborough Community College of the City University of
New York. Currently, he is a Full Professor within the Univer-
sity. He has served as a consultant to a variety of human ser-
vices programs in New York and Massachusetts, has lectured
at various colleges and universities, and has written a number
of guest editorials for various newspapers.
Bill resides in Massachusetts with his wife, a cat, and a dog.
iv
Contents
Preface xv
Chapter 1
Human Services in the United States Today 1
Introduction 2
Human Needs: Focus of Human Services 2
Criticisms of Maslow’s Theory 5
Role of Primary Social Supports in Meeting Needs 5
Self-Help Groups 6
Effects of Social Programs on Primary Supports 7
Overview of Human Services 7
Human Services Workers 9
Kinds of Help Provided 9
■■ Real Life Human Services work 10
Sponsors of Human Services 12
Studying Human Services Firsthand 13
Human Services Workers and Bureaucracy 14
The Trend Toward Privatization 14
Suggestion for Class Report or Term Paper 16
Sources of Need Satisfaction 16
Falling Through the Safety Net 17
Political Controversy and Human Services 18
A Conservative Point of View 18
A Liberal Perspective 19
Human Services and the 2008–2016 Obama Administration 19
Election of 2016: The Trump Administration 20
The Ebb and Flow of Support for Human Services 21
The Impact of Contemporary Problems on Needs 22
Natural/Human Caused Disasters 22
The Needs of Emergency Services Workers 26
Terrorism 26
Heroic Phase 28
Honeymoon Phase 28
Disillusionment Phase 28
Reconstruction Phase 29
Poverty 29
Prejudice and Discrimination 30
Discrimination Against African Americans 31
Discrimination Against Latinos 32
Women’s Issues 34
v
vi CONTENTS
Questions for Class Discussion or Special Assignment 36

Social Change 36
The Changing American Family 36
Economic and Political Factors 38
Psychological Stress 39
Developmental Crises 42
Food Justice and Health 42
Distribution of Food/Price and Quality of Foods 43
School Food 43
Children, the Food Industry and Fast Food 44
Immigrant Workers 45
Health Care in the United States 45
Medicaid Expansion 47
Patient’s Bill of Rights 47
Young Adult Services 47
Behavioral Health Care 48
Roles of Human Services Workers 49
Canadian National Health Plan: A Model for the United States? 49
Managed Care 50
Summary—52
Additional Reading—52
References—53
Chapter 2
Groups in Need 59
Introduction 60
America’s Poor 60
Who Are the Poor? 61
Welfare 62
Welfare Reform 62
Welfare Reform—Again 64
Other Programs for the Poor 65
Suggested Class Assignment 66
The Unemployed 66
Consequences of Joblessness 67
Unemployment Rates 67
Unemployment Insurance 67
Impact of Unemployment on Human Services 68
Children in Need 68
Children and the Changing American Family 68
Children of Single-Parent Families 69
Abused and Neglected Children 70
Causes of Child Abuse 71
Helping the Abused or Neglected Child 72
Survivors of Domestic Violence 73
Who Are the Victims? 73
Theories 75
Interventions 76
vii
CONTENTS
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Communities 77

Guidelines for Mental Health Practitioners 78
Affirmative Therapy 79
An Important Note about Differences 81
Senior Citizens 81
Social Security 82
Health Care for the Aged 82
Medicaid for Senior Citizens 83
Dementia 83
Community Programs for Senior Citizens 85
Nursing Homes 85
Working with Senior Citizens 86
Current Aging Trends 87
People with Disabilities 87
Mainstreaming People with Disabilities 88
Psychological Barriers against People
with Disabilities 89
The Rehabilitation Process 90
People with Mental Illness 90
Prevalence of Mental Illness 91
Trends in Mental Health Care 91
Deinstitutionalizing Mental Patients 92
Community Care for Mental Patients 92
Current Problems in Mental Health Care 93
What Mental Health Services Are Needed? 94
The New Chronic Patient 95
Is Reinstitutionalization the Answer? 95
Substance Abusers 96
Illegal Drugs 97
Legal Drugs 98
Major Drug Types 99
Narcotics or Opiate Users 99
Opioid Epidemic in the United States 100
Sedative Users 101
Stimulant Users 102
Dissociative Anesthetics and Hallucinogen Users 103
Designer Drug Users 104
People with Co-Occurring Disorders 104
Who Are the People with Co-Occurring Disorders? 105
Obstacles to Treatment 105
Interventions and Possible Solutions 107
Community and Government 108
Criminals 108
Juvenile Offenders 109
Juvenile Correction Programs 110
Adult Offenders 110
Probation 111
viii CONTENTS
Prison and Correctional Programs 111

Alternatives to Incarceration 111
People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 112
Classifying People with Intellectual Disabilities 113
Factors That Cause or Contribute to Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 113
The Homeless 116
Why Are People Homeless? 117
Helping the Homeless 117
People Living with HIV/AIDS 119
What Are HIV and AIDS? 119
The HIV/AIDS Pandemic in the United States and Beyond 120
The Global Pandemic 120
The U.S. Epidemic 121
HIV Prevention in the United States 122
The Needs of People Living with HIV 123
Summary—125
References—126
chapter 3
Human Services in Historical Perspective 135
Introduction 136
Prehistoric Civilizations 136
Early Civilizations 137
Middle Ages 139
Renaissance 140
Human Welfare Services since the Renaissance 141
Industrial Revolution 142
Early Reform Movements in the United States 143
The Depression and World War II 144
The 1960s 145
Mental Health Services since the Renaissance 146
Early Mental Asylums 146
Era of Humanitarian Reform 147
Freud’s Influence 148
Trend Toward Deinstitutionalization and Decentralization 149
Community Mental Health Movement 149
Advent of Generalist Human Services Workers 151
Future Trends 153
References—158
ix
CONTENTS
chapter 4
Theoretical Perspectives 159
Introduction 160
Scientific Theory 160
Theories About Human Disorders 161
Three Levels of Observation 161
Biopsychosocial Model 162
Political Implications of Theory 163
Models of Dysfunction 163
Medical Model 163
Medical Procedure 164
Treatment Approaches of the Medical Model 164
Other Medical Treatments 165
Criticisms of the Medical Model 168
Human Services Model 168
Hansell’s Theory 169
Human Services Interventions 169
■■ REAL LIFE HUMAN SERVICES WORK 170
Issues Underlying Conflict Between Models 171
Holistic Trend in Medical Theory 171
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) 171
Alternative Medicine 172
Schools of Therapy 173
Psychoanalytic Viewpoint 173
Major Freudian Concepts 173
Therapeutic Concepts 174
Free Association 174
Transference 174
Psychoanalytically Oriented Psychotherapy 175
Criticisms of Psychoanalysis 176
Some Useful Applications of Psychoanalytic Concepts 177
Humanistic Perspective 177
Humanistic Approach to Helping 178
Self-Actualization 178
Responsibility 179
The Self-Concept 179
Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach 179
Positive Aspects of the Humanistic Approach 180
Behavioristic Model 180
Classical Conditioning 181
Operant Conditioning 181
John B. Watson and Little Albert 182
Behavioristic View of Abnormal Behavior 182
x CONTENTS
Behavior Assessment 183

