Educational Evaluation

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EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION
Ehy; tpgug; gl;bay;
E}ypd; ngah; : fy;tpapay; kjpg;gply;

Mrphpah; : Dr. M. rz;KfNutjp> Dr. G. uhN[];thp &

Dr. AR. rutzFkhh;
ISBN : 978-93-88398-93-0
nkhop : jkpo;
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E}y; msT : B5
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61> T.P.K nkapd; NuhL>
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tpiy : &.250/-
Dedicated
to
Vallal Dr. Alagappar
Acknowledgment
This Book has been written with the financial support of RUSA- Phase 2.0 grant
sanctioned vide Letter No.F.24-51/ 2014-U, Policy (TNMulti-Gen), Dept. of. Edn.
Govt. of India, Dt. 9.10.2018
Kd;Diu
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cUthtJ kl;Lky;yhJ NET, SET, TNTET Nghd;w Njh;Tfis vOjg;NghFk; gpw
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Dr. M. rz;KfNutjp
Dr. G. uhN[];thp
Dr. AR. rutzFkhh;
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (D.D.E)
ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY
(A State University Established in 1985)
KARAIKUDI - 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
www.alagappauniversity.ac.in
2017 2018 2018 2018 2019
Accredited with India Rank : 20

A+ Grade by NAAC Graded as Category-1 Swachh Campus BRICS Rank: 104
(CGPA : 3.64) & Granted Autonomy Rank : 27 Rank : 4 Asia Rank : 216
Dr. S. LEO STANLY, Ph.D. Date: 20.03.2019

Associate Professor
mzpe;Jiu
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UNIT I - CONCEPT OF ASSESSMENT, MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION

1.1 Concept and Meaning of assessment, measurement and evaluation.
1.2 Relationship and difference between measurement and evaluation.
1.3 Need and Importance of Evaluation
1.4 Purpose of Evaluation
1.5 Place of Evaluation
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1.1 fUj;jhf;fk; kw;Wk; nghUs;: kjpg;gPL> mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL.
1.2 mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL ,tw;wpw;F ,ilNaahd NtWghLfs; -
1.3 kjpg;gplypd; Njit kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
1.4 kjpg;gplypd; Nehf;fq;fs;
1.5 kjpg;gplypd; ,lk;
UNIT II APPROACHES TO EVALUATION

2.1 Test and different types – Placement, Formative. Summative, Diagnostic, Prognostic
2.2 Distinction between Formative and Summative Evaluation
2.3 Continuous und Comprehensive evaluation: Meaning, need and relevance,
procedures of Evaluation, Criteria of Evaluation
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2.1 Nrhjid kw;Wk; mjd; tiffs;. tha;g;G fUj;J cUthf;f kjpg;gPL>
tsuwpkjpg;gPL> njhFj;jwp kjpg;gPL> Fiwawpr; Nrhjid> Kd;Ndw;wr; Nrhjid
2.2 fUj;J cUthf;f kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; njhFj;jwp kjpg;gPL - tifg;gLj;Jjy;.
2.3 njhlu; kw;Wk; tpupthd kjpg;gPL: nghUs;> Njit> njhlu;Gfs;. kjpg;gplypd;
mikg;G> kjpg;gplypd; gz;Gfs;.
UNIT III-TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - I

3.1- General Techniques of Evaluation
3.2 Quantitative techniques and Qualitative techniques
3.3 Sell-reporting techniques
myF - 3 kjpg;gplypd; EZf;fq;fs;: - I

3.1. kjpg;gplypd; nghJthd EZf;fq;fs;
3.2 juk; kw;Wk; vz;zsT EZf;fq;fs;
3.3 Ra mwpf;if EZf;fq;fs;
UNIT IV TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION – II
4.1 Observation techniques
4.2 Projective Techniques
4.3 Sociometric Techniques
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UNIT V TOOLS OF EVALUATION:

5.1 Tools of Evaluation - Rating Scales and Types -Aptitude Tests -Anecdotal Records-
Inventories - Teacher made and Standardized tests.
5.2 New Trends In Evaluation - Grading system - Computer Based Examination-Choice
Based Credit System-other New Trends
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5.1 kjpg;gPl;bd; fUtpfs; : kjpg;gPl;L mstPLk;> tiffSk; - ehl;lr; Nrhjid -
tho;f;ifj; JZf;F Kiw gjpNtL - tpsf;f tptug;gl;bay;. Mrpupauhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l Nrhjid - ju msTg;ghL Nrhjid:
5.2 kjpg;gplypy; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs; - ju kjpg;gPl;L Kiw> fzpg;nghwp mbg;gilj;
Nju;T - Nju;T rhu;e;j gw;W mikg;G (CBCS) - gpw Gjpa Nghf;Ffs;.
UNIT - VI INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES AND EVALUATION

6.1 Instructional Objectives and Specifications.
6.2 Cognitive Domain, Affective Domain, Psycho-motor Domain - Evaluation Pattern.
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UNIT VII BLOOMS APPROACH

7.1 Bloom's Evaluation Approach-Meaning and Definition-Techniques for evaluation of
behavioural Modifications
7.2 Coordination of Teaching and Testing Activities
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7.2 fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; Nrhjid nray;ghLfis xUq;fpizj;jy;>
UNIT VIII SCHOLOSTIC ACHIEVEMENT TEST

8.1 Purpose of Scholastic Achievement Test
8.2 Preparation of scholastic Achievement test- planning, preparation, designing the test
items, review and editing, arranging the test items, providing directions, preparing
scoring key and marking scheme, administering test and scoring. Evaluating the test.
8.3 Characteristics of good measuring Instrument-Validity, Reliability, Objectivity,
Adequacy, Practicability, Discrimination Index
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8.1 fy;tpapay; milTr; Nrhjidapd; Nehf;fk;
8.2 fy;tpapay; milTr; Nrhjidia jahu; gLj;Jjy; - jpl;lkply;> Nrhjidf;
$Wfis tbtikj;jy;> jpUg;Gjy; kw;Wk; GJg;gpj;jy; Nrhjidf; $Wfis
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kjpg;ngz;Kiw> Nrhjid epu;thfk; kw;Wk; kjpg;G> Nrhjidia kjpg;gpLjy;
8..3 mstpLjy; fUtp;fspd; rpwe;j Fzeyd;fs; - Vw;Gilik. ek;gfj;jd;ik >
Gwtag;ghL> NghJkhd msT> gad;ghl;Lilik> ghFghl;Lf;FwpaPL
UNIT IX EXAMINATION SYSTEM-I

9.1 Examination: Meaning, Types, Objectives of Examination Test and Examination
9.2 Present Examination System: Examination Reforms, NCERT and Examination
Reforms
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Nju;T
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fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdk; kw;Wk; Nju;thizaj;jpd;
kWguprPyid
UNIT X EXAMINATION SYSTEM -II

10.1 On-Line Examination: Meaning, Advantages, Limitations, Requirements for on-
line Examination
10.2 Open Book Examination (OBE): Meaning. Types, Objectives, Advantages and
Limitations.
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10.1 ,izajsj; Nju;T: nghUs;> ed;ikfs>; vy;iyfs;> Njitfs;
10.2 Gj;jfq;fisg; ghu;j;J Nju;T vOJjy;: nghUs;> tiffs;;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;>
ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; vy;iyfs;
UNIT XI CONSTRUCTION OF OBJECTIVE TYPE TEST ITEMS

11.1 Objective Test Items -Meaning - Standardized-Teacher Made Objective Test Items
Objective Test Items -Comparison between Teachers made objective Test and
Standard Objective Test Items
11.2 Steps of Construction of Objective Type Tests: Planning, preparation, Try-out.
Evaluation of Test
11.3 Types of Items of an Objective Test- Recall type-Recognition Type-Advantages
and limitations
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11.1 Fwpf;Nfhs; Nrhjidf; $Wfs; - nghUs; - jumsTg;ghL – Mrpupauhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l Fwpf;Nfhs; Nrhjidf; $Wfs; - Mrpupauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
Fwpf;Nfhs; Nrhjid kw;Wk; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l Fwpf;Nfhs; Nrhjidf; $Wfis
NtWgLj;Jjy;.
11.2 Fwpf;Nfhs; tif Nrhjidapd; fl;likg;Gg;gb epiyfs;: jpl;lkply;>
jahu;gLj;Jjy;> Kaw;rpnra; Nrhjidia kjpg;gply;
11.3 Fwpf;Nfhs; Nrhjidf; $Wfspd; tiffs; - kPl;Lzu;jy;> kPl;Lf;nfhzu;jy;:
ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; vy;iyfs;.
UNIT XII ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF SCORES – I

12.1 Importance and essentials of interpretation of scores
12.2 Measures of central tendency- Arithmetic Mean, Median and Mode
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12.2 ikag; Nghf;F msitfs; - $l;Lr;ruhrup. ,ilepiy kw;Wk; KfL.
UNIT XIII ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF SCORES II

13.1 Measures of Variability – Range, Quartile Deviation, Standard Deviation and
Mean Deviation
13.2 Coefficient of Correlation - Spearman Brown's Rank Difference Method.
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ruhrup tpyf;fk;>
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UNIT XIV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF SCORES –III

14.1 Normal Probability Curve: Properties and Uses
14.2 Skewness and Kurtosis.
14.3 Graphical representation of data - Importance of Graphical representation of data-
Types of Graphical representation, Limitations,
14.4 Histogram, Frequency Polygon, Cumulative frequency Curve

14.1 ,ay;G epfo;jfT tisT: gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; gad;fs;
14.2 Nfhzy; kw;Wk; Kfl;lsit
14.3 juTfspd; gl tpsf;f Kiw : Kf;fpaj;Jtk;-tiffs;-vy;iyfs;
14.4 tiuglk;: miyntz; nrt;tfg;glk; mjpu;ntz; gyNfhzk;> njhFf;fg; gl;l
mjpu;ntz; tisT.
Educational Evaluation
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(UNIT-I CONCEPT OF ASSESSMENT, MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATAION)
1.1 kjpg;gPL : nghUs; (Meaning)

kjpg;gPL nra;gtupd; gpd;dzp kw;Wk; gapw;rp mbg;gilapy; gy cw;W Nehf;fpawpjy;fshy;
vLf;fg;gLk; xU jPu;g;G my;yJ KbT kjpg;gPL (Evaluation) MFk;.
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mwpa njhlu;r;rpahf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU mstPL kjpg;gPL MFk;. kjpg;gPl;bw;Fg; gpd;G>
jFe;j MNyhridfspd; %yk; mf;Foe;ijia KO MSik tsu;r;rpf;F tFg;ghrpupau;
jahu;gLj;Jfpwhu;. mjhtJ xU kUj;Jtu; jd;dplk; tUk; Nehahspapd; Neha;fisf;
fz;lwpe;J. mjw;Fj; jFe;j rpfpr;ir mspj;J Fzkhf;FtJ Nghy> tFg;ghrpupau; fw;wypd;
Fiw/epiwfis khztu;fsplk; fz;lwpe;J jFe;;j topKiwfs; %yk; mf;Fiwfis
eptu;j;jp nra;fpwhu;.
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mtrpakhfpwJ. ,k;kjpg;ngz;iz kpf ey;y kjpg;ngz; vd;w tpsf;fk; jUk;NghJ mJ
kjpg;gPlhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,J Nghd;Nw 50-60 kjpg;ngz;fis ruhrup epiy vd;Wk;
20-f;Ff; fPohd kjpg;ngz;fis kpf Nkhrk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;. VNjDnkhU mstpid
ftdkhf rPu;J}f;fpg; ghu;j;J mjd; kjpg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ epahag;gLj;Jk; xU
nray;KiwNa kjpg;gPL MFk;.
N[k;]; vk;. Ngul;gPy;L (James M.Bared Field) vd;gtu;> “kjpg;gply; vd;gJ FwpaPLfis
epfo;Tf;F toq;FtJk; mjd;%yk; xU epfo;tpd; kjpg;ig czu;j;JtJk; MFk;. mj;jifa
kjpg;gply; nghJthf xU epiyahd juj;ijf; nfhz;L toq;fg;gLk;” vd;W tiuaWf;fpwhu;.
fy;tpapy; kjpg;gpLjy; vd;gJ xU egNuh my;yJ Foe;ijfspd; FOkNkh toq;fg;gl;lf;
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khWghLfs;> msT khWghLfs; Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;Sk; kjpg;gply; xU khztupd;
fle;j fhyr; rhjidfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;wJ. mjd; %yk; Kd;NdWk; tpjj;ijj;
jPu;khdpf;fpd;wJ.
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nraw;ghl;bw;F kpf mtrpakhd xd;whFk;. kjpg;gPL vd;gJ mila Ntz;ba cd;dj
epiyia> gFjpfs;> nray;ghLfs; mile;Js;sjh kw;Wk; vt;tplj;jpy; jilAs;sJ vd;gij
mr;nraypy; <Lgl;Ls;NshUf;F njuptpf;Fk; xU nrayhFk;. mjhtJ mstPLfSf;F
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MFk;.
/kjpg;gpLjy; = mstply; + kjpg;Gfs; + rPu;J}f;fpg; ghu;j;jy; vd;W Fwpg;gpLjy;
nghUe;Jk;.
1.2 mstPL (Measurement)

mstPL: nghUs;
kdpju;fs;> nghUs;fs; my;yJ epfo;TfSf;F ntspg;gilahd tpjpKiwfspd;gb
gz;GfSf;Nfh my;yJ Fzhjpraq;fSf;Nfh vz;fs; kjpg;G mspj;jiy mstPL
cs;slf;FfpwJ.
Nrhjid vd;w nray;Kiwia Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; ekf;F xU msT fpilf;fpwJ. ,e;j
mstpid vz; FwpaPLfshy; Fwpf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf Mq;fpyg; ghlj;jpy; khztdpd;
Page 1
mwptpid mse;jwpa tpilj;jhisj; jpUj;Jtjd; thapyhf Mrpupau; mtDf;F 70
kjpg;ngz; toq;Ftjhff; nfhs;Nthk;. 70 vd;w kjpg;ngz; Nrhjidapd; thapyhfg; ngw;w
xU msT MFk;.
ekJ md;whl tho;tpy; xt;nthU nraypYk; mstPL (Measurement) Kf;fpag;; gq;F
tfpf;fpwJ. gpwg;gpypUe;J ,wg;Gtiu> tho;tpd; midj;J epiyfspYk; mstpay; jdJ
Kj;jpiuiag; gjpj;jij uh]; (Ross) vd;gtu; kpfTk; rupahfr; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;.
ekJ md;whl tho;tpy; msTNfhy;> fbfhuk;> ntg;gepiykhdp> juhR Nghd;w fUtpfs;
msg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;. kpd;rhu kPl;lu; kw;Wk; ePu; kPl;lu; vd;gJ KiwNa
kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; ePupd; nfhs;Kjy; msitf; fz;lwpag; gadgLfpwJ. xU NgUe;J my;yJ
fhupd; Xl;Leu; ];gPNlh kPl;lu; (Speedo meter) vd;Dk; fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp J}uj;ij
msf;fpwhu;. kUj;Jtu;fs; ntg;gepiy khdpiag; gad;gLj;jp clypd; ntg;gj;ij
fz;lwpfpwhu;fs;. ,t;thW midj;J epiyfspYk; mstpay; kpfTk; Kf;fpag; gq;F
tfpf;fpwJ.
NkYk; ehk; md;whl tho;tpy; gy;NtW mstpay; gad;ghLfisf; fhzyhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> filf;fhuu; nghUl;fspd; kjpg;igf; fhz;gjw;F mtw;wpd; vilia
msf;fpwhu;. ijay;fhuu; clypd; gy;NtW ghfq;fis mse;J Jzpfisj; ijf;fpwhu;.
NgUe;jpd; Xl;LeUk; ];gPNlh kPl;lu; vd;Dk; fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp J}uj;ij msf;fpwhu;.
,ijg;Nghd;Nw kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; ePupd; nfhs;Kjy; msitAk; vyf;l;Nuh kPl;lu; kw;Wk;
thl;lu; kPl;lu; nfhz;L Nkw;fz;l midj;J epiyfspYk; mstpLjy; vd;gJ nghUspd;
msitf; Fwpf;fpwJ. mstpay; vd;gJ VNjh xU nghUspd; msitf; Fwpf;fpwJ. mstpay;
vd;gJ VNjh xU nghUspd; msitNah my;yJ viliaNah xU epiwNahL xg;gpl;L
mwptjhFk;. cjhuzkhf> ehk; ghypd; msit msf;f ypl;lu; vd;w epiyNahL
xg;gpLfpNwhk;. ehk; ntWk; vilia kl;Lk; xU epiyNahL xg;gplhky; msg;Nghkhdhy; mJ
mstpay; MfhJ.
mstPL vd;gJ epWtg;gl;l tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; kdpju;fSf;F nghUl;fisNah
my;yJ vz;fisNah toq;Fk; nra;KiwahFk;.
ehk; cw;WNehf;fpa msTfspd; ntspg;ghNl mstpLjyhFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ehk; xU
Jzpapd; ePsj;ij cw;WNehf;FfpNwhk;. ,e;j cw;WNehf;FjyhdJ mj;Jzpapd; ePsj;ijg;
gw;wp ve;j xU fUj;ijAk; juhJ. khwhf mj;Jzpapd; ePsj;ij 1 kPl;lu;> 2 kPl;lu; vd;W
ntspg;gLj;JNthkhdhy; mJ mstpayhfpwJ.
,e;j vz;fshdJ msf;fg;gLk; nghUl;fspd; jd;ikiaAk;> msf;fg; gad;gLk;
fUtpiaAk; rhu;e;J ,Uf;Fk;.
1.3 mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL: NtWghL

1.3 (Difference between Measurement and Evaluation)
mstPL vd;gJ RUf;fkhdJ. mstPL vd;gJ fw;gpj;jy; tpisTfspd; msTfis
mstpLtjhFk;. kjpg;gpLjy; vd;gJ gue;jJk;> vy;yhtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpaJk; MFk;.
fy;tpapd; vy;yhf; $WfspYk; CLUtp epw;gJ kjpg;gpLjy; MFk;. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jypd;
milTfis mse;jwptJ kl;Lk; kjpg;gpLjypd; Nehf;fk; my;y. ,jd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;
fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jiy tsu;g;gNj MFk;. kjpg;gPL vd;gJ khztdpd; tsu;r;rpf;F ,d;wpaikahj
fhuzpfshd mwpT ngWjy;> kdg;ghd;ikfs;> gof;fq;fs;> nray;jpwd;fs;> Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk;
jpwd;> ghuhl;Ljy; Nghd;wtw;iw ntspf;nfhz;L tUfpwJ.
Page 2
t.
mstPL (Measurement) kjpg;gPL (Evaluation)
vz;
kjpg;gPl;bw;F mbg;gil mstPL
1 mstPl;bw;F mbg;gil NrhjidahFk;
MFk;.
2 FWfpa nghUs; jUfpwJ. tpupthd nghUs; jUfpwJ.
vz; mstpw;F kjpg;G
3 vz; msitf; Fwpf;fpwJ
jug;gLfpwJ
ve;j msT rpwg;ghdJ vd;gjw;F
4 vt;tsT vd;gjw;F tpil jUfpwJ
tpil jUfpwJ.
5 gz;Gfs; tptupf;fg;gLtjpy;iy gz;Gfs; tptupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
kjpg;gPL nra;jy; mt;tsT
6 mstPl;bid vspjpy; KbT nra;ayhk;
vspjhd nray; md;W
mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL ,uz;ilAk; NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;l Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; ghu;g;Nghk;.

kjpg;gPL vd;gJ xU nray;ghl;il FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp Kiwahf tupirg;gLj;jp
RUf;fkhd Kiwapy; me;j nray;ghl;bd; kjpg;igf; Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xU
khztid vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. mtDila jl;lr;Rj;jpwd; kjpg;gpLtjhff; nfhs;Nthk;.
mtd; 40 thu;j;ijfis 1 epkplj;jpy; 5 gpiofSld; jl;lr;R nra;tjhf itj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;
,JNt mtdJ kjpg;gPL MFk;. ,jpy; Kf;fpa nray;jpl;lk; jl;lr;R MFk;. NtfKk;>
Jy;ypaKk; mjd; KbTfs; MFk;. 40 thu;j;ijfSk; 5 gpiofSk; FwpaPLfs;. ,jd; %yk;
jl;lr;rpy; mk;khztdpd; jpwid ehk; mwpayhk;. mk;khztdpd; Nju;T KbT kw;w
khztu;fSld; xg;gpl;L mtDf;F B juk; mspf;fg;gl;lhy; mJjhd; kjpg;gPL MFk;.
cz;ikapy; kjpg;gPL vd;gJ xU juk; rhu;e;j mstPL MFk;.
1.4 kjpg;gPl;bd Njit kw;Wk;; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (Need and Importance of Evaluation)

ntt;NtW Nehf;fq;fis fy;tpapy; kjpg;gpLjy; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; kjpg;gpLjypd; Kf;fpa
Nehf;fk;> toq;fg;gLk; fUj;jpd; juj;ijAk; ghlj;jpl;lk;> fiyj;jpl;lk;> fy;tp Nehf;fq;fs;
Mfpatw;iw Nkk;gLj;JtjhFk;.
kjpg;gpLjy; fy;tp Nehf;fj;ij cUthf;FjYk;> mit ehk; fw;wjw;F vt;tsT J}uk;
cau;e;Js;sd vd mwpaTk;> mjd; %yk; fy;tpapd; jiyikg; gz;ig tsu;g;gjw;Fk;
cjTfpd;wJ.
Nguhrpupau; vd;.vk;. lTNd (Prof.N.M. Downe) fPo;fz;lthW kjpg;gpLjypd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; $Wfpwhu;. mitahtd:
 jukpLtjw;Fk;> jftyspg;Gf;Fk;> ngw;NwhUf;Fj; njuptpg;gjw;Fk;> khztu;fis
Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fk;>
 fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfspd; juj;ij kjpg;gpLtjw;Fk;>
 khztu;fspd; fw;wiy mjpfg;gLj;jj; J}z;Ltjw;Fk;> Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk;>
 fw;wypy; jpwd;kpf;f khztu;fisj; Nju;e;njLf;fTk;>
 xU fy;tp epWtdj;jpd; nkhj;j> jFe;j nray;ghl;bid mwptjw;Fk;> mjd; %yk;
khztu;fSf;Ff; fw;wypy; ve;j mstpw;F Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;Js;shh;fs; vd
mwptjw;Fk;.
 toq;fg;gl;l (elj;jg;gl;l) ghlj;jpd; juj;ijj;> jfty;fis jpul;Ltjd; %yk; Gupe;J
nfhs;tjw;Fk;.
 njspthd fw;gpj;jy;-fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fis tifg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wJ.
Page 3
kjpg;gpLjy;> xU Mrpupau; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fk; mjd;%yk; ntt;Ntwhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fis
ntd;wiltjw;Fk;> vt;tsT J}uk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; mse;jwpag;gl;ld vdj; njupe;J
nfhs;tjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wJ. kjpg;gpLjy; khztu;fspd; jpwd;fs;> jpwikfs;> khzhf;fupd;
Mu;tk; mtu;fspd; gyk;> gytPdk; Mfpatw;iw mwpa cjTfpd;wJ. kjpg;gpLjy; khzhf;fupd;
jw;fhyf; fy;tpj; Nju;r;rp epiyia mwpa cjTfpwJ. kjpg;gpLjy; xU Mrpupau; khzhf;fupd;
gyk; / gytPdk; gw;wpj; njuptjd; %yk; gs;sp epfo;r;rpfisj; jahupf;f cjTfpwJ.
1.5 kjpg;gPl;bd; Nehf;fq;fs;;: (Objectives of Evaluation)

xU KO fy;tpmikg;G vd;gJ rpy Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf;
nfhz;lJ. (v.fh) gz;ghL> rKjhak;> njhopy>; kdntOr;rp Nehf;fq;fs;.
NtWtpjkhff; $WNthkhdhy; fy;tp vd;gJ xU egupd; midj;Jtifahd
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpidAk; Fwpf;Fk;. Nehf;fk; vd;gJ xU Gs;sp my;yJ rhj;jpakhd rhjidapd;
,Wjpg; ghu;itahFk;. ,Wjp Nehf;fk; vd;gJ xU khztd; vt;tsT J}uk; fy;tp vd;Dk;
jpirapy;> nry;y ,aYk; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. fy;tpia Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l Nehf;fq;fs;
fy;tpj;jpl;lkplYf;F cjTfpd;wd. ve;jnthU Mrpupau; khztu;fspd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;Fk;
topfhl;bahf ,Uf;fpwhNuh mtNu mf;Fwpf;Nfhs;fis kWtbtk; nfhLf;fTk; nra;thu;.
1.6 fy;tpapy; kjpg;gplypd; ,lk;

 fy;tpapy; KbntLj;jy; vd;gjw;F kjpg;gPL kpfTk; cjtpahfpwJ.
 fy;tpahsu;fs;> epu;thfpfs;> Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs;> ngw;Nwhu;fs; midtUk;
fy;tpapy; Fwpf;Nfhis ehk; mile;J tpl;Nlhkh. ,y;iyah vd;gijawpa kjpg;gPL
cjTfpwJ.
 ntw;wpfukhfg; Nghjpj;jy;> fw;wy; R+o;epiy ,tw;wpw;F kjpg;gPl;lsT kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ.
 fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs; kjpg;gPl;bdhy; czug;gLfpwJ.
 fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhis miltjw;fhd ghlg;nghUs; fw;gpj;jy-;fw;wy; Kiwfs;>
Nju;TKiwfs; Mfpait xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gilajhf kjpg;gPL cUthf;FfpwJ.
 ntt;NtW Nehf;fq;fis fy;tpapy; kjpg;gpLjy; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;> kjpg;gpLjypd;
Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; toq;fg;gLk; fUj;jpd; juj;ijAk;> ghlj;jpl;lk;> fiyj;jpl;lk;> fy;tp
Nehf;fq;fs; Mfpatw;iw Nkk;gLj;JtjhFk;.
 kjpg;gpLjy;> fy;tp Nehf;fj;ij cUthf;FjYk;> mit ehk; fw;wjw;F vt;tsT J}uk;
cau;e;Js;sd vd mwpaTk;> mjd;%yk; fy;tpapd; jiyikg; gz;ig tsu;g;gjw;Fk;
cjTfpd;wJ.
Page 4
myF – 1
khjpup tpdhj;jhs;
gFjp - m
I. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. kjpg;gPL vd;why; vd;d?
2. mstPL vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
3. kjpg;gPl;bd; tiuaiw ahJ?
4. mstPl;bd; tiuaiw ahJ?
gFjp - M
II. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;bw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?
2. fy;tpapy; kjpg;gPl;bd; Njitia tptupf;f.
3. kjpg;gPl;bd; Nehf;fq;fis tpsf;Ff.
4. kjpg;gPl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff
gFjp - ,
III. gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. mstPL> kjpg;gPL ,tw;iw xg;gpl;L> NtWgLj;jp tpsf;Ff.
Page 5
myF -2 kjpg;gplypy; cs;s mZFKiwfs;

UNIT –II (APPROACHES TO EVALUATION)
2.1 Nju;T / Nrhjid: (TEST) nghUs; (MEANING)

fy;tpj; Jiwapy; Nju;T / Nrhjid (TEST) vd;w nrhy; khztu;fSf;F mspf;fg;gLk;
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l tpdhj; njhFg;G my;yJ gzpapidf; Fwpf;Fk;. tpdhf;fSf;F
tpilaspf;Fk; jd;ik kw;Wk; juk; my;yJ gzpapid epiwNtw;Wk; tpjk; Mfpatw;iwg;
nghWj;J khztu;fSf;F kjpg;ngz;fNsh my;yJ FwpaPLfNsh toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Nrhjidfs; vd;gJ FWfpa fhy mstpy; mbf;fb elj;jg;gLk; Nju;T vdyhk;.
Nju;Tfisg; Nghyd;wp Nrhjidfs; mbf;fb tFg;Gr; R+oYf;Nfw;g elj;jg;gLtjhy; ,tw;iw
elj;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fhy msTk; Nju;T Neuj;ij tplf; FiwthdjhFk;.
fy;tpapy; Nju;T vd;gJ fw;gpj;jy; - fw;wy; nray;ghLfspd; tpisTfisf; fzf;fpLk;
fUtpahFk;. gz;ilf; fhyk; Kjy; khztu;fspd; mwpT tsu;r;rpiaAk;> militAk;
mse;jwpAk; fUtpahfj; Nju;T xd;iwNa Mrpupau;fs; ek;gp te;Js;sdu;. jw;fhyj;jpy;
Nju;Tfs; ghlg;nghUswpitAk;> nkhopj;jpwidAk; mwptNjhL NtWgy nra;jpfisAk;
mwpaj;Jiz epw;fpd;wd. Nju;Tfs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
khztu;fspd; mwpT tsu;r;rpia Nrhjpf;fpd;wd. Nju;Tfs; Nky;tFg;G khw;wj;jpwF kpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. khztu;fspd; epiw> Fiwfisf; fhl;LfpwJ.
Nju;Tfs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy tiuaiwf;Fs; (Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L kzp Neuk;)
elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Nju;TfSf;F Fwpg;gpl;l kjpg;ngz; epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ xU
khztd; xU Nju;tpy; ve;j mstpw;F jpwd; ngw;wpUf;fpwhd; vd;gij Nrhjpf;fpd;wJ.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraypy; khztu;fspd; fw;wy; Njit> Nghf;F> Nju;r;rp Nghd;wtw;iw
mwptjw;F cjTk; fy;tpr; nray; “Nju;T” vdg;gLk;. Nju;T vd;gJ Nrhjid vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,d;Dk; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; Mrpupau; fw;gpg;gjw;F Kd;Gk;> fw;gpf;Fk;NghJk;>
fw;gpj;j gpd;dUk; epfo;e;JtUk; njhlu; epfo;r;rpNa Nju;T vdg;gLk;. Nju;T ,y;iynad;why;
fw;gpj;jy; ,y;iy> fw;gpj;jy; ,y;iynad;why; Nju;T ,y;iy.
Foe;ijfspd; miltpid mwpa cjTk; KiwNa Nju;Tfs; MFk;. tFg;gpYs;s
midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; xNu khjpupahd tpdhj;jhs; / Nrhjidj;jhs; nfhLj;J
khztu;fspd; juj;ij> miltpid mwptNj Nju;Tfspd; nrayhFk;. Nju;Tfs; njhlu;r;rpahd
epfo;thf ,y;yhky;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; (fhyhz;L / miuahz;L / tUl
Kbtpy;) elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
2.2 Ntiytha;g;G kjpg;gPL

2.2 (Placement Evaluation)
Ntiytha;g;G kjpg;gPL vd;gJ Kd;Ndhf;fpa rhjid my;yJ jdpg;gl;l
rpwg;gpay;GfSf;F Vw;g> khztu;fis tupirg;gLj;jp tha;g;gspg;gJ MFk;. khztu;fspd;
EioT elj;ijia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L miktJ ,k;KiwahFk;. Fwpg;ghf
fPo;f;fhZk; Nfs;tpfis ikag;gLj;jp mikfpd;wJ. mitahtd:
1. fzpg;nghwpia jpwk;gl ,af;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd jpwd; kw;Wk; mwpit khztu;
ngw;Ws;sduh?
2. khztu; Kd;dNu fw;wypy; ngw;Ws;s Nkk;ghl;il mwpe;J mjw;F Vw;g mLj;j
myFfspy; my;yJ mNj myfpy; njhlur; nra;jy; gw;wpa KbT vLj;jy;.
3. fw;;gpj;jy; El;gq;fSf;Fk;> Fwpg;gpl;l fw;gpj;jy; El;gq;fspy; khztu;fspd; Mu;tk;>
Ntiy> gof;ftof;fk; kw;Wk; MSikg; gz;G eyd;fspd; NtWghLfisf;
Page 6
fz;lwpjy;. cjhuzkhf> Rafw;wYf;Fk;> FO fw;gpj;jYf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
NtWghLfis NtWgLj;Jjy;.
gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp Nky;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jahu;epiyj; Nju;T> kdg;ghd;ikj; Nju;T> Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd Kd;dwpj;
Nju;T> Ratptug;gl;bay;> cw;WNehf;fy; Kiw kw;Wk; NkYk; rpy Kiwfs;.
Ntiytha;g;G kjpg;gPl;bd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; xt;nthU khztu;fSf;Fk; jf;fthW rupahd
fw;gpj;jy; KiwfisAk;> El;gq;fisAk; Nju;e;njLj;J cau;e;j kjpg;gPl;il mila
topnra;jy; MFk;.
2.3 tsuwp kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; njhFj;jwp kjpg;gPL

2.3 (Formative Evaluation and Summative Evaluation)
tsuwp kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; njhFj;jwp kjpg;gPL : nghUs;
gs;spfspy; kjpg;gpLjy; khztu;fspd; mwpT rhu;e;j kw;Wk; mwpT rhuhg; gFjpfspd;
tsu;r;rpiar; Nrhjpg;gjhf mika Ntz;Lk;. ,jid tsuwp kjpg;gPL my;yJ tsu;r;rp
mwpAk; kjpg;gPL (Formative Evaluation) kw;Wk; Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPL my;yJ njhFj;jwp
kjpg;gPL (Summative Evaluation) vd;w ,uz;L Kiwfspd; %yk; fz;lwpayhk;.
fy;tp Mz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; xU khztdpd; fw;wy; jpwd; ve;j epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ.
fw;wypd; tpisthf khztdplk; Vw;gl;l elj;ij khw;wq;fs; ahit? vd;gdtw;iwg;
nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfisf; nfhz;L mt;tg;NghJ mstpLjy; mtrpak;.
,k;Kiwapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mstpy; mbf;fb kjpg;gPL nra;tJ “tsuwp kjpg;gPL”
vdg;gLk;. thuhe;jpuj; Nju;Tfs;> khjj;Nju;Tfs;> gUtj; Nju;Tfs; ,t;tifiar; rhu;e;jit
MFk;. ,j;Nju;Tfs; khztuJ tsu;r;rpapidAk;> tsu;r;rpapy; cs;s Njf;fj;ijAk; mwpa
cjTfpwJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l fy;tp Mz;by;> khztdJ mwpT tsu;r;rpia mwpa fy;tp Mz;bd; ,Wjpapy;
nghJj;Nju;T elj;jp khztdpd; jpwidr; Nrhjpg;gJ njhFj;J kjpg;gpLjy; vdg;gLk;. fy;tp
Mz;L KOtJk; fw;gpj;j epfo;Tfis xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mstpy; Nrhjpj;jwpag;gLfpd;wd.
ngUk;ghd;ikahd ghlg;gFjpfspy; khztu;fspd; jpwd;fs; Nrhjpj;jwpag;gLtjpy;iy. vdNt
njhFj;J kjpg;gpLjy; Kiw FWfpa Nehf;fk; nfhz;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Mz;L ,Wjpj;
Nju;tpy; khztu; ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fisf; nfhz;L mtu;fs; mLj;j tFg;gpw;F
khw;wg;gLfpd;wdu;.
khztdpd; gs;spf; fy;tpapy; jukpf;f tsu;r;rp Ntz;Lnkdpy; ,e;j ,Ujug;gl;l
kjpg;gpLjYk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. tsuwp kjpg;gPL khztu;fspd; fw;wy; Nkk;glTk;> fw;gpj;jy;
epfo;Tfs; tFg;giwfspy; jpl;lkpl;lg;gb rupahf elf;fpd;wjh vd;gijf; ftdpj;jwpaTk;
gad;gLfpwJ. ,k;kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy; fpilf;Fk; KbTfisf; nfhz;L nkJthff;
fw;gtUf;Ff; FiwjPu; fw;gpj;jy; epfo;TfisAk; Ntfkhff; fw;NghUf;F Nkk;ghl;Lg;
gapw;rpfisAk; jPu;khdpf;f ,aYk;.
njhFj;J kjpg;gpLjy; Kiwapy;> Nky; tFg;GfSf;F khztu;fis cau;T nra;tij
mwptJld;> khztu;fisj; juk; thupahf tifg;gLj;jTk; Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwapy; mtu;fspd;
gpw;fhy ntw;wpiaj; jPu;khdpf;fTk; ,aYk;.
,e;j ,uz;L kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfspd; KbTfisg; gFj;jha;e;jhy; khztu;fspd; jpwd;
kw;Wk; mwpT tsu;r;rp fPo;f;fz;l %d;W topKiwfspd; %yk; mtu;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jJ
vd;gJ jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1. khztu;fs; jhq;fshfNt jq;fs; Ra tsu;r;rpiar; Nrhjpj;jwptJ (Self – referenced).
2. Kd;dNu jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l msnty;iyfNshL khztu; miltpid xg;gpLtJ
(Criterion-referenced).
Page 7
3. rf khztu;fspd; tsu;r;rpNahL jq;fs; Ra tsu;r;rpia xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ
(Norm – referenced).
kjpg;gpLjy; vd;gJ khztu;fsplk; midj;J tsu;r;rpiaAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjhf mika
Ntz;Lk;. vdNt gs;spfspy; 1 Kjy; 12 Mk; tFg;Gtiu> ,e;j ,uz;L kjpg;gPl;L
KiwfSk; gad;ghl;by; ,Ug;gJ ed;ik gaf;Fk;. vdpDk; gs;sp Kd-;gUtf; fy;tp (Pre-
Primary Level) epiyapy; tsu;r;rp mwpAk; kjpg;gPl;L KiwNa rpwe;jJ. 10>11 kw;Wk; 12-Mk;
tFg;G ,Wjpapy; muRg; nghJj; Nju;Tfs; %yk; khztu;fspd; mwpTj; jpwidr;
Nrhjpj;jwpayhk;. Gyd;rhuhg; gFjpapy; ,k;khztu;fspd; tsu;r;rpiag; gs;spapNyNa
njhlu;r;rpahf kjpg;gPL nra;J mit kjpg;ngz;fshfNth (Marks) my;yJ jug;
Gs;spfshfNth (Grades) murpd; %yk; toq;fg;gLk; rhd;wpjo;fspy; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfis mtw;wpd; Nehf;f mbg;gilapy; tsu;epiy kjpg;gPL kw;Wk;
Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPL vd ,uz;L tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. fy;tp Kiwapy; ,t;tpuz;L
tifahd kjpg;gPl;L KiwfSNk Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd.
2.4 tsuwp kjpg;gPL (Formative Evaluation)

xU fy;tp epiyaj;jpy; xU ghl nray;jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghNj
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. kjpg;gPl;L Kiw tsu;epiy kjpg;gPL vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
fw;gpj;jy; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghNj> fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij topelj;jTk>;
khztu; kw;Wk; MrpupaUf;F ntw;wp> Njhy;tpfs; gw;wp njhlu;e;J gpd;D}l;lk; juTk;
tsu;epiy kjpg;gPL gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
tFg;giwr; Nrhjidfs; tsu;epiy kjpg;gPl;L tifiar; rhu;e;jit.
Mrpupau; ghlk; elj;Jk;nghOJ clDf;Fld; Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;L khztu;fspd; epiyia
mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Kiwf;F tsu;epiy kjpg;gPL vd;W ngau;. ,jd; %yk; fy;tpapd;
Kd;Ndw;wk; ve;j msT cs;sJ vd;W mwpayhk;. NkYk; Mrpupau; ghlk; nrhy;ypf;nfhLj;j
Kiwia khztu;fs; Gupe;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fsh? vd;w epiyiaAk; Mrpupau;fshy; Gupe;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
tsuwp kjpg;gPl;bd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;:

1. xU Fwpg;gpl;l ghlg;gFjpapid khztu;fs; ve;j msTf;F Gupe;jpUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;W
mwpa.
(v.fh) xU mj;jpahak; Kbtpy; tpdhf;fs; vOg;Gjy;.
2. nfhLf;fg;gLk; Fwpg;Gfs>; ghlq;fs; rupahd Kiwapy; cs;sjh> rupahd Kiwapy;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wjh vd;W mwpa
3. tpLgl;l gFjpfisAk;> khw;wg;gl Ntz;ba gFjpfisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s.
tsu;epiy kjpg;gpLjy; vd;gJ elj;Jk; Kiwapd; kjpg;ig kjpg;gpLjy; MFk;. mit
,d;Wk; khWgLk; epiyapy; cs;sJ. Kjypy; kjpg;gpLgtu; jfty;fis Nrfupj;J ey;y
tupirf;fpukkhf mikg;gjw;F elj;Jk; rpwe;j fUj;Jf;fis KbT nra;fpd;whu;. tsu;epiy
kjpg;gPL tise;J nfhLf;Fk;> ntt;NtW tifahd top Kiwfs; tsu;epiy kjpg;gPl;L
cjtpAld; jhNd Gupe;J nfhs;sf; $ba Gj;jfg;gFjpapy; gy Kd; fUj;Jf;fisf;
nfhz;ljhfTk;> Gjpajhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l jpwe;jntsp fy;tpj;jpl;lj;jpy; jpwikahd
njhFjpfisf; fz;L gpbj;J tplTk; Kay;fpd;wdu;. tsu;epiy kjpg;gpLgtu;fspd; Nehf;fk;
ntt;NtW tifahd fz;Lgpbf;fgl;l mstPLfisf; nfhz;L elj;Jk; Kiwfis khw;wp
mikj;J elj;Jk; Kiwfspy; cs;s Fiwfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mtw;iw ePf;Ftjw;F
cupa khw;wq;fisr; rku;g;gpj;jy;.
Page 8
tsuwp kjpg;gPl;bd; gad;fs;:
1. fw;gpj;jy; eilngWk;NghNj khztu;fspd; fw;wy; mDgtq;fis Kiwg;gLj;j ,J
cjTfpwJ.
2. tsu;epiy kjpg;gPl;L KbTfspd;gb khztu; fw;wiy clDf;Fld; Nkk;gLj;j
KbAk;.
3. mbf;fb kjpg;gPl;L Kiw ifahsg;gLtjhy; fw;wyhdJ Kiwg;gb eilngWfpwjh
vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j KbAk;.
4. clDf;Fld; Mrpupauhy; vLf;fg;gLk; KbTfs; fy;tp nray;Kiwfisr; rpwg;ghf
khztu;fSf;F mikj;Jj;ju cjTfpd;wd.
5. fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fisf; fhl;bYk; khztu;fspd; fw;wy; milTf;F mjpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
6. fw;gpf;Fk; MrpupaNu ,k;kjpg;gPl;L Kiwia Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jiy mtu;
Nkk;gLj;jp mikj;Jj; ju KbfpwJ.
7. ,k;kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy; khztu;fspd; Nju;r;rpNah my;yJ rhd;wpjo; toq;FjNyh
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPL njhFj;jwp kjpg;gPL / (Summative Evaluation)

khztu;fSf;F xU gUt Kbtpy; my;yJ Xuhz;L gbg;G Kbj;jgpd;du; mtu;fspd;
fw;wy; milit cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; kjpg;ngz;fisNah my;yJ gz;Gfisf;
Fwpf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fisNah (A,B,C,D,E) jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; kjpg;gPl;L
Kiwf;F Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPL vd;W ngau;.
njhlu; kjpg;gPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; gUt ,Wjpapy; my;yJ fy;tpahz;bd;
,Wjpapy; khztu;fspd; fw;wy; militr; Nrhjpg;gJ kpfTk; mtrpakhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
khjhe;jpu> gUtKiw kw;Wk; Mz;L ,Wjpj; Nju;Tfs; Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPl;by; mlq;Fk;.
Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPL vd;gJ ngUk;ghd;ikahd ghlg;gFjpfs; elj;jp Kbf;fg;gl;l gpd;G
mtw;wpypUe;J nkhj;jkhf Nfs;tp Nfl;Fk; KiwahFk;. NkYk; ,jid epiwT ngw;w
jpl;lq;fspd; rpwe;j gz;Gfis kjpg;gpLjy; vd;Wk; $wyhk;.
xt;nthU Mz;L KbtpNyh my;yJ mj;jpahak; my;yJ xU njhFjp KbtpNyh
mikfpd;w Nju;Tfs; vy;yhk; ,t;tifg;gl;lit MFk;.
Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPL vd;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. fw;gpf;Fk; jpwidAk;> fw;wy;
jpwidAk; tsu;g;gjw;Fk;> GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPL tif nra;fpd;wJ.
Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPl;bd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;:

Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPL vd;gJ epiwT ngw;w jpl;lq;fspy; rpwe;j gz;Gfis kjpg;gpLjy;
MFk;. Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPL nra;gtu; gy tpjkhd jfty;fis Nrfupj;J mtw;wpd; xl;L
nkhj;jkhd jd;ikfis Muha;e;J ,k;Kiwapidf; ifahStjh my;yJ tpl;LtpLtjh
vd;W KbT vLg;gu;. tsu;epiyia kjpg;gpLgtu;> ftdpg;ghsu;fs; elj;Jk; jpl;lj;jpid
cUthf;FgtUk;> tsu;g;gtUk; Mthu;. Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPl;lhsupd; kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; gs;sp
rKjhaj;jpw;F %d;W tifahd ntt;NtW epWtdq;fisr;; Nru;e;j fijg; Gj;jfq;fspy;
vtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;w cz;ikfisr; Nrfupf;f cjTfpd;wd. ey;y Kiwapy;
KOikahfg; gad;glf;$ba (rpwe;j) Gj;jfj;ijj; Nju;e;J vLj;J Mrpupau;fSf;F cjTtNj
Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPl;lhsupd; NtiyahFk;.
Page 9
Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPL : ed;ikfs; / gad;fs;:

1. xU gUtj;jpy; my;yJ fy;tpahz;by; khztu;fspd; miltpd; msT kw;Wk;
rpwg;Gf;fis Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPl;bd; %yk; mwpayhk;.
2. Nehf;fq;fs; ve;j msT epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij ,k;kjpg;gPl;bd; %yk;
njspthf mwpayhk;.
3. ,k;kjg;gPl;L KbTfs; %yk; MrpupaUf;F fw;gpj;jy; gw;wpAk; khztu;fSf;F fw;wy;
milT gw;wpAk; rpwg;ghd gpd;D}l;lk; ju KbfpwJ.
4. khztu;fspd; fw;wy; milT mbg;gilapy; mtu;fisg; gy FOf;fshfg; gpupf;f
,k;kjpg;gPL cjTfpwJ.
5. tsu;epiy kjpg;gPl;L KbTfis tpl Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPl;L KbTfspd; ek;gfj;
jd;ik kpFjpahFk;.
6. gytpjkhd Nrhjid KiwfisAk;> Nrhjid Af;jpfisAk; ,k;kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;j tha;g;Gs;sJ.
2.5 Fiwawpr;Nrhjid (Diagnostic Test)

Fiwawpr;Nrhjid: tiuaiw
xU ghlj;ijNah my;yJ mjd; xU gFjpiaNah elj;jpa gpd; fUj;Jf;fis Ghpe;J
nfhs;tjpy; khzth;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ,lh;g;ghLfis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ Fiwawpr;
NrhjidahFk;.
milTr; Nrhjidfs;> khztu;fsplk; cs;s fw;wy; FiwghLfis kl;LNk mwpa
cjTk;. Mdhy; Fiwawpr; Nrhjidfs; FiwghL fhzg;gLk; gFjpfisNah my;yJ
jpwidNah fz;lwpa cjTk;.
10 my;yJ 15 epkplq;fSf;F tFg;gpy; ghl Mrpupau; Nrhjidia elj;Jthu;.
,r;Nrhjidapd; tpilj;jhs;fis kjpg;gPL nra;J xU gFg;gha;T ml;ltizia jahupj;J
xt;nthU tpdhtpw;Fk; tpilaspj;j khztu;fs;; vj;jidNgu;? ngUk;ghyhd khztu;fs;
tpilaspf;fhj tpdhf;fs; vit? vdf; fz;lwpe;J> khzhf;fupd; Fiwfis Muha;e;J
mjid ePf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njitahdhy; fbdkhd ghlg;gFjpfis kPz;Lk; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;
kw;Wk; Njitahdhy; fw;gpf;Fk; KiwfisAk; khw;wpf; nfhs;s Mrpupau; jaq;ff; $lhJ.
Fiwawpr; Nrhjidapd; Njit:

Fwpg;gpl;l ghlg; gFjpfspy; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l NrhjidfSk;> Mrpupau; cUthf;Fk;
NrhjidfSk; khdhtu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpid msf;f tbtikf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU khztd;
vz;zpaypy; gpd;jq;fp ,Uf;fpwhd; vd Mrpupau; $Wthu;> Mdhy; mtd; Vd; mg;gb
,Uf;fpwhd;? my;yJ mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit? vd;gij me;j Mrpupauhy; $w ,ayhJ.
vdNt khztupd; epiyia Muha Mrpupau; Kw;gl Ntz;Lk;> xt;nthU ghlg; gFjpapYk;
khztu; ngWk; ,lu;g;ghLfis mwpe;J nfhs;s rpy Nrhjidfs; tbtikf;fg; gl;Ls;sd.
,j;jifa Nrhjidfis Fiwawpr; Nrhjidfs; vd;fpNwhk;. ,j;jifa Nrhjidfs;
khztu;fspd; gyj;ijAk;> gytPdj;ijAk; milahsk; fz;L mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk;
czu;j;Jfpd;wJ. Fiwawpr; NrhjidahdJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l rpf;fyhd jpwid gy Jiz
gFjpfshf gpupj;J mg;gFjpfspy; khztdpd; epiyia Nrhjpf;fpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU
khztd; vz;zpaypy; ,lu;g;ghLfis re;jpf;fpwhd; vd;why; mjw;fhd fhuzk; $l;ly;>
fopj;jy;> ngUf;fy;> tFj;jy; Mfpa Jiz jpwd;fis Nrhjpj;J fhuzj;ij njuptpf;fpwJ.
,jd; %yk; khztd; vq;F jtW nra;fpwhd; vd;gij mwpe;J mtDf;Fj; Njitahd
khw;W topfisf; $w ,j;jifa Nrhjidfs; Mrpupau;fSf;F cjTfpd;wd.
Page 10
Fiwawpjy; epiyfs;:
Nuh]; kw;Wk; ];lhd;yp vd;w fy;tpahsu;fs; khztu;fis Muha;e;J fPo;fz;l 5
epiyfspy; Fiwawpjy; cs;sjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.
1 ve;j khztu;fs; ghlf;fUj;ij Gupe;J nfhs;tjpy; f\;lg;gLfpwhu;fs;?
2 jtWfs; vq;F Vw;gLfpd;wd?
3. jtWfs; Vd; epfo;fpd;wd?
4. Fiwfs; vt;thW jPu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd?
5. jtWfs; Vw;glhky; vt;thW jLf;fyhk;?
tFg;gpy; khdhtu;fsplKs;s Fiwfis Muha;e;J> Mrpupau; mjw;Fj; jf;f FiwjPu;
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
Fiwawpjypd; gbepiyfs;:
fw;wypy; khztUf;F vw;gLk; ,lu;g;ghLfis mwpe;J mtw;iwf; fisa fPo;fz;l
gbKiwfisg; gpd;gw;WfpNwhk;>
1 ,dk; fhZjy;
2 ,lu;g;ghLfspd; jd;ikfisf; fhzy;
3. ,lu;g;ghLfspd; fhuzq;fis mwpjy;
4. FiwjPu; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
5. ,lu;g;ghLfs; kPz;Lk; Vw;glh tz;zk; jLj;jy;
1. ,dk; fhZjy;:
xU tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fspy; Fiwthd miltpid my;yJ NghJkhd miltpidg;
ngw ,ayhjtu;fis ,dk; fz;L mtu;fSf;F FiwjPu; eltbf;iffis mspf;f jf;f
Vw;ghL nra;tJ ,jd; Kf;fpaj;JtkhFk;.
2. ,lu;g;ghLfspd; jd;ikfisf; fhzy;:
,q;F ,lu;g;ghLfspd; jd;ik mwpag;gLfpwJ. milTr; Nrhjid> myFr; Nrhjid>
Fiwawpr; Nrhjid Kjypa Nrhjidfs; ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. tpilfis tpdhthup
kw;Wk; cUg;gb gFg;gha;tpd; %yk; gFg;gha;T nra;J khztu;fspd; gytPdk; vq;F cs;sJ
vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. ngUk;ghyhd khztu;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fw;wy; gFjpapy;
Nkhrkhd miltpid ngw;why; mq;F VNjh jtW Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vd Cfpf;f KbfpwJ.
3. ,lu;g;ghLfspd; fhuzq;fis mwpjy;:
FiwjPu; eltbf;iffspy; ,J Xu; Kf;fpa gFjpahFk;> Nrhjidfs; vg;NghJk; vt;tsT
fw;Ws;shd; vd;gij njuptpf;FNkad;wp vg;gb fw;Ws;shd; vd;gij njuptpf;f ,ayhJ.
,it fw;wypy; vq;F ,lu;g;ghL cs;sJ vd njuptpf;FNkad;wp mjw;fhd fhuzq;fis
njuptpf;fhJ. ,j;jifa fhuzq;fs; nghJthf rpf;fyhd jd;ik nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.
nghJthff; $wNtz;Lk; vd;why; khztu;fspd; Fiwthd miltpw;F gy;NtW fhuzpfs;
fhuzkhf cs;sd. ,it khztUlNdh my;yJ Rw;Wr; #oYlNdh> njhlu;Gilajhf
,Uf;fyhk;. khztUld; njhlu;Gila fhuzq;fshd gs;spg;ghlq;fspy; mtdpd; Cf;fk>;;
mbg;gilj; jpwd;fspy; gapw;rp> gbf;Fk; gof;fk;> cly; kw;Wk; kd vOr;rp Mfpa
fhuzpfshy; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;> Neu; fhzy;> ju msT Nfhy; tpdhf;fs; Mfpatw;wpd;
%yk; ,lu;g;ghLfSf;fhd fhuzq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
4. FiwjPu; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; / FiwjPu; fw;gpj;jy;:
FiwjPu; fw;gpj;jypy; ghlf; fUj;ij tpl fw;wy; jpwd;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. Fiw jPu; fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ kPz;Lk; fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ my;y>
rpy khzth;fs;; vz; fzpjj;jpd; mbg;gilj; jpwd;fis Gupe;J nfhs;tjpYk;> fUj;jpay;
epiyfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjpYk; rpukg;gLthu;fs;> rpyUf;F Fiwe;j epidthw;wy;;>
Page 11
Cf;fkpd;ik> ftdkpd;ik my;yJ elj;ij rk;ge;jkhd FiwghLfs; ,Uf;Fk;. ,k;
khdtu;fSf;F fw;wy; FiwghLfs;> mtu;fs; gbf;Fk; gs;spr; R+oy;;> FLk;gr; R+oy; my;yJ
mtu;fspd; ez;gu;fs; %yKk; Vw;glyhk;. mtu;fspd;; FiwghLfSf;fhd rupahd
fhuzq;fisj; njupe;J nfhz;L FiwjPu; fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,lu;g;ghLfSf;fhd fhuzq;fis mwpe;J nfhz;lgpd; mLj;j eltbf;if FiwjPu;
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjhFk;> ,J xU vspjhd nray; md;W. FiwjPu;
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s jdpahd KiwNah my;yJ R+j;jpuNkh ,y;iy. kw;w
epfo;r;rpfspy; Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;> kdntOr;rpfis Kiwg;gLj;jy;> kw;w FiwghLfis Nghf;f
eltbf;if mspj;jy; Mfpa nray;fis nra;jhf Ntz;Lk;. ,Ukhztu;fs; xNu tpjkhd
fw;gpj;jy; ,lu;g;ghLfis re;jpj;jhYk; ,lu;g;ghLfSf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ntt;Ntwhf
,Ug;gjhy; mt;tpU khztu;fSf;F ntt;NtW Kiwfis ifahz;L FiwjPu;
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; khztu;fis fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nray;fspy; <LgLj;jpAk;> mUfpypUe;J Nkw;ghu;itapl;Lk; mtu;fspd; FiwghLfisg;Nghf;fp
fw;wypy; Mu;tj;ij Vw;gLj;jp fw;wy; nray;ghLfspy; Nkk;ghL milar; nra;ayhk;> FiwjPu;
fw;gpj;jiy jdpj;jdpahfNth my;yJ xj;jjd;ik nfhz;l FOtpw;Nfh> vOj;J Ntiy>
tha; top my;yJ fzpdp nray;fs; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. cstpay; Kiwg;gb
khztu;fSf;F FiwjPu; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
5. ,lu;g;ghLfs; kPz;Lk; Vw;glh tz;zk; jLj;jy;:
'tUKd; fhg;Nghk;' vd;gJ ,q;NfAk; nghUe;Jk;. Fiwawpr; Nrhjidfs; kw;Wk; FiwjPu;
eltbf;iffs;> fw;wypy; Vw;gLk; ,lu;g;ghLfs;> mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; mjid
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; jLf;f gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba eilKiwfis Mrpupau;fSf;F njuptpf;fpwJ.
vdNt> FiwjPu; eltbf;iffs; fw;gpj;jiy rpwe;j Kiwapy; Kd;Ndw;wkilar; nra;fpwJ.
Fiwawpr; Nrhjidapd; gad;fs;:

1. khzth;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; fw;wy; FiwghLfisAk;> jpwd; FiwghLfisAk;
fz;lwpag; gad;gLfpwJ.
2. FiwghLfisf; fisa> jdpahs; fw;gpj;jiy mikf;f toptif nra;fpwJ.
3. Njitahd fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis khw;wpf; nfhs;s MrphpaUf;F toptif nra;fpwJ.
4. njhlh;r;rpahf kjpg;gPL nra;J FiwghLfisf; fisa toptif nra;fpwJ
2.6 Kd;Ndw;wr; Nrhjid/Kd;dwpr; Nrhjid ( Prognostic Test):

xUtupd; epfo;fhyj; jpwd;fis Ma;T nra;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapy; my;yJ Jiwapy;
mtupd; vjpu;fhy ntw;wp tha;g;Gfs; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk; vd;W Kd;$l;bNa jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhf
elj;jg;gLk; Nrhjidfs; jpwd; Kd;dwpr; Nrhjidfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fzpj;jy; kw;Wk; ntspehl;L nkhopapy; khztu;fspd; vjpu;fhyj; jpwd;fs; vt;thW
,Uf;Fk; vdr; Nrhjpf;fyhk;> ehl;lr; Nrhjidfs; ,t;tifr; NrhjidfNs.
Nrhjid xd;wpd; militf; nfhz;L vjpu;fhyj;jpy; khztupd; milTepiy vt;thW
,Uf;Fk; vd;W Kd; $l;b mwpaj;jf;f Nrhjidia tUtJiuf;Fk; Nrhjid vd;gu;.
Fwpg;gpl;l fy;tpg; gFjpapy; khztd;; xUtd;; ntw;wp ngWk; epiyia mwpa ,j;jifa
Nrhjidiaj; juyhk;. ,J ehl;lr; Nrhjid> Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjid Nghd;wjhFk;. khztupd;;
Mu;tk;> ehl;lk;> gbg;Gg; gof;fk;> gbg;Gj; jpwd;;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mstpl ,t;tifr;
Nrhjidiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
1. ,e;j Njh;T rhpahd ntspg;ghl;bw;F xU cjhuzk; MFk;
2. ,J ngUk;ghYk; fl;-Mg; kjpg;ngz;fis tpsf;Ftjhf cs;sJ.
Page 12
2.7 tsuwp kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPL Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s
NtWghLfs;
2.7 (Differences between Formative Evaluation and Summative Evaluation)
t. tsuwp kjpg;gPL Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPL/njhFj;jwp kjpg;gPL
vz; (Formative Evaluation) (Summative Evaluation)
1 ve;j msTg; ghlk; elj;jp Kbf;fg; ngw;wNjh me;j midj;Jg; ghlg; gFjpfisAk; ,Wjp
msT kl;Lk; kjpg;gpLk; jd;ik ngw;wJ. epiyapy; Nrhjpj;J kjpg;gpLtjhf
cs;sJ.
2. Mz;L KOtJk; njhlu;e;J eilngWfpd;wJ khjk;> fhyhz;L> miuahz;L> Mz;L
,Wjpj; Nju;thf eilngWfpd;wJ.
3. clDf;Fld; gpd; njhlu; nray;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg; mt;thW nra;tJkpy;iy mjw;F
ngWfpd;wd. fw;wypy; Vw;gLk; ,d;dy;fisf; tha;g;Gkpy;iy.
fz;lwpe;J mtw;iwf; fistjw;fhf kPz;Lk;
fw;gpj;jy;; Nghd;w Kiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
4. clDf;Fld; nray; tpisTfs; (Feed Back) mj;jifa El;gk; ,q;Ff;
toq;fg; ngw;W tYt+l;L;jy; (Reinforcement) ed;F filgpbf;fg;ngWtjpy;iy.
eilngWfpwJ.
5. khztu;fs; Fiwtpd;wpj; njhlu;e;J ed;F fw;W mt;thW eilngWtjpy;iy.
Kd;NdWtjw;fhd mZFKiw
typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
6. khztu;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp Mrpupau;fSila nray; khzhf;fu;fSila nray; epiyfs;
epiyfisAk; vj;jifa jd;ikAilaJ vd;Wk; kl;Lk; vj;jifa jd;ikAilaJ vd
Muhag;gLfpd;wJ Muhag;gLfpd;wJ
7. fy;tp El;gtpay; toq;fpAs;s fw;gpj;jy; Jizf; mt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
fUtpfspd; gad; ed;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
8. fw;gpj;jy; kpfTk; typAWj;jg; gLfpd;wJ kjpg;gPL kpfTk; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
9. ,jd; Fwpf;Nfhs; fw;gpj;jiyg; gaDilajhf ,jd; Fwpf;Nfhs; khzhf;fu;fsJ
khw;Wjy; vd;gjhFk; milT epiyia ,Wjpahf mstpl;L
kjpg;gPL nra;jy; kl;LNk MFk;.
2.8 njhlh; kw;Wk; tphpthd kjpg;gPL: nghUs;> Njit> njhlh;Gfs;> kjpg;gplypd; mikg;G>
kjpg;gplypd; gz;Gfs;
2.8 (Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation: Meaning, Need and Relevance, Procedures
of Evaluation, Criteria of Evaluation)
njhlu; kw;Wk; KOikahd kjpg;gPL vd;gJ. fw;Nghupd; fy;tprhh; kw;Wk; fy;tp ,izr;
nray;ghLfisj; njhlu;e;J kjpg;gpLjyhFk;. ,t;thW kjpg;gPl;Lf; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jypy; cs;s
FiwghLfisf; fise;J fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;jyhk;. MfNt> khztdpd; mwpTrhu;
fw;wy;> fy;tp kw;Wk; fy;tp ,izr;nray;ghLfspy; fhl;Lk; <LghL> Mu;tk;> Kaw;rp>
xOq;FKiw> nray;jpwd;> MSik tsu;r;rp vd cly;> kdk;> r%fk; rhu;e;j midj;Jf;
$WfisAk; njhlu;e;J kjpg;gpLjyhFk;.
fhye;NjhWk; fw;wy; Kiwfspy; nra;ag;gl;L tUk;; khw;wq;fisaLj;Jj; jw;NghJ
kjpg;gPl;L KiwapYk; Gjpa khw;wk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;khw;wk;; Mrpupau;fis
Cf;Ftpg;gNjhL khztu;fisAk; Nkk;gLj;jp kfpor; nra;Ak;.
njhlu; kw;Wk; KOikahd kjpg;gPl;LKiw vd;gJ> fy;tpapy; khngUk; Gul;rpahFk;. ,J
fy;tp fw;f tUk; khztu;fspd; gd;Kf rpe;jidfisj; J}z;lTk;> tsu;f;fTk;
fpilj;jpUf;Fk; mUk;ngUk; tha;g;ghFk;. “vy;yh khztu;fSk; jpwd; gilj;jtu;fNs”
Page 13
vd;Dk; cz;ikiaf; ft;tp cyfj;jpw;Fk; ehk; czu;j;j ekf;Ff; fpilj;j tha;g;G ,e;jj;
njhlu; kw;Wk; KOikahd kjpg;gPl;LKiw.
khztu;fis gilg;ghw;wy; kpf;ftu;fshfTk;> milT+f;fk; kpf;ftu;fshfTk;
cUthf;Ftjw;F> ,k;kjpg;gPl;L Kiw ngUksTk; tha;g;G mspf;fpwJ. fy;tpr; rpe;jidahsu;
G&zu;> khztu;fs; gs;spapy; fw;gJld;> ntspAyfj;ijg;; ghu;j;Jk>; Nfl;Lk; Mu;tj;Jld;
fw;f Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;.
,k;kjpg;gPlhdJ gak; kpFe;j> glglg;ghd> gugug;ghd Nju;Tr; R+oypy; kl;Lk;
mstplg;gLtjd;W> xU Foe;ijapd; fw;wy; mwpT> ghlq;fs; gw;wpa Mu;tk;> ehl;lk;>
mwptpay;> r%f rpe;jidfs;> fiy> ,yf;fpak;> clw;fy;tp Nghd;w gy;NtW mk;rq;fspy;
mf;Foe;ijapd; mwpTj; jpwd;fs; ntspg;gLk.; vdNt vy;yhg; gz;G eyd;fisAk;
kjpg;gpLjNy KOikahd kjpg;gPL mFk;.
fy;tp fw;wypy; Foe;ijfSf;F cs;s kd mOj;jq;fisg; Nghf;f Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU
Foe;ijf;Fs;Sk; tpaj;jF Mw;wy;fs; nghjpe;Js;sd. mtw;iw ntspf;nfhzUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,f;fUj;J ek;Ks;Ns ,Ue;jhYk; khzth;fs; kjpg;ngz; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk;
Nehf;fj;JlNdNa nray;gl;ljdhy; mf;fUj;Jf;F Kd;Dhpik mspf;fhky; tplg;gl;L tpl;lJ.
me;j khngUk; Fiwiag;Nghf;fNt> ,j;njhlh; kw;Wk; KOikahd kjpg;gPl;L Kiw
eilKiwf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;Ls;sJ.
njhlh;r;rpahd> KOikahd fw;wYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; KiwfSk;> gjpNtLfSk;:

khztu;fSf;F elj;jg;ngWk; Nju;Tfspy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;F xt;nthUtUk;
jj;jk; fw;wy; milTfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; tpilj;jhspy; gjpy; mspf;fpd;wdu;.
mjid Mrpupau;> kjpg;gPL nra;J Xu; kjpg;ngz; mspj;J jpwdilit epu;zapf;fpwhu;.
njhlu;r;rpahd KOikahd kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy; Mrpupau;-khztu; Neubj; njhlu;G> cw;W
Nehf;fy;> njhlu;r;rpahff; fz;fhzpj;jy; Nghd;witfshy; khztu; gw;wpa KOikahd
jpwid kjpg;gpl ,aYk;
jpus; gjpNtL> cw;WNehf;fy;; gjpNtL> khztu;;fspd; tUifg; gjpNtL> kjpg;ngz;;
gjpNtL> mfkjpg;gPl;Lg;gjpNtL Nghd;w gjpNtLfs; %yk; njhlu;r;rpahd> tpupthd
kjpg;gPl;ilg; gjpT nra;ayhk;> NkYk; fPo;f;fz;l fw;wy; jpwd;fis/jpwikfisf;
fz;fhzpj;J> cw;WNehf;fp gjpNtLfspy; Mrpupau; gjpT nra;ayhk;.
mwpTrhh; Gyk; kjpg;gPl;L Kiw

 jpwd;fs;
 mwpT vOj;Jj; Njh;T> tha;nkhopj; Njh;T
 Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy; nray;Kiwj;Njh;T
 gad;gLj;Jjy;
czh;Trhh; Gyk; kjpg;gPl;L Kiw
 xOq;F
 fhyk; jtwhik
 J}a;ik/ Jg;GwT
 czh;Tfspd; fl;Lg;ghL
cw;WNehf;fy; kw;Wk; elj;ij
 jiyikg;gz;G ntspg;ghLfisf; fz;fhzpj;jy;
 nghWg;G
 fbd ciog;G
 Nrit kdg;ghd;ik
 nghJey czh;T
nray;rhh;e;j Gyk; kjpg;gPl;L Kiw
 E}yfk; kw;Wk;Ma;T$lf; cw;WNehf;fy; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpj;jy;
nray;fspy; gq;Nfw;G
Page 14
 ,yf;fpa kd;wk;> fiy kw;Wk;

ifj;njhopy;
 clw;fy;tp
 KjYjtp
 r%fj;njhz;L
 Njhl;lk; mikj;jy;
vdNt> Njh;Tfs;/Nrhjidfs; %yk; kl;Lky;yhJ njhlh;r;rpahf Foe;ijfisf;

fz;fhzpj;jy;> cw;WNehf;fp mth;fspd; elj;ij nray;ghLfspd; KbTfis Muha;jy;
%yk; khzth;fspd; KO MSikj;jpwid Mrphpauhy; kjpg;gPL nra;a KbAk;.
fy;tp fw;wypy; Foe;ijfSf;F cs;s kd mOj;jq;fisg;Nghf;f Ntz;Lk;> xt;nthU
Foe;ijf;Fs;Sk; tpaj;jF Mw;wy;fs; nghjpe;Js;sd. vdNt mtw;iw ntspf;nfhzUjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fUj;J ek;kpilNa ,Ue;jhYk; khzth;fs; kjpg;ngz; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk;
Nehf;fj;JlNdNa nray;gl;ljdhy;> mf;fUj;Jf;F Kd;Dhpik mspf;fhky; tplg;gl;L tpl;lJ.
me;j khngUq; Fiwiag; Nghf;fNt ,j;njhlh; kw;Wk; KOikahd kjpg;gPl;L Kiw
eilKiwf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;Ls;sJ.
njhlu; kw;Wk; KOikahd kjpg;gha;tpd; ,ay;Gfs;/kjpg;gplypd; gz;Gfs;

(Characteristics of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation - CCE)
,t;tifg; gs;sp rhu;e;j fw;wy; kjpg;gha;T gpd;tUk; ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ.
1. njhlu; kw;Wk; KOikahd kjpg;gha;T tpupthdJ>fw;gtupd; vy;yh mk;rq;fisAk;
kjpg;gha;T nra;fpwJ
2. fw;gtupd; Kiwrhu;e;j fw;wy; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
3. fw;gtupd; Njitfis ftdpj;J mtu;fis ehl;bd;; ew;Fbkfd;fshf khw;Wk;
,ay;GilaJ.
4. fw;gtu;> fw;gpg;gtu; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhu;fSf;fpilNa ey;Ywit Vw;gLj;Jk;
ntspg;gilj; jd;ikAld; $ba vjpu;fhy eyd; fUJk; ,ay;GilaJ.
5. khztu;fs; jhq;fs; vt;thW fw;Wf;nfhs;fpNwhk; vd;gijf; nfhLf;Fk; gpd;D}l;lk;
nfhz;lJ.
6. khztu;fsplk; mtu;fs; vt;tifahd fw;wy; FiwghLfisg; ngw;Ws;sdu; vd;gij
mwpa itf;Fk; ,ay;GilaJ.
7. khztu;fsplk; rpe;jidj; J}z;Ljiy Vw;gLj;Jk; ,ay;GilaJ.
8. khzth;fspd; kd czh;Tfs;> Mh;tq;fs; kw;Wk; mth;fsJ kdg;ghq;fpid mwpa
itf;Fk; ,ay;GilaJ
njhlh;r;rpahd kw;Wk; gue;j kjpg;gha;tpd; ed;ikfs;

1. Mrphpah>; khzth;fspd; KdNdw;wj;ij njhlh;r;rpahf kjpg;gPL nra;J fw;wy;-
fw;gpj;jy; nray;fspd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F top tFf;fpwJ.
2. Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilntspapy; Nrhjidfs; elj;jg;gLtjhy; khzth;fspilNa gbf;Fk;
gof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
3. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghLfs; ed;F tsu;r;rpailfpd;wJ.
4. khztu;fspd; milTfs; mt;tg;NghJ ngw;Nwhu;fSf;Fk;> khztu;fSf;Fk;
njuptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. njhlu;r;rpahd> gue;j kjpg;gpd; %yk; khdhtu;fspd; Fiwfis fz;Lgpbj;J mJ
eptu;j;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. nkJthff; fw;Fk; khztu;fSf;F FiwjPu; fw;gpj;jy;; %yk;
fw;wy; Nkk;gl top tFf;fpwJ.
Page 15
6. fw;gtupd; Njitfis ftdpj;J rKjhaj;jpy; rpwe;j Fbkf;fshf khw;Wk;
gz;GilaJ.
7. khztu;fsplk; $u;ikahd rpe;jidj; jpwd;> Gjpa gilf;Fk; jpwd; Mfpaitfis
cz;lhf;Fjy;.
8. Mrpupau;fspd; fw;wy; mDgtq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jk; gz;Gk; cilaJ.
9. njhlu;r;rpahd cw;W Nehf;fypd; %ykhfj; jhd; khzthpd; czh;Tj;jpwd; kw;Wk;
,af;fj; jpwd;fis kjpg;gpl ,aYk;. gue;j kjpg;gPl;bd; %ykhf ,j;jpwd;fis
mstpl KbfpwJ.
10. Mrpupau;> ngw;Nwhu; khztupilNa CCE fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghLfspy; xU
tpopg;Gzu;it Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
njhlu;r;rpahd kw;Wk; gue;j kjpg;gha;tpd; FiwghLfs;

1. khztu;fspd; Nju;T gaj;ij ePf;f CCE mikf;fg;gl;lJ.Mdhy; ,d;W xt;nthU
ehSk; VjhtJ xU Nrhjid> nray;Kiw vd;W jpdKk; khztd; CCE-f;fhf
my;yy;gLfpwhd;.
2. gs;spf;Fg; gs;sp kjpg;gPl;bd; jd;ik khWgLfpwJ. kjpg;gPl;il nray;gLj;j xU rPuhd
Kiwapy;iy.
3. gs;spfs; ngUk;ghyhd khztu;fSf;F mtu;fs; mjw;fhd jFjpapy;iynad;W
njupe;jpUe;jhYk; A juj;ij (75% Kjy; 89% tiu) mspf;fpd;wdu;. 11 kw;Wk; 12k;
tFg;gpy; gbg;gjw;F f\;lg;gl;L Mz;Lj;Njh;Tfspy; Njhy;tpAWfpd;wdh;.
4. xU tFg;gpy; ngUk;ghyhd khzth;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; ,k;Kiwia mky;gLj;j
Kbtjpy;iy
5. ,k;kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapdhy; Mrphpahpd; gzpr;Rik mjpfkhfpwJ. Mrphpahpd;
ngUk;ghyhd Neuj;ij kjpg;gPl;bw;fhfTk; kjpg;ngz;fis mjw;fhd Mtzq;fspy;
nghjpe;J itf;fTk; nrytopf;fpwhh;fs;. ,jdhy; tFg;gpy; cz;ikahd fw;gpj;jiy
Nkw;nfhs;s ,aYtjpy;iy
Page 16
myF – 2
khjpup tpdhj;jhs;
gFjp-m
1. Nrhjid vd;why; vd;d?
2. fy;tpapy; Nju;T vd;gjid tiuaW.
3. tsuwp kjpg;gPL vd;why; vd;d?
4. njhFj;jwp kjpg;gPL vd;why; vd;d?
5. kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfisf; $Wf.
6. fy;tpapd; gy;NtW epiyfspy; gad;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk; kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfisf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
7. Fiwawpr;Nrhjidia tiuaWf;f
8. Kd;Ndw;wr; Nrhjidia tiuaWf;f.
9. njhlu; kw;Wk; tpupthd kjpg;gPL vd;why; vd;d?
10. kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfspd; tiffs; ahit?
gFjp-M
1. tsuwp kjpg;gPl;bd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ahit?
2. njhFj;jwp kjpg;gPl;bd; gad;fs; ahit?
3. Fiwawpr; Nrhjidapd; Njitiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
4. Fiwawpr; Nrhjidapd; gad;fs; ahit?
5. njhlf;f kw;Wk; tpupthd kjpg;gPl;bd; gz;Gfs; ahit?
6. tsuwp kjg;gPl;bd; gad;fs; ahit?
7. njhFj;jwp kjpg;gPl;bd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ahit?
8. Kd;Ndw;wr; Nrhjidapd; gad;ghl;ilf; $Wf.
gFjp-,
1. tsuwp kw;Wk; njhFj;jwp kjpg;gPLfis NtWgLj;Jf.
2. njhlu; kw;Wk; tpupthd kjpg;gPL vd;why; vd;d? kw;Wk; mk;Kiwapid tptupj;J
mjd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfis tptupf;f.
3. Fiwawpr; Nrhjidapd; gbepiyfis tptupf;fTk;
4. gy;NtW Nrhjid Kiwfisg; gw;wpAk; mjd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfisg;
gw;wpAk; tpsf;Ff.
Page 17
myF – 3 kjpg;gplypd; EZf;fq;fs;

UNIT – 3 (TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION –I)
3.1 kjpg;gplypd; nghJthd EZf;fq;fs;

3.1 General Techniques of Evaluation
kjpg;gPl;L Af;jpfs; (Techniques of Evaluation)
kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy; Vuhskhd fUtpfSk;> Af;jpfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Muha;r;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;> fy;tpr; nray;Kiwfspd; jd;ik> khztu;fspd; taJ epiy>
xJf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; fhy msT Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Muha;r;rpf;
fUtpfs; kw;Wk; Af;jpfs; NtWgLfpd;wd. kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfs; kw;Wk; Af;jpfis ,U ngUk;
gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit KiwNa mstPl;Lf; fUtpfs; kw;Wk; Af;jpfs; kw;Wk; ju
msT fUtpfs; kw;Wk; Af;jpfs; MFk;.
fw;gpj;jypd; juj;ijr; Nrhjpf;f> khztu;fspd; tsu;r;rpia mse;jpl> mtu;fspd;
milTj;jpwidf; fz;lwpa> KOikahd gs;sp mikg;ig kjpg;gpl ekf;F xU mstPl;Lf;
fUtp Njitg;gLfpwJ. mjw;fhfg; gy mstPl;Lf; fUtpfs; eilKiwg; gad;ghl;bYs;sd.
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtp> khztu;fspd; elj;ij khw;wj;ij ntspf; nfhzu;tjhf
mika Ntz;Lk;.
3.2 tFg;giw kjpg;gpLjYf;fhd fUtpfSk;> El;gq;fSk;

tFg;giw fw;gpj;jiy jpwk;gl fz;fhzpf;f gy;NtW tpjkhd kjpg;gpLjy; El;gq;fs;
cs;sd. tFg;giw fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fiyj;jpl;lk;> fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gpLjy; cj;jpfs;
Mfpaitfis juj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mZf gy;NtW Kiwfis ,it mspf;fpd;wd.
kjpg;gpLjiy kjpg;gpLtij tpl fw;wYf;fhd kjpg;gpLjypy; gad;gLj;j cs;Szu;T
KiwapLfpwJ. ehk; khztiu gy fhuzq;fSf;fhf Nrhjid nra;fpNwhk;. ntspg;gilahf
,r;Nrhjidfs; fw;gpj;jiy top elj;j gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. khztu;fs; fhyk; nry;yr;
nry;y vt;thW Nkk;gLfpwhu;fs; vd;gij tFg;giw kjpg;gpLjy; El;gq;fs; ehk;
mwpe;Jnfhs;s tha;g;G mspf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa El;gq;fis tFg;giwapy; gad;gLj;Jk;
NghJ khztu;fs; fw;wy; nray;fspy; NkYk; mjpfstpy; <LghL nfhs;fpd;wdu; vd
njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. Vnddpy; mit mtu;fs; fw;wypy; mjpfk; ftdk; nrYj;jitf;fpwJ.
3.2 juk; kw;Wk; vz; msT EZf;fq;fs;:

fUtpfs; cjhuzkhf> jumsTNfhy;> Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; kdg;ghd;ikr; Nrhjidfs;>
gl;bay;fs;> tho;f;ifj; JZf;Fg; gjpNtL> Mrpupauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fUtpfs; kw;Wk;
jug;gLj;jg;gl;l Nju;Tfs; Mfpait milTr;Nrhjid Kiwapy; rpwg;ghd gq;if mjd;
gad;ghL kw;Wk; vy;iyfspy; Mw;Wfpd;wd. jumsTNfhy; tpUg;gq;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy;>
kw;Wk; R+oYf;Fj; jf;fthW jPu;g;G toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; Nehf;fk; Nghd;witfis
tifg;gLj;Jtjpy; rpwg;ghf cs;sJ. Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; kdg;ghd;ikr; Nrhjidfs; kw;nwhU
tifapy; vz;zsit mbg;gilapy; kdpjdpd; rpwg;Gj; jpwd; kw;Wk; rhj;jpakhd
nray;jpwd;fis msf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. gl;bay;fs; tpdhg;gl;bay; kw;Wk;
MSikg;gl;bay;fspy; jdpkdpjdpd; cs;shu;e;j czu;Tfis vspjhf ntspg;gLj;jg;
gad;gLfpwJ. tho;f;ifj; JZf;F gjpNtL Kiw Fwpg;gpl;l R+o;epiyapy; eguJ gioa
gof;ftof;fq;fisg; gw;wp mwpag; gad;gLfpwJ. Kf;fpakhd epfo;Tfs; Mrpupauhy;
gjpTnra;ag;gLfpwJ. mit me;eguJ Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;ghd juj;ij mwpa cjTfpwJ.
Mrpupauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l fUtpfs; vz;zsit mbg;gilapy;
gy;NtW gs;sp khztu;fspd; ghlthupahd kjpg;gPLfis fzf;fplg; gad;gLfpwJ.
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3.3 Ra mwpf;if EZf;fq;fs;
(Self- reporting Techniques)
Rakhf mwptpf;Fk; El;gk; (Self reporting technique)
khztdpd; gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; elj;ijia kjpg;gpLk; NghJ khztd; Vw;gLj;Jk;
tpisTfisg; gw;wp mwptJ Rakhf mwptpf;Fk; El;gk; vdg;gLk;. khztu;fs; nghJthf
jk;Kila tpUg;gq;fs;> ntWg;Gfs;> gaq;fs;> fUj;Jfs;> ek;gpf;if Mfpatw;iw
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;fs;> mtu;fs; njuptpf;Fk; Kiwapy; R+oYf;F Vw;g Njit> Nfhupf;if
Mfpait gpujpgypf;Fk;.
nghJthf fPo;fz;l khztdpd; jdpg; gz;Gfis mstpl> Rakhf mwptpf;Fk; El;gk;
gad;gLfpwJ.
1. kdg;ghd;ik
2. Mu;tk;
3. MSik
4. gyjug;gl;l jdpg; gz;Gfs;
5. rup nra;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ik
fakhf mwptpf;Fk; El;gj;jpd; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
1. rupghu;g;G gl;bay;
2. tpdhg;gl;bay;
3. ju msTNfhy;
4. Neu; fhzy;
rpy Kf;fpakhd Rakhf mwptpf;Fk; El;gq;fs;
1. vl;tu;l;]; jdpg;gl;l jfty; gbtk;
2. kpd;dNrhl;lh gy;tif MSikg; gl;bay;
3. Tl;nthu;j; jdpg;gl;l jfty; jhs;
4. kpd;dNrhl;lh Mrpupau; kdg;ghd;ik gl;bay;
Ra mwptpj;jy; El;gq;fs; vt;thW gaDs;sjhf mikfpd;wd?

nghJthf mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ra mwptpj;jy; El;gk; tpdhg;gl;bayhFk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l rpwpa fhy mstpy; ngUk;ghyhd jfty;fis ,k;Kiw jpul;Ltjhy; ,J kpfTk;
gaDs;sjhf mikfpwJ.
tpdhg;gl;baypy; ,U tpjkhd tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
1. jpwe;j tpdhf;fs; - ,q;F gq;F ngWNthu; fl;Lg;ghlw;w gjpiy mspg;gu;.
2. %ba tpdhf;fs; - ,q;F gq;F ngWNthu; nfhLf;fg;gl;l gjpy;fspypUe;J xd;iwj; Nju;T
nra;tu;.
Neu;fhzYk;> tpdhg;gl;bay; Nghd;W Ra mwptpj;jy; El;gkhFk;. ,q;F tpdhf;fs;
Neubahf Nfl;fg;gl;L gjpy;fs; tha;topahf ngwg;gLfpd;wd. epiyikia nghWj;J rpy
Neu;fhzy;fs; mjpf mikg;gpyhd Kiwapy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;epiyapy; ngwg;gLk; jfty;fs;
juj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk;. ,J mjpf Neuk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; KiwahFk;.
Ra mwptpj;jypd; ed;ikfs;:
 khztu;fsplk; Neupilahf mtu;fs; epidf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngWtJ rpwe;j
Vw;GilikahFk;.
 gy khztu;fsplkpUe;J jukhd kw;Wk; mjpf msT jfty;fis vspjhfTk;>
tpiuthfTk; ngw KbfpwJ.
 vspjpy; tpilfis jpUk;gg; ngwyhk; vd;w ek;gfj;jd;ik cilaJ.
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 %ba tpdhf;fs; msTgLj;jf;$baJ - ,j;jfty;fis RUf;fp

ml;ltizgLj;jg;gl;L my;yJ tiuglk; %yk; xg;gplyhk;.
 tFg;giw fw;wiy fzpf;f MrpupaUf;F ,k;Kiw kpfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
Fiwfs;:
 Fwpg;gpl;l tpil nfhz;l tpdhf;fshy; nefpo;Tj; jd;ik Fiwe;J> khztu;fs;
xd;iw gjpyspf;f fl;lhag; gLj;jg; gLfpd;wdu; - Fiwe;j Vw;Gilik
 ngUk;ghyhd tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs; rup> ,y;iy my;yJ xj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;
vd;W kl;Lk; cs;sJ.
 tpdhf;fis rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Kbtjpy;iy – Fiwthd ek;gfj;jd;ik
 Fiwe;j gjpyspg;G tpfpjk;
Ra mwptpj;jy; eilngWk; NghJ cs;s kdepiyapy; khztd; tpdhf;fSf;F
tpilaspf;fpd;whd;.
3.3.1 Ngl;b my;yJ Neu;fhzy; Kiw (Interview Method)