Systematic Desensitization 183
Token Economies 184
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) 184
Criticisms of Behavioristic Approaches 185
Positive Aspects of Behavioristic Approaches 185
Which Theory is Best? 185
Alternative Therapies 186
EMDR 186
Systems Theory—188
References—189
chapter 5
The Human Services Worker 192
Introduction 193
Different Styles of Helping Relationships 193
The Relationship in Psychoanalytic Therapy 193
The Relationship in Behavior Therapy 194
The Relationship in Humanistic Therapy 195
■■ Real life Human Services work 195
Characteristics of Effective Helpers 197
Empathy 197
Genuineness 197
Objective/Subjective Balance 198
Self-Awareness 198
Acceptance 199
Desire to Help 200
Patience 200
Basic Helping Skills 200
Listening 201
Communicating 202
Giving Feedback 203
Observing 204
Confronting 205
Clarifying 206
Paraphrasing 206
Highlighting 206
Summarizing 207
Problem Solving 207
Interviewing 208
Report Writing 209
Factors that Influence the Use of Skills 209
Values 209
Professional Codes of Ethics 210
Physical and Emotional Well-Being/Stress and Stress Management 217
xi
CONTENTS
Environmental Factors 218

Multicultural Awareness 218
Knowledge, Awareness, and Skills 218
Knowledge 219
Awareness 219
Skills 220
Prior Training 221
Crisis Intervention 221
Recognizing Crisis 221
Types of Crises 221
Crisis Symptoms 223
Crisis Intervention Strategies 223
Crisis Outcomes 224
Human Rights, the Law, and Human Services 224
Voluntary and Involuntary Services 225
The Right to Refuse Services 226
Due Process 226
Least Restrictive Alternative 227
The Worker in Group Settings 227
Definition of a Group 227
Group Leadership Skills 227
Selecting Group Members 228
Establishing Goals 229
Establishing Norms 229
Intervening 229
Promoting Interaction 229
Appraising/Evaluating 229
Terminating the Group 230
The Worker in the Community 230
Advocacy 231
Community Organizing 232
Community Outreach 232
Case Management 233
Providing Information 235
References—236
chapter 6
Careers in Human Services 239
Introduction 240
Generalist Human Services Work 240
Functions 240
Training and Education 244
Physical Therapy 246
Functions 246
xii CONTENTS
Creative Arts Therapy 248

Functions 248
Art 249
Dance 249
Music 250
Occupational Therapy 250
Functions 250
Clinical Psychology 252
Functions 252
Setting A: Psychiatric Hospital 252
Setting B: Public or Private School 254
Setting C: Community Mental Health Center 254
Counseling 256
Functions 256
Rehabilitation Counselor 257
School Counselor 258
Work Settings for Counselors 259
Graduate Training 260
Licenses and Certification 260
Alcohol and Substance Abuse Counseling 261
Functions 261
Treatment Settings 262
Detoxification Centers 262
Residential Rehabilitation Programs 262
Day Treatment Programs 263
Therapeutic Communities 263
Outpatient Counseling Programs 263
Employee Assistance Programs 264
Social Work 265
Functions 265
Psychiatry 268
Functions 268
Professional Organizations—270
References—272
chapter 7
Social Policy 273
Introduction 274
What Is Social Policy? 274
Social Policy in Modern Times 275
xiii
CONTENTS
Purpose and Types of Social Policy 277

The Scope of Social Policy 277
Making Social Policy 278
Identifying Unmet Needs 279
Who Identifies Social Problems? 279
Initiating Social Policy 281
Who Are the Decision Makers? 283
Factors in Establishing Social Policy 283
Research 283
Pressure and Lobbying 285
The Media 287
Opposition 289
Implementation of Social Policy 289
Funding 290
Interpretation of Policy 291
Who Implements Policy? 291
Critical Thinking Activities 292
Recognizing Deceptive Arguments 292
Defining Poverty 293
Evaluating Sources of Information 295
Recognizing Stereotypes 296
References—298
chapter 8
Prevention in Human Services 299
Introduction 300
Defining Prevention and Its Targets 300
Prevention in the Past 301
Ancient Preliterate and Literate Civilizations 301
The Dark Ages and the Renaissance 303
The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 303
1960s to the Present 304
Levels of Prevention 306
Primary Prevention 307
Secondary Prevention 308
Tertiary Prevention 308
Why an Emphasis on Primary Prevention Is Crucial 309
Primary Prevention Strategies 312
Obstacles to Development of Primary Prevention Programs 313
Professional Issues 314
Political Issues 314
Economic Obstacles 315
xiv CONTENTS
Summary of Primary Prevention Programs 315

References—316
chapter 9
Current Controversies and Issues 317
Introduction 318
Clash of Values in Social Policies 318
Euthanasia 319
Reproductive Choices 322
Target Populations: The Struggle for Support 323
The AIDS Epidemic 324
The Homeless 325
Welfare Recipients 325
Sexual Expression Among Older Adults 327
Professionalism in the Human Services 330
The Role of Human Services Workers 332
Who Do Human Services Workers Serve? 333
A Basic Reading and Thinking Skill 335
Ranking American Values 335
References—336
Glossary 337
Name Index 345
Subject Index 352
Preface
This text was written in the hope of enhancing the student’s ability to help others
with problems in their lives. The ability to help others in a professional context
requires a base of knowledge along with a range of helping skills that can, to a large
extent, be taught and learned. This text is intended to help the beginning student
take the first steps toward acquiring the needed knowledge and skills.
The content provides a general introduction to the field of human services
and is designed for introductory college courses in human services, mental-health
technology, social work, community mental health, and other human services
programs. It is expected that most students who read this text are headed toward
careers that involve direct contact with people. However, the book would also be
useful to those considering administrative work in the human services.
Students in the human services typically begin their training with hopes
of helping other people lead more fulfilling lives. Unfortunately, these hopes are
sometimes dampened by the realities of the outside world. Although humanistic
values do play an important role in present-day America, they must compete with
other motives such as profit, power, and self-aggrandizement. In order to be effective,
the human services worker must be able to face the harsh realities of our complex,
imperfect society even while keeping the ideal society in mind and working toward
it in a realistic way.
In the pages that follow, I have sought a balance between idealism and realism. I
certainly do not intend to discourage idealism in students. However, experience has
shown me that discouragement often attacks those who expect too much of clients,
helping agencies, and themselves. This disillusionment can be avoided if the student
knows what to expect.
This text offers a great deal of valuable information about human services, a
field that has greatly increased in scope and complexity over recent decades. The
material is presented in a provocative manner, raising issues not usually addressed
in introductory texts. The impact of political, economic, and social pressures on
human services is explored.
First the goals, functions, and organization of human services are examined
in the context of contemporary social problems. Next, the groups of people who
receive help from human services are described. A historical survey of human
services follows, providing a background against which current efforts can be
viewed. The major theories that govern helping efforts are covered, along with
techniques and methods. The student is also provided with practical information
about career options in the human services field.
The final chapters are certainly unusual for an introductory text. I feel it is
important for students to know something about how social policies are developed
and about how human services workers might influence policies. These social
policies, which determine who receives what kind of help, have a great impact on
worker and client alike. It is undeniable that today’s student is the policymaker of
tomorrow.
xv
xvi Preface
In the chapter on prevention, I demonstrate a strong bias in favor of programs

aimed at preventing problems and dysfunctions from developing in the first place.
Frankly, I try to persuade students, instructors, and human services agencies that
prevention programs should play a major role in the future of human services.
The text concludes with a sampling of current controversies affecting human
services. This section is offered with the intent of fostering a realistic understanding
of conflicts and issues that confront a services workers. In addition, I also discuss
the issues of the various titles by which human services workers are identified.
The introductory course in human services is perhaps the most important a
student will take. It is here that the student’s attitudes and philosophy are developed.
I believe that a humanistic perspective, combined with a realistic awareness of
societal problems, provides the best foundation for creative and effective helping.
MindTap
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reflecting on their attitudes and opinions, and applying what they learn. Videos of
client sessions illustrate skills and concepts in action, while case studies ask students
to make decisions and think critically about the types of situations they’ll encounter
on the job. Helper Studio activities put students in the role of the helper, allowing
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And, MindTap integrates seamlessly with any learning management system.
New to the Tenth Edition

In each new edition of this text, I seek to examine and reflect the ongoing changes
in our contemporary culture and its influence upon our ever-evolving system of
human services. While focusing on the nature and scope of human services here
in the United States it becomes essential to stress the interconnectedness of events,
which occur throughout the world as they influence change in this culture. The cost
of gasoline for our cars or oil to heat our homes, the cost and availability of certain
food and clothing, and the competition and availability of jobs are few examples
of areas, which can be significantly impacted by events occurring in different parts
of the world. Historically, these changes more significantly affect groups that are
already disproportionate in need. Consequently, the human services system must
continue to adapt and change as necessary in order to be responsive to a dynamic
cultural landscape.
During the passage of time since the previous edition of this text, our culture
has experienced an acceleration of violence in the form of acts of terrorism, mass
shootings and widespread gun violence. The 2016 U.S. Presidential Election has
xvii
Preface
been one of the most unusual polarizing and divisive events in recent history. Each
candidate had espoused a radically different political agenda and vision for the
future of the country. Throughout the world, large numbers of displaced people
seek refuge and asylum in other countries having escaped from their war-ravaged
homelands.
As I continue to believe, to be effective on every level of our human services
system, it is valuable for workers to understand the social, economic, and political
landscape in which human services will operate. In order to keep pace with the
number of events and changes occurring over the past several years, this tenth edition
has a number of new sections and topics as well as currently expanded and updated
material throughout the text. The new sections include a review of human services
during the 2008–2016 Obama Administration, the emerging concept of behavioral
health, multicultural counseling and working with diverse populations, emerging
human services target populations, current NOHS Ethical Guidelines, a view of
the new administration of President Donald Trump, and current controversies. In
addition, there is completely revised and updated material on drugs, drug abuse and
the opioid epidemic, additional new examples of Real Life Human Services work,
updated material on AIDS, and a more current look at the American family.
On a personal note, I continue to thank all of you who value this text. I am
pleased to see more material written in this field and an increase in worthwhile texts
as well. There is still and always a lot more work to do. I believe this tenth edition
will provide the reader with a continued realistic and comprehensive framework to
view our contemporary human servicces system.
W.R.B.
Acknowledgments
In this tenth edition, I was very fortunate to work with a group of individuals who
significantly added to the quality and scope of this text. I wish to acknowledge the
scholarly contributions of Dr. Joseph Verdino, Dr. Michael Barnhart, Dr. Lourdes
Follins, Dr. Monica Joseph, Dr. Joan Standora and Professor Arlene Lehman, all of
whom are faculty within the Behavioral Sciences and Human Services Department
of Kingsborough Community College of the City University of New York.
I must thank Mary Gifford for the number of never-ending hours and days she
spent entering my words into the computer and offering numerous suggestions. I
must acknowledge my friend and former colleague, Dr. Edward Martin for once
again offering his considerable technological expertise to this project. I am thankful
to Ms. Beryl Skog, Ms. Kim Gifford, Ms. Jenise Lucey, and Ms. Hayley Sumner
for their contributions to the Real Life Human Services Work section. I thank Mr.
Neil Brander and Ms. Julie McCarthy for their photographic contributions. I thank
Kate Gibbs at the front desk of the Berkshire South Community Center for always
asking me if I am going home next to work on my text. I would like to thank
Julie Martinez and the Cengage team with special thanks to Alexander Hancock for
his responsiveness, skill, and consistent effort. Finally, I would like to thank all the
individuals involved with the National Organization of Human Services. You do
great work.
William R. Burger
1
Human
Services in
the United
States Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LO1 Understand the nature and scope of human

services in the United States today
LO2 Identify the role of primary social supports in
meeting human needs
LO3 Examine the role of human services workers
and the kinds of help provided
LO4 Explore the diversity of Real Life Human
Services Work
LO5 Understand the nature of political
ontroversy (liberal vs. conservative) and
c
the impact on human services
LO6 Review human services under the 2008–
2016 Obama administration
LO7 Explore the 2016 election: President
Donald Trump and the road ahead
LO8 Understand the impact of contemporary

problems on human needs including:
• Natural/human caused disasters
• Terrorism
• Poverty
• Prejudice and discrimination
• Social change
1
2 Chapter 1
• Economic and political factors