,k;Kiwapy; xUtiu Neupy; fz;L Ngrp> mtu; elf;Fk; tpjj;ijAk;> Nfl;fg;gLk;
tpdhf;fSf;Fg; gjpyspf;Fk; jd;ikiaAk; cw;WNehf;fp fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> mtuJ
MSikg; gz;Gf;$Wfspd; jd;ik> msT Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpa KbTf;F tUfpNwhk;.
Ngl;bfs; gy tifg;gLk;. el;GKiwj; njhlu;G Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s cjTk; mwpKfg; Ngl;b
(introductory), tptuq;fis mwpa gad;gLj;jg; gLk; Ngl;b (Fact Finding)> ngwg;gl;l
KbTfis vLj;Jf; $Wtjw;fhf epfo;j;jg;gLk; (Informative) Ngl;b - FiwjPu; (Therapeutic)
Ngl;b vd;W Ngl;bfs; gytifg;gLk;. jpl;lkpl;l Kiwapy; (Directive) elj;jg; gLtJ>
newpg;gLj;jg;glhky; (Non-Directive) elj;jg;gLtJ vd;Wk; Ngl;bfis ,Utiffshfg;
gpupg;gJz;L. jpwd; kpf;f Ngl;b fhz;gtu;> Ngl;bf; fhzg;gLgtu; $Wk; gjpy;fNshL $l>
gjpy; nrhy;Yk; Kiw> nrhy;Yk;NghJ Vw;gLk; jilg;ghLfs;> Ngl;bapy; mtuJ
kdntOr;rpfs; vt;thW ntspg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpa Fwpg;G Nghd;w gytw;iwAk;
nfhz;Nl mtuJ MSikg; gz;Gf; $Wfspd; jd;ik> msT Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpa KbTf;F
tUfpwhu;.
Ngl;bapy; xU njhlf;fk;> xU ikag;gFjp> Xu; ,Wjpg;gFjp Mfpait ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
ikag;gFjpapy; Ngl;bf;fhd tpdhf;fs; ,lk; ngWk;. njhlf;fg;gFjpapy; Ngl;bf;
fhz;gtUld; r%f cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; mwpKfk; eilngWk;.
,Wjpg;gFjpapy; Ngl;b ,dpikahf KbTWk; tifapy; ed;wp $wp tpilngWjy; ,lk;
ngWk;.
Ngl;b KiwapYs;s FiwghLfs;
 Ngl;b fhz;gNj xU jdpf;fiy. ,j;jpwd; midtuplKk; rPuhff; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
 ,k;Kiw mftaj;jd;ik (Subjective) nfhz;lJ vd;gJ ,jd; ngUq;FiwahFk;.
 Ngl;b fhz;gtu; Mjpf;f kdg;ghd;ikNahL ele;J nfhs;sNth> Ngl;b jUgtiu
rpWikg;gLj;jplNth tha;g;Gs;sJ.
 Ngl;b fhz;gtu;> Ngl;bahsuplk; jd; fUj;Jfis jpzpf;fKaw;rpf;ff; $Lk;.
3.3.2 tpdhtupir Kiw (Questionnaire)

,k;Kiwapy; gy rpW tpdhf;fs; xU jhspy; mr;rbf;fg;gl;Lr; Nrhjidf;Fl;gLNthdplk;
jug;gLk;. mtw;wpd; tpilfis mtd; mj;jhspy; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpy tpdhepuy;fspy;>
xt;nthU tpdhtpw;Fg; gf;fj;jpYk; gy tpilfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mt;thW ,Ug;gpd;>
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mtw;Ws; jd; epiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; tpilia kl;Lk; mtd; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpdh
tupirf;F xUtd; nfhLf;Fk; tpilfspd; jd;ikapypUe;J mtdJ MSikg; gz;Gfspd;
,ay;G gw;wp mwpa KbAk;. tpdh tupirfisg; Nghd;Nw MSikg; gl;bay;fSk;
(Personality inventories) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa Kiw nrd;w ,U cyfg;
Nghu;fspd; NghJ kdntOr;rpf; NfhshWfisAila gilahl;fisf; fz;Lgpbf;fg; ngupJk;
gad;gl;lJ. cl;nthu;j; vd;ghu; jahupj;j gpugykhd xU tpdh tupirapdpd;Wk; vLj;Jj;
jug;gl;Ls;s khjpup tpdhf;fs; MSik tpdhtupirfspd; jd;ikiag; Gyg;gLj;j cjTk;.
tpdhtupir khjpup tpdhf;fs;

1. eP nghJthf ed;whfj; J}q;FtJz;lh? Mk;/,y;iy
2. eP J}q;Fifapy; cd;idAk; mwpahJ elg;gJz;lh? Mk;/,y;iy
3. eP ngUk;ghYk; fisj;Js;sJ Nghy; czu;fpwhah? Mk;/,y;iy
4. cd; ,sikg;gUtk; kfpo;r;rpfukhdjhf ,Ue;jjh? Mk;/,y;iy
5. eP cd; rfkhztuplk; $r;rkpd;wp goFfpwhah? Mk;/,y;iy
6. eP gpwUld; vspjpy; el;Gf; nfhs;thah? Mk;/,y;iy
7. eP rpW ,lwy;fSf;Fk; fLQ;rpdk; nfhs;thah? Mk;/,y;iy
8. gpwu; cd;idg; gw;wp vd;d epidj;Jf; nfhs;thu;fNsh vd;gJ gw;wp mbf;fb
ftiyAWtJz;lh? Mk;/,y;iy
9. jho;Tzu;r;rpahy; eP mbf;fb ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhah? Mk;/,y;iy
10. mbf;fb gfw;fdT fhz;gJz;lh ? Mk;/,y;iy
,j;jifa tpdhf;fisf; nfhz;l gy MSik tpdhtupirfSk;> gl;bay;fSk;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. cl;nthu;j;jpd; tpdh tupir> My;Nghu;l;bd;> 'Mjpf;f - gzpT"
mstwpAk; tpdhtupir (Allport Ascendance - Submission Reaction study) nghUj;jg;ghL
gl;bay; (Bell Adjustment Inventory)> kpd;dN]hl;lh gythSikg; gz;Gfs; gw;wpa gl;bay;
(The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory). Nenkd; - Nfhy;];nll; MfpNahupd;
Fiwawpr; Nrhjid (Neymann - Kohlsted Diagnostic Test) Nghd;wd ,tw;Ws; rpythFk;.
MSikapd; xd;gJ jdpg;gl;l $Wfis kjpg;gpl cjTk; 495 $w;Wfs; kpd;dN]hl;lh
tpdhtupirapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
epiwfs;
i) ,J gy;NtW epiyikfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jf; $ba rpf;fdkhd KiwahFk;.
ii) mjpfkhd rpwg;Gg; gapw;rpapd;wpj; jkJ tFg;giwfspy; Mrpupau;fshy; ,tw;iwg;
gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
iii) ,tw;iw gyUf;F xNu rkaj;jpy; nfhLf;f KbAkhjyhy; fhyk; tpiuakhfhJ.
nryT rpf;fdj;ij mspf;Fk;.
tpdh tupirapd; Fiwfs;

i) tpdh tupirg; gl;bay; Kiwapy; cz;ikahd MSikg; gz;Gfs; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ
mupJjhd;. fhuzk;> nghJthf vjpu;kiwg; gz;Gf; $Wfis vtUk; Fwpg;gpl
tpUk;Gtjpy;iy .
ii) ,k;Kiw mftaj;jd;ikAilaJ. Mifahy; Kbitr; rupghu;f;f ,ayhJ.
iii) xUtd; jd;idg; gw;wp mwpahkNyNa> jd;idg; gw;wpa jftiyj; jpul;l KbahJ.
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myF – 3
khjpup tpdhj;jhs;
gFjp-m
1. Ra mwpf;if EZf;fq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
2. Ra mwpf;if EZf;fq;fSf;F rpy (v.fh) $Wf.
3. vj;jifa R+o;epiyfspy; Ramwpf;if EZf;fq;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;?
4. ,uz;L tif tpdhf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
5. tpdh tupir Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
gFjp-M
1. Ra mwpf;if EZf;fq;fs; vt;thW gaDs;sjhf mikfpwJ?
2. Ra mwpf;if EZf;fq;fspd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; Fiwfis vOJf.
3. Ngl;b Kiwapd; tiffs; ahit?
gFjp-,
1. Ra mwpf;if EZf;fq;fisg; gw;wp tptupf;fTk;.
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myF – 4 kjpg;gplypd; EZf;fq;fs; – II

UNIT - 4 (TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - II)
4.1 cw;W Nehf;fypd; EZf;fq;fs; (Observation Techniques)

cw;WNehf;Fjy; (Observation)
cw;WNehf;Fjy;: nghUs; (Meaning)
mstPl;L El;gq;fspy; ru;t rhjhuzkhf vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ cw;W
Nehf;fyhFk;. jw;NghJ my;yJ ,jw;F Kd; khztu;fs; rpwe;jtu; vd;w mbg;gilapy;
mike;jjhFk;. ,Nj Nghy Ngr;Rg; Nghl;bfspy; khztu;fis cw;W Nehf;fp
jug;gLj;Jtjw;F cw;W Nehf;fy; gad;gLfpwJ.
MSikapd; gpujpgypg;G elj;ijahFk;. ,jid EZf;fkhf tpopg;Gld;> mwptpay;
Kiwapy; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. elj;ijia cw;W Nehf;fp jPu;khdpg;gJ kw;w EZf;fq;fSf;F
mbg;gilahFk; ,it kw;w EZf;fq;fis ghu;f;Fk; NghJ nryT FiwthdJ. mjpf Neuk;
vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ kw;Wk; ePskhdjhFk;.
cw;W Nehf;Fjy; vd;gJ MSikia cw;W Nehf;FtjhFk;. ,J ve;jf; fUtpapd;
Jizapy;yhky; mstpLk; KiwahFk;. Gwr; nray;fisj;jhd; cw;W Nehf;fy; %yk;
kjpg;gpl ,aYk;. fl;Lg;ghlhd R+oy; cs;s ,lj;jpy; khztu; vg;gb ele;J nfhs;fpwhu;.
Rje;jpukhd R+oypy; khztu; nray;ghL vt;thW cs;sJ vd;gij cw;WNehf;fp mwpayhk;.
Mz;L KOtJk; cw;WNehf;fp gjpT nra;J> njhFj;J> Muha;e;J KbTf;F tUjy;Ntz;Lk;.
cw;W Nehf;fiy xUtUf;Nfh my;yJ xU FOtpw;Nfh cw;W Nehf;fyhk;. cw;W Nehf;fiy
cw;W Nehf;FgtUld; Nru;e;J ,Ue;Njh my;yJ ntspapy; ,Ue;Njh cw;W Nehf;fp mtuJ
elj;ijia fz;fhzpf;fyhk;.
cw;WNehf;fy; vd;gJ Kiwikg;gLj;jg;gl;l ghu;itNahL fhzg;gLk; R+oiy ftdkhf
Muha;e;J clDf;Fld; gjpT nra;J nfhs;tjhFk;.
mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; cw;WNehf;fy; Kiw nrk;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;L> mjpf msT Gwtaj;
jd;ikiaAk;> ek;gfj; jd;ikiaAk; ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. Njitg;gLk; ,lq;fspy; xyp kw;Wk;;
xspg; gjpTf; fUtpfs;> ntg;gkhdpfs; njhiyNehf;fpf; fUtpfs; Nghd;w rhjdq;fis
cw;WNehf;fypy; gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd> vdpDk; fUtpfsd;wp msf;Fk; rhjdk; vd;W
cw;WNehf;fiyf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.
cw;WNehf;fypd; tiffs; (Types):

gq;F ngWk; kw;Wk; gq;F ngwh cw;WNehf;fy;:
1. gq;F ngWk; cw;WNehf;fy; (Participant Observation):
,jpy; Mrpupau; cw;WNehf;fy; ngWgtUld; ,Ue;J mtUila tho;f;if epfo;r;rpfis
cw;W Nehf;Ffpwhu;. (v.fh.) tFg;gpYs;s khztid tFg;ghrpupau; cw;W Nehf;fy;>
2. gq;F ngwh cw;WNehf;fy; (Non participant Observation):
,jpy; Mrpupau; cw;WNehf;fy; ngWgtupd; nray;ghLfis xyp kw;Wk; xspg;gjpTf;
fUtpfs; %yk; cw;W Nehf;Ffpwhu;. mjhtJ ,k;Kiwapy; topfhl;Lgtu>; Njitg;gLk;
jfty;fis tpyfp epd;Nw jpul;Lfpwhu;. (v.fh.) xU epfo;r;rpia xspg;gjpT nra;J mjd;
%yk; xUtupd; nraiy cw;WNehf;fy;.
cw;W Nehf;fiy Kiwahf nray;gLj;j cjTk; Fwpg;Gfs;
 cw;W Nehf;FjYf;fhd ,ay;ghd #oiy Kiwahf mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ,aw;if #oypy; elj;ijfs; fz;lwpag;glNtz;Lk;;
 cw;W Nehf;Fgth; jpwikAs;stuhfTk>; gapw;rp ngw;wtuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;;
Page 23
 cw;W Nehf;Fgth; jk; nrhe;j fUj;Jf;fis gjpT nra;af;$lhJ

 cw;W Nehf;fpaij clDf;Fld; gjpTnra;aNtz;Lk;;
 Gw elj;ijia itj;J xUtupd; cs; kdij mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
 Foe;ijfspd; Nky; Vw;gLfpd;w kuG kw;Wk; #o;epiyapd; tpisTfisAk; mwpe;J
nfhs;syhk;.
cw;W Nehf;fypd; ed;ikfs;
 ,J Gwtaj; jd;ikAilaJ. Neubahf fhZk; epiyia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s ve;j cgfuzq;fNsh> fUtpfNsh Njitapy;iy> gapw;rpAk;>
mDgtKk; NghJkhdJ.
 njhlu;r;rpahd cw;W Nehf;fypd; %yk; khztu;fspd; tsu;r;rpia fz;fhzpf;f
KbfpwJ.
 ntspg;gLj;Jk; elj;ij> jtW vd;W fz;lwpag;gl;lhy; clNd jpUj;j ,aYk;.
gpur;ridfSf;F clNd jPh;T fhzg;gLfpwJ
 gpwtopfspy; fpilf;f ,ayhj Fwpg;Gfs; ,k;Kiwapy; vspjpy; fpilf;Fk;
cw;WNehf;Fjypd; Fiwfs;
1. ,jw;F mjpf Neuk; nrythFk;.
2. cw;WNehf;Fgtupd; nrhe;j tpUg;G> ntWg;G (personal Bias) cw;W Nehf;fypy;
,lk;ngWk;.
4.2 nray;jpl;lj;jpd; EZf;;fq;fs; (Projective Techniques);

nray; jpl;lk;/Gwj;Njw;W Ez;Kiwfs;-tpsf;fk; (Projective Techniques - Meaning)
jpl;ltl;lkhd> mikg;gw;w rpy nghUl;fs; Nrhjpf;fg;gLgtDf;Ff; fhz;gpf;fg;gLk;.
mtw;wpy; mtd; jdJ fw;gidia XltpLthd;. mjd;%yk; xU Gjpa mikg;ig cUthf;f
Kaw;rp nra;thd;. mjid tpsf;FtNj ,r;NrhjidahFk;.
cjhuzkhf> xU fij nrhy;Yjy;> ikj;jlq;fis (Ink Blot) tpsf;Fjy;> fl;Lg;ghlw;w
nrhw;fis ,izj;jy; (Free Association of Words) nfhLf;fg;gl;l fhfpjk; my;yJ
nghUisf; nfhz;L rpy nghUl;fis cUthf;Fjy;> glk; tiujy; Nghd;wit.
jpl;ltl;lkhd> mikg;gw;w (Unstructured) ,j;jifa nghUl;fis tpsf;Fk;NghJ jd;Ds;
fhzg;gLk; kdntOr;rpfs;> gw;Wfs; (Sentiments)> gz;Gf; $Wfs; Kjypatw;iw mtw;wpd;
kPJ Vw;wpNa (Project) xUtd; nghUs; fhz;ghd;. vdNt ,t; tpsf;fq;fisg; gFj;J
Muha;e;jhy; tpsf;fk; $wpatdpd; MSikg;gz;Gfspd; jd;ik ntspg;gLk;.
nray;jpl;lk;/Gwj;Njw;W Ez;Kiwapd; Kf;fpa tiffs;

Gwj;Njw;W Ez; Kiwapd; Kf;fpaf; $Wfshf %d;W gz;Gfisf; $wyhk;;. mit
tUkhW:
1. Gyd; fhl;rp Ez;Kiw (Projective Techniques).
ikj;jlk; Nghd;w J}z;ly;fs; mspf;fg;gl;L mit vt;thW Gyd;fhl;rpahf>
czug;gLfpd;wd vd;gjid mstpLk; Kiwf;F Gyd;fhl;rp Ez;Kiw vdg;ngau;.
2. Gyd; fhl;rpiag; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUSiuf;Fk; Ez;Kiw (Apperception Techniques)
Gyd;fhl;rp %yk; czug;gLk; J}z;ly;fSf;F tpupthd nghUSiuf;ff; Nfhug;gLfpwJ.
cjhuzkhf> TAT Nrhjidapy; fhzg;gLk; fhl;rpapd; nghUs; mjw;F Kd; epfo;e;jpUf;ff;
$baJ> jw;NghJ epfo;tJ> gpd; epfoTs;sJ Mfpa %d;widAk; ,izj;Jf; fij tbtpy;
tpupthd Jyq;fiy mspf;ff; Nfhug;gLjiyf; fhl;Lk;.
Page 24
3. cUthf;fpLk; Ez;Kiw (Productive Techniques)

Nrhjpf;fg;gLgtupd; elj;ij ,jd;%yk; Muhag;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf> xUtu; nkOfpdhy;
cUthf;Fk; nghUs;fs;> tiuAk; Xtpaq;fs;> xU fjhg;ghj;jpuj;ij Vw;W ebf;Fk; Kiw
Nghd;w elj;ijfis Muha;tjd; %yk; MSikapid mstpl Kaw;rp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
Gwj;Njw;W Ez;Kiwapd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfs;

1. ,tw;wpYs;s Nrhjid cUg;gbfs;> Nrhjpf;fg;gLNthUf;F Vw;nfdNt
mwpKfkhfpapUf;fhJ. vdNt vk;khjpupahd tpilfs; nghJthf mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gNjh> vk;khjpupahd tpilfs; vjpu;ghu;f;fg; gLfpd;wd vd;gNjh>
Nrhjpf;fg;gLNthUf;Fj; njupe;jpUf;fhJ. vdNt ,tw;Wf;F mspf;fg;gLk; tpilfs;
Nrhjpf;fg;gLgtupd; MSikg; gz;gpid tpsf;Ftdthf mikAk;.
2. ,tw;wpd; cz;ik Nehf;fk; Nrhjpf;fg;gLNthUf;Fj; njupe;jpUf;fhJ. ,it fw;gid
(m) fiyj;jpwd; NrhjidfshfNt mspf;fg;gLk;. vdNt ,tw;Wf;fhd xUtuJ
Jyq;fy; cz;ikia kiwf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;f KbahJ.
3. ,r;NrhjidfSf;F cl;gLNthUf;Fj; jkJ fUj;Jfisj; njspthf tpsf;Fk; jpwDk;
Njitapy;iy>
4. ,it xUtuJ MSikapd; KOikahd jd;ikiaj; njhFj;Jzu cjTfpd;wd.
,j;jF Gwj;Njw;w Ez;Kiwfspy; ikj;jlr; NrhjidAk;> nghUswpNthL ,izj;j wp
NrhjidAk; (TAT) Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
Ku;Nu (Murray) khu;fdpd; (Morgan) nghUs; ,izj;jwp Nrhjid (Thematic Apperception

Test - TAT)
,r;Nrhjidapy; 20 glq;fs; cs;sd. Kjypy; 10 glq;fSk; gpwF 10 glq;fSk;
Kiwg;gb fhl;lg;gLk;. ,g; glq;fspy; vj;jifa epfo;r;rpfs; rpj;jupf;fg;gLfpd;wd> mit
vf;fhuzq;fshy; epfo;e;jpUf;fyhk;> mtw;wpd; tpisTfs; vd;dthf ,Uf;ff;$Lk; vd;gd
Nghd;w J}z;ly; tpdhf;fs; Nrhjidf;F cl;gLNthdplk; Nfl;fg;gLk;. Nrhjidf;Fl;gLNthd;
$Wk; fijfis Ma;T nra;J mtw;wpdpd;Wk; mtdJ MSikg; gz;Gfspd; jd;ik gw;wpr;
Nrhjidahsuhy; mwpa ,aYk;. ,t;thW MuhAk; NghJ glq;fspy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s
fjhg;ghj;jpuq;fspy; vg;ghj;jpuq;fSld; Nrhjidf;Fl;gLgtd; xd;wpg; Nghfpwhd;> mtd; $Wk;
fijfspy; vj;jifa kdepiyfs; jpUk;gj; jpUk;gj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;gd Nghd;w
tptuq;fs; midj;Jk; ftdpf;fg;gLk;. fijapy;> fjhehafdpd; kdg; Nghuhl;lq;fSk;>
NjitfSk; fijapd; Ma;Tg;nghUs;> fijapd; tpisT (kfpo;r;rp my;yJ kfpo;r;rpaw;w
jd;ik)> fijapd; eil> fij khe;ju;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; kdpj cwTfspd; jd;ik (Inter
Personal Relationship) Mfpatw;wpw;Fk; kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;fg;gLk;.
TAT - iag; Nghd;W Foe;ijfSf;Fj; jdpahfg; gad;gLfpd;w NrhjidfSk; (CAT -
Children's Apperception Test) Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Nuhu;\hf;fpd; ikj;jlr; Nrhjid (Rorschach Ink-Blot Test)

Rtpl;ru;yhe;J ehl;L csNeha; kUj;Jtuhd n`u;kd; Nuhu;\hf; vd;gtuhy; 1921-y;
jahupf;fg;gl;lJ ,r;Nrhjid. ,r;Nrhjid 10 ml;ilfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jdpy; ikj;jlk;
(Ink Blot) my;yJ nghUsw;w rkr;rPuhd mikg;gpidf; nfhz;l cUtq;fs; (Meaningless
Bilaterally Symmetrical Form) fhzg;gLk;. ,tw;Ws; fWg;G tz;z ikj;jlq;fs; 5-k;>
fWg;Gk;> rptg;Gk; fye;jit 2-k;> gy;NtW tz;zq;fshyhd 3-k; cs;sd.
Page 25
m) Nrhjidia elj;Jjy;
Nrhjidf;F cl;gLgtDf;F ikj;jl ml;ilfs; xt;nthd;whf tupirahff; fhl;lg;gLk;.
mjdpy; jhd;fhZk; vy;yhtw;iwAk; mtd; tptukhff; $w Ntz;Lk;. xU ikj;jlk; gw;wpa
tptuq;fisf; $wpa gpd; mLj;j ikj;jlk; fhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW vy;yh ikj;jl
ml;ilfSk; fhz;gpf;fg;gl;lgpd; Nrhjpf;fg;gLNthdplk; Nrhjidahsu; rpy tpdhf;fisf;
Nfl;ghu;. ,t;tpdhf;fs; Nrhjid Kbit ek;gfkhfr; nra;a cjTtdthFk;.
M) tpilfis Muha;jy;
tpilfspd; %d;W $Wfisr; Nrhjidahsu; Ma;T nra;thu;. mitahtd:
(i) ikj;jlq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs;fs; (Content)
 kdpju;fs; (H) –
 capuw;w nghUs;fs; (IA)
 tpyq;Ffs; (A)
 kdpjdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs; (Obj)
 nrb> nfhbfs; (P1)
 clw;$Wfspd; tptuk; (At)
Nghd;wit Rkhu; 30 gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L FwpaPLfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
(ii) ikj;jlj;jpd; gFjpfs; (Location) my;yJ ,l mikT
ikj;jlj;jpd; vg;gFjp Nrhjpf;fg;gLNthdJ tpilf;F ikakhf mikfpwJ vd;gjid
Muha;jy;.
 ikj;jlj;jpd; KOg;gFjp (w)
 tof;fkhd tpupthd Jyq;fy; (D)
 rpwpa tof;fkhd Jyq;fy; (d)
 Gjpa tpsf;fq;fs; (Dd)
 ntz;ikg; gFjpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Jyq;fy; (S)
 kpfr; rpwpa tptuq;fs; (dd)
 Xug;gFjpapYs;s tptuq;fs; (de)
 mG+u;tkhd tpsf;fq;fs; (dr)
(iii) tpilapd; jd;ikapid epu;zapj;jypd; fhuzq;fs; (Determinants)
 cUtk; (Form)
 tz;zk; (Colour)
 ,af;fk; (Movement)
,) MSikapid kjpg;gpLjy;
ikj;jlr; Nrhjidfspy; mspf;fg;gLk; tpilfSf;Fg; nghUs; fhz;gjpy; rpy
mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd>
1. jkJ kdntOr;rpfisg; Gwg;nghUs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; njspthf ntspg;gLj;Jk;
,ay;GilNahuJ tpilfis epu;zapg;gjpy; ikj;jlq;fspd; tz;zq;fs; (Colour)
Kf;fpa gq;fpidg; ngWfpwJ.
2. gy ikj;jlq;fSf;fhd tpsf;fq;fs; KOj;jlk; my;yJ ngUk; gFjpapdhy;
epu;zapf;fg;gl;lhy;> tho;f;ifg; gpur;rpidfSf;F KOikahfj; jPu;T fhZk;
kdg;Nghf;F> mwpTj; Jiwapy; Kd;NdWk; mth; fUj;Jfis ed;F njhFj;jhuha;jy;
Nghd;w gz;Gfs; Nrhjpf;fg;gLgtdplk; fhzg;gLk; vdyhk;.
Page 26
3. ikj;jlj;jpd; ngUk;gFjpapd; tptuq;fs;> tpsf;fq;fis epu;zapg;gdthf mike;jhy;
gFj;jwptpd; mbg;gilapy; tho;f;if nray;fspy; <LghL fhl;Ljy; Nghd;w gz;Gfs;
elj;Jjy; fhzg;gLk;.
4. fw;gid kpFe;Js;Nshu; ikj;jlq;fspy; ,af;fj;NjhL njhlu;Gila gy tpsf;fq;fisf;
$Wtu;.
5. ikj;jlq;fspd; cUtk; my;yJ tbtk;> tpsf;fq;fSf;F mbg;gilahf
mike;jpUg;gpd; nghUsw;w MSikj; jd;ikiaf; (Colourless Personality) Fwpg;gjhff;
nfhs;syhk;.
ikj;jlq;fis xNu rkaj;jpy; jpiuapy; gyUf;Ff;fhz;gpj;J ,jidf; FOr;
Nrhjidahfg; gad;gLj;jTk; ,aYk;.
ikj;jlr; Nrhjidia elj;JtJk;> mjid mse;jwptJk;> kpfr; rpf;fy; epiwe;jJ.
,jw;fhd rpwg;Gg; gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fshy;jhk; ,jid elj;jpg; gad; mwpa KbAk;. ,jid
VO taJf;Ff; Fiwe;j Foe;ijfSf;Ff; nfhLf;f KbahJ.
4.3. r%f mstpay; EZf;fq;fs; (Sociometric Techniques)

gs;spapy; gapYk; khztu;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; r%fj; njhlu;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ
MrpupaUf;F kpfTk; mtrpakhfpwJ. xU tFg;gpy; mjpfkhf tpUk;gg;gLk; khztu;fs;>
mt;tsthf tpUk;gg;glhj khztu;fs; kw;Wk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLk; khztu;fs; Nghd;w
tptuq;fis Mrpupau; mwpAk;NghJ> jf;f eltbf;iffs; %yk; khztu;fspilNa fhzg;gLk;
r%f cwTfis mse;jwpa cstpay; mwpQu;fs; kw;Wk; r%ftpayhsu;fs; gupe;Jiu
nra;Ak; xU Kiwf;F r%f mstpay; Kiw vd;W ngau;. r%f mstpay; Kiwapy;
nghJthf ,uz;L Af;jpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mit:
1. epakd Af;jp (Nomination Technique)
2. ahu; vd;W A+fk; nra;Ak; Af;jp (Guess who Technique)
(1) epakd Af;jp (Nomination Technique)
xU tFg;gpy; cs;s khztu;fsplk; jhq;fs; tpUk;Gk; ,uz;L khztu;fspd;
ngau;fisAk; jhq;fs; mt;tsthf tpUk;ghj xU khztdpd; ngaiuAk; xU jhspy; vOjr;
nrhy;yyhk;. ,t;tptuq;fis xU tiuglkhfj; jahupf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf 5 khztu;fsplk;
fPo;f;fz;l gjpy;fisg; ngWtjhf itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;.
khztd; tpUk;Gk; ,Utu; mt;tsthf tpUk;ghj xUtu;
A BE C
B AE C
C AE B
D BA C
E BA C
mt;tsthf tpUk;ghjpUj;jiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ

tpUk;Gjiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ
tpUk;Gjiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ mt;tsthf
tpUk;ghjpUj;jiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
Page 27
,t;tiuglj;jpd; %yk; Itu; mlq;fpa FOtpy; vg;gbg;gl;l r%f cwTfs; epyTfpd;wd
vd mwpayhk;.
A vd;w khztd; mjpfg;gbahd khztu;fshy; tpUk;gg;gl;L el;rj;jpu me;j];ijg;
ngw;Ws;shd;.
C vd;w khztd; mjpfg;gbahd khztu;fshy; mt;tsthf tpUk;gg;gltpy;iy.
D vd;w khztid ahUk; njupT nra;aNt ,y;iy. ,td; Gwf;fzpf;fg;l;bUf;fpwhd;.
ABE Mfpa %tUk; xUtiu xUtu; tpUk;gp xU cl;FOthf ,Ug;gijAk; fhz
KbfpwJ.
(2) ahu; vd;W A+fk; nra;Ak; Af;jp (Guess who Technique) :
elj;ijfspd; gy mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fk; tifapy; $w;Wfs; jug;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j
$w;Wfs; tFg;gpy; cs;s khztu;fspy; ahUf;Fr; rpwg;ghfg; nghUe;Jk; vd rk;ge;jg;gl;l
khztd; vOj Ntz;Lk;.
c.k;.
1. kpFe;j jhuhs Fzk; nfhz;ltu; ,tNu.
2. Vuhskhd ez;gu;fs; ,tUf;F cz;L.
3. ve;NeuKk; kfpo;r;rpAld; ,Ug;gtu; ,tNu.
4. ahUlDk; Ngrhky; xJq;fp epw;gtu; ,tu;.
xUtupd; ngau; vj;jid Kiw Neu;kiwapYk>; vjpu;kiwapYk; ,lk;ngWfpwJ vd;gjd;
mbg;gilapy; mtu; ve;j msT tFg;gpy; nry;thf;F ngw;W tpsq;Ffpwhu; vd;gij
mwpayhk;. xUtupd; ngau; 10 Kiw Neu;kiwf; $w;Wf;fspYk; 3 Kiw vjpu;kiwf;
$w;Wf;fspYk; ,lk;ngWtjhf itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. mtUf;F mspf;fg;gLk; kjpg;ngz; 10-
3=7. xU FOtpy; ahu; mjpf kjpg;ngz; ngWfpwhNuh mtu; kpfTk; tpUk;;gg;gLfpwhu; vd;gij
mwpayhk;.
r%f mstpaypd; epiwfs;:

1. khztu;fs; tpUk;Gk; xUtiu tFg;Gj; jiytdhf Mrpupau; epakpf;fyhk;.
2. xU tFg;G khztu;fis gy FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Fk;NghJ FOf;fSf;Fj;
jiyikNaw;fg; nghUj;jkhd khztu;fisj; Nju;T nra;ayhk;.
3. rpW FOf;fshf ,aq;Ftjpy; Mu;tk; nfhz;l khztu;fisf; fz;lwpayhk;.
4. kw;wtu;fshy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLk; Foe;ijfis milahsk; fz;L mjd; fhuzq;fis
5. mwpe;J mjid ePf;f jf;f eltbf;iffs; vLf;fyhk;.
r%f mstpaypd; Fiwfs;:

1. Mrpupaupd; Nfs;tpfs;> midj;J mk;rq;fisAk; cs;slf;fp ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
2. Mrpupau; Nfl;Fk; Nfs;tpfisg; nghWj;Nj khztu;fspd; gjpy;fs; mikfpd;wd.
3. ntt;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf r%f mstpaiy kPz;Lk;> kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; fhy tpuak; Vw;gl tha;g;Gfs; cz;L.
4. kdpj cwTfs; fhyg; Nghf;fpy; khWk; jd;ik cilait. ,k;Kiwapy; epue;jukhd
jiytu;fis milahsk; fhz KbahJ.
Page 28
myF 4
khjpup tpdhj;jhs;
gFjp-m
1. cw;WNehf;fy; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
2. kjpg;gpLjypy; cw;W Nehf;fy; Kiwia tiuaW.
3. cw;W Nehf;fy; tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
4. Gwj;Njw;W Ez;Kiwfs; vd;why; vd;d?
5. Gwj;Njw;W Ez;Kiwfspd; tiffisf; $Wf.
6. Gwj;Njw;W Ez;Kiwfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nrhjidfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
7. r%f mstpay; EZf;fq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
8. r%f mstpay; Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; 2 Af;jpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
9. TAT – vd;why; vd;d?
gFjp-M
1. nghUswpNthL ,izj;jwpr; Nrhjidia tpsf;Ff.
2. cw;WNehf;fiy Kiwahf nray;gLj;j cjTk; Fwpg;Gfis vOJf.
3. gq;FngWk; kw;Wk; gq;Fngwh cw;WNehf;fy;fis tpsf;Ff.
4. Gwj;Njw;W Ez;Kiwfspd; rpwg;Gg;gz;Gfis tptupf;fTk;.
5. ahu; vd;W A+fk; nra;Ak; Af;jpia tptupf;fTk;
gFjp-,
1. cw;WNehf;fy; Kiwapd; tiffis tptupj;J mjd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk;
Fiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
2. Nuhu;\hf;fpd; ikj;jlr; Nrhjidia tptupf;fTk;.
3. r%f mstpay; EZf;fq;fis tptupf;fTk;.
Page 29
myF – 5 kjpg;gPl;bd; fUtpfs;

UNIT -5 (TOOLS OF EVALUATION)
5.1 kjpg;gPl;bd; fUtpfs;:

tFg;giw fw;gpj;jiy jpwk;gl fz;fhzpf;f gy;NtW tpjkhd kjpg;gpLjy; El;gq;fs;
cs;sd. tFg;giw fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fiyj;jpl;lk;> fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gpLjy; cj;jpfs;
Mfpaitfis juj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mZfpl gy;NtW Kiwfis ,it mspf;fpd;wd.
kjpg;gpLjiy kjpg;gpLtij tpl fw;wYf;fhd kjpg;gpLjypy; gad;gLj;j cs;Szu;T
KiwapLfpwJ. ehk; khztiu gy fhuzq;fSf;fhf Nrhjid nra;fpNwhk;. ntspg;gilahf
,r;Nrhjidfs; fw;gpj;jiy top elj;j gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. khztu;fs; fhyk; nry;yr;
nry;y vt;thW Nkk;gLfpwhu;fs; vd;gij tFg;giw kjpg;gpLjy; El;gq;fs;> ehk;
mwpe;Jnfhs;s tha;g;G mspf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa El;gq;fis tFg;giwapy; gad;gLj;Jk;
NghJ khztu;fs; fw;wy; nray;fspy; NkYk; mjpfstpy; <LghL nfhs;fpd;wdu; vd
njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. Vnddpy; mit mtu;fs; fw;wypy; mjpfk; ftdk; nrYj;jitf;fpwJ.
5.1.1 ju msTNfhy;: (Rating Scale) tiuaiwfs; (Definitions):

&j; ];bNuq; vd;gtu; (Ruth Strang) juk; vd;gJ “MSikapd; Neubahd cw;W
Nehf;fypd; rhuhk;rk”; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
V.v];. ghu; (A.S. Barr) kw;Wk; rpyupd; $w;Wg;gb “juk;” (Rating) vd;gJ rpy “#o;epiy>
nghUs; my;yJ gz;Gfisg; gw;wpa fUj;J MFk;”. rpy jPu;g;Gfis mstpLtjw;F cjTk;
fUtpfshf ju msTfs; gad;gLfpwJ.
ju msTNfhyhdJ jPu;g;gspf;fg;gl Ntz;ba juq;fs; my;yJ gz;Gfspd; njhFg;igf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. xUtuplk; ,Uf;Fk; xt;nthU ,ay;gpd; juj;ijf; Fwpf;f cjTk; xU
tifahd msTNfhy; ju msTNfhy; MFk; ,e;j msTNfhypd; kjpg;Gk>; gaDk; vjw;fhfj;
jahupf;fg;gLfpwNjh> vjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLfpwNjh mjidr; rhu;e;J mikAk;
cw;WNehf;fiy kjpg;gpLtjw;F ,J ngupJk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Njitahd cw;WNehf;fiy cUthf;f vq;nfy;yhk; NghJkhd re;ju;g;gk; cs;sNjh
mq;nfy;yhk; ju msTNfhy; gad;gLfpwJ.
ju msTNfhy;: tiffs;: (Types)

1. vz;zplg;gl;l ju msTNfhy; (Numerical Rating Scale)
,J ju msTNfhypd; vspa tifahFk;. ,q;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l gz;GfSila juj;ij
xU vz;zhy; Fwpg;gpl my;yJ rupghu;f;f ,e;j juq;fs; gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j vz;fs;
1,2,3,4,5 my;yJ 2,1,0,1,2, my;yJ A,B,C,D,E vd Fwpf;fg;glyhk;. ,J %d;W Gs;sp my;yJ
Ie;J Gs;sp my;yJ VO Gs;sp nfhz;l msTNfhyhf ,Uf;fyhk;. (v.fh) nghJthf
mwptpay; tFg;Gfspy; gupNrhjidf;Fj; jFjpahd khztu;fspd; juk; nghUj;jkhd
vz;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j vz;fs; fPo;f;fz;l kjpg;Gfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
1. jpUg;jpapy;iy
2. ruhrupf;Fk; fPo;
3. ruhrupahf
4. ruhrupf;Fk; Nky;
5. jpUg;jpahf
Ma;tfj;jpy; ve;j mstpw;F khztu;fs; Ntjpg; nghUs;fisj; jpwikahd tifapy;
ifahStjw;Fj; jFjpahdtu;fs;?
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,e;j tifahdJ kjpg;gpl Ntz;ba jpwd;fs; my;yJ juj;ij xU Fwpg;gpl;l

vz;zpf;ifAs;s gpupTfspy; tifg;gLj;Jk; nghOJ gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j NtWgl;l juq;fs;
NtWgl;l vz;fSf;F NtWgl;l jpl;l msTfis vLj;Jf; nfhs;tNj ,jd; kpfg;ngupa
FiwahFk;.
tiuglj; ju msTNfhy; (Graphic Rating Scale):

,e;j tif ju msTNfhypy; xt;nthU gjpiyAk;> kjpg;gpLgtu; gjpiyg; gw;wp
rpe;jpf;fhkYk;> juj;ijg; gw;wpf; ftiyg;glhkYk; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> msTNfhypy; cs;s
xt;nthU Gs;spAk; rupahd Kiwapy; tiuaWf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gpLgtu; rupahd
fUj;jpw;Ff; fPo; Nfhbl Ntz;Lk;.
(v.fh) nghJthf mwptpay; tFg;Gfspy; gupNrhjidf;Fj; jFjpahd khztu;fspd; juk;
gLf;iff; Nfhl;bd; fPNo vq;NfahtJ NfhbLtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Ma;tfj;jpy; ve;j mstpw;F
khztu;fs; Ntjpg;nghUs;fisf; ifahSk; jFjp tha;e;jtu;fs;?
1. vg;nghOJk; 2. mbf;fb 3. vg;nghOjhtJ 4. mupjhf

5. xU NghJk; ,y;iy
3. tpsf;fkhd tiuglj; ju msTNfhy;: (Descriptive Graphic Rating Scale)

khztu;fis msTNfhypd; kPJ ntt;NtW gbfspy; vd;d tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs; vd;gij
elj;ij thu;j;ijfspy; ,e;j tptuk; njuptpg;gjhy; ,jid elj;ijf; $w;W msTNfhy;
vd;Wk; miof;fyhk;. VNjDk; xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gbfspy; ikag;Gs;spapy; jdpahis
kjpg;gplg;gad;gLfpwJ.
xt;nthU nra;jpf;Fk; gLf;iff; Nfhl;by; vq;NfahtJ fPo;f;fz;l gz;Gfspd; fPo; ‘bf;’
FwpaPL () ,Ltjd; %yk; kjpg;Gfisj; njupe;J nfhs;syhk; (v.fh):
Ma;tfj;jpy; Ntjpg;nghUl;fisf; ifahStjw;F khztu;fspd; jpwik vt;thW
cs;sJ?
xU NghJk; rpy Neuq;fspy; kl;Lk; vg;nghOJk; Ntjpg;

nghUl;fisj; Ntjpg; nghUl;fs; nghUl;fis
jpwikahff; jpwikahff; jpwikahff;
ifahStJ ,y;iy ifahsg;gLfpd;wd ifahSjy;
jpwikahd jukjpg;gPl;bd; Nehf;fq;fs; (Principles of Effective Rating):

fPo;f;fz;l Nehf;fq;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;lhy;> juj;ij mjpfkhd mstpw;F
tsu;r;rpailar; nra;ayhk;.
1. fy;tpf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gJ Nghy gz;G mika Ntz;Lk;.
2. Neubahf cw;WNehf;Ftjhf gz;G mika Ntz;Lk;.
3. gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; msTNfhypd; ju Gs;spfs; njspthf tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. kjpg;gpy; jukpy;yhjjhf kjpg;gpLgtu; czu;e;jhy; me;j kjpg;ig xJf;fptpLkhW
typAWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
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5. %d;W> Ie;J kw;Wk; VO gz;G epiyfSf;fpilNa kjpg;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;>
NkYk; kjpg;gpLgtu; ,ilg;Gs;spfisf; Fwpg;gjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
6. ,ad;wtiu gy cw;WNehf;Fgtu;fsplk; ,Ue;J kjpg;gpLjy; ngwg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ju msTNfhiy cUthf;fy;: (Construction of Rating Scale)

xUtuJ elj;ijiaf; $u;e;J Nehf;fp mtuJ MSikiag; gz;Gf; $Wfspd; msitj;
njuptpg;gJ ju msTNfhy; Kiw vdg;gLk;. ,k;Kiwapy; xUtdplk; fhzg;gLk; MSikg;
gz;gpd; msT nghJthf 5 Gs;spfs; nfhz;l Xu; msTNfhypy; (Five Point Scale)
Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 5 Gs;spfs; nfhz;l msTNfhypy; 5-tJ Gs;sp xU gz;G kpf mjpfkhf
,Ug;gijAk;> 4-tJ Gs;sp mg;gz;G mjpfkhf ,Ug;gijAk; Fwpf;Fk;. %d;whtjhd
eLg;Gs;sp mg;gz;igg; nghWj;jtiu mjpfKk;> FiwTk; ,y;yhj XusT cs;s (to some
extent) epiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. 2-tJ Gs;spAk; KiwNa mg;gz;G Fiwthd epiyiaAk;>
kpff;Fiwthd my;yJ mg;gz;Ng fhzg;glhj epiyiaAk; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
gz;Gf; $Wfspd; msTfis kjpg;gpl;L epu;zak; nra;jJk; mtw;iw xd;W Nru;j;J xNu
tiuglkhfj; njhFf;f Ntz;Lk;. gy gz;Gfspd; msTfisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wk; ,j;jifa
tiuglj;ij MSikapd; tbtk; (Personality Profile) vd;Wk; $wyhk;. MSik
tbTUtq;fis njhopy; jFjp ngw;wtu;fspd; tbTUtq;fNshL xg;gpl;lhy; xUtd;
mj;njhopypy; ntw;wp ngWk; msTf;F mtdplk; MSikg; gz;Gfs; cs;sdth vd;gij
mwpa ,J kpfTk; gad;gLk;.
ju mstply; gpiofs; (Errors in Rating)

juq;fspy; mbf;fb rpy gpiofs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tifapy; mbf;fb epfOk; epiyahd
gpiofisj; jLg;gjw;F rpwg;G Kaw;rpfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. rpy nghJthd gpiofs;
gpd;tUkhW:
jhuhsg; gpiofs;: (Generosity Errors)

jukpLgtu; mbf;fb ju msTNfhypy; vy;yh jdpahs;fisAk; Vwf;Fiwa xNu epiyapy;
mjhtJ midtupd; gz;Gfisj; jhuskhf kjpg;gpLfpwhu;. kjpg;gpLgtu;fs; rpyu; vg;nghOJk;
msTNfhypd; cau;epiyiaNa gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa jtW jhuhsg; gpio
(Generosity Error) vdg;gLfpwJ. (v.fh.) fz;bg;ghf xj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;. ,d;Dk; rpy
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kjpg;gpLgtu; msTNfhypd; fPo;epiyiaNa gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,e;j tifahd jdpg;gl;l
ntWg;G fLikahd gpio (Severity Error) vdg;gLfpwJ. (v.fh.) fz;bg;ghf
xj;Jf;nfhs;stpy;iy. kw;w kjpg;gPl;lhsh;fs; ,e;j ,uz;L epiyiaAk; jtpu;j;J ruhrupahf
kjpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. ,J ikar; rhu;G gpio (Central Tendency Error) vd;wiof;fg;gLk;. (v.fh.)
xd;Wk; nrhy;tjw;fpy;iy.
mgpg;gpuha tpisT gpio (Halo Effect Error):

jukpLgtu; (Mrpupau;) xU khztu; xU rpy gz;Gfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fgtu; vd;why;
mk;khztu; kw;w gz;Gfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fgtu; vd;w ey;y vz;zj;jpy; mtiu cau;thf
kjpg;gpLtu;. khwhf mk;khztu; xU rpy gz;Gfspy; Fiwe;J fhzg;gl;lhy; mk;khztu; kw;w
gz;GfspYk; Fiwe;J ,Ug;gu; vd;W mk;khztiuf; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLtu;. ,tw;wpw;Ff;
fhuzk; Mrpupaupd; xU khztiug; gw;wpa cau;e;j mgpg;gpuhak; my;yJ Fiwe;j
mgpg;gpuhak; MFk;. ,tw;iwg; nghWj;J mgpg;gp;uha tpisT gpio Vw;gLk;.
ju;f;fg; gpio (Logical Error):

jukpLgtu;> neUq;fpa njhlu;GilaJ my;yJ njhlu;gw;wJ vd;w ,U tifg;
gz;Gfisr; rpe;jpf;Fk; nghOJ ,t;tifg; gpio epfo;fpwJ.
(v.fh) Mrpupau; Ez;zwptpw;Fk; kw;Wk; fy;tp miltpw;Fk; neUq;fpa njhlu;G cs;sJ
vd;W vz;Zthuhdhy;> Ez;zwpT cila khztu;fs; cau;e;j milTilatu;fs; vd;W
kjpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,JNghyNt Mrpupau; jpwikahd khztu;fs; Fiwe;j r%f
xj;Jiog;Gilatu;fs; vd;w fUJthuhdhy; mf;Foe;ijfis r%fg; gz;Gfspy; Fiwj;J
kjpg;gpLfpwhu;.
gpiofisj; jtpu;f;Fk; Kiwfs;:

1. mgpg;gpuha tpisT gpioiag; gw;wpa msT> jukpLgtUf;F ,Uf;FNkahdhy; mJNt
mjid ePf;fptpLk;.
2. jtwhd ju;f;ftpayhy; Vw;gLk; gpioiaj; jtpu;f;f ehk; Neu;ikAlDk; kdrhl;rpAlDk;
kjpg;gpLgtu;fisj; Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. ikag;Nghf;F gpioapid ePf;f kjpg;gpLgtu;fSf;F (Raters) gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,g;gpioapdhy; khztu;fs; vt;thW ghjpf;fg;gLthu;fs; vd;gijAk; $wNtz;Lk;.
4. jhuhs kdg;ghd;ik gpioia ePf;f xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l kjpg;gpLgtu;fisj; jukpl
epakpg;gJ jhd; rpwe;jjhFk;. kjpg;gpLgtu;fs; jukpl;lij> xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjd; %yk;
,g;gpioia ePf;f tha;g;igaspf;Fk;.
ju msTNfhypd; gad;fs; (Advantages of Rating Scale)

ju msTNfhypy; cs;s ed;ik ahnjdpy; kjpg;gpLgtu; khztDila gz;Gfisj;
njupahkNyh> xUGwk; rhu;ghfNth> kjpg;gpl KbahJ. xUtidg; gw;wp vj;jifa gz;Gf;
$Wf;fhf kjpg;gpl Ntz;LNkh> mj;jifa gz;Gf; $iw mtdplk; cw;W Nehf;fhky;
kjpg;gpl ,ayhJ. ,t;tpjk; ju msTNfhy; cw;W Nehf;fypy; vz; msT nfhz;L
xUtDila gz;gpidj; juk; gpupj;J mwpa cjTfpwJ. ,t;tifj; ju msTNfhy; gw;wpa
mwpT MrpupaUf;F mjpfk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. fhuzk; fhyk; jtwhik> Neu;ik> ek;gpf;if>
xUikg;ghL> jiyikg; gz;G> gbg;ghw;wy; Nghd;wit khztu;fsplk; ve;j mstpy; cs;sd
vd;gij kjpg;gpl;L mwpa cjTfpwJ.
1. ngw;Nwhu;fSf;F jftiy mwptpg;gjpy; cjTfpwJ.
2. Foe;ijfspd; gpur;ridfisf; fz;lwpa cjTfpwJ.
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3. njhopyhsu;fis rpghupR nra;tjpy; vspikahf;FfpwJ.
4. jdpahisg; gw;wpa gpw jfty;fSf;F ,J Jiz nra;fpwJ.
ju msTNfhypd; Fiwfs;:
1. vy;yhtpj rpwg;Gf; Fzq;fisAk; kjpg;gpLtJ vd;gJ ,ayhj fhupakhFk;.
2. ju kjpg;gplypy; mftaj;jd;ik cs;sJ.
3. vy;yh khztu;fisAk; ju msTNfhypd; %ykhf kjpg;gpLtnjd;gJ ,ayhJ.
5.2 ehl;lr; Nrhjid : (Aptitude Test)

ehl;lj;jpd; nghUs;:
ehl;lk; (Aptitude) vd;w nrhy; gy;NtWgl;l cstpay; mwpQu;fshy; gy;NtWgl;l
nghUs;fspy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ehl;lk; vd;gJ xUtdpd; cs;shu;e;j ,aw;ifj; jpwd; MFk;.
,J gapw;rpapdhy; Nkk;gl;L Nju;r;rp my;yJ rhjidahf cUg;ngWfpwJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l
Jiwapy; Mu;tKk;> jpwikAk; kpFe;jpUe;jhy; mJ ehl;lk; vdg;gLk;.
ek; md;whl tho;tpy; gpwiu tplr; rpwg;ghf nrayhw;Wtjw;fhd mwpT kw;Wk; jpwikfs;
nfhz;l egu;fis gy;NtW Jiwfspy; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,tu;fs; me;je;j NtiyfSf;F kpfTk;
nghUj;jkhdtu;fshfTk; fUjg;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,j;jifa egu;fs; nghJthd Ez;zwptpidg;
ngw;wpUg;gNjhL rpy gpuj;jpNahfj; jpwikfisg; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wdu;.
ehl;lk;: tpsf;fk;
Fwpg;gpl;l xU Jiwapy; xUtu; fhl;Lk; Mu;tKk; mj;Jiwapy; rpwg;ghf
nrayhw;Wtjw;fhf mtu; ngw;wpUf;Fk; jpwidAk; cstpay; mwpQu;fs; ehl;lk;
vd;wiof;fpd;wdu;. ehl;lk; vd;gJ xUtu; ngw;wpUf;Fk; cs;shu;e;j jpwidf; Fwpf;Fk;.
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; jpwid ntspg;Lj;Jtjw;fhd epfo;fhy csepiyapidj;jhd; ehl;lk;
vd;wiof;fpNwhk;.
xU kdpjd; vt;tsT rpwg;ghf xU Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidia re;jpj;J mjidj; jPu;f;f
KbAk; vd;gij Rl;bf; fhl;Lk; gz;Gfslq;fpa Fzhjpraq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; elj;ijia
ehl;lk; Fwpf;fpwJ – gpd;`hk;.
ehl;lk; : tiuaiwfs;:
l;Nuf;];yu; (Traxler) vd;gtupd; fUj;Jg;gb ehl;lk; vd;gJ “jdpkdpjdpd; epfo;fhy
Mw;wy;> vjpu;fhy Mw;wiyr;” Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwJ. ehl;lk; vd;gJ xUtDila mwpT kw;Wk;
Mw;wiy mstpl cjTk; xU msTNfhyhFk;. mjdhy; topfhl;Lgtu; ehl;lr; Nrhjidiag;
gad;gLj;jp mwpTiu ngWgtu;fspd; vjpu;fhy ntw;wpapid gw;wpa mwpitg; ngwyhk;.
ehl;lk; vd;gJ “Ez;zwptpd; rpwg;G mk;rq;fs;” vdg;gLk;. Ez;zwpT vd;gJ
kdj;jpwd;fisf; Fwp;g ; ;gpLtjhFk;. Mdhy;> ehl;lk; vd;gJ Gyr; nray;fs; ,ae;jputpay;>
fiy kw;Wk; njhopw; jpwikfs; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;.
ehl;lq;fs; gw;wpa cz;ikfs;:

ghuk;gupaKk;> ehl;lKk;
ehl;lq;fs;> guk;giuapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;ljh my;yJ fw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ljh vd;w tpdh
vOtJz;L. ehl;lk; ghuk;gupak; kw;Wk; #o;epiyiar; rhu;e;jJ. cjhuzkhf ,irkPJ
xUtUf;F ,Uf;Fk; ehl;lk;> %jhijau; ,irQhdk; nfhz;bUe;jjhy; ngwg;gl;L ,Uf;fyhk;
my;yJ ,ir Qhdk; nfhz;ltu;fSld; Nru;;e;J ,Ue;jjhy; ngwg;gl;L ,Uf;fyhk;.
Page 34
jpwikAk;> ehl;lKk;:
jpwikAk;> ehl;lKk; ntt;Ntwhdit. Cjhuzkhf> uh[h vd;w khztDf;F xU ,uapy;
vQ;rpid ,af;Ftjw;fhd jpwik ,y;yhJ ,Uf;fyhk;. mNj Ntisapy; ,uapy; vQ;rpid
,af;Ftjw;fhd ehl;lk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,jw;fhd gapw;rpia ,tu; Nkw;nfhz;lhy; rpwe;j
,uapy; Xl;Lduhf ,tu; gpufhrpj;jpl KbAk;. xUtu; epfo;fhyj;jpy; ngw;wpUf;Fk; cs;shu;e;j
xU jpwidj;jhd; jpwik vd;W $WfpNwhk;.
,j;jpwdpy; gapw;rpiag; gw;wpNah> vjpu;fhy ntw;wpiag; gw;wpNah ehk; Fwpg;gpLtJ
fpilahJ. Mdhy; ehl;lj;jpy; gapw;rpiaAk;> vjpu;fhyj;jpy; cs;shu;e;j jpwd; ngWk;
Nkk;ghl;bidAk; Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;.
milT kw;Wk; ehl;lk;:

gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;l gpd; xUtu; xU gFjpapy; my;yJ nraypy; ve;j msT Nkk;ghL
ngw;Ws;shu; vd;gij milT Fwpf;fpwJ. ehl;lk; vd;gJ gapw;rpapd; %yk; cs;shu;e;j jpwd;
Nkk;ghL miljiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; ehl;lk;:

Ez;zwpT nghJthf xUtuplk; cs;s jpwidf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ehl;lk; mtuplk; fhzg;gLk;
gpuj;jpNafj; jpwidf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
Mu;tKk;> ehl;lKk;:
ehl;lKk;> Mu;tKk; ,ize;J nray;gLgit MFk;. Mdhy; ,uz;Lk; ntt;Ntwhdit.
xUtUf;F fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; Mu;tk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mjw;fhd ehl;lk;
mtuplk; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fyhk;> xUtdplk; xU nray;ghl;lhy; Vw;gLk; cs;shu;e;j <u;g;Gjhd;
Mu;tk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
ehl;lk;: NrhjidfSk;> mstpLjYk;

xUtuplk; gapw;rpapd; %yk; Nkk;gLj;Jjw;fhd jpwd;fis my;yJ Mw;wy;fisf;
fz;lwptjw;fhd Nrhjidfis ehl;lr; Nrhjidfs; vd miof;fpNwhk;. ntt;NtW tpjkhd
ehl;lq;fshd ,ae;jpu ehl;lk;> vOj;ju; ehl;lk;> ,ir ehl;lk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fz;lwpa jdpr;
Nrhjidfs; cs;sd.
nghJ ehl;lr; Nrhjidj; njhFg;G: (General Aptitude Test)

,jid mnkupf;f Ntiytha;g;Gr; Nrit mikg;G cUthf;fp cs;sJ. ,jpy; nkhj;jk;
12 Nrhjidfs; cs;sd. ,jpy; Kjy; 8 Nrhjid cUg;gbfSf;F vOj;jhy; tpilaspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. filrp ehd;F NrhjidfSf;F nra;J fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
ngau; xg;gPL (Name comparison)
vz;zhw;wy; (Computation)
nrhw;fsQ;rpak; (Vocabulary)
fzf;F (Arithmetic)
Muha;e;jwpjy; (Reasoning)
nghUj;Jjy; - tif (Form Matching)
nghUj;Jjy; - Nrhjid (Test Matching)
Kg;gupkhz ,ltikg;G (Three Dimensional Space)
9>10>11>12. rpwpa cgfuzq;fisg; gyifapy; gad;gLj;Jjy;> xd;W Nru;j;jy; kw;Wk;
gpupj;jy; Nghd;w nray;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.
Page 35
gy;ehl;lr; Nrhjid (Differential Aptitude Tests)

DAT (Differential Apttude Tests) NrhjidfSf;F gy; ehl;lr; Nrhjidfs; vd;W ngau;.
,r;Nrhjidfis cUthf;fpatu;fs; ngd;dl;> rPNrhu; kw;Wk; it];Nkd; (Binnet, Seashore
and Weismn) MfpNahu;. vy;yh tifahd ehl;lq;fSk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhopiy
epu;zag;gLj;Jtjw;F cjTfpd;wJ. ,J fPo;f;fz;l vl;L cgNrhjidfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,e;j vl;L cgNrhjidfis nra;J Kbf;f Rkhu; 3 kzp Neuk; MFk;.
1. nrhy;ywpTj;jpwd; Nrhjid
2. vz;zwpTj; jpwd; Nrhjid
3. fUj;jpay; El;gr; Nrhjid
4. ,lj;njhlu;ghw;wy; Nrhjid
5. ,ae;jpu Mw;wy; Nrhjid
6. vOj;ju; gzp NtfKk>; Jy;ypaKk;.
7. nkhopahw;wy; Nrhjid : vOj;Jf; $l;Ljy;
8. nkhopahw;wy; Nrhjid : ,yf;fzk;
1. nrhy;ywpTj; jpwd; Nrhjid:
,jpy; 50 thf;fpaq;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;iw 30 epkplq;fspy; nra;J Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,J jdpkdpjd; gad;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fUj;Jf;fspd; jpwikia msf;fpd;wJ. NtWgl;l
nrhw;fspd; fbdepiy mjpf tupirapy; njhlu;r;rpahfj; njhlu;fpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf.
…………. jz;zPUld; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ Nghyr; rhg;gpLtJ …………… cld;
rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ.
njhlu;jy; XLjy;
Fbj;jy; ,lk;
fhy;fs; czT
ngz; Fjpj;jy;
2. vz;zwpTr; Nrhjid (Numerial Ability Test)
,e;j cg Nrhjidapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s 40 fzf;Ffis 30 epkplj;jpw;Fs; nra;J
Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,it fzf;F epfo;Tfis jpwk;gl nra;tij mstplg; gad;gLfpwJ.
3. fUj;jpay; El;gr;Nrhjid (Abstract Reasoning):
,jpy; 50 gl fzf;Ffs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iw 25 epkplq;fSf;Fs; nra;J
Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iwf; nfhz;L jdpkdpjdpd; fUj;Jf;fis fUj;jpay; cUtq;fspd;
cjtpahy; mstplg;gad;gLfpwJ.
4. ,lj;njhlu;ghw;wy; Nrhjid (Space Relations)
,r;Nrhjid xUtupd; fw;gidj; jpwid mstpLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; 40 Kg;gupkhzg;
glq;fis ,Ugupkhz glq;fshfj; jug;gl;L ,l njhlu;ghw;wiy mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
mtw;iw 30 epkplq;fspy; nra;J Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. ,ae;jpu Mw;wy; Nrhjid: (Mechanical Reasoning)
,jpy; 68 glq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 30 epkplq;fspy; mtw;iwr; nra;J Kbf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ehk; md;whlk; gad;gLj;Jk; ,ae;jpuf; fUtpfs; ve;jf; nfhs;ifapd;
mbg;gilapy; mit Ntiy nra;fpd;wd? ,J Nghd;w Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;gLk;.
6. vOj;ju; gzp NtfKk;> Jy;ypaKk;: (Clerical Speed and Accuracy)
,jpy; gy;NtW tbtk; nfhz;l vOj;Jf;fs; nfhLf;fg;gLk; nghOJ mjpy;
Fwpg;gpl;ltw;iw khztu;fs; Nju;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,r;Nrhjid ,uz;L gpupTfshf
cs;sJ. xt;nthU gFjpapYk; 100 tifahd vOj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. xt;nthd;iwAk; 3
epkplq;fspy; nkhj;jk; 5 epkplq;fspy; mbf;Nfhbl;L fhz;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Page 36
7. nkhopahw;wy; Nrhjid – vOj;Jf; $l;Ljy; (Language - spelling)

,jpy; 100 thu;j;ijfs; cs;sd. ,tw;iw 10 epkplq;fspy; nra;J Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
khztu;fs; ve;j thu;j;ij jtwhd thu;j;ijahf cs;sJ vd;gijf; fz; lwpe;J
Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
8. nkhopahw;wy; Nrhjid - ,yf;fzk;: (Language usage – sentences)
,jpy; thf;fpaq;fspd; mikg;gpy; jtW cs;sjh vd;gijf; fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf
50 thf;fpaq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. 25 epkplq;fspy; nra;J Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ehl;lr; Nrhjidfspd; gad;fs;: (Uses of Aptitude Tests):

gpd;`hk; (Bingham) vd;gtu; ehl;lr;Nrhjidfs; cz;ikapNyNa ehl;lj;ij
mstpLtjpy;iy vd;W tpku;rpf;fpd;whu;.
xUtuJ ehl;lj;ijg; gw;wpg; NgRk; NghJ mtuJ vjpu;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk; gpd;`hk; $Wfpwhu;. xUtuJ ehl;lj;ijg; gw;wp Nrhjid nra;Ak;NghJ mtu; xU
jiytuhfNth> xU ,irf;fiyQuhfNth my;yJ rpwe;j MrpupauhfNth tUthu; vd;W
mwpa Ntz;Lk;.
1. ehl;lr;Nrhjidfs; gzpahsu;fis xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyf;F Nju;e;njLf;f
cjTfpd;wd.
2. ehl;lr; Nrhjidfs; xUtUf;Fj; njhopiyj; Nju;e;njLf;f cjTfpwJ.
3. gs;spfspYk;> fy;Y}upfspYk; khztu;fspd; Nju;r;rp tpfpjj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd ehl;lr;Nrhjidfspd; cjtpia epu;thfpfs; ehlyhk;.
4. cz;ikapy; ehl;lr; Nrhjidfs; vjpu;fhy ntw;wpia epu;zapg;gijtpl epfo;fhy
milTfis kl;LNk mstpLfpd;wd.
5. xUtupd; njhopypy; Vw;gLk; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ngupJk; fhuzkhf tpsq;FtJ
ehl;lj;jpwd;fs; kl;LNk. Ez;zwpT Nghd;w fhuzq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; ehl;lj;jpwd;fNs
Kjd;ikahdit.
6. ehl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; khztu;fSf;F fy;tpapy; gbg;Gfisj; Nju;T nra;tjpYk;>
gzpapidj; Nju;T nra;tjpYk; Mrpupau; cjtpl KbfpwJ.
7. khztu;fisr; Nru;g;gjpy; epUtdq;fSk;> gzpapy; mku;j;Jtjpy; Ntiyaspg;gtu;fSk;
,r;Nrhjidfisf; ifahSfpd;wdu;.
8. vjpu;fhyj;jpy; gy;Jiwfspy; gpufhrpf;ff;$batu;fisf; fz;lwpaTk;> mtu;fSf;Fg;
gapw;rpaspf;fTk; ,r;Nrhjidfs; kpfTk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
9. gpw Nrhjid KbTfSld; ,r;Nrhjidfspd; KbTfisAk; xUq;fpizj;J rupahd
egu;fis> rupahd Neuj;jpy; rupahd gzpfspy; mku;j;jp ehl;bd; cw;gj;jpAld; $ba
Nritia Nkk;gLj;j KbfpwJ.
]P-N\hupd; ,ir ehl;lr; Nrhjid

,J ,irj;jpwid Muha;e;J cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,jpy; RUjp (Pitch) czu;T> xypr;
nrwpT (Intensity) czu;T> ,irf;fl;Lfshd epidT> fhyg; gpukhz czu;T> re;j czu;T
Nghd;wit Nrhjpf;fg;gLk;.
nghwpapay; ehl;lr; Nrhjidfs;: (Mechanical Aptitude Tests)

vOj;Jr; Nrhjidfs;> gy;NtW gFjpfis ,izj;Jg; nghUl;fis cUthf;Fk;
Nrhjidfshf ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gFjpfspd; cUtq;fis xd;W Nru;j;jhy;
KO cUtk; Njhd;Wk; vd;gij mwpjy;> Fwpg;gpl;l nray;fSf;F ve;jf;fUtp cjTk; vd
epu;zapj;jy;> ,af;f Ntfk;> nghwpapay; Jiw gw;wpa tptuq;fspd; mwpT Nghd;wd vOj;Jr;
Page 37
Nrhjidfspy; Nrhjpf;fg;gLk; gFjpfis xd;W Nru;j;J cUthf;Fk; (Assembly) Nrhjidapy;

irf;fps;> kzp> G+l;L> jpUF> vOJNfhy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; gFjpfs; fhzg;gLk;.
5.3 rk;gtj; JZf;Fg; gjpNtL/epfo;T gjpT Mtzk; (Anecdotal Records)

rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtL : nghUs; (Meaning)
,J khztupd; tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gl;l xU Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;r;rpapd; nra;jpf;Fwpg;G MFk;.
,J khztid cw;W Nehf;fpf; fz;lwpag;gl;l elj;ijiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,jpy; FLk;g tuyhW
mlq;fpapUf;fhJ. khztupd; MSikg; gz;Gfisg; gw;wpa rupahd tpsf;fk; ,jpy;
$wg;gl;bUf;Fk;. vdNt rk;gt epfo;r;rpf; Fwpg;G khztupd; MSikj; jd;ik> mtdJ
Njitfs;> czh;Tfs;> r%f jftyikg;gpy; mtdJ gpur;ridfs; Kjypatw;iw vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,e;jj; jfty; njhFg;G mwpTiu gfu;gtu; khztUf;F topfhl;Ltjw;Fk;>
mwpTiu gfu;jYf;Fk; kpfTk; cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;.
rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtL: tiuaiwfs; (Definitions)
rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtL vd;gJ xU epiy> epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpa RUf;ff; fzpg;G
MFk;. rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtL vd;gJ Mrpupau; khztuplkpUe;J ftdpj;j> mu;j;jKs;s
epfo;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nray;fisg; gw;wpa cz;ikahd tptupg;G MFk.; xU khztuJ
tho;f;ifapd; Kf;fpakhd Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;r;rpiag; gw;wpa jfty;fisf; nfhz;l mwpf;ifNa
rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtL MFk;.
“mwpTiu gfu;gtUf;F my;yJ MrpupaUf;F Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLk; khztupd; xU
rpy elj;ij jfty;fisg; gw;wpa njhFg;Ng rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtL” – bnuf;];yu;
(Traxler).
,e;j rk;gtj;JZf;if xU khztupd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;r;rp gw;wpa elj;ijfspy; rpy
Kf;fpa Fwpg;gplj;jf;f elj;ijAld; xg;gplyhk;. vg;gb xU Nfkuh xU jdpahis xU
Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; glk; gpbf;fpwNjh> mijg;Nghy me;j rk;gtj;JZf;F khztdpd;
elj;ijfis cw;WNehf;fp rupahfj; njuptpf;fpwJ.
rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtl;by;: Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; (Salient Points)
xt;nthU topfhl;LgtUf;Fk; my;yJ MrpupaUf;Fk; mtu;fsJ cw;WNehf;Fjiyf;
Fwpg;gjw;F xU gbtk; (Proforma) nfhLf;fg;gl;L> mg;gbtj;jpy; rk;gtj;ijg; gw;wpa
fUj;Jfs; Nrfupj;J itf;fg;gLk;. gpd;tUk; fUj;Jf;fis rk;gtj;JZf;F gjpNtl;bidg;
guhkupf;Fk; NghJ epidtpy; epWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
1. khztu;fisg; gw;wpa tptuq;fisr; Nrfupg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLk; xNu cj;jpahf ,ijf;
fUjf;$lhJ. ,J xU Jiz cj;jpNa.
2. elj;ijiag; gw;wpa tptupg;G> tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; tpku;rdk; ,tw;wpypUe;J jdpj;J
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. ,lj;ijg; nghWj;J khWglhj rpy Kf;fpa elj;ijfs; ,jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
4. rhjfkhd kw;Wk; rhjfkw;w elj;ijfisg; gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
5. Nrfupf;fg;gLk; jfty;fis xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gg;gLj;jp MuhAk; tifapy; xOq;fhd
Kiwapy; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
6. ,e;jg;gjpNtL ufrpakhf ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtL: Nrfupf;f Ntz;ba nra;jpfs;:

jw;nrayhf Fwpg;ngLf;fg;gLk; rpW rpW jfty;fs; ve;jtpj gaidAk; tpistpf;fhJ.
vdNt gbtj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l vy;iyfs;> mJ cw;WNehf;fg;gLk; tifapy; njspthff;
Fwpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtL xU Nehf;fKila gjpNtlhFk;.
Page 38
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU khztdpd; njhopy; gw;wpa Mu;tkhdJ xU njhopw;rhiyiag; ghu;j;J
mjidg; gw;wpa mtd; fUj;ijf; $Wk; NghJ ntspg;glyhk;.
xU ngz;zpd; ,yf;fpa gj;jpupf;ifapd; kPJs;s Mu;tk; ,yf;fpa uridia Rl;bf;
fhl;Lk; NghJ ntspg;glyhk;. vdNt> xU Mrpupau; xU khztdpd; tho;tpy; epfof;$ba ,J
Nghd;w gy epfor;rpfisf; fz;lwpa KbAk;.
rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtL : khjpup

cw;WNehf;fpa
khztu; ngau; : uh[h
tFg;G : xd;gjhk; tFg;G
cw;WNehf;Fgtu; : tFg;G Mrpupau;
tpsf;fk; : E}yfj;jpy; uh[h xt;nthU ehSk; Mq;fpy jpdrup
gj;jpupf;iffis thrpj;jhYk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy;tsk;
kw;Wk; Mq;fpy nghJf;fl;Liug; gapw;rp Nghd;wtw;wpy;
mtd; jdJ gpiofis jpUj;jpf;nfhs;stpy;iy.
tpthjk; : uh[h Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOJtijf; fhl;bYk;
thrpg;gjw;F tpUg;gKs;stdhf ,Uf;fpwhd;.
mtd; Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; Mq;fpy tPl;Lg;ghlj;ij
Kbj;jgpd;dNu E}yfj;jpw;Fs; Eioa E}yfu;
mDkjpf;FkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhz;Nld;.
cw;WNehf;fpa tFg;G Mrpupau; ifnahg;gk;
kw;Wk; mtUila Fwpg;Gfs;.
rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtL : gad;fs; (Advantages)

1. ,J ,aw;ifahd #o;epiyapy; eilngWk; ,ay;ghd elj;ijfisg; gw;wpa
tpsf;fj;ijj; jUfpwJ.
2. kw;w kjpg;gPl;L cj;jpfis rupghu;f;f cjTfpwJ.
3. rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtl;by; cs;s rk;gt epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fspd njhFg;G
Kf;fpakhdit.
4. rk;gj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtL rpW Foe;ijfSf;Fk;> mNj Neuj;jpy; mwpT tsu;r;rpailahj
Foe;ijfSf;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ..
5. ,J Mrpupau;> mwpTiu gfu;Nthu;> mNj Neuj;jpy; fw;NghUf;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ.
rk;gtj;JZf;;Fg; gjpNtL: Fiwfs; (Disadvantages)

1. ,J Neuj;ij tPzhf;Fk; nray; rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtl;il guhkupg;gjw;F
MrpupaUk;> topfhl;LgtUk; njhlu;r;rpahf mjpf Neuk; nrytpl Ntz;Lk;.
2. rk;gtj; JZf;Fg; gjpNtLfspd; %yk; khztupd; rk;gt epfo;r;rp gw;wpa re;Njfj;ij
eptu;j;jp nra;tJ fbdk;.
3. NghJkhd elj;ij khjpupfspd; jfty;fis mbf;fb ngWtJ fbdk;.
5.4 Ma;Tg;gl;bay;fs; (Inventories)

,J tpdhtupir Kiw Nghd;wJ. tpdhtupir Kiw vq;F Ntz;LkhdhYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. Mdhy; MSikg;gl;bay; MSikia mstpl kl;LNk gad;gLk;.
tpdhtupir Kiwapy; tpdhf;fs; jug;gLk;. MSikg;gl;bay; Kiwapy; nra;jpfs; jug;gl;L
%d;W tif tpilfspy; xd;iwj; Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
Page 39
 vdf;Fj; jdpahf ,Uf;fg;gpbf;Fk;
vg;nghOJk; / rpy rkaq;fspy; / xU nghOJk; ,y;iy
 vd;dhy; mLj;jtu; re;Njhrkhf ,Ug;gijg; ghu;f;f ,ayhJ
vg;nghOJk;/rpy rkaq;fspy; / xU nghOJk; ,y;iy.
,jw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L : MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) MFk;.
vk;.vk;.gp.I (MMPI) MSik Nrhjidapy; 550 thf;fpaq;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,f;fUtpia
1974 Mk; Mz;L kpd;dNrhl;lh kUj;Jtg; gs;spapy; (Minnesota Medical School) n[.rp.
nkf;fpd;Ny (J.C. Mckinley) kw;Wk; v];> Mu;> `hj;jNt (S.R. Hatheway) cUthf;fpdhu;.
,f;fUtp ,uz;L tifahf cs;sJ. xd;W Mz;fSf;F kl;Lk; cupaJ. kw;nwhd;W
ngz;fSf;F kl;Lk; cupaJ. mwpTiu ngWgtu; xt;nthU thf;fpaj;ijAk; ed;F gbj;J
me;j thf;fpaj;ij xj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;. xd;Wk; nrhy;tjw;fpy;iy> xj;Jf;nfhs;stpy;iy
,e;j %d;W gjpy;fSs; xd;iw kl;Lk; njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. 550 thf;fpaq;fs; 9
tifahd kdNeha;fSld; njhlu;G cilaJ. mit:
1. czu;r;rpaw;w Neha; (Hypochondriasis - (Hs)
2. kdj;jsu;r;rp Neha; (Depression - (D)
3. kd mOj;j Neha; (Hysteria - (Hy)
4. xj;Jg;Nghfhj kdNeha; (Psychopathetic Deviant -Pd)
5. Mz;ik - ngz;ik tpUg;g Neha; (Masculinity –Femineity Interest - (Mf)
6. fy;neQ;r kdNeha; (Paranoia - (Pa)
7. Nfhg kdNeha; (Psychosthenia -(Pt)
8. Kjpu; kdr;rpijT Neha; (Schizophrenia - (SC)
9. Kjpu; kdf;fpsu; Neha; (Hypomania - (Ma)
mwpTiu ngWgtu; jUk; tpilfs; %yk; jdpkdpj MSik fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
MMPI MSikr; Nrhjidiar; RUf;fp 100 thf;fpaq;fshff; nfhz;ljhf MQ (Multiphasic
Questionnaire) vd n`r;.vd;. %u;j;jp cUthf;fpdhu;.
5.1 Mrphpauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Nrhjid jug;gLj;jg;gl;l milTj; Njh;T

(Teacher Made Test) (Standardized Test)
tha;nkhopj;Njh;T (Oral Test)

vOj;Jj; Njh;T (Written test)
nra;Kiwj;Njh;T (Practical Test)
fl;Liu tifj; N;ju;T Gwtar;Nrhjid / Gjpa Kiwj; Njh;T

(Essay Type test) (Objective type/New type test)
kPl;lwpjy; tifj; Nju;T kPl;Lzu;jy; tifj; Nju;T

(Recall type tests) (Recognition types tests)
rpWtpil tpdhf;fs; gy;tpil tpdhf;fs;
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(Short answer questions) (Multiple choice questions)

XhpU thh;j;ijapy; tpilaspj;jy; nghUj;Jjy;
(One word answer questions) (Matching)
fhypaplj;ijg; g+h;j;jp nra;jy; Mk;/,y;iy(my;yJ)rhpah/jtwh
(Fill up the blanks) (Yes/No (or) true/false)
jug;gLj;jg;gl;l Nrhjid (Standardised Test)

,jidj; jahupg;gJ fbdk;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ,t;tifr; Nrhjidfs; 1. Vw;Gilik 2.
ek;gfj;jd;ik 3. Gwtaj;jd;ik 4. gaDilik Nghd;w rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfisg; ngw;W ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
mstPl;L ty;Yeu;fshy; ngUkstpy; jahupf;fg;glf; $baJ ,r;Nrhjid jhd;.
,r;Nrhjidapy; Fwpg;gpl;ltpdhf;fs; mlq;fpa njhFjp ,lk; ngWk;. ,jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
fhyk;> mstpLk; Kiw> gq;F ngWtjw;fhd Fwpg;Gfs; xNu khjpup tpsq;Fk;. nghJthf juk;
tiuAs;s FO my;yJ FOf;fSf;F ,r;Nrhjidj; jug;gLk;. ,jd;top xU khztDila
milit “ju vy;iy” apy; xg;gpl tha;g;Gz;L. gq;FngWk; khztu;fspd; jd;ikfisj;
njupahj epiyapy; ty;Yeu; FOtpdhy; ,j;Nju;thdJ jahupf;fg;gl;L>
Nrhjidf;Fl;Lj;jg;gl;L> kjpg;ngz; ,lg;ngw;W> tpsf;fKk; ngwg;gLk;.
5.5 Mrpupauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Nrhjid: (Teacher – Made Test)

ehk; nghJthf eilKiwapy;> Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;jpy; khzhf;fu;fs; mile;Js;s
Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mse;jwpag; gad;gLj;Jk; Nrhjid ,JNtahFk;. ,t;tifj; Nju;Tfis
jahupj;jy; vspJ. khztu;fSf;F vt;tsT jpwikAld;> tpisTld; fw;gpj;jy; gzp
eilngw;Ws;sJ vd;gij mwpa ,r;Nrhjid xU fUtpahf mikAk;. ,r;Nrhjid vt;tsT
gaDs;sJ vd;gjw;Ff; fy;tpahsu; ill;Nkd; vd;gtu; fPo;f;fz;litfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhu;.
1. Fwpg;gpl;ltFg;giwr; nray;fs; mbg;gilapy; ve;j msT khztu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk;
epfo;e;Js;sJ vd;gij mWjpapl cjTk;.
2. khztu;fis Cf;Ftpf;f cjTk;.
3. Fwpg;gpl;l ghlg;nghUisg; gbg;gjpy; khztDila jpwdpd; jd;ikia Mrpupau;
njupe;Jnfhs;s cjTk;.
4. ngw;NwhUf;F miltpd; epiyiaj; njupag;gLj;j cjTk;.
5. cldb tpisT $wTk;> VjhtJ xU ghlg; nghUs;> fUg;nghUs; kPz;Lk;
gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkh my;yJ ve;j khztDf;fhtJ Fiw rup nra;Ak;
gapw;Wtpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp mwpa cjTk;.
6. njhlu;r;rpahd kjpg;gPL nra;a cjTk;.
Mrpupauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l milTr; Nrhjidfspd; tiffs;:

Mrpupauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l milTr; Nrhjid ,Utifg;gLk;. mit (i) tha;nkhopj;
Nju;T (Oral Test) (ii) vOj;Jj; Nju;T (Written test) Mfpad. ,dp ,tw;wpd; epiwfisAk;>
FiwfisAk; fhz;Nghk;.
tha;nkhopj; Nju;T (Oral Test):
,k;Kiwapy; midj;J khztu;fisAk;> midj;Jg; ghlq;fspYk; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L
kjpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. midj;J khztu;fisAk; Nfl;Fk; tpdhf;fs; xNu msT fbdj;jd;ik
cilajhf mikahJ. Nrhjpj;J mwpAk; fhyKk; ,k;Kiwapy; mjpfkhFk;. khztu;fspd;
mbg;gil mwpit mwpe;J nfhz;L Gjpa nra;jpfisf; fw;gpf;fTk; tpdhf;fs; %yk;
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mtu;fs; mwpe;jijj; njupe;J nfhs;sTk; ,k;Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;. fw;gpj;jypy;
khztu;fsJ rpukq;fis clDf;Fld; mwpe;J nfhs;s ,k;Kiw cjTfpwJ.
xt;nthU ehSk; ghlk; elj;Jk; nghONjh my;yJ ghlj;ij elj;jp Kbj;j gpd;dNuh
Mrpupau; tha;nkhop tpdhf;fs; Nfl;gij ehk; mwpNthk;. rpy ghlq;fis elj;jp Kbj;j
gpd;du; $l ,t;tif tpdhf;fis Mrpupau; gad;gLj;jyhk;. rpyNtis vOj;Jj; Nju;Tld;
tha;nkhopr; NrhjidfisAk; Mrpupau; ifahsyhk;. tpdhb tpdh> Neu;fhzy; Nghd;witAk;
,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;.
tha;nkhopj; Nju;tpd; epiwfs;:
khztu;fspd; fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Mrpupau; clDf;Fld; ,r;Nrhjidfs; %yk; mwpa
KbfpwJ.
1. njhlu; kjpg;gPL nra;a ,r;Nrhjidfs; kpfTk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
2. nkhop cr;rupg;G> xg;Gtpj;jy; kw;Wk;; ntspg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w jpwd;fisr; Nrhjpf;f
,it gad;gLfpd;wd.
3. tha;nkhopr; Nrhjidfisf; fz;L khztu;fs; mQ;Rtjpy;iy.
4. khztu;fspd; Iaq;fisj; jPu;f;fTk;> tpdhf;fis khw;wpaikf;fTk; Mrpupauhy; KbAk;.
5. tpdh jahupg;Gf;F MFk; fhy mbg;gilapYk;> nryT mbg;gilapYk; ,t;tifr;
Nrhjidfs; rpf;fdkhdit.
tha;nkhopj; Nju;tpd; Fiwfs;:
1. midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; xNu tpdhj; njhFg;ig gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
2. Mrpupaupd; tpUg;G> ntWg;G mbg;gilapy; rpy khztu;fsplk; fbdkhd tpdhf;fs;
Nfl;fg;glyhk;.
3. Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; xU khztid kl;LNk Nrhjpf;f KbAk; ,jdhy; fhy tpuak;
Vw;gLfpwJ.
4. ,r;Nrhjid %yk; khztu;fspd; KO tsu;r;rpiar; Nrhjpf;f ,ayhJ.
5. ,t;tifr; Nrhjidfspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik kpfTk; FiwthdjhFk;.
khztu;fs; fw;wwpe;jpUf;fpd;w fUj;Jf;fisr; Nrhjpf;fpd;w mstpy; tpdhf;fs;
Nfl;fg;gLk;. mt;tpdhtpw;Fupa gjpiy khzhf;fiur; nrhy;yr; nrhy;yp mjd; %yk; mtd;
fy;tpapy; mile;Js;s Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mstpLk; Nju;T tha;nkhopj; Nju;T MFk;.
vOj;Jj; Nju;T (Written Test)
khztu;fs; fw;wwpe;jpUf;fpd;w fUj;Jf;fisr; Nrhjpf;fpd;w mstpy; tpdhf;fs;
Nfl;fg;gLk;. mt;tpdhtpw;Fupa tpilia khzhf;fiu vOjr; nra;J mjd; %yk; mtd;
fy;tpapy; mile;Js;s Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mstpLk; Nju;T vOj;Jj; Nju;T vdg;gLk;.
,jd;%yk; gs;spg; ghlj;jpl;lk;> fw;gpf;Fk; Kiw> gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fw;gpj;jy; fUtpfs;
Mfpatw;wpy; khw;wk; VNjDk; Njitg;gLfpwjh vd;gijj; njupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
,j;Nju;Tfs; khztu;fisj; juk; thupahf kjpg;gpLtjw;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
vOj;Jj; Nju;tpd; epiwfs;:
 ,t;tif tpdhf;fisj; jahupg;gJ kw;Wk; elj;JtJ vspjhFk;.
 tpilaspg;gjpy; khztu;fSf;F KOr; Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
 cau;jpw;dfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F khztu;fSf;F tha;g;gspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 vy;yh tifahd ghlq;fSf;Fk; ,t;tif tpdhf;fisj; jahupf;fKbAk;.
 khztu;fs; jq;fs; Raj;jd;ikfis ntspg;Lj;j tha;g;Gfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 A+fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tpilaspg;gJ ,jpy; jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 khztu;fspilNa ed;F gbf;Fk; gof;fj;ij ,t;tif tpdhf;fs; Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd.
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vOj;Jj; Nju;tpd; Fiwfs;:
 midj;J ghlg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; tpdhf;fs; vLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
 Fwpg;gpl;l rpy ghlg; gFjpfis kl;Lk; khztu;fs; gbf;f kiwKfkhf
Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 Mrpupaupd; tpUg;G> ntWg;GfSf;Nfw;g tpilfSf;fhd kjpg;ngz;fs; mikfpd;wd.
 tpilfSld; njhlu;gpy;yhj fhuzpfshd tpil msT> Neu;j;jpahd ifnaOj;J
Neu;j;jpg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wit kjpg;ngz; toq;Fjiyg; ghjpf;fpwJ.
 njsptw;w tpdhf;fs; ,lk;ngWk;NghJ gytpjkhd tpilfs; khztu;fsplk; ,Ue;J
ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
 fUj;Jf;fs; ,y;yhtpbDk; rpy Neuq;fspy; nkhopeilf;F kjpg;ngz;fs;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,t;tif tpdhf;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik FiwT MFk;.
 xNu Mrpupau; xU tpilj;jhSf;F gy Neuq;fspy; xNu khjpupahd kjpg;ngz;fs;
toq;Ftjpy;iy. xNu tpilj;jhSf;F ntt;NtW Mrpupau;fs; ntt;NtW kjpg;ngz;fs;
toq;ff; $Lk;.
 ,t;tif tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f khztu;fSf;F mjpfg;gbahd Neuk;
Njitg;gLfpwJ.
vOj;Jj; Nju;tpd; tiffs;:

vOj;Jj; Nju;tpid %d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
1. fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; (Essay Type Questions)
2. FWtpil tpdhf;fs; (Short Answer type questions)
3. Gwta tpdhf;fs; (Objective type Questions)
fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;:
,t;tifj; Nju;T vOj;Jj; Nju;T tiffspy; xd;W rkPgfhyk; tiu fl;Liu tpdhf;fNs
ngUk;ghYk; Nju;Tfspy; Mf;fpukpg;Gr; nra;J te;jd. ,dp ,t;tif tpdhf;fspd; epiw>
Fiwfis Muha;Nthk;.
fl;Liu tpdhf;fspd; epiwfs;:

 ,t;tifj; Nju;tpd; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;l nra;jpapidj; njhFj;J xOq;FgLj;jp
vOJtjw;F tha;g;G ,Uf;Fk;.
 khztd; jd; nkhopj;jpwikia NkYk; tpupthf;fpr; nrhy;yikg;G> gj;jpaikg;G>
fUj;Jj; njhlu;r;rp Mfpatw;wpy; gapw;rp ngw;Wr; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpwhd;. Nkw;$wpa
jpwd;fis tsu;f;ff; fl;Liu tpdhf;fshy; kl;LNk KbAk; vd;W $wpdhy;
kpifahfhJ.
 vy;yhg; ghlq;fspYk; fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; jahupj;jy; vspJ.
 khztu;fs; Moe;J rpe;jpj;J epjhdkhf tpilaspf;f tha;g;gpid ey;FfpwJ.
 ,t;tif tpdhf;fisj; jahupg;gJ kw;Wk; elj;JtJ vspjhFk;.
 tpilaspg;gjpy; khztu;fSf;F KOr; Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
 cau;jpwd;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F khztu;fSf;F tha;g;gspf;fpwJ.
 vy;yh tifahd ghlq;fSf;Fk; ,t;tif tpdhf;fisj; jahupf;f KbAk;.
 khztu;fs; jq;fs; Raj;jd;ikfis ntspg;gLj;j tha;g;Gfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
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 A+fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tpilaspg;gJ ,jpy; jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

 khztu;fspilNa ed;F gbf;Fk; gof;fj;ij ,t;tif tpdhf;fs; Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd.
fl;Liu tpdhf;fspd; Fiwfs;:

 ghlg;nghUis ed;F Gupe;J nfhs;shj khztu;$l Fwpg;gpl;l xd;wpuz;L
tpdhf;fSf;F cau;eilapy;; mofhf vOjp mjpf kjpg;ngz;fs; thq;f topAz;L.
 ntWk; nel;LUthw;wYf;F msT fle;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,t;tif tpdhf;fis kjpg;gpLgtu;fspilNa epiwa NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mstpy; Mz;L KOtJk; fw;w ghlj;ij Ie;jhW tpdhf;fspy;
mse;jwpjy; vd;gJ ,ayhj xd;whFk;.
 Nju;thsupd; tpUg;G> ntWg;G> jpUj;Jfpd;w Neuj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;w kdepiy
Mfpatw;why; kjpg;ngz;fs; cz;ik epiyapdpd;W khWglf;$Lk;.
 midj;J ghlg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; tpdhf;fs; vLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
 Fwpg;gpl;l rpy ghlg; gFjpfis kl;Lk; khztu;fs; gbf;f kiwKfkhf
Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 Mrpupaupd; tpUg;G> ntWg;GfSf;Nfw;g tpilfSf;fhd kjpg;ngz;fs; mikfpd;wd.
 tpilfSld; njhlu;gpy;yhj fhuzpfshd tpil msT> Neu;j;jpahd ifnaOj;J>
Neu;j;jpg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wit kjpg;ngz; toq;Fjiyg; ghjpf;fpwJ.
 njsptw;w tpdhf;fs; ,lk;ngWk;NghJ gytpjkhd tpilfs; khztu;fsplk; ,Ue;J
ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
 fUj;Jf;fs; ,y;yhtpbDk; rpy Neuq;fspy; nkhopeilf;F kjpg;ngz;fs;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,t;tif tpdhf;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik FiwT MFk;.
 xNu Mrpupau; xU tpilj;jhSf;F gy Neuq;fspy; xNu khjpupahd kjpg;ngz;fs;
toq;Ftjpy;iy. xNu tpilj;jhSf;F ntt;NtW Mrpupau;fs; ntt;NtW kjpg;ngz;fs;
toq;ff;$Lk;.
FW tpdh tif: (Short Answer Type)

,t;tifr; Nrhjidfspy; tpdhf;fSf;fhd gjpy;fs; ,uz;L (m) %d;W tupfspy;
nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gjpy;fs; Gwtaj; Nju;Tf; Nfs;tpfspd; gjpy;fistplg;
ngupajhfTk;. fl;Liu tifg; gjpy;fis tpl FiwthdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,k;Kiwapy;
Nfs;tpfs; mikg;gJ vspJ> kjpg;ngz;fs; ngWtJk; vspJ. ,k;Kiwapd; %yk; mjpf
ghlg; gFjpfisr; Nrhjpf;f KbAk;. kjpg;gpLjYk;> Gwtaj;jd;ik nfhz;ljhf mikAk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L
1. Mtpahjy; vd;why; vd;d?
2. ruptpfpj czT-tiuaW?
fPo;f;fz;l nghJ tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;wp FWtpdhf;fis mikf;Fk; NghJ mt;tpdhf;fspd;
ek;gfj; jd;ik mjpfupf;fpwJ.
1. RUf;fkhf> vspikahf NkYk; rupahd ,yf;fzj;NjhL mike;j thf;fpaq;fis
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
2. ,U vjpu;kiw (Double negative) thf;fpaq;fshf mikj;jy; $lhJ.
3. gz;Grhu; thf;fpaq;fis jtpu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (gy> kpfg;gy> mjpfkhd..)
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4. tuk;gw;w thu;j;ijfis gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ (vy;yh> vDk;>xU nghOJk;)
5. ikaf; fUj;jpypUe;J tpyfpr; nry;Yjy; jtpu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
6. jdpj;jfty;fis jUk; tpjkhf mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
7. fhy msit fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
8. njspthd> Fwpg;gpl;l msT top tiff; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
9. tpilaspg;gtu; vspikahf Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; tpjkhf mika Ntz;Lk;.
,t;tif tpdhf;fSf;F khztu;fs; xU gj;jp mstpy; my;yJ 2-4 thf;fpaq;fspy;
gjpy; mspf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. Fwpg;G tiujy; tpdhf;fSk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
FWtpdh tifapd; epiwfs;:
1. tpdhf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfg;gLj;j KbfpwJ.
2. ghlj;jpd; midj;J gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; tpdhf;fs; ,lk;ngw KbAk;.
3. Jy;ypakhd tpilfis khztu;fsplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fyhk;.
4. A+fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tpilaspg;gJ jtpu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. ,t;tif tpdhj;jhisj; jahupg;gJ vspJ.
6. fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fis tpl ,t;tif tpdhf;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik kpFjpahFk;.
7. vy;yhg; ghlg;gpupTfSf;Fk; ,t;tif tpdhf;fs; nghUe;Jk;.
FWtpdh tifapd; Fiwfs;:
1. khztu;fspd; cau;jpwd;fshd rpe;jid> KbntLj;jy;> tpku;rpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw
,t;tif tpdhf;fshy; Nrhjpf;f ,ayhJ.
2. fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fNshL xg;gpLk;NghJ ,t;tif tpdhf;fis mjpf
vz;zpf;ifapy; jahupf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
3. Gwta tpdh tpil tiffis tpl ,jd; ek;gfj;jd;ik FiwT.
4. ,t;tif tpdhf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; khztu;fspd; epidthw;wiy kl;Lk; Nrhjpg;gdthf
cs;sd.
5. ,t;tif tpilfisj; jpUj;Jtjw;F mjpfg;gbahd Neuk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
6. ,t;tif tpilf;fhd kjpg;ngz;fshy; Mrpupau; tpUg;G> ntWg;G ghjpf;ff; $Lk;.
Gwtar; Nrhjid (Objective Type):

xU tpdhtpw;F xNu tpil vd;w tifapYk;> kjg;gPl;lhsiug; nghWj;J kjpg;ngz;
khwhkYk; ,Uf;Fk; tifapy; mikf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; Gwta tpdhf;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,jid
,uz;L ngUk; gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
Gwta tpdh tifapy; gy;tpil tif> xU nrhy; tpil tif> rupah> jtwh> nghUj;Jf
tif Mfpad mlq;Fk;.
Gwtar; Nrhjidapd; epiwfs;
 ,t;tif tpdhf;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik kpFjpahFk;.
 ,t;tif tpdhf;fSf;F FWfpa Neuj;jpy; khztu;fs; tpilaspf;f KbAk;.
 ,t;tifr; Nrhjidfis elj;JtJk;> tpilj;jhs;fisj; jpUj;JtJk; vspJ.
 Mrpupaupd; tpUg;G> ntWg;Gfs; kjpg;ngz;fisj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jhJ.
 ghlj;jpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; tpdhf;fs; jahupf;f KbfpwJ.
 Fwpg;gpl;l ghlg;gFjpfis kl;Lk; khztu;fs; gbg;gJ ,t;tif tpdhf;fshy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Gwtar; Nrhjidapd; Fiwfs;

 Gwta tpdhf;fisj; jahupf;f mjpfg;gbahd fhyk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
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 ,t;tif tpdhf;fisj; jahupg;gJ fbdkhd nrayhFk;.

 A+fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; khztu;fs; tpilaspf;f Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 cau;jpwd;fshd rpe;jid> tpku;rpj;jy;> KbntLj;jy;> xd;W jpul;b mspj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;iw ,t;tif tpdhf;fshy; Nrhjpff KbahJ.
 ,t;tif tpdhf;fshy; khztu;fspd; Rje;jpuk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
1. epidT$u; tiffs; (Recall Type):

epidT$u; tiffspy; khztd;> jhd; fw;w mDgtj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpr; rupahd
tpilia epidT $u;e;J vOj Ntz;Lk;.
m) vspa epidT $u; tif (Simple Recall Type):
,t;tiff; Nfs;tpfspy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpdhtpw;Fupa tpil xU nrhy;ypNyh> xU
nrhw;nwhlupNyh> xU FwpaPl;bNyh mikayhk;.
v.fh: 1
1. R+upaDf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s Nfhs; vJ?
2. cotdpd; ez;gd; ahu;?
G+u;j;jp nra;jy; tif (Completion Type): ,t;tif tpdhf;fspy;; nghUs; epiwT ngwhj
xU nrhw;nwhlu; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. nrhw;nwhlupd; njhlf;fj;jpNyh> ,ilapNyh> KbtpNyh
rw;W ,ilntsp tplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,e;j ,ilntspiar; rupahd gjpiyf; nfhz;L epug;g
Ntz;Lk;.
v.fh:
1. R+upa FLk;gj;jpy; _____________________________ kl;LNk xspia ckpo;fpwJ.
2. ______________________________ gpNsf; Neha; flj;jpahFk;.
2. rupahd tpilia fz;lwpAk; tif (Recognition Type)

m) rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;T nra;Ak; tif (Multiple Choice)
,t;tifapy; xU tpdhtpw;Fupa tpil xU nrhy;ypNyh> nrhw;nwhlupNyh NtW rpy
nghUe;jhj tpilfSld; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,t;thW nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gy tpilfspy;
kpfg; nghUj;jkhdij kl;Lk; Nju;e;njLj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s milg;Gf;Fs; Fwpg;gpl
Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU tpdhtpw;Fk; 4>5 gjpy;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; mtw;Ws; rupahdJk;
kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJkhd gjpiy kl;LNk Nju;e;njLj;J vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.
v.fh:
1. R+upaDf;F kpfj; njhiytpy; cs;s Nfhs;
m) Gjd; M) nrt;tha; ,) tpahod; <) Gql;Nlh
2. gwitfSf;F cz;l czT ,q;F miuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) tha; M) jPdpg;ig ,) miuitg;ig <) myF
M) nghUj;Jjy; tif (Matching Type):
,t;tif tpdhf;fspy; nghUj;jkhd ,uz;L thf;fpaq;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;J> thf;fpaj;jpd;
xU ghjpia xU gFjpapYk; kw;w ghjpia kw;nwhU gFjpapYk; tupirf; fpukkhf ,y;yhky;
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dkhf khw;wpf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW mike;jtw;iw xd;Nwhnlhd;W
nghUe;Jk; tifapy; ,izf;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;L gFjpapYk; rk msT njhlu;fs;
nfhLf;fhky; xU gFjpapy; kw;nwhd;iwtpl mjpfkhd vz;zpf;ifAs;s njhlu;fs; mikjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
Page 46
v-fh
t.vz;. Nfhs;fspd; ngau;fs; R+upaidr; Rw;wp tu MFk; fhyk;
1. Gjd; - 23 khjq;fs;
2. nts;sp - 88 ehs;fs;
3. G+kp - 7 ½ khjq;fs;
4. nrt;tha; - 12 Mz;Lfs;
5. tpahod; - 365 ¼ ehl;fs;
,) rupah jtwh tif / nka;-ngha; tif (True or False)

,t;tif tpdhf;fspy; rpy thf;fpaq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mtw;wpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l
fUj;Jf;fs; cz;ikahapd; cz;ik (True) T FwpaPl;ilNah> ()jtwhapd; (False) jtW
vd;gjw;F F (m) X FwpaPl;ilNah milg;Gf;Fs; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
v-fh:
1. epyT R+upa xspia vjpnuhspf;fpwJ (cz;ik/ngha;)
2. Gifapiy nkhirf; itu]; ePs; cUis tbtk; cilaJ (Mk;/,y;iy)
3. vspa fg;gp %d;whk; tif nek;GNfhy; (rup/jtW)
<) ,dk; fz;L mwpjy; tif: (Grouping or Finding the Odd Man Out)
,t;tifr; Nrhjidfspy; xt;nthU tpdhtpYk; rpy thu;j;ijfisf; nfhLj;J>
mt;thu;j;ijfSld; nghUe;jhj NtW xU thu;j;ijAk; nfhLj;J mt;thW nghUe;jhj
thu;j;ijia kl;Lk; gpupj;J mwpAkhW tpdhf;fis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
v-fh:
1. nts;isaZf;fs;> rptg;gZf;fs;> gpsh];kh> euk;G nry;> gpsh];bl;
2. kapy;> fhfk;> Gwh> FUtp> ahid
,tw;wpy; nghUe;jhj thu;j;ijfis tl;lkpLf.
Gwtar; Nrhjidapd; gad;fs;
 Fiwe;j Neuj;jpy; kpf mjpfkhd ghlg;gFjpiar; Nrhjpf;f ,aYk; khztu;fs;
mjpfkhd gjpy; vOj Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy.
 kjpg;gpLjy; kpfTk; vspJ. Gwtaj; jd;ik cilaJ.
 ek;gfj;jd;ik tha;e;jit. xNu tpilj;jhis vt;tsT Ngu; kjpg;gpl;lhYk;
vg;nghOJ kjpg;gpl;lhYk; kjpg;gPL khWtjpy;iy.
5.6 kjpg;gplypy; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs; (New Trends in Education)

jukjpg;gPl;L Kiw (Grading System)
khztu;fspd; fw;wy; ntspg;ghLfis mstpLk; NghJ Kf;fpa fUg;nghUshf
fy;tpahsu;fs; fUJtJ> mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL. me;j kjpg;gPLfspd; mbg;gilapy;
khztu;fspd; ghlk; rhu;e;j milTfis kjpg;gpLtJ kl;Lkd;wp jpwd; rhu;e;j
milTfisAk; kjpg;gpLtJ juk; gpupj;jy; vdg;gLk;. juk; gpupj;jyhdJ kjpg;ngz;fs; %yk;
toq;fg;gLk; rjtpfpjk; mbg;gilapid nfhz;lJ.
,uz;L tifahd juk; gpupj;jy; nghJthf gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. mit:
1. jdpj;j juk; gpupj;jy;
2. xg;gpl;Lj; juk; gpupj;jy;
1. jdpj;j juk; gpupj;jy; (Individual)
,e;j Kiwapy; kjpg;ngz;fs; Neubahfj; juk; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd> 0 Kjy; 100
tiuapyhd kjpg;ngz;fs; 5 gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. cau;e;j epiy> Kjy; tFg;G>
Page 47
,uz;lhk; tFg;G> %d;whk; tFg;G> Nju;r;rpapd;ik vd 5 gpupTfshf kjpg;ngz;fs;
mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUkhW gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kjpg;ngz;fs; juepiy
75 my;yJ mjw;F Nky; 0-cau;e;j epiy
60-74 A -Kjy; tFg;G
45-59 B-,uz;lhk; tFg;G
33-44 C-%d;whk; tFg;G
33f;Ff; fPo; D-Nju;r;rpapd;ik
kjpg;ngz; mbg;gilapy;> A,B,C,D........ vd vj;jid gpupTfs; vd;whYk; gpupj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;. ntt;NtW ghlq;fspy; ngwf;$ba kjpg;ngz;fspy; NtWghL ,Ug;gjhy; xU
ghlj;jpd; juk; A -Ald; kw;nwhU ghlj;jpd; juk; A -ia xg;gpl KbahJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
90% mjw;F Nky; vd;gJ juk; A -vdf; nfhz;lhy; Mq;fpyk; my;yJ tuyhW ghlq;fspy;;
juk; A ngw;wtu; ahUk; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; fzpjg; ghlj;jpy; juk; A ngw;wtu; rpyu; ,Ug;gu;.
2. xg;gpl;Lj; juk; gpupj;jy; (Comparison)

,k;Kiwapy; jutupirg;gl;bay; my;yJ rjtPjj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;ngz;fs;
jug;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ntt;NtW juj;jpw;Nfw;w kjpg;ngz; gutiy epu;zapf;Fk; NghJ
kjpg;ngz; gq;fPL nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Kjy; 5% khztu;fs; A juk; vdTk;
mLj;j 10% Ngu; B juk; vdTk; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,k;Kiwapy; xU khzth;; ngWk;
jug;gpupT mth; thq;fpAs;s kjpg;ngz; kw;wtu; thq;fpAs;s kjpg;ngz;Zld; xg;gpl;L
fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. –
jukjpg;gPl;L Kiwapd; gad;fs; (Advantages).

1. fw;wy; rhu;e;j epiw Fiwfisf; fhl;l ty;yJ> kjpg;gPL nra;jy; mstPil
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lhjhFk;.
2. fw;wypy; fhl;lg;gLk; mf;fiw> mjw;fhd fhuzk;> njhlu; eltbf;ifia clDf;Fld;
mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTk; jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;f cjTfpwJ.
3. ve;j msT khztu;fSf;F fw;wy; Kiw ngUkstpy; gad;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij
epu;zapj;J> mWjpapl;L> xU KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;J jpwdilar; nra;fpwJ.
4. jug;gpupTfs; toq;Fjy; %yk; xU khztu; xU epWtdj;jpypUe;J NtnwhU
epWtdj;jpw;F vspjpy; khwpr; nry;y tif nra;fpwJ.
5. Mw;wiy tsu;j;J> topfhl;b> tho;f;if Kiwia mikj;Jf; nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
5.7 fzpdp topj; Njh;T Kiw

etPd njhopy; el;g tsh;r;rpapd; fhuzkhfTk>; kf;fs; njhifg;ngUf;fj;jpd;
fhuzkhfTk;> kjpg;gplypy; juj;jpid Nkk;gLj;jtjpYk; fzpdp topj; Njh;T Kiw
GFj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fzpdp topj; Njh;T Kiwia nray;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L Njh;Tf;fhd Mz;Lj;jpl;lk;>
,izatop tpz;zg;gk;> ,izatop EioTr;rPl;L gjptpwf;fk>; Njh;T ikaq;fspy; tPbNah
gjpT fz;fhzpg;G Kiw> tpil Fwpg;G ntspapLjy;> ,izatop rhd;wpjo; rhpghh;g;G vdg;
gy;NtW gzpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
fzpdp topj; Njh;T jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; cs;s X.vk;.Mh; (OMR) tpilj;jhspy;
tpilaspf;Fk; nfhs;Fwp tifj;Njh;T Nghd;wJ. Njh;T vOJgth;fs; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy;
fzpdp Kd; mkh;e;jJk; jpiuapy; Nfs;tpfSk>; gjpy;fSk; Njhd;Wk;. Nfs;tpfisg; gbj;J
Page 48
nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ehd;F tpilfspy; rhpahd xU tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;J kT];
(mouse) %yk; fpspf; (click) nra;a Ntz;Lk;. tpilfis kW Ma;T nra;aTk>; khw;wTk;
xU Nfs;tpia tpLj;J mLj;j Nfs;tpf;Fr; nry;yTk; toptif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nfs;tpfSk;> tpilfSk;> thpirKiwapd;wp fye;J Njh;T vOJgth;fSf;Ff; fzpdpj;
jpiuapy; Njhd;wr; nra;tjhy; xU Njh;T vOJgtiug; ghh;j;J mLj;jtu; tpilaspf;f
KbahJ. NkYk; Njh;T vOJgth;fspd; eltbf;iffs; Nfkuh topahff;
fz;fhzpf;fg;gLtjhy; ,e;jj; Njh;T Kiw kpfTk; ek;gpf;ifahdjhfTk;> ghJfhg;ghdjhfTk;;
,Uf;Fk;.
gad;fs;
 gf;fj;jpy; Njh;T vOJgth;fshy; ,ijg; ghh;j;J vOJtjw;fhd tha;g;G fpilahJ.
 ,e;j tifj; Njh;Tfspy; tpilj;jhs;fis “scan” nra;a Ntz;ba Ntiy ,y;iy.
 Mjyhy; Njh;T KbTfs; tpiutpy; ntspahFk.; ,e;jj; Njh;it vOj mjpfkhd
fzpdp mwpT Njitapy;iy. “kTi]” gad;gLj;jp tpilia “fpspf;”; nra;aj;
njhpe;jpUe;jhy; NghJk;.
 Njh;T Kbe;jJk; Njh;T vOJgth;fs; jhq;fs; rkh;g;gpj;j tpilfspd; tpguq;fis
“gphpz;l;”; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
 ,e;j tifj; Njh;Tf;F Njh;T vOJgth;fs; gapw;rp ngWtjw;F trjpahf
Njh;thsh;fs; ,izajsj;jpy; khjphp Njh;T gf;fq;fs; ntspaplg;gLk.; ,ijg;
gad;gLj;jp Njh;T vOJgth;fs; fzpdp topj; Njh;tpw;Fj; jahuhfyhk;.
 ngUk;ghd;ikahd Nghl;bj; Njh;Tfs; ,jd; %yk; elj;jg;gLtjhy; vt;tpj
ghFghbd;wpAk; Neh;ikahd Kiwapy; ,f;fzpdp topj; Njh;T mikfpd;wJ.
5.8 Njh;T rhu;e;j gw;W mikg;G (CBCS) (Choice Based Credit System)
gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; FO (UGC) C.B.C.S., jpl;lj;ij cah;fy;tp kjpg;gplypy;
mwpKfk; nra;Js;sJ. ,jpy; khzth;fs; jq;fSf;Fg; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; gbg;Gfspy; Core,
Elective, Soft skills (nkd;jpwd;fs;) Njh;e;njLj;J RaNtfj;jpy; gbf;Fk;gbahf
mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j kjpg;gPL KOtJk; ju mbg;gilapy; “Credit” MfpwJ.
,jdbg;gilapy; khzth;fspd; Njitfis kdjpy; nfhz;L ,e;jpa kw;Wk; cyfstpy;
cah;fy;tp tsh;r;rpia clDf;Fld; njhpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;ig mspf;fpd;wJ.
khzth;fis cynfq;fpYk; cs;s fy;tp epWtdq;f ; Sf;F jhq;fs; ngw;w “Credit” fis
khw;wk; nra;J nfhs;tjw;F vspa Kiwapy; toptif nra;fpwJ.
CBCSd; gz;Gfs;
 kj;jpa> khepy kw;Wk; ,ju mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; xNu khjphpahd
CBCS Kiw cs;sJ.
 %d;W ghlq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
i) Kf;fpag; ghlq;fs; (Core)
ii) Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ghlq;fs; (Elective)
iii) mbg;gil ghlq;fs; (Foundation)
 ,ijj; jtpu Credit ,y;yhj ghlq;fSk; cs;sd. mit jpUg;jpahd kw;Wk;
jpUg;jpaw;w mstpy; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ ,e;jg;ghlk; CGPA (Cumulative Grade
Point Average) apy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ.
Page 49
 NkNy $wpa ghlq;fSk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;L rkr; rPuhd Kiwapy;
Njh;T KbTfis ntspapLtjw;F cjTfpd;wJ.
C.B.C.S. d; mbg;gilf;$Wfs; :
gUtq;fs; (Semester)
gUt Kiwapy; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ> khzth;fs; fhy mstpy; md;wp ghlq;fis
nghWj;Nj Kd;Ndw;wk; ngWfpd;wdh;. xt;nthU gUtKk; 15-18 thuq;fs; tiu fy;tpg;
gzpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J 90 fw;gpj;jy; ehl;fSf;Fk; rkk;. ghlg;nghUs; kw;Wk;
fw;gpj;jYf;Fk; fhy mstpidf; nfhz;Nl “Credit” jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjdhy;
fiyj;jpl;lKk; nefpo;Tj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhf mikfpwJ.
fpnubl; mikg;G (Credit System)
xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l “Credit” jug;gLfpwJ Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;jpy; Njh;thd
khztd; me;j ghlj;jpw;Fhpa “credit” – fisg; ngWfpwhd; kw;Wk; mtDila Ra
Ntfj;jpNyNa mtDf;Fhpa “credit” – fisg; ngWfpwhd;.
fpnubl; khw;wk; (Credit Transfer)
khzth;fs; mjpf Ntiyg;gStpdhNyh> my;yJ cly; eyf; FiwghLfshNyh my;yJ
NtW rpy fhuzq;fSf;fhfNth Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd ghlq;fis kl;Lk; xU
gUtj;jpy; gbj;Jj; Njh;thfp mjw;Fhpa credit - fis kl;Lk; ngw;W kw;w ghlq;fis mLj;j
gUtj;jpy; <L nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
KOikahd njhlh; kjpg;gPL (Comprehensive Continuous Assessment)

khzth;fSila njhlh; kjpg;gPlhdJ Mrphpah;fshy; kl;Lk; my;y> khzth;fs;
mth;fshfNt Ra kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; epiyAk; cs;sJ.
jukjpg;gL
P (Grading)
UGC gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FO 10 Gs;spfis jukjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy; toq;FfpwJ.
O (Outstanding) : 10 - rpwe;j
A+ (Excellent) : 9 - kpf kpf ed;W
A (Very good) :8 - kpf ed;W
B+ (Good) :7 - ed;W
B (Above Average): 6 - ruhrhpf;Fk;Nky;
C (Average) :5 - ruhrhp
P (Pass):4 - Njh;r;rp
F(fail) :0 - Njh;r;rpapd;ik
Ab (Absent) :o - tUifapd;ik
epiwfs;:
 khzth;fs; jhq;fshfNt jq;fSf;Fhpa tpUg;gkhd ghlq;fisj; Njh;T nra;J
gbf;Fk; Kiw ,jpy; cs;sJ.
 khzth;fs; mtuth; tpUg;g thpirapy; ghlq;fisj; Njh;enjLj;Jg; gapYk; tifapy;
mike;Js;sJ.
 khztu;fspd; RaNtfj;jpNyNa mtu;fsJ fw;wyhdJ mikfpwJ.
 $Ljy; ghlq;fisj; Njhe;njLj;J Njitahd Credit - fSf;Fk; NkyhfNt credit -
fis Nrh;f;Fk; tha;g;G cs;sJ.
Page 50
 khzth;fs; fw;wYf;Fk; kw;Wk; JiwfSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd ,izg;ig cUthf;Fk;

mZfpLk; Kiwapidj; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; tha;g;G cs;sJ.
 cs;ehL kw;Wk; ntspehl;by; cs;s fy;Y}hp kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;F
,ilNaAk; ,lg;ngah;Tk; nra;Ak;NghJ fpnubl; khw;wk; nra;J nfhs;Sk; trjpAk;
cs;sJ.
 ,jd; %yk; ntspehl;L gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk; ,e;jpahtpy; ghlq;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ kpfTk; vspjhf cs;sJ.
 khzth;fs; jq;fSila jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;ig
mjpfg;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fpwJ. NkYk; xg;gilg;GfSk;> nray;jpl;lq;fSk; njhopy;
KidNthUf;F cz;lhd njhopy; gapw;rp cs;spl;l nray;ghLfs;
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;ghdJ ,jpy; cs;sJ.
 ,e;j Kiwapy; khzth;fspd; Ntiy tha;g;Gfs; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
 khzth;fspd; jpwikfis mwptpay; mZFKiwapy; kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F VJthf
mike;Js;sJ.
FiwghLfs;:
 kpfr; rhpahd kjpg;ngz;fis kjpg;gPL nra;tJ fbdk;.
 Mrphpah;fspd; Ntiyg;gSthdJ Vw;w> ,wf;fj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 fy;tpapd; cyfshtpa gutYf;F rhpahd> rpwe;j Kiwahd fl;likg;G
Njitg;gLfpwJ.
Page 51
myF 5
khjpup tpdhj;jhs;
gFjp-m
1. ju msTNfhy; vd;why; vd;d?
2. ju msTNfhypd; tiffisj; jUf
3. ehl;lr;Nrhjid vd;gij tiuaW
4. ehl;lk; tiuaW
5. VNjDk; ehd;F nghJ ehl;lr;; Nrhjidfisf; Fwpg;gpLf
6. VNjDk; ehd;F gy;ehl;lr; Nrhjidfisf; Fwpg;gpLf
7. rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtL - tiuaiw jUf
8. Ma;Tg;gl;bay;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
9. mrphpauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Nrhjid vd;why; vd;d?
10. jukjpg;gPl;L Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
11. fzpdp topj; Nju;T Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
12. C.B.C.S. vd;why; vd;d?
gFjp–M
1. rpwe;j jumsTNfhypd; Nehf;fq;fis tpthpf;f
2. ehl;lr; Nrhjidapd; gad;fis gl;baypLf
3. rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtl;bd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisj; jUf
4. tha;nkhopj; Njh;tpd; epiwfisAk;> FiwfisAk; vOJf
5. Gwtar; Nrhjidapd; tiffis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff
6. jukjpg;gPl;L Kiwia tpthpf;fTk;
gFjp–M
1. ju msTNfhypd; tiffs; kw;Wk; mjid cUthf;Fk; tpjq;fis $Wf
2. ehl;lr; Nrhjidfspd; tiffis tpsf;Ff
3. tho;f;ifj; jZf;Fg; gjpNtL Kiwiag; gw;wp tpthpj;J mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
tpthpf;fTk;
4. Mrphpauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Nrhjidfisg; gw;wp tpsf;fTk;
5. C.B.C.S. apidg; gw;wp tpsf;fkhf tptupf;fTk;.
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myF 6: fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;> kjpgg

; pLjYk;
UNIT - 6 (INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES AND EVALUATION)
6.1(Instructional Objectives And Evaluation)

6.1 fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; - mjd; tptuf; Fwpg;GfSk;
,yf;Ffs; / Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; (Aims):
gs;spfspy; gy ghlq;fs; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; Nehf;fk;> rpy ,yf;Ffis (Aims)
mila Ntz;Lnkd;gNjahFk;. ,tw;Ws; jiyaha ,yf;F> ek; ehl;L kf;fs; midtUk;
vOjg;gbf;f njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;gjhFk;. ,jw;fhf muR gy tifahd
Kaw;rpfis gy Mz;Lfshf Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwJ. Rje;jpukile;J 58 Mz;LfshfpAk; ek;
ehl;L kf;fs; midtiuAk; vOj;jwpT ngw;wtu;fshf khw;w Kbatpy;iy ,Nj Nghd;W
jhd; fy;tpapd; kw;w ,yf;FfSk; mila Kbahky; cs;sd. mjdhy; fy;tpapd;
,yf;Ffis Mrpupau;fSk;> khztu;fSk; mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. mjw;fhf fy;tpf;F
,yf;Ffs; ,y;iy vd;W $wptpl KbahJ. fy;tpf;F gy ,yf;Ffs; cs;sd. mit
gue;Jk;> tpupe;Jk; cs;sd.
fy;tp ,yf;Ffspd; gz;Gfs;:

1. ,yf;Ffs; fy;tpr; nray;Kiwf;fhd jpiriaf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
2. ,yf;Ffs; midj;Jg; ghlq;fSf;Fk; nghJthditahFk;. mit ghlj;jpw;Fg; ghlk;
khwhJ.
3. ,yf;Ffis gs;sp nray;Kiwfshy; kl;LNk mila KbahJ.
4. ,yf;Ffs; gue;Jk;> tpupe;Jk; ,Ug;gjhy; mtw;iw mila Kbahky; Nghfpd;wd.
mjdhy; mit nghUsw;witahfpd;wd.
Nehf;fq;fs; (Objectives)
gs;spapy; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;w xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jdpahd Nehf;fq;fs; cs;sd.
,it ghlj;jpw;fhd ,yf;Ffs; vd;W nfhz;L> Nehf;fq;fs; vDk; ngauhy;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> fzpjk; Nghd;w xt;nthU ghlj;ijAk; xU ghlNtis
fw;gpj;J Kbj;jTld; me;je;jg; ghlj;jpy; khztu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l mwpitg; ngWfpd;wdu;;>
Gupe;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,itjhd; mg;ghlq;fs; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;Nehf;fq;fs; khztu;fshy; milag;gl;ljhy; khztu;fSk;> Mrpupau;fSk;> ,jid ed;F
mwpfpd;wdu;. xt;nthU ghlNtisAk; me;je;jg; ghlj;jpy; mwpT ngWjiyAk;> Gupe;J
nfhs;SjiyAk; mjpfkhf;fpf; nfhz;Nl nry;fpd;wd.
Nehf;fq;fspd; gz;Gfs;:
 fy;tp ,yf;Ffs; fhl;Lfpd;w jpirapy; Nehf;fq;fs; vd;git mila Ntz;ba
J}ukhFk;.
 Nehf;fq;fs; milaf; $baitahFk;. mjdhy; mtw;iw gs;sp nray;Kiwfs;
%yk; mila Kw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 ,it nghUSs;sit> FWfpa fhyj;jpy; milaf; $bait.
 ,it ghlj;jpw;Fg; ghlk; khWgLk;.
 ,tw;wpd; nghUis njspthf czu;e;J nfhs;syhk;.
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Nehf;ff; $Wfs; (Specifications)

ghl Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhf Mrpupau; tFg;giwapy; khztu;fSf;F gy fw;wy;
mDgtq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fpwhu;. mj;jifa fw;wy; mDgtq;fis mtu;fs;
gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ gy cly; kw;Wk; kdr; nray;fspy; <LgLfpd;wdu;> ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
mj;jifa cly; kw;Wk; kdr; nray;fs; jhd; “Nehf;fff; $Wfs;” vdg;gLk;. ,tw;iw
“Fwpg;ghd nray;fs;” vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. mkPghtpd; tiuglj;jpy; cl;fUitf; fz;L
Fwpf;f> xU khztd; Kjypy; mJ ve;jg; gFjp vd;gijf; fz;lwpa (Identifies) Ntz;Lk;>
gpd;du; mjidf; Fwpj;jy; (Marking) Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;wpy; fz;lwpjy; vd;gJ kdr;nray;>
Fwpj;jy; vd;gJ clw;nray; MFk;. ,JNghy; khztd; ntspg;gLj;Jk; gy nray;fs;
Nehf;ff;$Wfs; vdg;gLk;. ,it fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhf khztd; nra;Ak;
nray;fshFk;.
gy;NtW fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhd Nehf;ff; $Wfs;:

Nehf;fk; 1:0
khztd; capupay; ngau;fs;> cz;ikfs;> fUj;Jf;fs; nfhs;iffs; #j;jpuq;fs; gw;wp
mwpT ngWfpwhd;.
Nehf;ff;$Wfs;:
1.1 khztd; capupay; ngau;fs;> cz;ikfs;> fUj;Jf;fs;> nfhs;iffs; Mfpatw;iw
kPl;lwpfpwhd; (recalls)
1.2 khztd; ,tw;iw kPl;Lzu;fpwhd; (recognises)
Nehf;fk;: 2:0
khztd; capupay; ngau;fs;> cz;ikfs; nfhs;iffs;> fUj;Jf;fs; Mfpatw;iw Gupe;J
nfhs;fpwhd; (understands)
Nehf;ff;$Wfs;:
2.1 khztd; capupay; ngau;fs;> ml;ltizfs;> FwpaPLfs;> #j;jpuq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
nkhopngau;f;fpwhd;. (translates).
2.2 tiuglq;fs;> vz;fs;> tpfpjq;fs;> Mfpatw;wpw;fhd tpsf;fk; mspf;fpwhd; (interprets)
2.3 capupay; cz;ikf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; (illustrates) jUfpwhd;.
2.4 cz;ikfs;> nfhs;iffs;> tiuaiwfs;> glq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s jtWfisf;
fz;L gpbf;fpd;whd;. (detects errors)
2.5 cz;ikfs;> nfhs;iffs;> nray;fSf;fpilNaAs;s njhlu;igf; fz;Lgpbf;fpwhd;
(identifies relationship)
2.6 NkNy $wpatw;iw xg;Gikg;gLj;Jfpwhd; (compares)
2.7 NkNy $wpatw;iw NtWgLj;Jfpwhd; (discriminates).
2.8 mikg;G> nra;Kiw> Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjk; Nghd;wtw;iw tpsf;Ffpwhd; (explains)
Nehf;fk; 3:0
khztd; jhd; ngw;w capupay; mwpitg; gy;NtW Gjpa #o;epiyapy; gad;gLj;Jfpwhd;.
(applies)
Nehf;ff;$Wfs;
3.1 khztd; ngw;w nra;jpia kjpg;gPL (judges) nra;fpwhd;.
3.2 cw;W Nehf;fy;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fUJNfhis (hypothesis making)
cUthf;Ffpwhd;.
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3.3 nray;fs; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpfSf;fhd fhuzk; $Wfpwhd; (gives reasons). mjhtJ Vd;>
vjw;F> vg;gb> vt;thW vd;w tpdhf;fSf;F gjpyspf;f Kw;gLfpwhd;.
Nehf;fk; 4:0
4.1 khztd; glk; tiuAk;; jpwidAk;> (drawing diagram)
4.2 fUtpfisf; ifahSe; jpwidAk; (handling apparatus)
4.3 capupdq;fis Nrfupj;J gjg;gLj;jp> ghJfhf;Fk; jpwidAk;>
4.4 capupdq;fis mWj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk; jpwidAk;.
4.5 cw;WNehf;Fk; jpwidAk;>
4.6 nra;jpfisf; fz;lwpAk; jpwidAk; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd;.
Nehf;ff;$Wfs;:
4.1.0 glk; tiuAk; jpwd; (Skill of drawing)
4.1.01 khztd; Njitahd ghfq;fs; nfhz;l glj;ijAk;
4.1.02 rupahd msTlDk;
4.1.03 tpiuthfTk;
4.1.04 rupahd ,lj;jpy;> rupahd ghfq;fspd; ngaiuAk; nfhz;l glj;ijAk; tiufpwhd;.
4.2.0 fUtpfisf; ifahSe; jpwd; (Handling of Apparatus)
4.2.01 khztd; fUtpfis Kiwahf tupirg;gLj;Jjy;.
4.2.02 rupahd Kiwapy; ifahSjy;.
4.2.03 msTfisj; Jy;ypakhf msj;jy;.
4.2.04 fUtpfis rupahfTk>; Rj;jkhfTk; itj;Jg; ghJfhj;jy;.
4.2.05 jhNd rpy fUtpfisAk>; khjpupfisAk; nra;jy;.
4.3.0 capupdq;fis Nrfupj;J> gjg;gLj;jp ghJfhf;Fk; jpwd;:
(Collection, preservation and conservation skill):
4.3.01 khztd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l capupf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd capu;tho; #o;epiyia
Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
4.3.02 capupdj;ijr; Nrfupf;f nghUj;jkhd Jizf; fUtpiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
4.3.03 rupahd Neuj;jpy; Njitahd capupdq;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;.
4.3.04 capupdj;ijg; ghJfhf;f nghUj;jkhd Ntjpg; nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
4.3.05 Nrfupj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; capupdq;fis nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; fhl;rpf;F itj;jy;.
4.4.0 mWj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk; jpwd;: (Dissecting Skill)
4.4.01 khztd; mWj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf nghUj;jkhd capupiaj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;.
4.4.02 capupiag; nghUj;jkhd epiyapy; itj;jy;.
4.4.03 fUtpfisj; jpwikahff; ifahz;L capupiaf; fpopj;J cs;spUf;Fk; Njitahd
cWg;Gfisf; fhl;Ljy;.
4.4.04 cWg;Gfis ghohf;fhky; fpopj;jy;.
4.4.05 Njitahd ghfq;fis nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; fhl;Ljy;.
4.4.06 Njitahd ghfq;fis NrjKwhky;> ntspNa vLj;J nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy;
fhl;Ljy;.
4.5.0 cw;W Nehf;Fe; jpwid tsu;j;jy;: (Skill of Keen observation)
4.5.01 khztd; Njitahd ghfq;fis cw;Wf; ftdpj;jy;.
4.5.02 mstPLfisj; Jy;ypakhf msj;jy;.
4.5.03 neUf;fkhd njhlu;Gila capupfs;> ghfq;fs;> mikg;GfSf;fpilNa NtWghl;ilf;
fhzy;.
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4.5.04 Njitahd ghfj;ij rupahff; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Ljy;.
4.5.05 gupNrhjid nra;KiwapYk;> fUtpfspYk; Vw;gLk; jtWfisf; fz;lwpjy;.
4.6.0 nra;jpfisf; fz;lwpAk; jpwd;:
4.6.1 khztd; capupay; nra;jpfis gy;NtW %yq;fspypUe;J ngWjy;.
4.6.02 E}yfj;jpy; rupahd nra;jpfisg; ngWtjw;Fupa nghUj;jkhd Gj;jfj;ij
Nju;e;njLj;jy;.
4.6.03 nghUslf;fk;> nrhy;yfuhjp Mfpatw;iwj; njspthfg; gbj;J rupahd nra;jpiaf;
fz;lwpjy;.
4.6.04 jdf;Fj; Njitahd nra;jpfisj; jpwikahfTk>; tpiuthfTk; fz;lwpjy;.
4.6.05 NkYk; nra;jpfisg; ngWtjw;F> nghUj;jkhd Gj;jfq;fisf; fz;lwpjy;.
4.3.2 Nehf;ff; $Wfspd; gz;Gfs;:
,it gbj;jy;> vOJjy;> tiujy; Nghd;w VjhfpYk; xU tpidr; nrhy;iyg;
ngw;Ws;sd.
,it ,uz;L gFjpfis cilait.
 khztd; nray;
 ghlg;gFjp
 ,it khztdpd; milthf cs;sd> Mrpupaupd; vz;zkhf my;y.
 xU jdp khztdpd; milthf ,it cs;sd.
 xU Nehf;ff; $wpy; xU nray; my;yJ elj;ij kl;Lk; jhd; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
6.2 Gqkpd; fy;tp Nehf;fq;fspd; tifg;ghL> (Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives)

xt;nthU MrpupaUk; rpy fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhf ghlq;fisf;
fw;gpf;fpd;whu;. me;Nehf;fq;fs; mwpT ngWjy;> Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;> gad; gLj;Jjy;> jpwd;
ngWjy; vd;W mtu; $Wfpd;whu;. ,e;Nehf;fq;fs; midj;Jk; xNu nghUspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdth my;yJ mtw;wpw;fpilNa NtWghL cs;sdth vd;gJ
Mrpupau;fSf;F tpsq;Ftjpy;iy. xU rpy Mrpupau;fs; ,it midj;Jk; xNu nghUisf;
nfhLf;fpd;wJ vd;fpd;wdu;. NtW rpyu; xt;nthU thu;j;ijAk; gy;NtW nghUisf;
nfhLf;fpd;wd vd;fpd;wdu;. mjdhy; Nehf;fq;fis mwptpg;gjpy; Mrpupau;fSf;fpilNa
xUkpj;j njspthd fUj;jpy;iy vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
,jid mnkupf;f Mrpupau;fSk; czu;e;jpUe;jdu;. mnkupf;f fy;Y}up Mrpupau;fs;
mtu;fsJ khztu;fspd; tpilj;jhs;fisj; jpUj;jpaNghJ mq;F fhzg;gl;l gjpy;fspd;
Nehf;fq;fs; xNutpjkhf ,Ue;jd vd;W $Wfpd;wdu;. mjdhy; ngQ;rkpd; S. Gqk; (Bejamin
S. Bloom) vd;gtUk;> mtUld; gzpahw;wpatu;fSk; xd;W Nru;e;J 1948-y; mnkupf;fhtpd;
gh];ld; (Boston) efupy; mnkupf;f cstpay; foff; $l;lk; (American Psychological
Association Convention) xd;iw elj;jp> fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fisg; gw;wp rpy KbTfis
vLj;jdu;. mjpy; Kf;fpakhdJ Nehf;fq;fs; vd;git tiuaWf;ff;$ba> tpsf;ff; $ba>
cw;W Nehf;ff; $ba> gapw;rp ngwf;$ba> kjpg;gplf;$ba elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fshf
ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
mjdbg;gilapy; mtu;fs; fy;tp Nehf;fq;fis %d;W ngUk; njhFjpfshfg; (Domains)
gpupj;jdu;. mjpy; mwpTk;> mwpitr; rhu;e;j nray;fSk; cs;slf;fpa njhFjpia mwpT
my;yJ ‘mwpjy; njhFjp’ (Cognitive Domain) vd;Wk;> kjpg;G> ghuhl;L kdg;ghd;ik Nghd;w
czu;Tfis cs;slf;fpa njhFjpia ‘czu;jy; njhFjp’ (Affective Domain) vd;Wk;>
clYWg;Gf;fspd; ,af;fq;fis cs;slf;fpa njhFjpia ‘cs-clypaf;fj; njhFjp’
(Psychomotor Domain) vd;Wk; gpupj;jdu;.
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(v.fh) tpyq;fpaypy; gpuhzpfs; njhFjp> Jizj;njhFjp> tFg;G> tupir> ,dk;>
rpw;wpdk; vd gy gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L xt;nthU tpyq;fpw;Fk; ,U ngaupL Kiw
(Binomial nomenclature) apy; ngau;fs; ,lg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. ,j;jifa ,U ngaupL
Kiwapdhy; ve;j xU gpuhzpiaAk; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ tpyq;fpaiyg; gbj;jtu;fspilNa
mg;gpuhzpia mwpe;J nfhs;tijg; gw;wp ve;jtpj Fog;gKk; fhzg;glhJ. ,jd; %yk;
rupahd Kiw %yk; fUj;Jf;fis gupkhwpf;nfhs;s KbAk; (accuracy in commuication)
ve;jnthU gpuhzpiaAk; khw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s ,lkpy;iy. ,Nj Nghd;W fy;tp
Nehf;fq;fis midj;J Mrpupau;fSk; Fog;gkpd;wp xNu khjpupahf Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf
mtw;iw ngQ;rkpd; Gqk; mtu;fs; Kg;ngUk; njhFjpfshf gpupj;J mit xt;nthd;wpd;
cl;gpupTfisAk; tifg;gLj;jpdhu;.
ngQ;rkpd; Gqkpd; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;f tifg;ghL (Taxonomy of Insturctional Objectives)

gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
‘mwpjy;’ njhFjpapd; cl;gpupTfs; (Nehf;f tiffs;;) (Categories in the cognitive