• Psychological stress and developmental crises
LO9 Learn about food justice and health
LO10 Examine the nature of health care in the United States
Introduction
Over the years, human services in the United States have evolved into a network of
programs and agencies that provide an array of services to millions of Americans.
The one feature shared by all of these services is that they are designed to meet
human needs. Thus, this chapter begins with a consideration of the full range of
human needs and the kinds of services that seek to meet them.
Some service agencies are devoted mainly to helping people meet basic survival
needs such as food and shelter, whereas some are concerned with helping clients
achieve more satisfying relationships or attain other kinds of personal fulfillment.
Primary social supports, such as family and friends, also play a role in meeting
human needs, and that role will be examined in this first chapter.
There is controversy about just what needs should be met by agencies sup-
ported by public or private funds. There is, in fact, a great deal of controversy about
questions involving the scope and quality of human services. This chapter provides
an overview of human services that addresses some of these questions.
Critics argue that human services are wasteful and inefficient, whereas support-
ers are convinced that more should be done to meet people’s needs. Some social
planners want to cut funds for services, but others demand increased funding.
Because these conflicts are fought out primarily in the political arena, it is vital
to grasp the liberal and conservative positions that underlie the countless debates
about specific programs. Both positions are outlined here.
This chapter also includes a survey of some contemporary problems that may
affect the ability of Americans to meet their own needs. For example, a person
involved in a natural disaster such as a hurricane or earthquake is very likely to
need help from human services on an emergency basis. Social problems such as
discrimination, poverty, and unemployment may also reduce a person’s ability to be
self-supporting. Victims of these problems may need help only temporarily or for an
extended period.
So this chapter introduces some of the topics basic to a study of contemporary
human services. At first glance, they may appear to be simple topics, but closer
examination shows them to be very complex—so much so that the brief prelimi-
nary information given in this introductory chapter is elaborated on throughout
the book.
Human Needs: Focus of Human Services

LO1 A number of theories have been proposed for conceptualizing human needs.
Although at first glance his theories appear dated, Maslow’s work (1968) is
still referred to and considered by many current authors in the field (Ivey, Ivey,
Need for self-actualization

Ability to direct one’s own life,
a sense of meaning and fulfillment
Esteem needs
Self-esteem, esteem of others,
achievement, recognition, dignity
Belongingness and love needs

Love, affection, belongingness;
need for family and friends
Safety needs
Security, stability, freedom from anxiety
and chaos; need for structure and order
Physiological needs
Homeostasis; specific hungers; food,
water, air, shelter, and general survival
FIGURE 1.1 ■ Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
& Zalaquett, 2016; Neukrug, 2017; Schiff, 2015; Woodside & McClam, 2015), to
be a benchmark for understanding the concept of human needs. He conceived of
needs as existing in a kind of pyramid, or hierarchy, as shown in Figure 1.1.
At the base of the pyramid are the basic physiological needs such as hunger,
thirst, and the need for oxygen. These are matters of life and death. It is only when
such survival needs are satisfied that the individual focuses on safety needs, which
are met by a stable, predictable, and secure environment. Clearly, this type of envi-
ronment requires decent housing in a safe neighborhood.
Once safety needs have been mostly satisfied, the need for belonging, or belong-
ingness, and love begins to emerge, expressed by a desire for affectionate relations
with others—one’s family, lover, or some larger group. After the first three levels
of needs—physiological, safety, and love/belonging—have been largely satisfied,
esteem needs come to the fore, such as the need to be respected as a competent or
even a superior person. Most of us desire the recognition and appreciation of others.
The highest need, that for self-actualization, has to do with fulfilling one’s
innate tendencies and potentials. This need involves expressing one’s inner nature
and talents. For one person, the path to self-actualization might be artistic creativity;
for another, it might be studying Eastern religions. This highest level of motivation
generally becomes prominent in later life. Young adults are generally preoccupied
with making a living and winning the love and approval of others. Maslow (1970)
estimated that the average American adult has satisfied about 85% of physiological
needs and that the percentage of needs satisfied declines at each step up the hierar-
chy. At the top step, only 10% have attained satisfaction of self-actualization needs.
Maslow (2011) believed that needs arrange themselves in a hierarchy in terms
of potency—that is, physiological needs are stronger than safety needs, which in
turn are stronger than love needs, and so on. The higher the need, the less impera-
tive its fulfillment is for sheer survival and the longer gratification can be postponed.
4 Chapter 1
Deprivation of higher needs does not produce the kind of desperate emergency reac-
tion triggered by deprivation of lower needs. For example, needs for belonging are a
luxury when food or safety is denied.
Maslow (1987) also pointed out that for higher needs to be satisfied, environ-
mental conditions must be favorable. By this he meant that a person must have a
supportive family, a decent income, opportunities for a good education, and so on.
People without these kinds of advantages face an uphill struggle to attain the higher
levels of need satisfaction. In general, Maslow stated, counseling and psychother-
apy are more appropriate and effective in helping people achieve higher needs than
lower needs. At the lowest need levels, psychotherapy is not much use at all. People
who are struggling for basic survival are too worried and preoccupied to give much
thought to higher needs. Social planners agree that society must offer tangible kinds
of help like food and shelter and medical care to the truly disadvantaged.
Some human services devote themselves to safety needs. The criminal justice
system, which includes law enforcement and corrections, is designed to meet safety
needs. Citizens want to live in secure communities and go about their daily activi-
ties without fear of being threatened, robbed, or assaulted. To this end, the public
spends millions for police, courts, and corrections. Chapter 2 discusses some reasons
for the partial failure of the criminal justice system to create a safe environment.
One of the most consistent findings of social research is that the risk of phys-
ical or mental illness is greatest when the individual cannot find a place in the
social order. Persons who have been deprived of meaningful social contact for
any of a number of reasons are at relatively greater risk of developing tuberculo-
sis, alcoholism, accident proneness, severe mental illness, and suicidal tendencies
Abraham Maslow
(Cassel, 1990). Accordingly, some human services are designed to help people feel
that they belong and are valued members of a group. It is expected that such
membership may help keep a person out of an institution and, therefore, serve
an important preventive purpose. For example, some agencies set up senior clubs
for elderly people who would otherwise be living a lonely, isolated life. Another
example is the establishment of psychiatric residences for former mental patients
who have no family.
Some human services agencies are primarily concerned with meeting the higher
needs for esteem and self-actualization. Others help meet these higher needs indi-
rectly by fulfilling basic needs, thus allowing individuals to pursue higher needs on
their own initiative. Education, particularly at the higher levels, is attuned to help-
ing students attain fulfillment and satisfaction through pursuit of a career.
In general, human services workers encourage people to function at their high-
est possible level. More tangible kinds of help are provided in the form of scholar-
ships and grants offered by a number of governmental and private agencies.
■■ Criticisms of Maslow’s Theory