Domain)
‘mwpjy;’ njhFjpapy; fPo;f;fz;l MW gpupTfs; fPo;epiyapypUe;J Nky; Nehf;fp tupirf;
fpukkhf (hierarchial) mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. mwpT ngWjy; (Knowledge): mwpjy; njhFjpapd; Kjy; kw;Wk; mbg;gil gpupT
,JthFk;. ,J ngau;fs;> Mz;Lfs;> cz;ikfs;> Kiwfs;> nray;fs;> nghJ tpjpfs;>
nfhs;iffs;> Nfhl;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iw kPl;lwpjiy(recall) cs;slf;fpajhFk; vdNt ,J
epidthw;wiy cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fkhFk;.
2. Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy; (Comprehension): ,g;gpupT nkhop ngau;g;G> tpsf;fk;> NkYk; vd;d
nra;jpfisg; ngwyhk; vd;gijf; $Wjy; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;. ,jpy;
fUj;Jf;fs; nrhe;j thu;j;ijfs; %yk; ntspaplg;gLk;. xU nghUisg;gw;wp mwpe;J
nfhs;tNjhL mJ vt;thW kw;wtw;wpypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ vd;gijAk; njupe;J nfhs;Sjiy
‘Gupe;J nfhs;sy;’ vd;fpNwhk;.
3. gad;gLj;Jjy; (Application): ,k;%d;whk; epiy jhd; ngw;w> Gupe;J nfhz;l mwpit
Gjpa tho;f;ifr; #o;epiyfspy; gad;gLj;Jjiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,jpy; Vd;> vjw;F> vg;gb>
vt;thW vd;W tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L mtw;wpw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; $Wk; nray; mlq;Fk;.
4. gFj;jy; (Analysis): ,g;gpuptpy; KOikahd xd;iw gy gpupTfshfg; gpupj;J
ghu;g;gNjhL mit xt;nthd;wpw;FkpilNaAs;s njhlu;gpidAk; mwpjy; mlq;Fk;. gFjpfisg;
gpupj;jy;> njhlu;Gfisg; gpupj;jy;> mikg;Gf; nfhs;iffisg; gpupj;jy;> Mfpait ,jpy;
mlq;Fk;.
5. njhFj;jy; (Synthesis): ,J gFj;jYf;F vjpuhdJ. ,jpy; gy;NtW gFjpfis
xd;wpizj;J xU KOikia cUthf;FtJ mlq;Fk;.
6. kjpg;gply; (Evaluation) : ,jpy; fUj;Jf;fis kjpg;gply; mlq;Fk;. rupahdjh
jtwhdjh> cz;ikahdjh ,y;iyah vd;gd Nghd;wtw;wpw;F ,jpy; tpil fhzyhk;.
‘czu;jy;’ njhFjpapy; fPo;f;fz;l Ie;J gpupTfs; tupirf; fpukkhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

(Categories of the Affective Domain)
1. Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; (Receiving): ,J ,j;njhFjpapd; fPo;epiy Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jpy; xU
epfo;r;rp eilngWtij czu;jYk;> mjid Vw;;Wf; nfhs;s jahuhjYk; mlq;Fk;.
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2. gjpyspj;jy; (Responding): epfo;r;rpf;Nfw;g gq;F ngw;W> mjw;Fj; Njitahd

gjpyspg;gJk; ,jpylq;Fk;.
3. kjpg;gspj;jy; (Valuing): gq;Nfw;gijAk;> gjpyspg;gijAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
ve;j xU epfo;itAk; kjpg;gpLjy; ,g;gpuptpy; mlq;Fk;.
4. xUq;fikj;jy; (Organising) : kjpg;gpLjy;fs; mjpfupj;J mtw;iw VW tupir
my;yJ ,wq;F tupirapy; tupirg;gLj;Jjiy ,g;gpupT Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
5. gz;Gf;$wpid cUthf;Fjy; (Characterisation): jhd; ngw;w mDgtq;fis kjpg;gpl;L
tupirg;gLj;jpa gpd; mjdbg;gilapy;> mg;gz;Gf; $wpid jdJ tho;f;if newpKiwahf
Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; ,g;gpuptpy; mlq;Fk;.
cs-clypaf;fj; njhFjpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;:

[Categories in the Psychomotor Domain]
,j;njhFjpapy; MW Nehf;fq;fs; cs;sd. mitahtd: 1. czu;jy; (Perception), 2.
ghu;j;J mJNghd;Nw nra;jy; (Imitation), 3. tpUk;gpathW khw;wpaikj;jy; (Manipulation), 4.
Jy;ypakhf nra;jy; (Precision), 5. gFjpfis ,izj;jy; (Articulation), 6. ,ay;ghf
nra;jy; (Naturalisation) vd;gitahFk;.
,k;%d;W njhFjpfspy; mwpjy; njhFjpiag; gw;wp tpsf;fkhf Gqk; vd;gtu; $wp>
mtw;wpw;fhd gy tpdhf;fisAk; jahu; nra;Js;shu;. Mdhy; czu;jy; njhFjp> cs
clypaf;fj; njhFjp Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp tpupthf tpsf;fhky; gpupTfis kl;Lk; $wpAs;shu;.
mj;njhFjpfs; ,uz;Lk; rpf;fyhdit Mdjhy; mtw;iwg; gw;wp Muha;r;rpfs; ,d;Wk;
njhlu;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
1. GyDzu;T epiy / czu;jy; - (Perception)
khztiu Ik;Gyd;fs; thapyhf> fw;wy; mDgtj;ijg; ngw itg;gJ GyDzu;T epiy
vdg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf> gy;NtW jhtuq;fisAk;> tpyq;FfisAk; NeNu fhz;gJ>
fUtpfspd; Xirapid fhjhy; Nfl;gJ> kyu;fspd; kzj;jpid Efu;e;J ghu;g;gJ> goq;fis
Urpj;Jg;ghu;g;gJ> nkd;ikahd> fbdkhd nghUs;fis njhl;Lzu;tJ Nghd;w nray;fs;
khztid tpag;Gld; fw;fj; J}z;Lk;>
2. Nghyr;nra;jy; epiy / ghh;j;J mJ Nghd;W nra;jy; - (Imitation)
Mrpupau; xU tpyq;fpd; cs;sikg;igg; gw;wpf; fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ mt;tpyq;fpid ntl;bf;
fhz;gpj;jy;> Nrhjidfs; nra;J fhz;gpj;jy;> glk; tiue;J fhz;gpj;jy; Nghd;w
nray;fisr; nra;J khztiuAk; mNj Nghyr; nra;J ghu;f;fr; nra;jiyNa Nghyr;
nra;jy; epiy vdg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf> capupdq;fisg; gjg;gLj;Jjy; mijNa khztUk;
nra;J ghu;f;fr; nra;jy;>
3. ifahSk; epiy / tpUk;gpathW khw;wpaikj;jy; (Manipulation)
capupay; rhu; tho;f;ifj;jpwd;fis tsu;f;fr; nra;tNj ,e;epiyapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
Nrhjidfs; mikj;jy;> nra;jy;> fw;wy; cgfuzq;fs; jahupj;jy;> capupay; nghUs;fs;>
Nrfupj;jy;> glk; tiujy;> Njhl;lk; mikj;jy;> nghUshjhu gad;kpf;f gpuhzpfs;; tsu;j;jy>;
gz;izfs; mikj;jy; Nghd;w jpwd;fs; tsu;j;jy; %yk; khztu; nghUs;fisf; ifahSk;
epiyapid milar; nra;ayhk;.
4. rupahfr; nra;Ak; epiy / Jy;ypakhf nra;jy; (Precision)
capupay; ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ glq;fisr; rupahfg; nghUj;jkhf> EZf;fkhf
tiujYf;Fk;> Nrhjidfs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ Ez;zpa mstPLfs; vLg;gjw;Fk;> Mo;e;J
cw;W Nehf;Ftjw;Fk;> khztUf;F gapw;rp mspj;jiyNa ,e;epiy Fwpf;fpwJ. ,g;gapw;rp
khztuplk; vr;nraiyAk; rupahfr; nra;Ak; jpwid tsu;f;fpwJ.
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5. ,izj;Jr; nray;gLk; epiy / gFjpfis ,izj;jy; (Ariticulation)

khztu; capupay; ghlk; fw;Fk;NghJ njhlu;Gila ,uz;L ghlg;nghUis ,izj;Jf;
fw;gijNa ,izj;Jr; nray;gLk; epiy vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzkhf ...... .
kdpjdpd; Rthr kz;lyKk;> ,uj;j Xl;l kz;lyKk; njhlu;Gilait. mit nray;
gLk; NghJ vt;thW njhlu;Gnfhs;fpd;wd vd;gij ,izj;Jf; fw;Fk; NghJ khztu;
,izj;Jr; nray;gLk; epiy vd;w Nehf;fj;ij miltu;.
6. ,ay;ghf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; epiy / ,ay;ghf nra;jy; (Naturalization)
khztu;fs;; Gyd;fs; %yk; czu;e;J fw;W> capupay; rhu; nray;ghLfis nra;J>
gapw;rp ngw;W> fUtpfisAk;> nghUs;fisAk; ifahSk; jpwd; ngw;W> capupay; rhu;
nray;ghLfis Jy;ypakhfTk;> rupahfTk; nra;Ak; jpwd; ngw;W> njhlu;Gila fUj;Jf;fis
,izj;Jf;fw;Wf;nfhz;L ,itfs; midj;ijAk; jkJ md;whl tho;f;ifr; R+oypy;
gad;gLj;Jk; elj;ijahf khw;wpf;nfhs;SjNy ,ay;ghf;fpf;nfhs;Sk; epiy vdg;gLk;. ,it
midj;ijAk; mwptpay; jpwd;fs; (Scientific skills) vd;gu;.
Gqkpd; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fspd; tifghl;Lg; gpupTfis njhFj;jspj;jy;:

fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fspd; tifg;ghL
mwpjy; njhFjp czu;jy; njhFjp cs-clypaf;fj;

Nehf;fq;fs; Nehf;fq;fs; njhFjp Nehf;fq;fs;
1. mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy; 1. Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; 1. czu;jy;

2. ghu;j;J mJ Nghd;W
2. Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy; 2. gjpyspj;jy;
nra;jy;
3. tpUk;gpathW
3. gad;gLj;Jjy; 3. kjpg;gspj;jy;
khw;wpaikj;jy;
4. gFj;jy; 4. xUq;fikj;jy; 4. Jy;ypakhf nra;jy;
5. gz;Gf; $whf Mf;fpf;
5. njhFj;jy; 5. gFjpfis ,izj;jy;
nfhs;Sjy;
6. kjpg;gply; 6. ,ay;ghf nra;jy;
fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fis vOJjy; (Writing Instructional Objectives)

,uz;L tif fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs; cs;sd. mit
1. elj;ijf; Nfhykw;w my;yJ nghJ fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs; (GIO’S)
2. elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fs; my;yJ Fwpg;ghd fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs; my;yJ Nehf;ff;
$Wfs; (SIO’s)
nghJ Nehf;fq;fs;:
nghJthd Kiwapy; njsptw;w Kiwapy; xU fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fk; vOjg;gLNkahdhy;
mJ nghJ Nehf;fk; vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; nraiyg; nghJthf Fwpg;gpLk; xU tpidr;nrhy;
fhzg;gLk; (v.fh:)
1. xU kyupd; gy;NtW ghfq;fis khztd; Gupe;J nfhs;fpwhd;.
2. cw;W Nehf;fy;> glk; tiujy; Nghd;w jpwd;fis khztd; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd;.
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,e;Nehf;fq;fis jahu; nra;tjhy;> fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba ghlj;jpy; ,lk; ngWk; gy;NtW
fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wp Mrpupau; xl;L nkhj;jkhf rpe;jpf;f KbfpwJ.
nghJ Nehf;fq;fis vOJjy; (GIO’s)
1. nghJ Nehf;fk; nghJthd xU tpidr; nrhy;iyg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. (v.fh:)
 khztd; xU gwitapd; Gw cWg;Gf;fspd; ngau; gw;wpa mwpitg; ngWfpwhd;.
 khztd; xU gwitapd; Gw mikg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sfpwhd;.
,q;F “ngWfpwhd;”> “Gupe;J nfhs;fpwhd;” vd;git nghJthd tpidr; nrhw;fs;. ,it
kdjpy; eilngWk; nray;fisf; Fwpg;gjhy; ,tw;iw mstplNth> cw;W Nehf;fNth
,ayhJ.
2. nghJ Nehf;fk; ghlg; nghUisAk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ,J khztdpd; epiyia
mstpl cjTfpwJ. ghlg; nghUs; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy vdpy; Mrpupau; fw;wy; nray;fis
mikj;J mtw;wpd; %yk; Nehf;fq;fis mila Kbahky; Ngha;tpLk;.
3. nghJ Nehf;fk;> khztdpd; milit Fwpg;gpLtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;LNkad;wp Mrpupau;
nra;a epidg;gij Fwpg;gpLtjhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
4. nghJ Nehf;fk; xt;nthU jdp khztdpd; milthf vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gd;ikapNyh>
tFg;G KOikf;Nfh vOjg;glf;$lhJ.
5. epfo;fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,t;ite;J fUj;Jf;fisAk; mbg;gilahf itj;J nghJ Nehf;fk; vOj Ntz;ba Kiw
gpd;tUkhW:
 khztd; xU jhtu nry;ypy; cs;s ghfq;fs; gw;wpa mwpitg; ngWfpwhd;.
 khztd; xU jhtu nry;ypd; cs;sikg;G gw;wp Gupe;J nfhs;fpwhd;.
rpwg;G fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs; my;yJ fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;ff; $Wfs;

Nehf;ff; $Wfs; %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mitahtd:
 khztu; nra;a Ntz;ba nray; my;yJ elj;ij.
 cw;W Nehf;Ftjw;fhf> me;j nray; my;yJ elj;ijia ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;ba
R+oy;
 me;j nraiy kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd mbg;gilfs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
Nfhs;fspd; gl;baypypUe;J khztu; upaDf;F mUfpy; cs;s 5 Nfhs;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. NkNy cs;s Nehf;ff;$wpy;
 Nfhs;fspd; gl;bay; nfhLf;fg;gLjy; - oy; (nray; elf;fTs;s #o;epiy)
 Fwpg;gpLfpwhu; - nray; (cw;W Nehf;fg;gLtJ)
 upaDf;F mUfpy; cs;s Ie;J Nfhs;fs; - kjpg;gpLk; mbg;gil (vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLk;
fw;wy; msT).
Nehf;ff; $Wfspd; gad;fs;:

 ghlj;NjhL njhlu;Gila khztdJ elj;ijfis fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ.
 fw;wy; nray;fisj; Nju;e;njLf;f cjTfpwJ.
 khztdpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijj; Jy;ypakhf kjpg;gpl cjTfpwJ.
 ghlg;nghUis gpupj;J tupirg; gLj;jTk;> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;Fk;
cjTfpwJ.
 khztdpd; milTj; Nju;r;rpia kjpg;gPL nra;a cjTfpwJ.
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Nehf;ff; $Wfis vOJjy;:
 Nehf;ff;$W> nraiyf; fhl;Lk; xU tpidr; nrhy;iyg;; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ,J ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mit
 khztdplk; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; nray;.
 khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j cjTk; ghlg;nghUs;.
 ,J khztdpd; milit Fwpg;gpLtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupau; nra;a
epidg;gij Fwpg;gpLtjhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
 xU jdp khztdpd; milit Fwpg;gpLtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 xNu xU elj;ij kl;Lk; khw;wk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
 ,J khztdpd; epiyf;Nfw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
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myF 6
khjpup tpdhf;fs;
gFjp-m
1. fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ahit?
2. Nehf;ff; $Wfs; vd;why; vd;d?
3. fy;tp ,yf;Ffspd; gz;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf
4. mwpjy; Gyj;jpd; cl;$Wfisf; $Wf
5. czh;jy; njhFjpapd; cl;$Wfisj; jUf
6. cs-,af;fj; njhFjpapd; cl;$Wfisf; $Wf
7. ,uz;L tpj fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fis Fwpg;gpLf
gFjp-M
1. Nehf;ff; $Wfspd; gz;Gfs; ahit?
2. mwpjy; Gyj;jpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff
3. czh;jy; Gyj;jpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff
4. cs-,af;f Gyj;jpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff
5. Nehf;ff; $Wfis vOJk; NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bait ahit?
6. nghJthd fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; rpwg;G fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa
cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?
gFjp-,
1. Gqkpd; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;f tifg;ghl;bid tpsf;Ff
2. gy;NtW fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhd Nehf;ff; $Wfis tpsf;Ff
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myF – 7 G@kpd; fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs;
fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiw vd;w fUj;ijf; $wpatu; B.S. Gqk;. ,d;iwa fw;gpj;jyhdJ

kjpg;gpLjy; mZFKiwapy; gpd;gw;wpf; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mZFKiwapd;
mbg;gilapy;jhd; tUlhe;jpuj;jpl;lk;> myFj;jpl;lkhdJ jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fy;tp
KiwahdJ %d;W Kidfisf; nfhz;lJ kw;Wk; %d;W mbg;gilf; $Wfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. 1. fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;. 2. fw;wy; mDgtk; kw;Wk; 3. kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy;
elj;ij khw;wk;. fw;wy; mZFKiwAk;> fw;gpj;jy; KiwAk; xd;iw xd;W rhu;e;jJ. ,e;j
kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapd; %yk; Mw;wy; tha;e;j kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd fy;tp Kiwapidg;
ngwKbAk;. khztu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpid fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghLfs; %yk;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,ij elj;ij khw;wk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
nghUs; kw;Wk; tiuaiw (kjpg;gPl;L mZFKiw):

kjpg;gPl;L mDFKiw vd;gJ fy;tpapy; xU mq;fkhfj; jpfo;fpwJ> kw;Wk; ,J
fy;tpKiwapy; xU Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. elj;ij rhu;e;j fy;tpf;Fwpf;Nfhs;fis
typAWj;Jtij Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Fapy;yhd; kw;Wk; Fzh:

(Quillen & Huna) :
“gs;sp %ykhf khztu;fspd; elj;ij khw;wj;ij xUq;fpizg;gJk; kw;Wk;
nray;gLj;jpf; fhl;LtJk;” kjpg;gPl;L mZFKiwahFk;.
,e;j kjpg;gPl;L mZFKiwapy; fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; Nrhjid nray;ghLfis gFjp
gFjpahf nray;gLj;jp nra;J Kbj;jyhdJ eilngWfpwJ.
%d;W tpjkhd nray;ghLfs; kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy; eilngWfpwJ.
 fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis vt;tsT J}uj;jpy; czu;e;J nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.
 fw;wy; mDgtq;fs; vt;tif Mw;wy; tha;e;jJ.
 vd;ndd;d elj;ij khw;wq;fs; khztu;fspilNa Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
Gqk; vd;ghu; fy;tpahdJ Kk;Kidapy; nray;gLfpwJ vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
Kjy;gb fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
2-tJ fw;wy; mDgtq;fs;
3-tJ elj;ij khw;wk;
Nkw;$wpa %d;Wk; xd;NwhL xd;W neUq;fpaj; njhlu;GilaJk; tupirf;fpukkhdJkhFk;.
fw;gpj;jypy; kjpg;gPL mZFKiwapd; nray;ghLfs;> fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis
Kiwg;gLj;Jjy;> fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;NfhshdJ> fw;wy; mDgtq;fSf;F toptifnra;fpd;wJ.
fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis milahsk; fhZjy; (or) khztu;fspd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;
fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ,uz;Lk; xd;Nw. khztu;fspd; elj;ij khw;wj;ij fw;gpj;jy;
Fwpf;NfhNshL kjpg;gPL nra;fpwJ.
fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ,uz;L tifahfg; gpupfpd;wJ.
nghJthd fy;tp Nehf;fq;fs; %d;W tifg;gLk;
 mwpT rhu;e;j
 czu;T rhu;e;j
 cs – clypaf;fk; rhu;e;j
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kjpg;gPl;bd; cj;jpfs;: (Techniques of Evaluation)

elj;ij khw;wj;ij mstplf;$ba gy;NtW cj;jpfshtd.
I. cw;WNehf;fy;:
 Mrpupau; gad;gLj;jf;$ba cj;jpahFk;.
 Mu;tk;> tpOkpaq;fs;> tho;tpay; mZFKiw njhlu;ghd kdg;ghd;ik Kjypatw;iw
kjpg;gpl ,k;Kiw gad;gLfpwJ.
 fl;Lg;ghLila kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghlw;w cw;WNehf;fy; mZFKiwg; gad;gLfpwJ.
II. jumsTNfhy; (Rating Scale)
jumsTNfhyhdJ khztu;fspd; kdg;ghd;ikia mstplg; gad;gLfpwJ. NkYk;
,k;KiwahdJ cau;fy;tp khztu;fSf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
III. tha;nkhopj;Nju;T:
,J xU goikahd cj;jpahFk;. xt;nthU tFg;gpd; KbtpYk; ,e;j cj;jpiag;
gad;gLj;jp mwpTrhu; Gyj;ij kjpg;gpl cjTfpwJ. khzt – Mrpupau; jahupf;Fk;
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,e;j Kiw Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
IV. vOj;Jj; Nju;T ,Utifg;gLk;:
1. fl;Liu tifj; Nju;T 2. Gwtatpdhj; Nju;T
,t;tpuz;L tifj; Nju;TKiwfSk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W Kuz;gl;ljy;y. khwhf
xd;iwnahd;W rhu;e;jitahFk;> Gwtaj;Nju;T KiwahdJ fPo;epiy fw;gpj;jypd;
Nehf;fq;fis mstpLtjw;Fk;. fl;Liu tif tpdhj; Nju;T cau;epiy fw;gpj;jypd;
Nehf;fq;fis mstpLtjhfTk; cs;sJ. Gwtatpdh Nju;tpy; kjpg;ngz; ,Ljypy;
Gwtaj;jd;ik cilaJ. Mdhy; fl;Liutifj; Nju;T mftaj; jd;ik cilaJ. ,jdhy;
Gwtaj; Nju;T Kiw fl;Liutifj; Nju;T Kiwiaf; fhl;bYk; mjpf ek;gfj;jd;ikAk>;
Vw;GilikAk; nfhz;ljhf cs;sJ. vdpDk; fl;Liu tif Nju;T Kiwia Nju;T
Kiwfspy; ,Ue;J ePf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; rpwpJ khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jp Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
rpwe;j Kiwapy; Nju;tpid elj;jKbAk;.
kjpg;gply; Kiwapy; mZFKiwapd; gad;ghL:

Mz;L kw;Wk; myFj; jpl;lk; (Yearly and Unit Plan)
kjpg;gPl;L mZFKiwapd; gad;ghl;bid Gwtaj; Nju;T Kiwapd; cjhuzj;NjhL
fhz;Nghk;. ,e;j mZFKiwapy; %d;W gbKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
khztu;fSf;F fw;gpj;j ghlg;nghUs; cstpay; uPjpahf Muhag;gl;L
tupirg;gLj;jgLfpd;wJ. fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; Nrhjpj;jy; Fwpg;Gfs; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. xU
Kg;gupkhz ml;ltizahdJ ,e;j fw;gpj;jy; Fwpg;GfisAk;> ghlg;nghUisAk;> fw;gpj;jy;
Nehf;fq;fisAk; itj;Jj; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1. (Yearly Plan / Semester Plan time Table)
Mz;Lj;jpl;lk; / gUtKiwj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd fhy ml;ltiz:
,e;j fhy ml;litizahdJ me;j gUtj;jpw;Fupa ghlf;fUj;J kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis> me;j Mz;L ntspapLtjhf mikfpd;wJ.
2.myFj;jpl;l ml;ltiz: (Unit Plan Table)
myFj;jpl;l ml;ltizahdJ me;je;j Fwpg;gpl;l myFf;Fupa Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
fw;gpj;jy; Fwpg;Gfisg;gw;wp njspthf tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
3. ghlj;jpl;l ml;ltiz: (Lesson Plan Table)
Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;ij me;j fw;gpj;jy; tFg;gpw;Fs; vLf;Fk; fw;gpj;jy; Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
nghJthd Nehf;fq;fisg; gw;wpj; njspthf tpsf;FfpwJ.
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1. tUlj;jpl;lk; / gUtKiwj;jpl;lk; (Yearly Plan / Semester Plan)

,e;jpahtpd; Gtp mikg;G gw;wp 6-Mk; tFg;G khztu;fSf;F xU Mrpupau; ghlk;
vLf;Fk; NghJ ghlg;nghUshdJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghlj;jpypUe;J Nju;e;njLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
mjd; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs;> fw;gpj;jYf;fhd nkhj;jg; ghlNtisfs; ,e;j
Mz;Lj;jpl;lj;jpy; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ghlg;nghUspd; nghUslf;fk;> fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs;> fw;gpj;jYf;fhd nkhj;j
ghlNtisfs; ,e;j Mz;Lj;jpl;lj;jpy; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(Yearly Plan (or) Semester Plan table)

Mz;Lj;jpl;lk; / gUtj;jpl;l ml;ltiz
GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
mwpT gad;ghL
kdg;ghz;ik
nkhj;j ghl
Ntisfs;
Mu;tk;
gapw;rp> Nehf;fk;>
mwpT
jpwd;
S.No.
mwpthw;wy;
,l mikT kw;Wk;
1 4 ½ ½ 3 8
,aw;ifr; R+oy;
fhyepiy kw;Wk;
2 6 1 2 3 12
Ntshz;ik
tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; kw;w
3 2 ½ ½ 2 5
tiffs;
4 jhJf;fs; 2 ½ 1½ 4
5 kdjd; kw;Wk; njhopy;fs; 5 1 1½ 4½ 12
6 Nghf;Ftuj;J tpahghuk; 5 1 ½ 2½ 9
nkhj;jk; 24 4 5½ 16½ 50
,e;j Mz;Lj; jpl;lkhdJ ,e;jpahtpd; Gtpapay; ghlf;fUj;jpid KOik nra;tjw;F

nkhj;jk; 50 ghlNtisfis tFj;Js;sJ. mwpTrhu;e;j Fwpf;Nfhspid Kf;fpakhf
typAWj;Jtjw;F 24 ghlNtisfis Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L;s;sJ. mLj;j Fwpf;Nfhshf
Mu;tj;jpidAk;> kdg;ghq;fpidAk; fw;gpg;gjw;F 16 ghlNtisfis xJf;fp cs;sJ. mwpT
gad;ghL kw;Wk; jpwd; Fwpf;NfhshdJ mjw;F mLj;jgbahf tUfpd;wJ.
myFj;jpl;l ml;ltiz:
myFj;jpl;l ml;ltizahdJ ghlf;fUj;jpd; tbtikg;G kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis ikakhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Mz;Lj;jpl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpNa myFj;jpl;lkhFk;. myFj; jpl;lkhdJ ,e;jpahtpd;
clw;Gtpapaiy Kjy; myfhf Mz;Lj;jpl;lj;jpy; jahupj;Js;sJ. ,e;j myFj;jp;l;lkhdJ
,uz;L gupkhzq;fspy; eilngWtjw;F cjTfpd;wJ. Kjy;gupkhzkhdJ myfpy;
ghlf;fUj;ijAk; mLj;j gupkhzkhdJ fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; jahupg;gjw;F
cjTfpd;wJ.
tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jypy; 6 ghlNtisfshtJ Gtpapay; ghlj;ij Kbg;gjw;F ,e;j
myFj;jpl;lkhdJ toptif nra;fpd;wJ. NkYk; 3 ghlNtisfis mwpT rhu;e;j
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Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;Fk; 1-5 ghlNtisia Mu;tk; kw;Wk; kdg;ghd;ikf;Fk; xU ghlNtisia
mwpT rhu;e;j gad;ghl;bw;Fk; ,uz;by; xU ghlNtisia jpwd; Fwpf;Nfhshf nfhz;Ls;sJ.
myFj;jpl;lk;
Physical Geography of India-Secondary Class:
tupir fw;gpj;jy; mwpT Mu;tk; kw;Wk; nkhj;jg;
mwpT jpwd;
vz;: Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; gad;ghL kdg;ghd;ik ghlNtiy
1 kiyg;gFjp 1 ¼ ¼ ½ 2
2 Nkl;Lepyg;gFjp ½ - ¼ ¼ 1
3 rkepiyg;gFjp 1 ¼ ¼ ½ 2
flw;fiuNahug;
4 ½ - ¼ ¼ 1
gFjp
nkhj;j ghl
3 ½ 1 1½ 6
Ntisfs;
ghlj;jpl;l ml;ltiz: (Lesson Plan Table )

tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jYf;F xU ghl Ntisf;F fw;gpg;gjw;fhd ghlj;ij xU Mrpupau;
jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU jiyg;ig Nju;T nra;J 45 epkpl fhy mstpw;Fs; Kbg;gjhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j jiyg;ghdJ fw;gpj;jy; Fwpg;Gfis gFg;gjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;NfhshdJ mjw;Fupa vil mstpidAk; Fwpg;gjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kiyg;gFjpiag; gw;wp cau;epiytFg;GfSf;F fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j jiyg;ghdJ
Fwpf;Nfhs;fshfg; gFg;gjhf mika Ntz;Lk;. Gs;spfis fhy mstpid nghWj;J
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. fUj;Jg; gFg;gha;tpid fPo;f;fz;lthW ,e;j jiyg;gpw;F jahu;
nra;ayhk;.
,e;jpahtpd; kiyg;gFjp:
Mu;tk;
tupir mwpT nkhj;jg;
fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; mwpT jpwd; kw;Wk;
vz;: gad;ghL ghlNtis
kdg;ghd;ik
1 kiy mikT 8 2 10
2 kiyapd; tiffs; 10 2 12
3 kiyapd; ed;ikfs; 5 2 3 10
4 kiyapd; jPikfs; 8 1 2 2 13
45
nkhj;jk; 31 1 4 9 epkplq;fs;
fPo;f;fhZk; Kd;Ndw;ghLfis fw;gpj;jy; ghlg; nghUSf;Nfh – kjpg;gPl;L
mZFKiwapy; gs;spg;ghlj;ij jahupg;gjw;F> ,e;jf; fUj;Jg; gFg;gha;thdJ 45
epkpl fhy mstpw;F ,e;jpahtpd; kiyg;gFjp vd;w ghlj;jpid fw;gpg;gjw;fhd fhy
mstpid fUj;jpy; nfhs;fpwJ. 31 epkplq;fs; mwpT Fwpf;NfhSf;Fk;> 9 epkplq;fs; Mu;tk;
kw;Wk; kdg;ghd;ikf;Fk;> 4 epkplq;fs; mwpTrhu;e;j gad;ghl;bw;Fk; xU epkplk; jpwd; rhu;e;j
Fwpf;Nfhisf; fw;gpg;gjw;Fk; tFj;Jf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j ml;ltizahdJ jiyg;gpd;
$Wfis mspg;gjw;Fk; toptif nra;fpwJ.
7.2 fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; Nrhjid epfo;Tfis xUq;fpizj;jy;:

(Coordination of Teaching and Testing Activities)
NrhjidAk;> fw;gpj;jYk; jdpahd xd;W my;y. Nrhjid vd;gJ khztu;fs; fw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Gjpa fUj;Jf;fisAk;> Gjpa topKiwfisAk; vg;NghJk;
Page 66
nray;gLj;jtjw;F cjTfpd;wJ. ,e;j nray;KiwahdJ Kiwahd Nrhjid kw;Wk;
fw;gp;j;jy; %ykhf eilngWk; my;yJ fz;Lgpbg;G mZFKiwapd; %yk; Nrhjid vd;gJ
fw;gpj;jiy xUq;fpizf;Fk; gFjpahfNt nray;gLfpd;wJ.
Nrhjid vd;gJ epiwa cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jp xU egu; Nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gjpyspf;Fk;
KiwahfNt ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J jug;gLj;jg;gl;l milTr; Nrhjid kw;Wk; ehl;lr;
Nrhjidfis cs;slf;fpaJ. tFg;giw kjpg;gPL vd;gJ fw;gpg;gtupd; jiyaha fUtpfspy;
xd;whFk;. Kiwahfj; jahu;gLj;jg;gl;L nray;gLj;jp KbTfis mwptpf;Fk; kjpg;gPLfNs
Mrpupau;fSf;F khztu;fspd; fw;wiy ntFthfg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;F cjTfpwJ.
kjpg;gPl;L mZFKiwapy; Nrhjid vd;gJ fw;gpj;jiyr; rhu;e;Js;sJ. fw;wy;
mDgtkhdJ fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghLfspd; cjtpAld; eilngWfpd;wJ. kw;Wk; khztu;fspd;
elj;ij khw;wj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wJ. fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; Nrhjid
KiwahdJ Nehf;fq;fis ikakhf nfhz;lJ. Mz;Lj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; myFj; jpl;lk;
Kbe;j gpwF ,e;j NrhjidahdJ elj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;NfhshdJ fw;gpj;jy;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J tFg;Gg; ghlNtisfSf;F cjtpGupe;J mNj
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Nrhjid jahupg;gjw;Fk; nra;jp Fwpg;GfSf;Fk; cjTfpd;wJ. ,e;j
kjpg;gPl;L mZFKiwapd; fUj;jhdJ fw;gpj;jypy; fPo;f;fz;l cjhuzj;Jld; ml;ltiz
%yk; tpsf;fyhk;.
kjpg;gPl;L ml;ltiz (Evaluation Approach)
fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; fw;wy; mDgtq;fs; elj;ij khw;wk;
1. tha;nkhopj; Nju;T
tpupTiu> tpdhtpil Kiw>
mwpT 2. vOj;Jj; Nju;T
tPl;Lg;ghlk; kw;Wk; gbj;jy;
3. cw;WNehf;fy;
nra;J fhl;ly; Kiw>
nra;Kiw Ntiy> thrpj;jy;;> 1. cw;WNehf;Fjy;
jpwd;
vOJjy;> NgRjy;> nray; 2. nra;Kiwj; Nju;T
epiwNtw;wk;
gpur;ridiag; gw;wp
fye;jhNyhrpj;jy>; mwpT rhu;e;j
mwpT kw;Wk; gad;ghL thu;j;ijfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> 1. vOj;Jj; Nju;T
2. tha;nkhopj; Nju;T
fhuz– fhupaq;fisg; Gupe;J
nfhs;Sjy;
tho;f;ifKiwAld;
1. jug;gLj;Jjy;
Mu;tk;> kdg;ghd;ik> ,izj;jy;> tho;f;ifg;
2. tptug;gl;bay;
kjpg;G> Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; nghUj;jg;ghL> tpupTiu> tpdh-
3. cw;WNehf;Fjy;
tpil> fye;jhNyhrpj;jy;
kjpg;gPlhdJ Mz;Lj;jpl;lk;> myFj; jpl;lk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F cjTfpd;wJ Nrhjid
Fwpg;ghdJ Mz;Lj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; myFj; jpl;lj;ij jahupf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;jf;
fUj;ijg; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; fhzyhk;.
fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; Nrhjidfis xUq;fpizj;jy; (Coordination between Teaching and

Testing)
tupir fw;gpj;jy; (Unit Plan) (Yearly Plan)
vz; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; myFj;jpl;lk; Mz;Lj; jpl;lk;
1 mwpT 3 6 24 48
2 jpwd; ½ 1 4 8
3 mwpT gad;ghL 1 2 5.5 11
4 Mu;tk; kdg;ghd;ik 1 ½ 3 16.5 33
nkhj;jk; 6 12 50 100
Page 67
,e;j ml;ltizahdJ fw;gpj;jy; ghlNtisfSf;Fs; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fSf;F
vt;tsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jpUf;NfhNkh me;j mstpw;F Nrhjid cUg;gbfSf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gij czu;j;JfpwJ. fl;Liu tpdh tif> Gwta tpdh
tif> FWtpdhthf cUg;gbfs; Nrhjidapy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. cau; Nehf;fq;fs; fl;Liu
tifj; Nju;T %yk; Nrhjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. milTj; Nju;itf; fhl;bYk;; FwpasTj; Nju;T
jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L nray;KiwahdJ xU Kf;fpa ghykhf
nray;gLtjw;F Mrpupau;;fSf;F Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Nrhjidf; fUtpahdJ
ghlg;nghUis fw;gpg;gjw;Fk;> topKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,izg;G topKiwfis
mikj;Jf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
Page 68
myF 7
khjpup tpdhf;fs;
gFjp-m
1. kjpg;gPl;L mZFKiw vd;why; vd;d?
2. Gqkpd; mZFKiwapy; fy;tpapd; Kk;Kid ahJ?
3. Mz;Lj;jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?
4. myFj;jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?
5. ghlj;jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?
gFjp-M
fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; Nrhjid epfo;Tfis xUq;fpizj;jiy tpsf;Ff.
gFjp-,
1. kjpg;gplypd; cj;jpfs; ahit?
2. VjhtJ xU ghlj;jpw;F Mz;Lj;jpl;l ml;ltiz xd;iw jahupf;fTk;.
Page 69
myF – 8 fy;tpapaypd; milTr; Nrhjid

Unit VIII – (SCHOLOSTIC ACHIEVEMENT TEST)
8.1 milTr; Nrhjid vd;gjd; nghUs;; (Meaning of Achievement Test)

milTr;Nrhjid vd;gJ khztu;fspd; ghl rk;ge;jkhd jpwd; tsu;r;rp my;yJ
mtu;fsJ mwpjy;> Gupjy; Nghd;witfspy; xU Kiwahd tFg;giw fw;gpj;jYf;Fg; gpwF
tpisTfis msg;gjw;fhf elj;jg;gLk; Nrhjid vd;W mu;j;jk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
8.2 milTr; Nrhjidf;fhd Nehf;fq;fs; (Purposes of Achievement Test)

milTr; Nrhjid gs;spfspy; gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fSf;fhf elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 khztu;fspd; jpwid kjpg;gpLjYf;fhf mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 khztu;fspd; ghlg;nghUis fw;wypy; mtu;fsJ> gyk; my;yJ gytPdq;fis
fz;lwpa elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 khztu;fis juk; gpupf;f mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; gs;sp epu;thfpfSf;fhd jq;fsJ nghWg;;ig czu;j;jTk;
elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
8.3 milTr; Nrhjidia tbtikj;jy; my;yJ cUthf;Fjy; (Construction of

Achievement Tests)
xU milTr; Nrhjidia cUthf;f gpd;tUk; gbepiyfis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
mitfs;>
 Nrhjidf;F jpl;lkply;.
 milTr; Nrhjid tbtj;ij jahupj;jy;.
 milTr; Nrhjidapd; tpdhj;jhs; tbtikj;jy;.
 Nfs;tpfis vOJjy;.
 kjpg;ngz; nfhLg;gjw;fhd jpl;lj;ij jahupj;jy;.
 Nfs;tpfis gFg;gha;jy;.
1) milTr; Nrhjidf;Fj; jpl;lkply; (Planning of Test)
 milTr; Nrhjidapd; Nehf;fj;ij mwpjy;.
 Nrhjidf;fhd fhy msT kw;Wk; nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fis jPu;khdpj;jy;.
ii) Nrhjidia tbtikg;gjw;fhd jahupg;G (Preparation of a Design for a Test)
Nrhjidia tbtikj;jypy; gpd;tUtd fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
 Nehf;fq;fSf;Fupa vilaply; (Weightage)
 ghlg;nghUSf;Fupa vilaply;
 tpdhtpd; mikg;Gf;Fupa vilaply;.
 tpdhtpd; fbdj;jd;ikf;Fupa vilaply;.
a) Nehf;fq;fSf;fhd vilaply; (Weightage to Objectives).
fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhd vilaplypy; Nrhjidapy; vt;tsT kjpg;G xt;nthU
Nehf;fj;jpw;Fk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLjy;> vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
t. vz; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fk; kjpg;ngz;fs; tpOf;fhL %