The idea that our lower needs must be satisfied before moving to the next higher
ones is contradicted by several kinds of evidence. In some societies, for example,
people periodically go hungry but, at the same time, exhibit strong social ties and
a strong sense of self. In fact, a certain degree of hardship in meeting basic needs
can bring people together and give them a sense of purpose in working together
to overcome adversity (Neher, 1991; Schiff, 2015). Similarly, many couples in
our own society report that a strong bond was formed during a period of early
struggles that was weakened by later affluence. Contrary to Maslow’s theory, these
examples suggest that deprivation of basic physiological needs may sometimes
facilitate satisfaction of higher needs, such as the need for intimacy. Aside from
anecdotal evidence, there are a number of research studies that have attempted to
test Maslow’s concepts. The results been mixed: some support and others refute
various hypotheses.
In general, the research conducted in work settings has not supported Maslow’s
theory. For example, Wahba and Bridwell (1976) asked workers to list their needs
in order of importance and found that the rankings did not fit Maslow’s hierarchy.
Other investigators have suggested that more than one need may be operating at
a time (Mullainathan, 2015). In other words, a person may be striving to fulfill
simultaneously both basic and growth needs. Still other studies have suggested that
moderate levels of deprivation stimulate creative potential, ward off boredom, and
enhance a sense of competence. This idea runs counter to Maslow’s notion that
higher needs emerge only after fairly complete satisfaction of lower needs. It may be
that some need deprivation is experienced as a challenge and, ultimately, is growth
enhancing.
Role of Primary Social Supports in Meeting Needs

LO2 Most people seek gratification of needs through a network of social relationships.
For example, family, friends, and peer groups can meet needs for nurturance and
intimacy. Religious and social groups help meet needs for belonging, esteem, and
6 Chapter 1
spiritual enrichment. A job satisfies crucial economic needs and also provides a
setting for social interaction with coworkers. Additional support may come from
informal social contacts, like bartenders and hairdressers, well known for listening
sympathetically to the problems of their customers. This network of relationships,
which makes up the primary social support system, is the traditional source of need
satisfaction in our culture. One important feature of this support system is that
usually some sense of mutual obligation underlies the transactions. In other words,
a person is expected to give something, to meet certain needs of others, in exchange
for what is received. Sometimes it is enough to simply let others know that one is
ready to help if the need arises.
Too many people in this country are still sadly lacking in primary social sup-
ports. They may have no friends, no family, no job, and therefore no way to meet
important needs. In some cases, a person may have family and friends who would
be willing to help but who lack the means to do so. The national community-based,
nonprofit organization, Mental Health America, released its 2016 annual assess-
ment of Americans with mental illness report. This report focuses upon the treat-
ment individuals receive throughout the United States. Their findings conclude that
23% of adults (43.7 million people) have a mental health condition and more than
half of them do not receive treatment (Nutt, 2016). As detailed in Chapter 3, certain
human services came into being to meet the needs of people who have nowhere to
turn for help. Over the years, human services have expanded greatly and now go far
beyond helping the poor, sick, and disabled. Gradually, they have taken over some
of the functions of primary social supports. For example, the task of caring for poor
elderly persons, once assumed by the family, is increasingly being accepted by gov-
ernment human services agencies.
■■ Self-Help Groups
Self-help groups are basically mutual-help groups made up of people who have sim-
ilar problems. They occupy a position somewhere between traditional social sup-
ports and formal agencies that provide services. The increasing popularity of these
groups may be due partly to the decline of the extended family and other tradi-
tional sources of support in our society (Gladding, 2012). Whatever the cause, these
groups have experienced tremendous grown over the past 40–50 years.
Riesman (2000) points out that “more Americans try to change their health
behaviors through self-help groups than through all other forms of professional
programs combined” (p. 47). What distinguishes these groups from formal service
organizations is that they operate without professional leadership. Many profes-
sional therapists view self-help groups as useful adjuncts to treatment and urge cli-
ents to participate in them (Ambrosino, Ambrosino, Heffernan, & Shuttlesworth,
2016; Comer, 1996; Gladding, 2012).
A wide variety of problems or disorders may be the focus of a self-help group.
Alcoholism, drug abuse, compulsive gambling, bereavement, overeating, phobias,
rape victimization, unemployment, and physical illnesses (e.g., heart disease, dia-
betes, and cancer) are some examples of issues that may be addressed in support
groups. Two advantages of self-help groups are that they are less expensive and,
because they offer support from other people who share the same problem, less
intimidating than a professionally led group. A number of self-help groups are
mentioned or described in various sections of this book.
■■ Effects of Social Programs on Primary

Supports
During the 1960s, there was a vigorous expansion of social programs designed to
eliminate poverty, remove slums, and improve the health and education of poor
people. By the end of the decade, some social planners had come to realize that
(1) the programs were not always having the desired effect and (2) new problems
were being created. For example, it appeared that welfare programs were having
the unintended effect of breaking up families and sometimes leading to family non-
formation. The programs were administered in such a way that a mother with lim-
ited income received not only cash but also a package of other benefits including
medical insurance, food stamps, and rent subsidies. If a father was present, he was
usually a low-paid worker at risk of being laid off. He could jeopardize the entire
benefits package if he attempted to support the family alone. If he left, little effort
was made by the welfare program to require him to support the family in any way.
In fact, the family was more economically secure without him.
Clearly, the system provided little incentive for the family unit to stay together.
The lesson to be drawn from this part of our national experience is that programs
designed to help, however well intended, may have perverse or unexpected conse-
quences. When these programs weaken the family and the neighborhood, there is
good reason to be concerned. The strength of the primary supports of family and
neighborhood is essential if individuals are to cope with a complex society. They are
the basic linkages of one person to another. Butler and Kondratas (1987) maintain
that America has a strong public interest in government programs that strengthen
families. When the family is fragmented, what often follows is poor education, poor
skills, and poor performance. This in turn causes the perpetuation of poverty, and
the vicious cycle continues.
Overview of Human Services

“What are human services, anyway?” is one of the questions students most fre-
quently ask. It would be helpful to provide an “official” or generally accepted
definition, but there is no such thing. Actually, ideas about human services have
changed over the course of time. As discussed in Chapter 3, early approaches to
human services were centered on the hazards of illness, disability, and economic
dependence. Programs were designed to help people who were unable to take care
of their own needs. It was recognized that people with little or no income in increas-
ingly complex industrial societies were at risk of starvation or serious distress. This
view, which equates human services with providing services only to the economi-
cally dependent, now seems rather narrow.
Another approach is to define human services in terms of the activities of mod-
ern society that enhance the well-being of its citizens. Martin (2011), for example,
suggests that “human service agencies come into the picture when people find them-
selves confronting barriers to getting their needs met and their own resources for
overcoming these obstacles are insufficient.” (p. 5). This is a broad definition that
might include a wide spectrum of services, ranging from job creation to maintain-
ing a clean, safe, and pleasant environment, all aimed at helping people achieve the
highest possible level of self-sufficiency. Another more succinct definition of human
8 Chapter 1
services is offered by Alle-Corliss and Alle-Corliss (1998) viewing human services as

“encompassing professional services provided to those in need.” Still another per-
spective is offered by Kanel (2008) who observes “human services uses a multidisci-
plinary, holistic, and eclectic approach to helping people with various needs.”
Experts do not agree on the range or type of helping activities that should be
included in human services. A definition that falls between the very narrow and the
very broad ones just discussed is preferable. Human services are organized activi-
ties that help people in the areas of health care; mental health, including care for
persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities and the physically handi-
capped; social welfare; child care; criminal justice; housing; recreation; and educa-
tion. Another type of service that might be included is income maintenance, a term
that refers to programs like unemployment insurance and social security, which pro-
vide income to people who are unemployed or retired.
It should be noted that human services do not include the help given by family,
friends, or other primary supports. To be considered human services, the help must
be provided by some type of formal organization, be it a clinic, hospital, nursing
home, agency, bureau, or other service institution.
Obviously, human services cover a lot of ground, having increased greatly in
size and scope during recent decades in the United States. Currently included in
social welfare are expenses for social security, welfare, veterans’ programs, educa-
tion, housing, and other public programs.
The federal government is the major provider of social welfare benefits. In fact,
most of the huge federal budget, approximately 90%, goes for social programs of
one kind or another. The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconcili-
ation Act of 1996—better known as The Welfare Reform Act of 1996—has had a
significant impact on the cost of social welfare programs, the exact magnitude of
which is still to be determined. By any standard, the human services industry is one
of the largest industries in the United States. The Bureau of the Census lists many
occupations that may be included under the heading of human services. The follow-
ing chart highlights the projected percentage change between 2005 and 2015 of the
fastest-growing occupations (Statistical Abstracts of the United States 2011, Bureau
of the Census). The 2015–2025 Census Bureau figures indicate a continued growth
pattern in these occupational areas.
Home health aides 145%

Human services workers 150%
Personal and home care aides 135%
Computer engineers and scientists 125%
Systems analysts 135%
Physical and corrective therapy aides 95%
Physical therapists 92%
Occupational therapy assistants and aides 81%
Teachers and special education 77%
Correction officers 81%
Child care 77%
Occupational therapists 75%
Psychologists 53%
■■Human Services Workers

The personnel at human services agencies can be divided into four general catego-
LO3 ries: (1) those who provide help to recipients, (2) supervisory personnel, (3) admin-
istrators who determine the policies of the agency, and (4) support personnel who
do clerical, maintenance, and security work. In addition, some settings, such as hos-
pitals and nursing homes, require kitchen, housekeeping, and other support work-
ers. In smaller agencies, workers sometimes have to do work in several of these
categories.
A great many job titles, positions, and professions are included under the gen-
eral heading of human services worker. These range from positions that require rela-
tively little formal training, such as mental hospital aide and teacher assistant, to
those that require extensive formal training and education. Clinical and counseling
psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and nurses are included in the latter cat-
egory. Chapter 6 goes into detail about a wide range of career options in the field.
There is considerable variation in the extent to which different professionals
identify themselves as human services workers. Social workers, for example, have
generally been more accepting of the term than have psychologists or psychiatrists.
The term human services worker is more than a way of identifying workers in a
particular field; it carries with it a certain attitude or philosophy about the field. The
underlying idea is that the separate disciplines should emphasize what they have in
common—serving people’s needs—rather than emphasize their differences.
Some activists would like to phase out specialty training in favor of generalist
training in human services. However, there is considerable resistance to this idea
from professionals who wish to preserve separate identities as psychologists, social
workers, psychiatrists, and so on. Apologies are offered if all this sounds confusing;
it is confusing because the field of human services is undergoing rapid change. It is
not possible to know for certain how human services workers of the future will be
trained or what their job titles will be.
■■ Kinds of Help Provided

Human services provide many kinds of aid and services. Perhaps the most basic
kind of direct aid consists of tangible items such as food, clothing, shelter, tools, and
other useful articles. Victims of natural disasters and homeless poor persons may
be in dire need of this kind of help. The Salvation Army and the Red Cross are well
known for providing hot meals and shelter to homeless people.
In most situations, cash transfers can readily be exchanged for needed goods
and services. Social security, welfare, and unemployment insurance are among the
most important benefits of this kind because millions depend on them for economic
survival. These cash benefits can be used in any way the recipient sees fit. This free-
dom worries some politicians, who fear that the money will be used for nonessen-
tial or even destructive items. Consequently, some benefits are offered with strings
attached—in other words, the benefits can be used only for some specified purpose.
Food stamps, for example, are given to eligible poor persons but can be used only to
buy food. Another example is a housing subsidy paid directly to the landlord for a
welfare recipient’s rent.
In addition to these forms of aid, some services are designed to increase clients’
capacities to gain satisfaction of needs by their own efforts. The next few paragraphs
Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Corning
Egg Farm book, by Corning himself
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
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laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Title: The Corning Egg Farm book, by Corning himself
Author: Edward Corning

Gardner Corning
Release date: November 5, 2023 [eBook #72042]
Language: English
Original publication: Bound Brook: The Corning Egg Farm, 1912
Credits: deaurider, Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

CORNING EGG FARM BOOK, BY CORNING HIMSELF ***
Please see the Transcriber’s Notes
at the end of this text.
Most illustratons may be enlarged
by opening them in a new window or
tab.
CORNING STRAIN UTILITY COCKEREL
Four Months and Twenty Days Old
THE CORNING
E G G FA R M B O O K
BY CORNING HIMSELF
BEING THE COMPLETE AND AUTHENTIC