1 mwpjy; 3 12
2 Gupjy; 3 8
Page 70
3 gad;ghL 6 24
4 gFj;jy; 7 32
5 njhFj;jy; 4 16
6 kjpg;gpLjy; 2 8
nkhj;jk; 25 100
b) ghlg;nghUSf;fhd vilaply; (Weightage to Content)

ghlg;nghUSf;fhd xt;nthU mk;rj;jpYk; Nrhjid nra;a vilaplypy; vt;tsT kjpg;G
xt;nthU ghlg;nghUSf;Fk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. (vLj;Jf;fhl;L)
t. vz; ghl cs;slf;fk; kjpg;ngz;fs; tpOf;fhL %
1 ghlj;jiyg;G 1 15 60
2 ghlj;jiyg;G 2 10 40
nkhj;jk; 25 100
tpdh tiff;F vilapLjy; (Weightage to Form of guestions)

,jpy; tpdh tiff;Fupa kjpg;Gfis vilapl;L kjpg;ngz;zhf xt;nthU tpdh
tiff;Fk; Nrhjidapy;nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. (vLj;Jf;fhl;L)
Nfs;tpapd;
t. vz; tpdh tif kjpg;ngz;fs; tpOf;fhL %
vz;zpf;if
1 Gwta tpdh 14 7 28
2 FWtpdh 7 14 56
3 ngUtpdh 1 4 16
nkhj;jk; 22 25 100
c) tpdhf;fspd; fbd epiy jd;ikf;Fupa vilaply; (Weightage to Difficulty level of

questions)
Nrhjidapy; mikf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fspd; fbdj;jd;ik epiyiag; nghWj;J kjpg;Gfis
vilapl;L kjpg;ngz;fis xt;nthU tpdhtpw;Fk; nfhLj;jy;. (vLj;Jf;fhl;L)
t. vz; tpdh tif kjpg;ngz;fs; tpOf;fhL %
1 vspaJ 5 20
2 ruhrupahdJ 15 60
3 fbdkhdJ 5 20
nkhj;jk; 25 100
tpdhj;jhs; tbtikg;G
Kjy;ghl ,uz;lhk;ghl nkhj;j
Nehf;fq;fs; tpdhtiffs;
cs;slf;fk; cs;slf;fk; kjpg;ngz;fs;
Gwtatpdh 2(4) 1(2) 3
mwpjy; FWtpdh - - 0
ngUtpdh - - 0
Gwtatpdh 1(2) 1(2) 2
Ghpjy; FWtpdh - - 0
ngUtpdh - - 0
Gwtatpdh 2(4) -- 2
gad;ghL
FWtpdh 2(1) 2 4
Page 71
ngUtpdh - - 0
Gwtatpdh - -- 0
gFj;jy; FWtpdh - - 4
ngUtpdh 4(2) 4(2) 4
Gwtatpdh - - 0
njhFj;jy; FWtpdh 4(2) - 4
ngUtpdh - 2(1) 0
Gwtatpdh - - 0
kjpg;gha;T FWtpdh 2(1) - 2
ngUtpdh - - 0
nkhj;jk; 15 10 25
milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; cs;sit Nfs;tpfspd; vz;zpf;if> milg;Gf;F ntspNa
kjpg;ngz;fs;
iv) Nfs;tpfis vOJjy;
gpd;tUkhW Nfs;tpfis vOjyhk;.
 Nfs;tpj;jhis mikg;gtu; tpdhj;jhs; tbtikg;gpy; cs;sthW Nfs;tpfis
vOJthu;.
 fbdj;jd;ikia nghWj;J Nfs;tp mikg;G ,Uf;Fk;.
 Nrhjidf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l fhy mstpy; gjpiy vOJ KbAkh vd;W ftdpg;ghu;.
 khztu;fspd; gjpy;fis kjpg;gpLtjw;fhf ve;nje;j ghlf;Fwpg;Gf;F vt;tsT
nfhLf;fyhk; vd;W KbT nra;J ml;ltiz jahupj;jy; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 Nfs;tpj;jhisf; nfhz;L Nfs;tpfspd; gFj;jha;it nra;tjw;F Nfs;tpj;jhspd;
xt;nthU Nfs;tpiaAk; gFj;jy; nra;J gjpT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
8.4 milTr; Nrhjidfis elj;Jjy; (Administration of Achievement Test)

milTr; Nrhjidia elj;Jk; NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;baitfs;: milTr; Nrhjid
ngUk;ghYk; khztu;fspd; FOtpdUf;fhf elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,r;Nrhjidia elj;Jk; NghJ>
gpd;tUtdtw;iw ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;>
I. khztu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;> ,e;j tifr;Nrhjidia mikj;jypy;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
II. ,J Nghy> milTr; Nrhjidia khztu;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; NghJ> me;j milTr;
Nrhjidf;F vt;thW gjpyspf;fyhk; vd;W Gupe;J nfhs;sr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
III. khztu;fs; milTr; Nrhjidf;F gjpyspf;Fk; R+oiy ed;F mikj;J vspjpy;
gjpyspf;Fk;gbahd csg;ghq;fpDf;F Cf;f%l;Ltjhf mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk;>
IV. xt;nthU khztDk; milTr; Nrhjidf;F ed;F gjpyspf;f rktha;g;G jUk;
R+oiy mikj;Jj; juNtz;Lk;.
V. khztu;fs; jq;fsJ milTr; Nrhjidf;F ed;F gjpyspj;jhy; ey;y gpd;
tpisTfs; fpilf;Fk; vd;gjhYk; Cf;fkilfpd;wdu;.
VI. khztu;fs; czu;r;rp trg;gLtjhy; cstpay; uPjpahf ghjpf;fg;glhkypUf;f mwpTiu
jUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
VII. milTr; Nrhjidf;F ed;F gjpyspj;jhy; ed;ik fpilg;gijf; fUjp rpyu;
Vkhw;Wtjw;Fk; tha;g;G ,Ug;gjhy; ey;y fz;fhzpg;gpy; milTr; Nrhjidia elj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
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VIII. rupahd Neu msit mikj;J ey;y fz;fhzpg;gpd; cjtpAld;

milTr;Nrhjidia ed;F elj;j Ntz;Lk;. mt;tg;NghJ rupahd Neuj;ij nrhy;y
Ntz;Lk;.
IX. ey;y fhw;Nwhl;lKs;s kw;Wk; ntspr;rk; ed;F fpilf;fpd;w miwapy; jFe;j
ghJfhg;ghd R+oiy mikj;J elj;j Ntz;Lk;.
X. NghJkhd vOJnghUl;fs; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
XI. fz;fhzpg;ghsu;fs; mikjpahd R+oiy mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
milTr; Nrhjidf;fhd kjpg;ngz; toq;fy; kw;Wk; KbTfis gjpT nra;jy; (Scoring and
Recording of Test Results).
I). kjpg;ngz; toq;Fjy;
Gwtakhd tpdhf;fs; Gwtaj;jd;ikiag; ngw;wpUe;jhYk; rpy eilKiwfis gpd;gw;wp
tpilfSf;F kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;fNtz;Lk;. kjpg;ngz;fs; ,Ltjpy; jtW Vw;glhky; ,Uf;f
(i) kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;Fk; Mrpupau;fSf;F gapw;rpAk;> Njitahd topfhl;LjiyAk;
juNtz;Lk; kw;Wk; (ii) tpilj;jhs;fSf;F kjpg;ngz;fs; jUtjpy; 'khjpupfis” mikj;J
topfhl;l Ntz;Lk;.
a) kjpg;ngz; mspj;jiy tupirg;gLj;Jjy;
ePz;l fl;Liu tbtpyhd tpilfSf;F kjpg;ngz; toq;Fk; NghJ xt;nthU Nfs;tpf;fhd
tpilfis tupirg;gLj;jp kjpg;ngz; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J Nghy> Gwtatif
Nfs;tpfSf;fhd tpilfspd; kjpg;ngz;fis xt;nthU gf;fj;jpYk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
b) kPz;Lk; kjpg;ngz;fis rupghu;j;jy;
tpilj;jhs;fspd; gf;fq;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ xUKiw
kjpg;ngz;fis toq;fpa gpwF kPz;Lk; vy;yhg; gf;fq;fisAk; rupghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;> ,jdhy;
jtWfis jtpu;f;fyhk;
c) tpilfisf; nfhz;l Fwpg;Gfisj; jUjy;
tpilj;jhs;fSf;F kjpg;ngz;fs; jUgtu;fSf;F Njitahd rupahd tpilfis
Kd;dNu toq;fp kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;Ftjw;F gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liu tbt
tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfspy; Kf;fpakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba rupahd tpilfis je;J
Gwtaj;jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
Nkw;fz;lthW kjpg;ngz; toq;Fjiy mikj;J jtWfs; Neuhky; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
II). KbTfis gjpT nra;jy;
kjpg;ngz;fis toq;fpa gpd;G gs;spfspd; gjpNtLfspy; cldbahfg; gjpT nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU MrpupaUf;Fk; kjpg;ngz;fs; mlq;fpa ml;ltizia toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
milTr; Nrhjidapd; KbTfshd ghlthupahd kjpg;ngz;fis nfhz;l gjpNtLfis
gs;spfspd; epue;jug; gjpNtLfshf itf;f Ntz;Lk;> ,e;j kjpg;ngz;fNshL khztdpd;
Ez;zwpT <T vz;izAk; ,izj;J gjpT nra;ayhk;> vdNt gjpNtLfs; xU khztdpd;
KOikahd jfty; mspg;gitahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. NkYk; gjpTfs; midj;Jk;
kjpg;ngz;fs;> Nrhjidapd; jiyg;G> jukjpg;G Nghd;witfisAk; nfhz;L mike;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
Nkw;fz;lthW gjpTfis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
8.5 milTr; Nrhjidapd; gad;fs; (Uses of Achievement Test)

milTr; Nrhjidfshy; ngwg;gLk; jfty;fs; topfhl;Lgtu;> Mrpupau;> epu;thfj;jpdu;>
ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; khztu; Mrpupau;fSf;F kpfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
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1. Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy; (Survey)

,e;j Nrhjid ve;j mstpw;F xU khztd; epu;zapf;fg;gl;l ,yf;Ffis
mile;jpUf;fpd;whd; vd;gijg; gw;wpa jfty;fis nfhLf;fpd;wJ. mJ khztdpd; ghl
mwpT kw;Wk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;jpy; mtdJ jpwd;fisf; fz;lwpa cjTfpwJ.
2. Fiwawpjy; Nrhjid (Diagnosis)
,J xU Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;jpy; my;yJ myfpy; fw;gtupd; gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdk;
Mfpatw;iwf; fz;lwpa cjTfpwJ. MfNt Fiwawp Nrhjid khztd; ghlj;ijf;
fw;gjpy; cs;s Fiwfs; kw;Wk; mtw;iwj; jPu;f;Fk; topKiwfis gw;wpa jfty;fis
jUfpd;wJ.
3. FiwjPu;j;jy; (Problem Solving)
,j;Nju;T khztu; my;yJ tFg;gpy; cs;stu;fspd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;jpy; Maj;j
epiyia Muk;g fw;wypYk;> rpwg;G fw;wypYk; tptuj;ij mspf;fpwJ. Fiw jPu;j;jy>;
Nrhjidfs; khztu; my;yJ tFg;gpy; cs;stu;fspd; vjpu;fhy ntw;wpia Kd;$l;bNa
mDkhdk; (Predict) nra;a cjTfpwJ.
1. milTr; Nrhjid xU Foe;ijapd; milit mNj taJ> ghypdk;> tFg;G>
ghlg;gpupT nfhz;l kw;w Foe;ijfNshL xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjw;fhd epiyiaf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
2. xU Foe;ijapd; epfo;fhy nra;ifia fle;jfhyj;NjhL xg;gpl;L ghu;g;gjw;fhd
mbg;gilia nfhLf;fpwJ.
3. xU ghlj;jpy; xU khztdpd; milit kw;w ghlq;fNshL xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;f ,aYk;.
4. gy;NtW ghlq;fspy; Foe;ijapd; gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdj;ij fz;lwpa mbg;gilahf
mikfpwJ.
5. fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopypid Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ.
6. ,J khztdpd; vjpu;fhy ntw;wpapid epu;zapf;f mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ.
7. ,J khztDf;F NtWgl;l ghlg;gFjpfspy; cs;s gpur;ridfis khztNd Gupe;J
nfhs;s mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ.
8. ngw;Nwhu; jq;fsJ Foe;ijfs; gbg;gpy; vt;thW ,Uf;fpd;whu;fs; vd;gjid Gupe;J
nfhs;Sk; mbg;gilia mspf;fpd;wJ.
9. gy;NtW ghlq;fisf; fw;gpj;jypYs;s fw;gpj;jy; ,yf;Ffis (Teaching Objectives)
Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; gad;gLfpwJ.
10. ghlg;nghUisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F milTr; Nrhjidfs; Mjhukhf mikfpwJ.
11. khztu;fspd; fw;wy; gpur;ridfSf;Fupa fhuzq;fisf; fz;lwpaTk;> mtu;fsJ
fw;wy; gpur;ridfisf; fisaTk;> milTr; Nrhjidfs; Mrpupau;fSf;Fk;
gad;gLfpwJ.
12. jFjp tha;e;j khztu;fis tifg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> mtu;fSf;F gupR kw;Wk;
cjtpj;njhiffis mspg;gjw;Fk; milTr; Nrhjidfs; gad;gLfpwJ.
8.6 rpwe;j Nju;tpd; ,ay;Gfs; (Characteristics of Good Measuring Instrument)

fy;tpahsu;fSk;> Muha;r;rpahsu;fSk; xU rpwe;j Nju;T fPo;f;fz;l Fzq;fisg;
ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.
I. Vw;Gilik (Validity)
ve;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xU milTj; Nju;T elj;jgLfpwNjh me;j Nehf;fj;ij kl;Lk;
mj;Nju;T mse;jhy; mJ Vw;Gilik cilaJ vdyhk;. Mrpupau; cz;ikfs;> nfhs;iffs;>
mwptpay; rpe;jid> Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ik> gad;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp mse;jwpa
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tpUk;GthNuahdhy; mjw;Nfw;wgb tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L> mtw;wpw;fhd rupahd gjpy;fSf;F
kl;LNk kjpg;ngz; mspg;ghNuahdhy; mg;NghJ mj;Nju;T Vw;Gilikia cilajhff;
fUjg;gLk;. mt;thwpd;wp ifnaOj;J> nkhop eil> nkhopj;jpwd;> Njitaw;w ,lq;fspy;
glq;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F kjpg;ngz; mspg;ghNuahdhy; mg;NghJ mj;Nju;T Fiwe;j Vw;Gilik
cilajhff; fUjg;gLk;.
Vw;Gilikapd; tiffs;: (Types of Validity)

1. cs;slf;fg; nghUs; Vw;Gilik (Content Validity)
xU NrhjidapYs;s cUg;gbfs;. me;jr; Nrhjid ve;j nray; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ my;yJ gad;gLj;j jpl;lkplg;gl;lNjh> mtw;wpw;F Vw;g mike;Js;sd
vd;gjw;fhd jUf;f Kiwapyike;j rhd;Wfis cilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU gz;gpid
my;yJ Nehf;ff; $wpid mstplf;$ba cUg;gbfspd; njhFg;gpypUe;J. NghJkhd
msTs;s khjpupf;$Wfis cWg;Gfshff; nfhz;L Nrhjidia mikj;jpl;lhy; mr;Nrhjid
nghUs; Vw;Gilikia cau; mstpy; ngw;wpUf;Fk; cjhuzkhf 12-Mk; tFg;gpw;fhd fzpj
milTr;Nrhjidapy; cs;s cUg;gbfs; mt;tFg;gpw;Fupa midj;Jg; ghlq;fspypUe;Jk;
Nfl;fg;glf;$ba tpdhf;fspd; njhFjpia ngUksT gpujpygypg;gjhf ,Ue;jhy; mt;tilTr;
Nrhjidapd; nghUs; Vw;Gilik cau; mstpyhdJ vd;W nfhs;syhk;. nghJthf milTr;
Nrhjidfis cUthf;Fk; NghJ. tpdhj;jhs; tbtikg;G (Blue-Print) jahupf;fg;gl;L
mjw;Nfw;g Nrhjid cUg;gbfs; cUthf;fg;gl;lhy;. mt;tilTr; Nrhjid nghUs;
Vw;Gilik ngw;Wj; jpfOk;.
2. Kfj;Njhw;w Vw;Glik (Face Validity)
ghlj;Jiwj; njhlu;ghd ty;Yeu; NknyOe;jthupahf Xu; Ma;Tf;fUtpia tpiuthfg;
ghu;j;J jkJ fUj;ijf; $WtJk; mij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fUtp vw;GilaJ vd;W
nfhs;SjYk; Kfj;Njhw;w Vw;Gilik vdg;gLk;. ,J gz;glhj Kiwapyhd kjpg;gPlhFk;.
3. tUtJiuf;Fk; Vw;Gilik (Predictive Validity)
xU NrhjidahdJ gpd; epfo cs;s xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nghf;fpid Kd;Ng
czu;j;jty;yjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,ij tUtJiuf;fty;y Vw;Gilik vd;ghu;fs;. ,ir
ehl;lk;> Fwpg;gpl;l njhopypy; ehl;lk;> r%fj; njhz;by; ehl;lk; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd ehl;lr;
Nrhjidfs; (Aptitude tests) cau;fy;tp kw;Wk; tho;f;ifj; njhopy; gw;wp Kd;$l;bNa
fz;lwpa cjTfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; Vw;GilikahdJ. Kd;Ng Fwpg;gpl;lthW tpisTfs;
Vw;gLfpd;wdth vd;gijg; nghWj;jjhFk;.
(v.fh) Mrpupau; gapw;rpf;fhd EioTj; Nju;tpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz; ngWNthu>; Mrpupag;
gapw;rpapd; ,Wjpj; Nju;tpYk; mjpf kjpg;ngz;fs; ngWthu;fNsahdhy;. EioTj; Nju;T
Mrpupau; njhopYf;fhd ehl;lj;ij mstpLjypy; Vw;Gilik ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ vd;W
fUjg;gLk;.
4. juepiyrhu; Vw;Gilik (Criterion Related Validity)
khzt Mrpupau;fsJ fy;tpj; jpwid Mrpupaf; fy;tpahsu;fs; kjpg;gpLfpwhu;fs;.
tFf;fg;gl;l juepiy msTfNshL Ma;Tf; fUtpapd; KbTfis xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjhy;
juepiy rhu; Vw;Gilik mwpag;gLfpwJ.
5. cld; epfo; Vw;Gilik (Concurrent Validity)
xU Gjpa Nrhjidia cUthf;Ftjw;Fr; rpwpJ fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ngwg;gl;l NtnwhU
jfty; %yfj;NjhL xg;gpl;lwpjy; %yk; Gjpa Nrhjidapd; Vw;Gilikia epWtyhk;.
MSikr; NrhjidfSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l khzhf;fu; gw;wpa Ma;T KbTfis mtu;fsJ
Mrpupau;fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gLk; jfty;fNshL xg;G Nehf;fp Vw;Gilikia cWjp nra;J
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nfhs;syhk;. ,J Nghd;Nw “njhopyhsu; gzpj;jpwd; mstpLk; Nrhjid”apy; ngwg;gl;l

kjpg;Gfis mj;njhopyhsu;fspd; Nkyhsu;fsplkpUe;J ngw;w kjpg;gPLfNshL xg;gpl;L
fzf;fplg;gLk; xl;LwTf; nfONt (Correlation Coefficient) cld; epfo; Vw;Gilikapd;
msthFk;.
6. gz;Grhu; Vw;Gilik (Construct Validity)
,J nghUs; Vw;Gilikapd; ,aq;Fk; jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf
Muha;e;jwpAk; jpwid (Reasoning ability) mstpLk; Nrhjidia cUthf;fpapUg;gjhff;
nfhs;Nthk;. mjpYs;s cUg;gbfs; “Muha;e;jwpAk; jpwd;” vd;Dk; gz;ig kl;Lk;
Nrhjpg;gjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vw;fdNt gpugykhf cs;s Muha;e;jwpAk; jpwid mstpLk;
Nrhjid. Gjpjhf ehk; cUthf;fpa Nrhjid Mfpa ,uz;bidANk Fwpg;gpl;l khztu;
FOtpw;Ff; nfhLj;J kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpU Nrhjid kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fk;
,ilNaahd cld; njhlu;Gf; nfOitf; fzf;fpl;L Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l Nrhjidapd;
gz;Grhu; Vw;Gilikia fz;lwpayhk;.
II. ek;gfj;jd;ik (Reliability)

khztd; gy;NtW tifj; Nju;Tfshy;> gy;NtW Nju;thsu;fshy;> gy;NtW Neuq;fspy;
Nrhjpf;fg;gl;lhYk; mtd; xNu kjpg;ngz; my;yJ Vwf;Fiwa xNu kjpg;ngz;
ngWthNdahdhy; mjhtJ kjpg;ngz;fSf;fpilNa ,Uf;fpd;w NtWghL kpfTk; Fiwthf
,Uf;Fkhdhy; mj;Nju;Tfs; ek;gfj;jd;ik cilajhff; fUjg;gLk; “xU Nju;T vjid
mse;jhYk; njhlu;e;J xNu tpj Kbitj; jUkhdhy; mj;Nju;T ek;gfj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ
vdyhk;.”
xU Nrhjidapd; ek;gfj; jd;ikia kjpg;gplg; gy topfs; cs;sd. rhjhuzkhfg;
gad;gLk; ek;gfj; jd;ikapd; kjpg;gPLfshtd.
1. Nrhjid – kWNrhjid
2. rkd;ghLila Nrhjidj;jhs;fs;
3. cl;gFjpf;Fs; Kuz;ghbd;ik
1. Nrhjid – kW Nrhjid ek;gfj;jd;ik (Test – Retest Reliability)
Nrhjidapd; ek;gfj; jd;ikiar; Nrhjpf;f mNj Nrhjidia kPz;Lk; jUjy;. Nrhjid
– kWNrhjid Kiwapd; ek;gfj; jd;ikia kjpg;gpl mNj Nrhjid mNj FOtpw;F rpwpJ
fhy ,ilntsp je;J ,UKiwfs; elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; fpilj;j Nrhjid
kjpg;ngz;fspilNa ,ilj; njhlu;G fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j ,izg;Gf; nfO ,r;Nrhjid
KbTfs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ve;j msT epiyj;j jd;ikAiladthf cs;sd vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,J epiyj;jd;ikapd; mstPL vdTk; $wg;gLk; ek;gfj; jd;ik gw;wpa
kjpg;gPl;Lg;gl;bay; ,uz;L NrhjidfSk; elj;jg;gl;l ,il ntspiag; nghWj;J NtWgLk;.
2. rkd;ghLila Nrhjidj;jhs;fs; (Equivalent – Forms of Reliability).
rkkhd tpdhj;jhs; gbtq;fSf;fpilNa ek;gfj;jd;ik – xNu Nrhjidapd; ,Urkkhd
tpdhj;jhs; gbtq;fisf; nfhz;L Nrhjpj;jy;.
,U rkkhd juKs;s tpdhj;jhs;fisf; nfhz;L Nrhjpj;J ek;gfj; jd;ikiaf;
fzf;fPL nra;Ak; Kiw (,izahd my;yJ khw;W Kiw) xU Nrhjidapd;; rkjuKs;s
gbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fhz;gjhf ,Uf;Fk. Nrhjidapd; ,U gbtq;fSk;
nghUslf;fk;. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; mikg;G Kiw> fbdj;jd;ikapd; msT Nrhjid
cUg;gbfspd; gpupj;JzUk; msT ,U NrhjidfSf;fpilNa jug;gl;l fhy msT
Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;J mstpy; rkd;ghL cilaitahFk;.
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rkd;ghLila Nrhjidfs; mtw;wpw;fpilNa rkkhd ,izj; njhlu;ig cilait. ,U
rkd;gLj;jg;gl;l gbtq;fs; mtw;wpw;fpilNa vy;yhtpjq;fspYk; cWg;Gf;fSf;fpilNa
xUkpj;j jd;ikAiladthf ,Uf;Fk; Mdhy; xNu Nrhjid cUg;gbfspd; ,U gpujpfshf
,Uf;ff; $lhJ Nrhjidapd; ,U gbtq;fSk; xNu FOtpw;F mLj;jLj;Jj; jug;gLk;.
fpilf;fg;ngWk; Nrhjid kjpg;ngz;fs; xg;gpLk; ,e;j ,izg;Gf;nfO rkd;ghL gw;wpa
mstPl;ilj; jUk;.
3. cl;gFjpf;Fs; Kuz;ghbd;ik (Internal Consistency)
xU Nrhjidia xUKiw elj;Jtjd; %yNk cl;gpupTfSf;fpilNaahd cld;ghl;L
kjp;g;ngz;fs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd. ,UNtwhd Nrhjidfspy; ngwg;gl;l ,UNtW Nrhjid
kjpg;ngz;fSf;fpilNaahd cld;ghL Fwpj;J ehk; tpthjpj;j Kiwfspy;; ftdk; nrYj;jpl
Ntz;Lk;. tpthjpf;f ,Ug;gJ nghJg;gilahf cl;gpupTfSf;F ,ilNaahd cld;ghL
vdg;gLfpwJ. ,it xNu xUKiw Nrhjidia elj;Jtjd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; ek;gfj;
jd;ikahFk;. ,k;Kiwfs; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; ek;gfj; jd;ikahdJ ngUk;ghYk; xNu
rPuhd Nrhjid cUg;gbfspd; FwpaPLfshFk;. my;yJ xU cUg;gbapy; ,UNtW Nrhjid
tpilfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gl;l nkhj;j Nrhjid kjpg;ngz;fSk; XusT xj;jpUj;jy; jd;ik
ngw;wpUj;jyhFk;.
III. Gwtaj;jd;ik (Objectivity)

Nju;tpy; vOjg;gl;l tpilj;jhs;fSf;fhd kjpg;ngz;fs; mtw;iwj; jpUj;JgtUf;Nfw;g
khWglf;$lhJ. xU khztdpd; tpilj;jhs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Mrpupau;fshy;
kjpg;gplg;gl;lhYk;> fpilf;fpd;w kjpg;ngz; Vwf;Fiwa xd;whfNt ,Uf;Fkhdhy;> mj;Nju;T
Gwtaj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ vd;W $wyhk;. Mrpupaupd; tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;F ,lk; nfhLf;fhky;
,Uf;Fk; Nju;T Gwtaj;jd;ikAs;sJ. Mrpupaupd; kdepiyf;Fk;> kdg;ghd;ikf;Fk;
Mrhghrq;fSf;Fk; ,lkspf;fhj Nju;T Gwtaj;jd;ikAs;sjhFk;.
IV. eilKiwj;jd;ik (Practicability)

,J Nju;it elj;Jk; Kiw> kjpg;ngz; ,Ljy;> nghUl; nryT Mfpatw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU Nju;tpd; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. mjpf
Neuk;> nghUs;> rf;jp nrytpy;yhky; Nju;T elj;Jjiy ,J Fwpf;Fk;. fPo;f;fz;ltw;iw ,J
mbg;gilahf nfhz;Ls;sJ.
1. elj;Jtjw;F vspjhdJ – (Easy for Administration)
2. kjpg;gpLtjw;F vspjhdJ – (Easy for scoring)
3. tpsf;fpLtjw;F vspjhdJ – (Easy for interpretation)
4. gzk;> Neuk;> rf;jp Fiwthf nrytplf;$baJ – (Economy of cost time and energy).
Nju;T mjpf Neuk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjhfTk; kpfTk; fbdkhd vspikahd tpdhf;fs;
nfhz;ljhfTk;> midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; Vw;wjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
V. kjpg;ngz; ,Le;jd;ik (Scorability)

kjpg;ngz; ,Ljy; rypg;G> fisg;G Vw;gLj;Jtjhf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. tpdhf;fSf;fhd
tpilfs; njspthf vOjg;gl;l kjpg;gPl;Lf;Nfhy; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; kjpg;ngz; toq;Fjy;>
vspikahd tpUk;gf;$ba nrayhf ,Ug;gNjhL mftaj; jd;ik (subjectivity)
,y;yhkypUf;Fk;. kjpg;ngz; ,Ljy; vspjhf> rpf;fyw;wjhf> ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Mrpupaupd;
Neuj;ij ,J Nrkpf;fpwJ.
Page 77
VI. njspthd jd;ik (Clarity)

khztu;f;F nfhLf;fg;gLk; Fwpg;Gf;fs; RUf;fkhfTk;> njspthditahfTk; ,Ug;gpd;>
khztu; ve;j Fog;gKkpd;wp njspthf gjpy;fis vOjKbAk;. tpdhf;fSf;fhd nrhw;fs;
vspa> Mzpj;jukhd> njspthd> Fog;gkpy;yhj Gupe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
VII. xUq;fpize;j jd;ik (Comprehensiveness)

tpdhj;jhs; KO ghlj;jpl;lj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; xt;nthU
gFjpapypUe;Jk; tpdhf;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kpff; Fiwe;j tha;g;Gf;fs; kl;LNk
nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
VIII. rkr;rPuhd jd;ik (Adequacy)

midj;J tifahd Nrhjid cUg;gbfSk;> xU Nrhjidapy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.
cUg;gbfs; njspthf vOjg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nrfupf;fg;gl Ntz;ba gy;NtW
gupkhzq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; Nrhjid cUg;gbfs; jahupf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
IX. ghFghl;Lf; FwpaPL (Discrimination Index)

xU Nrhjidf;Fg; gjpyspg;gtu;fs; ngWk; kjpg;ngz;fspy; rpwpjsthtJ NtWghLfs;
fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. me;j mstpy; Nrhjid cUg;gbfs; jahupf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Page 78
khjpup tpdhj;jhs;
myF – 8
gFjp-m
1. milTr; Nrhjid vd;why; vd;d?
2. tpdhj;jhs; tbtikg;G vd;why; vd;d?
3. tpdhj;jhs; tbtikg;gpy; vtw;wpw;nfy;yhk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gly; Ntz;Lk;?
4. Vw;Gilik vd;why; vd;d?
5. ek;gfj;jd;ik vd;why; vd;d?
6. eilKiwj; jd;ik vd;why; vd;d?
7. Gwtaj; jd;ik vd;why; vd;d?
8. ghFghl;Lf; FwpaPL vd;why; vd;d?
gFjp-M
1. milTr; Nrhjidf;fhd Nehf;fq;fisf; $Wf.
2. milTr; Nrhjidapd; gad;fis tpthpf;fTk;.
3. tpdhj;jhs; tbtikg;G khjphp xd;iwj; jUf.
4. milTr; Nrhjidf;fhd cUthf;Fjypy; cs;s gbepiyfis tpthpf;fTk;?
5. milTr; Nrhjidia vt;thW kjpg;gpLtPh;?
gFjp-,
1. milTr;Nrhjidia tbtikf;Fk; Kiwapid tpsf;Ff
2. ckJ ghlj;jpy; Xh; milTr;Nrhjidia vt;thW elj;JtPh; vd;gijg; gw;wp
tpthpf;fTk;
3. milTr;Nrhjidf;fhd kjpg;ngz; toq;fy; kw;Wk; KbTfis gjpT nra;jy;
Kiwapid tpsf;Ff
4. xU rpwe;j Njh;tpd; gz;Gfs; gw;wp vOJf
5. Vw;Gilikapd; tiffs; kw;Wk; ek;gfj;jd;ikapd; tiffis tptupf;fTk;.
Page 79
myF - 9 Nju;T mikg;G 1

(Unit – IX Examination System – 1)
9.1 Nju;T
nghUs; kw;Wk; tiffs;
Nju;T vd;gJ ngwg;gl;l mwpit Nrhjpf;Fk; KiwahFk.; ,d;iwa fy;tpr; R+oypy;
Fwpgpl;l ghlj;jpy; khztupd; jpwid mwpe;jpl cjTk; KiwNa ,j; Nju;T KiwahFk;.
Nju;Tfs; 2 tifg;gLk;
1. vOj;Jj; Nju;T 2. tha;nkhopj; Nju;T
vOj;Jj; Nju;T vd;gJ fl;Liu tif tpdhtpiliar; rhu;e;jJ. ,j;jifia
Nju;TKiwfs; ngUk;ghYk; khztu;fis Nju;T ehl;fis epidj;J kdij fyq;f
itf;fpwJ. ,j;jifia Nju;T Kiwiag;gw;wp fPo;f;fz;lthW khztu;fs; tpku;rpf;fpd;wdu;.
1. fy;tp mikg;gpd; rhgf;NfL.
2. ,uj;j cwpQ;rp.
3. fw;wYf;fhd jilf;fy;.
4. cz;ikahd fy;tpapd; vjpup
fw;wy; miltpid mstpl Nju;Tfs; ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLfpwJ. Kiwahd kjpg;gpLjy;
my;yJ mstpLjy; ,y;iynadpy; milT mu;j;jkw;wjhfptpLfpwJ. ,jd;%yk; jq;fsJ
miltpid nkd;NkYk; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;sKbAk;.
kjpg;gPL-tiuaiw
kjpg;gPL vd;gJ “xU nraypy; Vw;gLk; Kd;Ndw;wk;> jpwd;> Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; Njitfs;
gw;wp gpd;D}l;lk; ngWk; nray;”; vd tiuaWf;fyhk;.
Nju;TKiw kw;Wk; kjpg;gpLjy;

gpd;tUk; ml;ltiz%yk; Nju;TKiw kw;Wk; kjpg;gpLjiy xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjd; %yk;
njspthdnjhU tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwyhk;.
mbg;gil Nju;TKiw kjpg;gpLjy;
milTepiy kw;Wk; mjd; tsu;r;rpia
milTepiiyia
Nehf;fk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy; Fiwawpjy;> FiwjPu;j;jy;
mstpLjy;
jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
fy;tpmiltpNdhL fy;tp ,izr;
nray;ghLfspd; miltpidAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. (v.fh)
fy;tp
Mu;tk;> kdg;ghd;ik> Ra kw;Wk;
MSik miltpid
r%f jd;ikfs;> MNuhf;fpa epiy kw;Wk;
cs;slf;fpaJ
nray;ghLfspy; cs;s jpwik ,tw;NwhL
Nrue;j fy;tpapd;milT.
vOj;J kw;Wk; cw;WNehf;fy;> Neu;fhzy;> kw;Wk; ,ju
El;gq;fs; /
nra;Kiwj; cj;jpfs; ,tw;NwhL $ba vOj;Jj; Nju;T tha;nkhopj;
cj;jpfs;
Nju;Tfs; Nju;T kw;Wk; nra;Kiwj; Nju;Tfs;.
jumsTNfhy;> tpsf;f tptug;gl;bay;>
fUtpfs; tpdhj;jhs;fs; Neu;fhzy; ml;ltiz tpdhj;jhs;fNshL
$ba Ratptug; gl;bay;
KOikahd fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghl;bd;
fhy ,ilntspapy;
fhyfl;lk; xUq;fpize;j gFjpahf nray;gLk; xU njhlu;
epfo;Tfshf eilngWk;
epfo;thFk;.
khw;wkpy;yhj xU tupir
khztu; epiy ,uj;jKk;> rijAk; nfhz;l xU jdpkdpjd;
vz;
Nrhjid
kjpg;gPL> tifg;ghL khztu;fspd; nray;jpwd; epiyfis
KbTfspd;
rhd;wpjo; toq;Fjy; nkd;NkYk; cau;j;Jjy;
gad;ghLfs;
Page 80
,e;j ml;ltiz %yk; ,e;j ,uz;il gw;wpa (kjpg;gpLjy;> Nju;TKiw) njspthd
fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;wplyhk;. kjpg;gPL vd;gJ Nju;T Kiwiaf; fhl;bYk; xU nrhy;
mikg;ghFk;. kjpg;gpLjyhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l fhy fl;l epfo;Tfisj; jhz;b xU njhlu;
nray;Kiw MFk;. khztu;fspd; fy;tp milT Fwpj;j tifg;ghL kw;Wk; rhd;wpjo;
toq;Fjy; kl;Lky;yhky; khztu;fspd; gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;>
khztu;fspd; miltpid Fiw jPu;j;jy; %yk; cau;j;Jjy; MFk;.
9.2 jw;fhyj; Nju;TKiw mikg;G ( Present Examination system)

ngUk;ghYk; Nju;TKiwfshdJ fy;tp mikg;gpd; xU rhgf;Nflhf tptupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mLj;jLj;J te;j fy;tp kPjhd FO kw;Wk; thupaq;fshdJ Nju;TKiw khw;wj;jpd;
mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jpd. kw;Wk; jFe;j gupe;JiufisAk; vLj;Jiuj;jd. gy;fiyf;fof
fy;tpf;FO (1948) “gy;fiyf;fof fy;tp Kiwapy; VNjDk; xU khw;wk;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLkhapd; mJ fy;tpKiwahf ,Ue;jhy; ehq;fs; jpUg;jpmilNthk;”;. vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,ilepiyf;fy;tp kPjhd Kjypahu;FO (1952-53) Nju;T Kiwfspy; ek;gfj;jd;ik
,d;ik> Vw;Gilj;jd;ik ,d;ik> Gwtaj; jd;ik ,d;ikia czu;j;JfpwJ.
Njrpa fy;tp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp FOkk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l gpwF midj;jpe;jpa
,ilepiyf;fy;tpf; FOkj;Jld; kj;jpa Nju;T thupakhdJ ,ize;j xU gFjpahf
nray;gl;L Nju;T Kiwfspy; khw;wq;fisAk;> Kd;Ndw;wq;fisAk; jPtpukhf nray;gLj;jp
tUfpd;wd. fy;tpapd; gpwepiyfisf;fhl;bYk; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. nghJj; Nju;TKiwfs; kw;Wk; gs;sp
kjpg;gPl;by; cs;s FiwghLfisf; fistjw;F kj;jpa Nju;T thupak; fy;tp> r%f kw;Wk;
cstpay; ghu;itapy; Nju;T Kiw khw;wq;fis nfhz;L tUtjw;F xU KOikahd
jpl;lj;jpid Vw;gLj;jp cs;sJ. ,jd; Nehf;fq;fshtd>
1. vOj;JKiw> nra;Kiw kw;Wk; tha;nkhopj; Nju;Tfspy; Kd;Ndw;wk;.
2. mwptpay; uPjpahd mfkjpg;gPl;L Kiwfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;.
3. fiyj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; ghlg;Gj;jfq;fspy; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L tUjy;.
vOj;Jj; Nju;T Kiwapy; Kd;Ndw;wk; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd Kf;fpa gupe;Jiufshtd.