STORY OF THE CORNING EGG FARM
FROM ITS INCEPTION TO DATE
TOGETHER WITH FULL DESCRIPTION OF THE

METHOD AND SYSTEM THAT HAVE MADE
THIS THE MOST FAMOUS POULTRY
FARM IN THE WORLD
BOUND BROOK, NEW JERSEY

T H E C O R N I N G E G G FA R M
PUBLISHERS
1912
Copyright, 1912, by
GARDNER CORNING
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTORY 13
CHAPTER I
The Building of the Corning Egg Farm 21
Started with 60 Buff Rock Eggs 22
More Money in Eggs 25
Adopted White Leghorns 25
First Use of Roosting Closets 27
We Count only Livable Chicks 30
Percentage of Cockerels Low 31
The Great Flock System Succeeds 33
Foreigners Visit the Farm 34
Investigated for Germany 35
Selection of Cockerels 36
Pullets Lay in 129 Days 37
Keeping Down Labor Bill 39
Adopted Hot Water Incubators 40
Why Great Farms Fail 41
CHAPTER II
Egg Farming the Most Profitable Branch of Poultry
Keeping 43
Developing the Great Layer 43
Corning Method in Small Flocks 44
On Large Farms 46
CHAPTER III
What is a Fresh Egg? An Egg Should be Sanitary as
Well as Fresh 48
Manure Drainage to Drink 48
Diseased Meat to Eat 49
As the Food, so the Egg 49
A Perfect Egg a Rarity 50
Unlimited Demand for Quality Eggs 50
CHAPTER IV
Preparation of Eggs for Market 54
CHAPTER V
Selection of the Breed.—The Strain is of Utmost
Importance 58
S. C. White Leghorns Outclass All 59
Line Breeding—Not Inbreeding 61
How Corning Farm Produces Unrelated Cockerels 62
CHAPTER VI
Advantages of Large Flock System—Reduces Cost of
Housing and Economizes in Time and Labor 64
Draughts the Stumbling Block 65
2,000 Birds to a House 66
CHAPTER VII
What is a Winter Layer?—The Properly Hatched and
Reared Pullet 68
Must Feed Green Food 69
CHAPTER VIII
A Great Laying Strain—The Selection of Breeders to
Produce It 71
Eighteen Months Old 71
Trap Nests a Failure 72
Type Reproduces Type 73
CHAPTER IX
Best Time to Hatch 76
Experiment in Late Hatching 78
CHAPTER X
Succulent Green Food—Satisfactory Egg
Production Impossible Without It 80
Sprouted Oats Best 82
How They are Grown on the Farm 82
Timothy and Clover Cut Green 84
CHAPTER XI
Anthracite Coal Ashes—A Substitute for Many More
Expensive Necessities 86
Better Than Charcoal 87
CHAPTER XII
Eggs for Breeding Should be Laid by a Real Yearling
Hen 89
90,000 Orders for 40,000 Eggs 90
CHAPTER XIII
Policing the Farm with Bloodhounds, etc. 92
Shoot First—Investigate Afterward 92
Socrates, the Great Bloodhound 93
CHAPTER XIV
Necessity for Pure Water—An Egg is Chemically 80%
Water 96
Automatic Fountains Essential 96
Hot Water in Cold Weather 97
Hens Drink More in Afternoon 97
CHAPTER XV
Hard Coal Ashes, Oyster Shell, and Grit 99
CHAPTER XVI
Beef Scrap and Green Bone Substitutes for Nature’s
Animal Food 101
Green Cut Bone Nearest Nature 101
CHAPTER XVII
A Time for Everything—Everything on Time 103
Fixed Feeding Hours 103
Four Collections of Eggs Daily 105
Mash Fed in Afternoon 105
CHAPTER XVIII
Incubation on the Corning Egg Farm 106
Hen Reigns Supreme 106
Livable Chicks—Not Numbers 107
Uniform Temperature Most Important 108
Ventilation and Moisture Next 108
Hot Water Machines Best 110
Corning Incubator Cellar Unequaled 111
Eggs Turned from Third to Eighteenth Day 112
103 Degrees Maintained 112
Cool But Never Cold 113
Cover Glass Doors 114
All Good Chicks Hatch in 20 Days 114
Set Incubators Toward Evening 115
Tested Only on Eighteenth Day 116
Moisture 117
Chicks Handled Only Once 117
Baby Chick Business Cruel 118
CHAPTER XIX
Rearing Chicks in Brooder House—The Following
Two Years’ Results Depend Upon Success
in Brooding 121
Corn Not Proper Chick Food 122
Follow Nature’s Teaching 122
A Balanced Food 123
Never Build a Double House 126
Must Drain Chick Runs 127
Concrete Floors Mean Dampness 127
Corning Heated Brooder House 128
Corning Feeds Dry Food Only 129
Three Feeds Daily 129
Green Food Third Day 130
Animal Food Tenth Day 130
Avoid Moving Chicks Often 132
CHAPTER XX
Handling Birds on Range—The Youngsters Must be
Kept Growing All the Time 134
A Corning Wrinkle 135
Grain and Mash Once a Day 137
Plenty of Shade 139
Removed to Laying House Middle of September 140
CHAPTER XXI
Feeding for Eggs—Wholesome Nourishment—Not
Destructive Stimulants 143
Easy Assimilation 143
Perfect Health or No Eggs 144
Abundant Animal Food 144
The Corning Mash the Secret 145
“Egg Foods” Kill Layers 146
Mustard Increases Egg Laying 147
Mustard Increases Fertility 148
4,000 Layers Fed Mustard 149
Mustard Maintains Health 150
Keep Appetite Keen 150
CHAPTER XXII
Breeding Hens During Moult—Coming Breeders Must
be Kept Exercising Through This Period 153
Do Not Overfeed 154
CHAPTER XXIII
Feeding the Breeding Cockerels 156
CHAPTER XXIV
Preparing Surplus Cockerels for Market 157
Must Have Green Food 158
CHAPTER XXV
$6.41 Per Hen Per Year 159
$6.41 Not Extravagant Claim 160
Corning Farm Makes More Than $6.41 161
CHAPTER XXVI
The Buildings on the Corning Egg Farm 163
No. 1, Brooder House, Incubator and Sprouted
Oats Cellars 164
Building No. 2, Work Shop, etc. 167
Building No. 9, Horse Stable 169
Building No. 10, Wagon Shed 170
Building No. 12, Office Building 170
CHAPTER XXVII
Construction of Laying, Breeding, and Breeding
Cockerel Houses 171
Nearly Six Feet from Ground 172
Double Floors 173
Canvas Windows 174
Double Doors 176
Draught-Proof Roosting Closets 177
CHAPTER XXVIII
The Colony Houses—There are Forty-one on the
Farm 180
Cotton Duck Windows 181
CHAPTER XXIX
Materials Required for Laying Houses 182
Bill of Material for the Construction of Colony 183
House
CHAPTER XXX
The Original Thirty Hens 184
CHAPTER XXXI
Egg Records 186
How Corning Farm is Able to Get Great Egg
Records 187
Highest Percentage of Fertility 188
CHAPTER XXXII
Prevention and Treatment of Diseases 190
CHAPTER XXXIII
A Word in Closing 192
Nothing to Hide 193
Illustrations are Photographs 193
The Corning Success 193
Our Advice to Beginners 194
Single Comb White Leghorns Only 194
It’s “Strain” You Want 194
Utility, Not Show Birds 195
Corning Largest Specialty Farm in World 195
Points That Mean Success 196
BUILDINGS ON THE CORNING EGG FARM AND MANY
HANDY DEVICES 198
ILLUSTRATIONS
Corning Strain Utility Cockerel Frontispiece

FACING PAGE
1. Lay-Out of Farm 16
2. Interior Sterile Laying House No. 3, in 1910 22
3. Entrance to Farm in 1909 24
4. As You Approach the Farm, 1911 28
5. Office Building 30
6. Breeding Cockerels, Fall of 1909 34
7. Interior Laying House No. 2, in 1910 38
8. Panoramic View of the Farm 46
9. Thirty Dozen Corning Sanitary Fresh Eggs Ready to
Ship 54
10. The Strain that Makes the Corning Egg Farm
Famous 58
11. Three Sterile Laying Houses Containing 4,500
Pullets 64
12. Interior Laying House No. 1, in 1910 68
13. One of the Breeding Houses just after Mating, 1910 72
14. Sprouted Oats Cellar 78
15. Two-Weeks-Old Chicks in Brooder House Runs 84
16. Yearling Hens in Breeder House before Mating 90
17. “Socrates,” the Great Bloodhound Which Heads the
Corning Kennels 92
18. “Socrates II” and “Diogenes” 94
19. Buster, America’s Greatest Ratter 94
20. Corning Automatic Drinking Fountain 96
21. Part of the Old Incubator Cellar 104
22. Brooder House, Showing Chick Runs 120
23. Old Arrangement of Brooder House 124
24. Chicks Six Weeks Old 128
25. Colony Range Feed and Water Wagon with “Billy” 136
26. Feeding on the Colony Range 140
27. Baskets of Eggs 150
28. Breeding Cockerels, Fall of 1911 156
29. No. 3 Laying House Filled with 1,500 Pullets 158
30. The Workshop on the Corning Egg Farm 162
31. The Celebrated Corning Large-Flock Laying House
No. 3 170
32. Laying House Prepared to Receive 1,500 Pullets
from Range 172
33. One of the Breeding Houses in 1911 174
34. The Corning Colony House 178
35. Breeding House in 1907—The Original Corning
House 182
36. Pullets in Laying House No. 2, Fall of 1911 184
37. Diagrams and Detailed Plans of Buildings, etc. 199
INTRODUCTORY
The Method, and the style of the buildings, evolved and worked
out on The Corning Egg Farm, when put into book form proved so
helpful to so vast a number of poultry keepers, that the sale of this
first literature, which for a time was added to as the months went by,
reached the enormous total of over 140,000 copies in eighteen
months.
The writings were the simple, plain statements of facts, and
enabled others who followed them to reach a success which, until
this System was used, may have been dreamed of, but was never
realized.
The literature from this Farm has gone out over the entire civilized
World, and the visitors, who arrive in ever increasing numbers from
month to month, come from every quarter of the Globe.
The Corning Egg Farm has been written of in periodicals of every
nature, and in almost every language the World over. For the last
twelve months the requests for further, and more explicit, detailed
information relative to breeding and feeding for eggs, the specialty
from which The Corning Egg Farm has never swerved, have become
a demand. So that, after mature deliberation, it was decided to write
the history of The Corning Egg Farm, from its inception to date,
including the work of the last two years, which has never before
been fully published.
“The Corning Egg Farm Book by Corning Himself” is to-day the
only publication giving facts in regard to the Farm and its unique
Method right up to date.
As the book is read it must be borne in mind that, in breeding to
produce a great layer, at first very marked increases in the number of
eggs during the first ten months of laying may be gained. The
general average number of eggs laid each year, from official reports,
is less than 100 per hen. On The Corning Egg Farm, when the
average had reached 143.25 eggs, the next jump, in the following
year, was more than had been expected, and the record of 145.11
eggs for each hen for ten months, though showing an increase
apparently small, in reality was a very great advance indeed.
From this time on, the gain, although representing a narrower
margin of increase, was in reality a much greater achievement. The
trotting horse may serve as an illustration. When Dexter trotted his
famous mile he clipped off a number of seconds from the previous
record, and it seemed as if it would be a matter of considerable time
before his mark would be lowered. But within a comparatively short
time a number of trotters turned off a mile in two-ten, and from this
figure, within a short period, a large company of famous horses had
reached the two-five mark, but every quarter of a second which
reduced this mark meant greater achievement in breeding than was
represented by the reduction of records from two-sixteen to two-five,
and we have not yet seen the horse which, in single harness, without
a running mate, can turn the mile track in two minutes flat.
The Corning Egg Farm realizes that from this on improvement will
be shown by fractional figures, but these fractions will represent a
greater progress than the figures which have gone before.
Two years ago the unequaled results of The Corning Egg Farm
had seemed unsurpassable, but to-day we are able to look back
from higher ground and see the road over which we have traveled to
reach a point very considerably beyond the unequaled position of
two years ago.
It is our hope and aim, year by year, to improve the present
position. The man who believes he has learned all there is to learn is
a failure. The successful man is the one who is sure there is an
opportunity to advance considerably beyond the point he has already
attained, and The Corning Egg Farm believes this to be true, and
has constantly worked with that idea before it.
With an experience back of them of nearly six years the Builders
of The Corning Egg Farm know that this Book furnishes the
necessary guide for success in poultry culture. What has been, and
what is being, done at The Corning Egg Farm is not experimental
work. Successful results follow the Method and System employed as
surely as day follows night. It is no longer necessary for the novice to
try out the various plans proposed to him by the literary poultryman,

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Human Services in Contemporary

America William R. Burger

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Human Services in Contemporary America

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Questions for Class Discussion or Special Assignment 36

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Communities 77

Prison and Correctional Programs 111

Behavior Assessment 183

Environmental Factors 218

Creative Arts Therapy 248

Purpose and Types of Social Policy 277

Summary of Primary Prevention Programs 315

In the chapter on prevention, I demonstrate a strong bias in favor of programs

New to the Tenth Edition

LO1 Understand the nature and scope of human

• Economic and political factors

Human Needs: Focus of Human Services

Need for self-actualization

Belongingness and love needs

FIGURE 1.1 ■ Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

■■ Criticisms of Maslow’s Theory

Role of Primary Social Supports in Meeting Needs

■■ Effects of Social Programs on Primary

Overview of Human Services

services is offered by Alle-Corliss and Alle-Corliss (1998) viewing human services as

Home health aides 145%

■■Human Services Workers

■■ Kinds of Help Provided

Title: The Corning Egg Farm book, by Corning himself

Author: Edward Corning

Release date: November 5, 2023 [eBook #72042]

Original publication: Bound Brook: The Corning Egg Farm, 1912

Credits: deaurider, Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

BEING THE COMPLETE AND AUTHENTIC

TOGETHER WITH FULL DESCRIPTION OF THE

BOUND BROOK, NEW JERSEY

Corning Strain Utility Cockerel Frontispiece

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LO1 Understand the nature and scope of human