1. tpdhf;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
2. ek;gfj;jd;ik> Vw;Gilik> kw;Wk; Gwtaj;jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
tpdhj;jhs;fis tbtikj;jy;.
3. kjpg;ngz; toq;Fk; Kiwfspy; Nkk;ghL kw;Wk;>
4. Nju;T eilngWk; Kiwapy; Nkk;ghL
,e;j Nju;T Kiw rPu;jpUj;jkhdJ vspaKiwapy;> rpwe;j tifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F
cfe;j Kiwapy; mike;Js;sJ.
Kjy; epiyapy;> Gwj;Nju;T Kiwapy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. mLj;jgbahf mfkjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; kw;Wk; ,ju Nju;T rk;ge;jg;gl;l
gpur;ridfis jPu;g;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
Nju;tpd; kWfl;likg;Gk;> mwpf;iffSk; (Examination Reform and Reports)

Nju;T vd;gJ gs;sp kw;Wk; fy;Y}upfspy; tFf;fg;gl;l fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
khztu;fs; ngw;wpUf;fpd;w miltpid mse;jwptjw;fhf nfhz;L tug;gl;l
nray;ghLfshFk;. Nju;T> njhlu;r;rpahf tho;f;if KOtJk; eilngw;W tUk; nrayhFk;.
Page 81
Nju;T> khztu;fspd; xl;L nkhj;j tsu;r;rpia jPu;khdpf;ff; $ba nray;KiwahFk;. ehL>
r%fk;> jdp kdpj tsu;r;rpf;F gad;glf; $ba mstpy; Nju;T Kiw mikjy; rpwg;ghFk;.
Nju;tpd; Nehf;fk;> khztu; tsu;r;rpia kjpg;gLtNjahFk; ,jpy; Kjy;gbahdJ
Nehf;fq;fis tiuaWj;jy;. ,uz;lhtjhf fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mDgtq;fis mjpfupj;jy;>
,e;j fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; R+o;epiyfs;jhd; xU fy;tpr; R+oypd; kpf Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fshf
,Uf;fyhk;. xU khztDf;F ntt;NtW ,lq;fspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; ghuk;gupa kw;Wk;
ghuk;gupakw;w mwpTWj;Jk; jpl;lq;fis ,it Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,JNghy gs;sp> tPL
ez;gu;fs; FO> cldb R+o;epiyfs; Nghd;witAk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Fk;. gs;spapd;
Kaw;rpia ehk; Kf;fpakhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk; rpWtu;fs; fy;tpawpT ngWk; gpw
topfis ehk; js;sptpl KbahJ.
ghuk;gupa gs;spf; fy;tp Kiwapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; R+o;epiyahdJ ek;khy; nryT
nra;a Kbe;jitahd mwpT+l;Lk; gad;ghl;L nghUl;fs; (ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs;> thrpf;f ,ju
Gj;jfq;fs;> gapw;rpfs;> tiuglq;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> glr;RUs;> kw;Wk; tuptbtq;fs;) kw;Wk;
mwpT+l;Lk; gad;ghl;L top Kiwfs; (fye;Jiuahly;fs; fw;gpj;jy;> FOg;gzpfs;> Ma;Tfs;>
fy;tp gazq;fs;) ,tw;iwr; rhu;e;J mikfpwJ. fw;Fk; R+o;epiyia cUthf;f Mrpupau;fs;>
gs;spr; R+oy;> trjpfs; Nghd;wit Kf;fpa mk;rq;fshFk;.
Nehf;fq;fspd; rhjidfisf; Fwpj;j gpd;G ehk; kjpg;gPl;L Af;jpfisAk;> fUtpfis
rhjpf;fj; jFe;jthW gad;gLj;Jk; KiwiaAk; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ,jw;F Vuhskhd
Af;jpfSk;> fUtpfSk; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. mg;gbahdhy;jhd; tsu;r;rpapy; rpwg;Gk;>
Nkd;ikAk; ,Uf;Fk;. Nju;T vd;gJ gy kjpg;gPl;L fUtpfspy; xd;whFk;.
gs;spapy; jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; Nju;T Kiwapd; epiy:

Nfhj;jhup fy;tpf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiuapd;gb ehk; ,g;NghJ gs;spapy; 10 + 2 vd;w fy;tp
Kiwiaf; fw;fg; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. ,J 10 tUl nghJf;fy;tpiaAk; 2 tFg;giw
kjpg;gPl;by; juf;fy;tpiaAk; nfhz;lJ. ,e;j ,uz;L tUlq;fspy; khztu;fs; r%f
mwptpay;> tzpftpay;> mwptpay; vd jhq;fs; tpUg;gg; ghlq;fis vLj;J gbf;fyhk;. 10
tUl nghJf;fy;tp 8 tUl ,Wjpapy; tpj;jpahrkhd Mizaq;fs; Nju;tpid elj;Jfpd;wd.
rpy khepyq;fspy; (mupahdh> gQ;rhg;> ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;) khepy Mizak; Nju;Tfis
elj;JfpwJ. NkYk; 6k; tFg;gpYk; eLepiyj; Nju;T elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
gs;spapy; njhlu; Nju;T KiwiaAk;> Mz;L ,Wjpj;Nju;T KiwiaAk;
ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. Nju;T Mizaq;fs; elj;JtJ Mz;L ,Wjp Nju;TfshFk;. jw;Nghija
Nju;T Kiwapy; gy Fiwfs; cs;sd. fy;tpahsu;fs; ,f;Fiwfis eptu;j;jp nra;a
kpFe;j Kaw;rp vLj;J tUfpd;wdu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;whFk;.
fhydp Ml;rpf;F Kd;dhy; fy;tp KiwahdJ tpj;jpahrkhdjhfTk;> mJ fy;tpia
cs;thq;f $ba rf;jp gilj;jjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. jw;NghJ me;epiy Kuz;ghlhf
tpsq;FfpwJ. jw;Nghija ,e;jpaf; fy;tp Kiw INuhg;gpa fy;tp Kiwia ikakhff;
nfhz;L Nju;T rhu;e;j xd;whf cs;sJ. ,e;j Kiwia ,q;fpyhe;J ek;kPJ jpzpj;jJ
ahtUk; mwpe;jNj. ek; ehl;Lf; fy;tpahdJ njhopw;rhiyfisg; Nghd;Nw ,aq;Ffpd;wJ.
xl;Lnkhj;j cw;gj;jp> cw;gj;jpg; nghUspd; xj;j jd;iik> cw;gj;jp nghUspd; rPuiktpy;
rpwg;G+l;ly;> nghUl;fis jutupirapy; tifg;gLj;Jjy;> cw;gj;jpahsUf;Fk;> cw;gj;jp
nghUSf;Fk; cs;s me;epa cwT Kiw midj;Jk; Nju;T tbtpy; ekJ fy;tpapYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Nju;T Mizaq;fSk;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk; njhopw;rhiy Nghd;Nw ,aq;Ffpd;wd. rpy
Mizaq;fs; kpy;ypad; khztu;fSf;F xNu Neuj;jpy; Nju;T elj;jp kpfg;ngupa mstpy;
gl;ljhupfis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd. ,tw;iwj; jtpu kj;jpa Nju;Tf; FO ngUthupahd
Page 82
gFjpNeu gzpahsu;fs;> Nfs;tpjhs;fis tbtikg;Nghu;> Nju;thsu;fs;> fz;fhzpg;Nghu; vd
VuhskhNdhu; ,jpy; gzpGupfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; jq;fs; gzpf;Nfw;g my;yJ Ntiy nra;j
Neuj;Jf;Nfw;g rk;gsk; ngWfpd;wdu;. njhopw;rhiy gzpahsu;fs; gpur;ridfs; Nghy
,q;NfAk; gy gpur;ridfs; cs;sd. gFjp Neug; gzpahsu;fshf ,Ug;gjhy; njhopyhsu;
rq;fq;fs; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. cw;gj;jp nghUl;fshd khztu;fSk; gpur;rid cz;L
gz;Zfpd;wdu;. rpy Neuq;fspy; gzpahsu;fSk; cw;gj;jp nghUl;fSk; ifNfhu;j;J
nray;gLfpd;wdu;.
khztu;fs; ntw;wp ngWjiy itj;J juf;fl;Lg;ghL jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nju;thsu;fSf;Fk;> Nju;T vOJNthUf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s cwthdJ nghUl;fSf;F
,ilNaahd cwT Nghd;wJ. Vndd;why; cw;gj;jpahsu; nghJthf jdJ cw;gj;jpg;
nghUspd; juj;ij kjpg;gpl mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
9.3 NCERT kw;Wk; Nju;T rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

Njrpa mstpyhdj; Nju;T
NCERT – ahy; elj;jg;gLk; ,j;Nju;Tf;F> khepy epiyj; Nju;tpy; gq;Fngw;W Njitahd
kjpg;ngz; ngw;W jw;NghJ 10 Mk; tFg;G gbj;J tUk; khztu;fs; kl;LNk khepy /
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fshy; gupe;Jiu nra;ag;gLtu;. ,k;khztu;fSf;F mtu;fsJ tupir vz;>
Nju;T eilngWk; Neuk;> Njjp> ,lk; Mfpait gw;wpa jfty;fs; gjpTj;jghy; %yk;
NCERT-My; mDg;gp itf;fg;Lk;.
ikaq;fs;:
xt;nthU khepyk; / A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpw;F xNu xU ikak; jhd; Njrpa epiyj;Nju;Tf;F
mikf;fg;gLk;. nghJthf xU khepyj;jpYs;s khztd; mk;khepyj;jpYs;s ikaj;jpNyNa
Nju;Tfs; vOJkhW gzpf;fg;gLk;.
Njrpa epiyj; Nju;Tf;fhd mikg;G
vOj;Jj; Nju;T ,uz;L gFjpfis cilaJ.
 gFjp I – kdj;jpwikj; Nju;T (MAT)
 gFjp II - mwpT / ehl;lj; Nju;T (SAT)
Nju;T jpl;lkhdJ fPo;f;fz;lthW mike;jpUf;Fk;.
jFjp
Nju;T fhyk; mjpfgl;r kjpg;ngz;
kjpg;ngz;
kdj;jpwikj;Nju;T 1 ½ kzp 100 40*
mwpT / ehl;lj; Nju;T 1 ½ kzp 100 40*
Neu;fhzy; 25 jFjp kjpg;ngz; ,y;iy
* jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;fhd jFjp kjpg;ngz; 32 MFk;.
,uz;L vOj;Jj; Nju;TfSk; jdpj;jdpahf elj;jg;Lk;. ,uz;Lf;Fk; cupa

tpdhj;jhs;fSk>; tpilj;jhs;fSk; jdpj; jdpahf mr;rpl;L toq;fg;gLk;.
Nju;T vOj Ntz;ba nkhop Mq;fpyk; my;yJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;G mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l
khepy nkhopahf ,Uf;Fk;.
mwpT ehl;lj; Nju;tpy; fPo;f;fz;l vl;L ghlq;fspy; VNjDk; ehd;F ghlq;fspYs;s
tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1. ,aw;gpay; 5. tuyhW
2. Ntjpapay; 6. Gtpapay;
Page 83
3. fzpjk; 7. FbAupik
4. capupay; 8. nghUspay;
Nkw;fz;l Nju;TfSf;fhf ve;jtpj Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;jpl;lk; fy;tp Vw;ghL ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
,Ug;gpDk; tpdhf;fspd; juk; 10 – Mk; tFg;G nghJj;Nju;tpy; Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fspd;
juj;jpw;F xg;ghdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,U Nju;TfSk; gy;tpil tpdhf;fisg; ngw;w Gwtag;gl;l Nju;T KiwfshFk;.
,jpy; vjpu;kiw kjpg;ngz; ,Ljy; fpilahJ. juj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; khztu; Neu;
fhzYf;F miof;fg;gLtu;. gjpT mQry; %yk; mtu;fSf;F ,Jgw;wp njuptpf;fg;gLk;.
KbTfs;
,Wjp KbTfs; fl;lhakhf Njrpa epiy vOj;Jj; Nju;T kw;Wk; Neu;fhzypd;
mbg;gilapy; kl;LNk mwptpf;fg;gLk;.
NCERT – ahdJ gpd;tUk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fisg; gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
1. tha;nkhopj; Nju;T kw;Wk; FONtiy kjpg;gPL cs;spl;l gyjug;gl;l kjpg;gPl;L
Kiwfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,ijg;gw;wp Mrpupau; Nkk;ghl;bYk; njhlu; kw;Wk; tpupthd
kjpg;gPL KiwapYk; Mokhf tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. khztu;fspd; mfkjpg;gPl;bw;Fk>;
Gwtakjpg;gPl;bw;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,ijj; jPu;f;Fk; nghUl;L
khw;wq;fs; NCERT - %yk; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. ghlq;fisj; Nju;T nra;Ak; Kiwapy; gs;spfspy; khztu;fSf;F tha;g;Gfs;
jug;gLtjhy; mtutu; tpUg;gg; ghlq;fspy; Nkk;gl;l miltpidg; ngw KbAk;.
nghJthf khztu;fs; fbdkhdg; ghlj;Nju;Tfspy; mjpfkhd mOj;jj;jpw;F
Mshfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; ,e;j rPu;jpUj;j Kiw khztu;fspd; kd mOj;jj;ij
Fiwf;fpd;wJ.
3. Nju;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; nefpo;Tj;jd;ik:
khztu;fs; jq;fs; Ra Ntfj;jpy; fw;wiy Nkw;nfhs;gtu;fs; vd;gJ Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;l cz;ik. epu;thf trjpf;fhfNtapd;wp> ,uz;L tUlq;fspy; Nky;epiyf;
fy;tpapy; midj;Jg; ghlq;fSf;Fk; Nju;T xNu rkaj;jpy; vOj Ntz;ba fl;lhak;
,y;iy. ,e;j rPu;jpUj;jjpd; %yk; khztu;fs; XupU ghlq;fis Kjyhkhz;bYk;>
gpd;du; kw;w ghlq;fspYk; gbg;gbahf Nju;Tfs; fhy msTfspd;wp Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
top tFf;fpwJ. ,k;Kiwapy; khztu;fspd; kd mOj;jkhdJ ngUk;ghYk;
Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; gFjpNeu Ntiyghu;f;Fk; khztu;fs; $l Nju;Tfs;
vOJtjw;F cjTk; tifapy; cs;sJ. ,dp tUk; fhyq;fspy; khztu;fs;; jahu;
epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,izajsk; %yk; Nju;Tfs; vOj KbAk;.
4. milTfis mwptpj;jypy; Nkk;ghL:
rjtpfpj tupir KiwahdJ gpd;tUkhW nfhLg;gjw;F gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
me;jg;ghlj;jpy; Nju;T vOjpa xl;Lnkhj;j khztu;fs;> me;j tl;lhuj;jpy; cs;s
khztu;fs;>fy;tp fl;likg;gpy; juk; jho;e;j kw;Wk; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;lg; gFjpiar;
rhu;e;j xU khztd; 70% militg; ngw;wpUe;jhy; mtd; rjtpfpj tupirapy; me;j
tl;lhuj;jpy; 95% ngw;Ws;sjhf Fwpg;gpLtJ rhyr;rpwe;jJ.
Page 84
khjpup tpdhj;jhs;
myF 9
gFjp-m
1. Nju;T vd;why; vd;d?
2. vOj;Jj; Nju;T Kiwapy; Kd;Ndw;wk; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd Kf;fpag; gupe;Jiufs;
ahit?
3. gs;spfspy; jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; Nju;TKiwapd; epiy ahJ?
4. vOj;Jj; Nju;T Fwpj;J khztu;fspd; fUj;J ahJ?
gFjp-M
1. jw;fhyj; Nju;T Kiwgw;wp tptupf;fTk;
2. Njrpa mstpyhd Nju;T gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
3. Nju;T Kiw Fwpj;J NCERT apd; gupe;Jiufs; ahit?
gFjp-,
1. Nju;T Kiw kw;Wk; kjpg;gpLjiy xg;gpLf.
2. Nju;tpd; kW fl;likg;ig tpsf;Ff.
3. NCERT kw;Wk; Nju;T rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu tiuf.
Page 85
myF - 10 Njh;T mikg;G - II

UNIT –X (EXAMINATION SYSTEM) –II
10.1 ,izajsj; Njh;T (On-Line Examination)

Md;iyd; Nju;Tfs;
fzpdp mbg;gilapyhd kjpg;gPL my;yJ kpd;;dZ kjpg;gPL vd mwpag;gLk; Md;iyd;
Nju;thdJ> mjd; nray;ghl;by; nel;nthu;f; ,izg;G my;yJ ,izaj;ijg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;w jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gad;ghL MFk;. khztu;fs; jq;fs; gadhsu;
ngau; kw;Wk; flTr;nrhy;iy xU kjpg;gPl;L jpl;lj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; cs;Eiof;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;du; khztu;fs;> jpiuapy; fhl;lg;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspg;ghu;fs;. mtu;fs; jFe;j
Neuj;jpy; Nju;T Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; rf;jp tha;e;j cyhtpiag; gad;gLj;jp
nel;nthu;f;fpw;F xU Md;iyd;; fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;>
fy;tp kjpg;gPl;by;> ngupa mstpyhd gupNrhjid mikg;Gfs; kuGrhu;e;j fhfpj
mbg;gilapyhd kjpg;gPl;bypUe;J KO kpd;dZ kjpg;gPl;bw;F nry;Yk; topiaf;
fhz;fpd;wd. gy khztu;fs;> xNu Neuj;jpy; kpd;dZ Nrhjidfspy; cl;fhu;e;J ntt;NtW
,lq;fspy; ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; ghJfhg;Gld; Nju;T mspf;f ,aYk;.
nghJthf> Md;iyd; gupNrhjid KiwahdJ gyUs;; Nju;T Kiwiaf; nfhz;lJ.
Md;iyd; gupNrhjid Kjd;ikahf mwpthw;wy; jpwd;fis mstpLtjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. fw;wYf;fhf kjpg;gpLjy>; fw;gpj;jy; ve;j msT elf;fpwJ vd;gij
jPu;khdpf;f ,it gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ve;j mstpw;F khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijAk; ,jd; %yk; tpiuthf mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;>
kpd;dZ Fwpfs;
kpd; khu;f;fpq; vd;Wk; jpiu khu;f;fpq; vd;Wk; mwpag;gLk; kpd;dZ milahsq;fs; %yk;
kjpg;gpLjy; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nkd;nghUs; Md;iyd; gupNrhjidfis kjpg;gPL nra;a
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Nju;T Kbe;jTld; cldbahf KbTfs; gjpNtw;wg;gLk;. ,jdhy; Neuk;
ngUksT kpr;rkhfpwJ.
Md;iyd; Nju;T Kiwapd; tifg;ghL

Md;iyd; Nju;T Kiwia %d;W gpupTfshf tifg;gLj;jyhk;. epu;thfpfs;> Nrhjid
elj;Jgtu;fs; kw;Wk; khztu;fs;> fzpdp Nkyhz;ik> Nrhjid tpdhf;fs;> KbTfs;>
fzpdp fhg;G kw;Wk; kPl;G Nghd;wtw;iw epu;thfpfs; nghWg;Ngw;Ws;sdu;. Nrhjid
elj;Jgtu;fs; ve;jnthU ,izg;G gpur;rpidAk; ,d;wp> Nrhjid elj;Jtjw;F
nghWg;ghsu;fshf cs;sdu;. khztu;fNs Nju;T vOJgtu;fs;.
Md;iyd; Nju;tpd; ed;ikfs;

1. khztu;fspd; tho;f;ifia vspjhf;f cjTfpwJ> Vndd;why; Nrhjid nra;a ve;j
fhfpjKk>; NgdhTk; nfhz;L tu Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.
2. khztu;fs; Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f mjpf Neuj;ij tPzhf;f khl;lhu;fs;.
Vndd;why; mtu;fs; rpwe;j gjpiy jpiuapy; kl;LNk Nju;e;njLf;fpwhu;fs;.
3. KbTfs; kpf ek;gfkhdit> tpiuthdit> Neuj;ij kpr;rg;gLj;Jfpd;wd>
4. fy;tp Neu;ikaw;wij (Nju;tpy; Vkhw;Wjy;) Fiwf;fpwJ.
5. ,J nryT kw;Wk; Neuj;ij Nrkpf;fpwJ.
6. midj;J ehl;fspYk;> 24 kzp NeuKk; Nju;thdJ elj;jg;glyhk;.
Page 86
7. Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; kl;LNk Nju;tpy; gq;Fngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W
mtrpak; ,y;iy.
8. rkPg fhyq;fspy; muR kw;Wk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; Md;iyd; Nju;Tfis elj;jp
Ml;fis Nju;T nra;fpd;wdu;.
Md;iyd; Nju;tpd; FiwghLfs;

1. mikg;Gfs; ,izg;gpy; kpfTk; rhu;e;J ,Ug;gJ xU gpur;rid>
2. Md;iyd; kjpg;gpLfspd; gjpy;fs; rup my;yJ jtW vd ,Uf;Fk;. gFjp
kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw tha;g;gpy;iy>
3. rpyrkaq;fspy; Nju;tpy; Nju;r;rp ngWtJ mwpthw;wy; ,y;yhky; mjpu;\;lkhf $l
,Uf;fyhk;>
4. Md;iyd; Nju;Tfs; fl;Liu vOJtjw;F Vw;wJ my;y.
5. Md;iyd; Nju;tpy; fye;J nfhs;s khztu;fSf;Fmbg;gil fzpdp mwpT Njit.
10.2 Gj;jfq;fisg; ghh;j;J Njh;T vOJjy; / (Open Book Examination) (OBE)

jpwe;j Gj;jf Nrhjid
jpwe;j Gj;jfj; Nju;Tfs;> Fwpg;Gfs;> E}y;fs; my;yJ Mjhu %yq;fis xU Nju;T
kz;lgj;jpy; vLj;Jr;nry;y mDkjpf;fpd;wJ. mtu;fs; jfty; kw;Wk; mwpT kw;Wk;
fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhd jpwid Nrhjpj;J tUfpd;wd. rl;lkhztu;fs;> Gs;sptptuk; my;yJ
murpd; nray;fSf;fhd tpjpfs; Nghd;w vOj;J %yq;fis Neubahff; Fwpg;gpLk;
ghlq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; ,j;Nju;Tfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
jpwe;j Gj;jfj; Nju;Tfs; nghJthf ,uz;L tbtq;fspy; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:

 kuGtop cl;fhu;e;J / tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Neu Nju;T.
 Nju;Tfis tPl;bw;F vLj;Jr; nry;Yjy; - jpwe;j Gj;jfj;; Nju;Tfis tPl;bNyNa
nra;jy;> Nfs;tpfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;L xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpw;Fs; gjpy;fs; (ngUk;ghYk;
mLj;j ehs;) xg;gilf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
jpwe;j Gj;jfj; Nju;Tfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUspd; tiffs;:

 gbj;jy;> Fwpg;Gg; nghUl;fs;> ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs;.
 cq;fs; Fwpg;Gfs;
jpwe;j Gj;jfj; Nju;Tfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fs; tof;fkhf fl;Lg;ghlw;wit.
jpwe;j Gj;jfj;; Nju;tpy;; cs;s fl;Lg;ghL ePq;fs; kw;wtu;fsplkpUe;J ve;j cjtpAk;
,y;yhky; ePqf ; Ns Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jpwe;j Gj;jfj; Nju;T tpdhf;fSf;F vspjpy;
tpilaspf;f ,ayhJ. XupU Kiw me;jg; Gj;jfj;ij gbj;jhy; kl;LNk tpdhf;fhd tpil
vq;Fs;sJ vdj; njupa tUk;> Gj;jfj;jpYs;s nra;jpfis mg;gbNa vLj;J vOjpdhy;
kjpg;ngz; ngw ,ayhJ. jfty;fisg; Gupe;J nfhz;L rpf;fypd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g tpilaspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. epiwag; Gj;jfq;fis vLj;Jr; nrd;W Nju;T vOJtijf; fhl;bYk; Vw;fdNt
gbj;j xUrpy Gj;jq;fis vLj;Jr; nrd;W Nju;T vOJtJ rpwe;jjhFk;.
rpgpv];, (CBSE) 9-tJ kw;Wk; 11-tJ tFg;G khztu;fSf;Fj; jpwe;j Gj;jfj;;
Nju;Tfis mwpKfg;gLj;jj; jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ.
ghlq;fs; mtw;wpd; jiyg;GfspypUe;J Neub tpdhf;fs; ,q;F mspf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
tpjpfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwd;> tpjpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;> tpjpfspy; cs;s
Kuz;ghLfis tpsf;Fjy; Nghd;w tpdhf;fs; ,q;F ,lk; ngWk;.
Page 87
xU jpwe;j Gj;jf Nju;tpy; ,lk;ngWk; Nfs;tpfspd; tiffs;:
jpwe;j Gj;jfj; Nju;Tfs; cq;fs; epidit Nrhjpf;fhJ> rpf;fiyj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd
jftiyf; fz;Lgpbj;J> mtw;iwg;gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cq;fs; jpwid mtu;fs; Nrhjpj;J>
ed;F fl;likf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; ed;F toq;fg;gl;l tpthjq;fisAk; jPu;itAk; toq;Ftijj;
Nju;T nra;fpwhu;fs;.
jpwe;j Gj;jfj; Nju;Tfspy; tpdhf;fs; nghJthf ePqf
; s; mwpitg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;>
mit fl;Liu ghzp Nfs;tpahf ,Uf;fyhk;> my;yJ jPu;Tfisj; jPu;f;Fk; my;yJ
jPu;Tfis toq;Fk; Kiwapy; mikayhk;> Nju;T mikf;Fk; ghzp MrpupiaiuNah my;yJ
gs;spfisNah rhu;e;jJ.
jpwe;j Gj;jfj; Nju;Tfspd; ed;ikfs;

 ,e;jj; Nju;Tfs; cq;fs; epidtfj;ij Nrhjpg;gjpy;iy. vdNt khztu;fSf;F
epiwa jfty;fs; kw;Wk; Gs;sptptuq;fis kdg;ghlk; nra;a Ntz;ba
mtrpakpy;iy>
 jFe;j fw;wy; nghUl;fis Nrfupf;Fk; NghJ mwpitg;ngWtjw;F khztu;fSf;F
tha;g;G mspf;fpwJ.
 Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju Mjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J Njitahdj;jfty;fisg; ngw
jpwikahd topfis fz;Lgpbg;gjd; %yk; khztu;fspd; jpwd; Nkk;gLfpwJ.
 Gj;jfq;fspd; cs;slf;fj;ij Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy; khztu;fspd;
Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; njhFf;Fk; jpwid mjpfupf;fpwJ.
 Mu;tj;ijAk; kw;Wk; khztu;fspd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwidAk; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
jpwe;j Gj;jfj;; Nju;tpd; FiwghLfs;

 khztu;fs; Gj;jfq;fisg; ngWtjw;F rpukg;gLfpwhu;fs;. Vndd;why; E}yf
Gj;jfq;fs; Fiwthf cs;sd. rpy Gj;jfq;fs; thq;Ftjw;F tpiy mjpfkhfTk;
cs;sJ.
 Gj;jfq;fisg; ghu;j;J Nju;T vOJk;NghJ khztu;fSf;F mjpf Nkir kw;Wk; ,lk;
Njit.
 rpy Neuq;fspy; khztu;fs; xU fUj;ijj; Njl mjpf Neuk; nrytopf;f
Ntz;bAs;sJ.
 epiwa khztu;fs;-jpwe;j Gj;jfj; Nju;it mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy.
 Fwpg;G Gj;jfq;fspy; cs;s midj;J jiyg;GfisAk; epidtpy; itf;f
khztu;fshy; Kbtjpy;iy.
Page 88
khjpup tpdhf;fs;
myF – 10
gFjp-m
1. ,izajsj; Njh;T nghUs; jUf
2. ,izajsj; Njh;T Kiwapd; tifg;ghl;bid jUf
3. jpwe;j Gj;jfj; Njh;T vd;why; vd;d?
gFjp-M
1. Gj;jfq;fisg;ghh;j;J Njh;T vOJjypd; tiffs; ahit?
2. ,izajsj;Njh;tpid tpthpf;fTk;
gFjp-,
1. ,iza jsj; Njh;T Kiwapid tpsf;fp mjd; ed;ikfisAk;> FiwghLfisAk;
tpsf;Ff
2. jpwe;j Gj;jfr; Nrhjid Kiwapid tpsf;fp> mjd; ed;ikfisAk;>
FiwghLfisAk; tpthpf;fTk;
Page 89
myF - 11 Fwpf;Nfhs; tif Nrhjidf; $Wfspd; mikg;G

(UNIT - XI CONSTRUCTION OF OBJECTIVE TYPE TEST ITEMS)
11.1 Gwtar; Nrhjid / Fwpf;Nfhs; tif Nrhjid (Objective type Test)

xU tpdhtpw;F xNu tpil vd;w tifapYk; kjg;gPl;lhsiug; nghUj;J kjpg;ngz;
khwhkYk; ,Uf;Fk; tifapy; mikf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; Gwta tpdhf;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,jid
,uz;L ngUk; gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
vspa epidT $u;
tif (Simple
Recall Type)
G+u;j;jp nra;jy;
Gwtar; Nrhjid tif (Completion
Type)
rupahd tpiliaj;
Nju;T nra;Ak;
tif (Multiple
Gwtar; Nrhjid Choice)
nghUj;Jjy; tif
(Matching)
rupahd tpilia
fz;lwpAk; tif rupah> jtwh tif
(True or False)
,dk; fz;L
mwpjy; tif
(Grouping or find the
odd man out)
Gwta tpdh tifapy; gy;tpil tif> xU nrhy; tpil tif> rupah> jtwh> nghUj;Jf
tif Mfpad mlq;Fk;.
Gwtar; Nrhjidapd; epiwfs;

 ,t;tif tpdhf;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik kpFjpahFk;.
 ,t;tif tpdhf;fSf;F FWfpa Neuj;jpy; khztu;fs; tpilaspf;f KbAk;.
 ,t;tifr; Nrhjidfis elj;JtJk;> tpilj;jhs;fisj; jpUj;JtJk; vspJ.
 Mrpupaupd; tpUg;G> ntWg;Gfs; kjpg;ngz;fisj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jhJ.
 ghlj;jpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; tpdhf;fs; jahupf;f KbfpwJ.
 Fwpg;gpl;l ghlg;gFjpfis kl;Lk; khztu;fs; gbg;gJ ,t;tif tpdhf;fshy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
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Gwtar; Nrhjidapd; Fiwfs;
 Gwta tpdhf;fisj; jahupf;f mjpfg;gbahd fhyk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
 ,t;tif tpdhf;fisj; jahupg;gJ fbdkhd nrayhFk;.
 A+fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; khztu;fs; tpilaspf;f Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 cau;jpwd;fshd rpe;jid> tpku;rpj;jy;> KbntLj;jy;> xd;W jpul;b mspj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;iw ,t;tif tpdhf;fshy; Nrhjpf;f KbahJ.
 ,t;tif tpdhf;fshy; khztu;fspd; Rje;jpuk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
1. epidT$u; tiffs; (Recall Type):
epidT$u; tiffspy; khztd; jhd; fw;w mDgtj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpr; rupahd tpilia
epidT $u;e;J vOj Ntz;Lk;.
m) vspa epidT $u; tif (Simple Recall Type):
,t;tiff; Nfs;tpfspy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpdhtpw;Fupa tpil xU nrhy;ypNyh> xU
nrhw;nwhlupNyh> xU FwpaPl;bNyh mikayhk;.
v.fh: 1
 R+upaDf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s Nfhs; vJ?
 cotdpd; ez;gd; ahu;?
G+u;j;jp nra;jy; tif (Completion Type): ,t;tif tpdhf;fspy;; nghUs; epiwT ngwhj
xU nrhw;nwhlu; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;> nrhw;nwhlupd; njhlf;fj;jpNyh> ,ilapNyh> KbtpNyh
rw;W ,ilntsp tplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,e;j ,ilntspiar; rupahd gjpiyf; nfhz;L epug;g
Ntz;Lk;.
v.fh:
1. R+upa FLk;gj;jpy; _____________________________ kl;LNk xspia ckpo;fpwJ.
2. ______________________________ gpNsf; Neha; flj;jpahFk;.
2. rupahd tpilia fz;lwpAk; tif (Recognition Type)
m) rupahd tpilia Nju;T nra;Ak; tif (Multiple Choice)
,t;tifapy; xU tpdhtpw;Fupa tpil xU nrhy;ypNyh> nrhw;nwhlupNyh NtW rpy
nghUe;jhj tpilfSld; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,t;thW nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gy tpilfspy;
kpfg; nghUj;jkhdij kl;Lk; Nju;e;njLj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s milg;Gf;Fs; Fwpg;gpl
Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU tpdhtpw;Fk; 4>5 gjpy;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; mtw;Ws; rupahdJk;
kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJkhd gjpiy kl;LNk Nju;e;njLj;J vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.
v.fh:
1. R+upaDf;F kpfj; njhiytpy; cs;s Nfhs;
m) Gjd; M) nrt;tha; ,) tpahod; <) Gql;Nlh
2. gwitfSf;F cz;l czT ,q;F miuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) tha; M) jPdpg;ig ,) miuitg;ig <) myF
M) nghUj;Jjy; tif (Matching Type):
,t;tif tpdhf;fspy; nghUj;jkhd ,uz;L thf;fpaq;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;J> thf;fpaj;jpd;
xU ghjpia xU gFjpapYk; kw;w ghjpia kw;nwhU gFjpapYk; tupirf;fpukkhf ,y;yhky;
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dkhf khw;wpf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW mike;jtw;iw xd;Nwhnlhd;W
nghUe;Jk; tifapy; ,izf;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;L gFjpapYk; rk msT njhlu;fs;
nfhLf;fhky; xU gFjpapy; kw;nwhd;iwtpl mjpfkhd vz;zpf;ifAs;s njhlu;fs; mikjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
Page 91
v-fh
t.vz;. Nfhs;fspd; ngau;fs; R+upaidr; Rw;wp tu MFk; fhyk;
1. Gjd; - 23 khjq;fs;
2. nts;sp - 88 ehs;fs;
3. G+kp - 7 ½ khjq;fs;
4. nrt;tha; - 12 Mz;Lfs;
5. tpahod; - 365 ¼ ehl;fs;
,) rupah> jtwh tif / nka;-ngha; tif (True or False)

,t;tif tpdhf;fspy; rpy thf;fpaq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mtw;wpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l
fUj;Jf;fs; cz;ikahapd; cz;ik (True) T (m)  FwpaPl;ilNah> jtwhapd; (False)
jtW vd;gjw;F F (m) X FwpaPl;ilNah milg;Gf;Fs; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
v-fh:
 epyT R+upa xspia vjpnuhspf;fpwJ (cz;ik/ngha;)
 Gifapiy nkhirf; itu]; ePs; cUis tbtk; cilaJ (Mk;/,y;iy)
 vspa fg;gp %d;whk; tif nek;GNfhy; (rup/jtW)
<) ,dk; fz;L mwpjy; tif: (Grouping or Finding the Odd man out)
,t;tifr; Nrhjidfspy; xt;nthU tpdhtpYk; rpy thu;j;ijfisf; nfhLj;J>
mt;thu;j;ijfSld; nghUe;jhj NtW xU thu;j;ijAk; nfhLj;J mt;thW nghUe;jhj
thu;j;ijia kl;Lk; gpupj;J mwpAkhW tpdhf;fis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
v-fh:
 nts;isaZf;fs;> rptg;gZf;fs;> gpsh];kh> euk;G nry;> gpsh];bl;
 kapy;> fhfk;> Gwh> FUtp> ahid
,tw;wpy; nghUe;jhj thu;j;ijfis tl;lkpLf.
Gwtar; Nrhjidapd; gad;fs;

 Fiwe;j Neuj;jpy; kpf mjpfkhd ghlg;gFjpiar; Nrhjpf;f ,aYk.; khztu;fs;
mjpfkhd gjpy; vOj Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy.
 kjpg;gpLjy; kpfTk; vspJ. Gwtaj; jd;ik cilaJ.
 ek;gfj;jd;ik tha;e;jit. xNu tpilj;jhis vt;tsT Ngu; kjpg;gpl;lhYk;
vg;nghOJ kjpg;gpl;lhYk; kjpg;gPL khWtjpy;iy.
Mrpupauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Nrhjidf;Fk; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l milTr;Nrhjidf;Fk; ,ilNa

cs;s NtWghLfs; :
Mrpupauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Nrhjidiaf; fhl;bYk; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l Nrhjid
jahupj;jYk;> epiwNtw;WtJk; tpdhtpw;F tpilia kjpg;gpLjYk; rw;Wf; fbdk; MFk;.
,jw;Ff; fhuzk; jug;gLj;jg;gl;lr; Nrhjidapd; epge;jid epiyahdJ kl;Lky;yhky;
tajpw;F Vw;whw;Nghy jug;gLj;jg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. ,t;tifr; Nrhjid khzhf;fupd;
cz;ikahd jpwidj; Jy;ypakhf mstplf;$baJ.
jw;fhyj;jpy; ,f;fhyg; gs;spfspy; tFg;ghrpupau;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Nrhjidfisj;
(Teacher-made Tests) jtpu gy ghlq;fspYk;> nray;fspYk; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l milTr;
NrhjidfSk; (Standardised Achievement Test) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Mrpupau;fshy;
Mf;fg;gLk; GJKiwf; Nfs;tpfisf; nfhz;l Nrhjidfs; Nghd;W ,it fhzg;gbDk;>
mtw;wpdpd;Wk; khWgl;lit. ,t;tpuz;L NrhjidfSf;fpilNa cs;s NtWghLfis
mLj;JtUk; ml;ltizapy; ehk; fhzyhk;.
Page 92
Mrpupauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Nrhjidfs; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l milTr; Nrhjidfs;
(Teacher – Made Tests) (Standardised Tests)
tFg;giwapy; Fwpg;gpl;l xU fw;wy; Nrhjidf;Fs; mlq;fpa ghlg;nghUs; vq;F
epiyikapNy kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;glf; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lhYk; mq;F gad;gLj;jf;$baJ.
$bait.
tFg;giwapy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fisg; ghlg;nghUs; gw;wpa nghJf; fUj;Jf;fs;
gw;wpa tpdhf;fs; kl;LNk mlq;fpapUf;Fk; ahtw;iwAk; gw;wpa tpdhf;fs;
mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.
ek;gfk;> Vw;;Gilik Mfpad ed;F cUthf;fg;gl;L mjpf msT
cs;sitahfNth> ,y;yhjitahfNth ek;gfKk;> Vw;GilikAk; cilait.
,Uf;ff;$Lk;
fl;Liuj; Nju;TfshfNth rpWtp;ilj; rpWtpil tpdhf;fs; kl;LNk nghJthff;
Nju;TfshfNth ,Uf;Fk; fhzg;gLk;
khztu;fsJ milit mtu;fsJ juq;fs; cs;sd.
kjpg;ngz;fis xg;gpl;L Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wp
KbntLf;f cjTk; juq;fs; fpilahJ.
nghJthf ,it njhFjpr; Nrhjidfshf jdpahs; NrhjidfshfNth> njhFjpr;
,Uf;Fk; NrhjidfshfNth ,it ,Uf;Fk;.
11.2 Nrhjidia jahupj;jy; / cUthf;Fjy; (Constructing a test)

jdJ tFg;giwr; R+oiy rpwe;jjhf mikf;f Mrpupau; Nrhjidia mikg;gjpYk;>
jug;gLj;JtjpYk; cs;s Kiwfis mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;> Nrhjidia mikg;gjpYk;
jug;gLj;JtjpYk; fPo;f;fz;l gbfs; cs;sd>
1. Nrhjidiaj; jahupg;gjw;Fj; jpl;lkpLjy; (Planning the test)
2. Nrhjidiaj; jahupj;jy; (Preparing the test)
3. Nrhjidia nray;gLj;Jjy; (Trying-Out the test)
4. Nrhjidia kjpg;gpLjy; (Evaluation the test)
Nrhjidiaj; jahupg;gjw;F jpl;lkpLjy; (Planning the test)

ve;j xU NrhjidAk; jpl;lkpLjiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. vdNt Nrhjidia
mikf;f jpl;lkpLjy; Njit. ey;y Nrhjidia cldbahf> jw;nrayhf> jahupf;f
,ayhJ. Nrhjidiaj; jahupg;gjw;F Kd;G jpwk;gl jpl;lkpLjiy Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Nrhjidia mikf;Fk; nray;KiwahdJ mjpf Neuj;ij vLf;Fk;. khztuhy; fzpf;ff;
$bajhfTk;> gz;G elj;ijapy; khw;wj;ijf; fhZk; gbfisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;>
a. Nehf;fq;fis> Fwpg;gpLjYk; tiuaWj;jYk;.
b. fw;gpj;J Kbf;f Ntz;ba ghlg; nghUs;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
c. jpl;lg;glk; jahupj;jy;.
a) Nehf;fq;fis Fwpg;gpLjYk;> tiuaWj;jYk;:

KOikahd fy;tp nray;fspy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gpLjy;
Nghd;wit xd;Wf;nfhd;W nghUisAk;> Nehf;fq;fisAk; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt
midj;J Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fisAk; kjpg;gpLtjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ,jw;F
fPo;tUk; MNyhridfs; cjTfpd;wd.
Page 93
m. Kf;fpakhd Nehf;fq;fis milahsk; fhzNtz;Lk;
M Nehf;fq;fs; thf;fpaq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
,. Nehf;fq;fs; jdpj;jd;ikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
b) fw;gpj;J Kbf;f Ntz;ba ghlg; nghUisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;:

Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; tpUk;gj;jF elj;ij khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L tuf;$ba ghlg; nghUis
nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> vd;gij Mrpupau; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vdNt>
Nrhjidf;fhf ghlg;nghUis Mrpupau; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
c) jpl;lg;glk; jahupj;jy;:
Nju;it jpl;lkpLjypy; Kf;fpakhd gb jpl;lg;glk; jahupj;jy; MFk;> jpl;lg;glk; (Blue
Print) vd;gJ xU tpj tiuglkhFk;> ,J Fwpf;Nfhis ghlg;nghUNshL
njhlu;Gg;gLj;JfpwJ. NkYk; khjpup Nju;tpd; gz;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. jpl;lg;glk;
Nrhjidiaj; jahupg;gtUf;F topfhl;bahf cs;sJ. tpUk;gj;jF Nehf;fk; kw;Wk;;
ghlg;nghUs; ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilNa rkepiyia cUthf;Fk; tifapy; Nrhjidia mikf;f
,J cjTfpwJ.
II. Nrhjidiaj; jahupj;jy; (Preparing the test)

mLj;jgbahf> Nrhjidj; jahupg;ghsu; rupahd Nrhjid cUg;gbfis (items) jahupf;f
Ntz;Lk;. cUg;gbfis jahupf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUk; MNyhridfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
 jpl;lg;glj;ij Kjypy; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;
 Nrhjidf;fhd Maj;j jpl;lf;Fwpg;Gfis (Preliminary draft) ,ad;w msT tpiutpy;
njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;
 Nrhjidapy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l cUg;gbfis Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;syhk;
 ,Wjpf;fl;l Nrhjidapy; mjpfg;gbahd cUg;gbfs; 50-80-% fbdj;jd;ik
cilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;>
 tpUk;gj;jF cUg;gbfis Nrhjidapd; Kjy; jpl;lf;Fwpg;gpNyNa Nru;j;Jtpl
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; Fwpg;Gfs; Njitg;gl;lhy; ,Wjpapy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
 rpwpJ Neuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du;> Nrhjidapy; cs;s jtWfis jpUk;gTk; rup nra;J
mikf;fg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
 tpilfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; juhky; ghlg;nghUSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUk; tifapy;
cUg;gbfs; mika Ntz;Lk;>
 Nrhjidapd; gjpiy jPu;khdpf;Fk; NtiyfisNah> ghlg;gFjpapd; xU gFjpia
Fwpf;fhky; KOikahff;Fwpg;gpLk; tz;zk; tFg;Gfs; mika Ntz;Lk;.
 Fwpg;gpl;l tifapy; mike;j cUg;gbfs; Nrhjidapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapy;
xd;whff; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
 Nrhjidapy; cs;s Fwpg;gpl;l tifahd cUg;gbfs; mjd; fbdj; jd;ikf; Nfw;g
(Difficulty) VWtupirapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;>
 tpdhf;fs; midj;Jk; gbg;gjw;Nfw;w epiyapy; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;
 Nrhjidapd; tpilfis xNu khjpupahd tupir Kiwfis ePf;f Ntz;Lk;
 khztUf;F toq;fg;gLk; Fwpg;Gfs; Kbe;j tiu njspthdjhfTk;> KOikahfTk;
kw;Wk; RUf;fkhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;>
Page 94
fw;gpj;jy; vspikahfTk;> njspthfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> mg;NghJ jhd; nkJthff;
fw;Nghu; mtu;fsJ vjpu;ghu;g;gpw;Nfw;g vspjhfg; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
III. Nrhjidia nray;gLj;Jjy;: (Trying - out the Test)

Njh;Tj;jhis jahupj;j gpd;> ve;j khztu;fSf;fhf jahupf;fg;gl;lNjh mtu;fSf;F
Nju;T itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> eilKiwg;gLj;Jjypy; %d;W Jizg; gbfs; cs;sd. mit
Nrhjidapd; Maj;jk;> jahupj;jypy; ,Wjpepiy. Nju;tpw;F. kjpg;ngz; toq;fy;
vd;gdthFk;.
Nrhjidapd; Maj;jk;:
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l khztu;fs; FOtpw;F Nju;thdJ nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Maj;j
epiy ,uz;L NjitfSf;fhf nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
m. Neuj;ij xJf;Fjy;:
Nrhjidia jahupg;ghsu; jahupf;Fk; NghJ khztu;fs; vt;tsT Neuj;jpy; gjpy;
mspg;ghu;fs; vd;gJ njupahJ. ,jd; %ykhf khztu;fs; gjpy; mspf;Fk; Neuj;ij
NjhuhakhfTk; vspjpYk; fz;lwpa KbAk;> ];lhd;yp kw;Wk; uh]; (Staneley and Ross)
,tu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb mDkjpf;fg;gLk; NeukhdJ 75% khztu;fshy; midj;J Nju;T
cUg;gbfSf;Fk; gjpyspf;f Kaw;rpf;Fk; tifapy; mika Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;wdu;>
M. re;NjfKs;s my;yJ FiwAs;s thu;j;ijfis milahsk; fhzy;.
rpy cUg;gbfspy; re;NjfKs;s my;yJ FiwAs;s thu;j;ijfs; ,Uf;fyhk;. mJ
Maj;j epiyapy; khztu;fshy; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLk;. Nju;thsu; khztupd; fUj;jpw;fpzq;f
cUg;gbfis khw;wp mikg;ghu;.
b) jahupj;jypy; ,Wjpepiy (Final Try Out)

Maj;j epiyf;Fg; gpd;du; Nju;tpy; rpy khw;wq;fSk;> jpUj;jq;fSk; nra;ag;gl;L
NrhjidahdJ Gjpajhf cUthf;fg;gLk;. ,JNt eilKiwg;gLj;Jjypd; ,Wjp epiyahFk;
,r;Nrhjidf;fhf NghJkhd msT khztu;fisj; Nju;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Nju;it
elj;Jk;NghJ gpd;tUk; Kf;fpakhd MNyhridfis fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;>
1. Nju;tpw;F KOikahd jahu; epiyapy; ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;>
2. Nju;Tf;F Kd;du; Njitaw;w Ngr;Rf;fis jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. Nju;tpd; NghJ Fiwe;j msT ,ilA+Wfs; my;yJ ,ilA+W ,y;yhky; ,Uf;FkhW
ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
4. khztUf;F Fwpg;Gfs; nfhLg;gij jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;>
(c) Nju;tpw;F kjpg;ngz; toq;fy;:

jpwikahd kjpg;ngz; toq;Fk; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;ngz; toq;Fk;
KiwahdJ vspikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; mJ rPuhd kw;Wk; Ntfkhd
fzf;fpLjiy epr;rapf;Fk;. rPuhd kw;Wk; Ntfkhd fzf;fpLjiy epr;rapf;Fk; Gwtaj;
Nju;tpd;NghJ xt;nthU rupahd gjpYf;Fk; xNu khjpupahd kjpg;G toq;fg;gLtNj rpwe;jJ.
Njitahd nghOJ tpilf; Fwpg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp khztUf;F rupahd kjpg;ngz;fs;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ>
Page 95
IV Nrhjidia kjpg;gpLjy;
Nrhjidf;F kjpg;ngz; toq;fg;gl;l gpwF> xt;nthU jdp cUg;gbAk; kjpg;gPL
nra;tNjhL KOikahfTk; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;lhnyhopa Nrhjidapd; juj;ij epr;rapf;f
KbahJ. Nrhjid kjpg;gPL %d;W gbfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ>
mitahtd:
1. cUg;gb gFg;gha;T (Item Analysis)
2. Vw;Gilikia jPu;khdpj;jy; (Determining the validity)
3. ek;gfj;jd;ikiaj; jPu;khdpj;jy; (Determining the reliability)
ed;ikfs; - kPl;Lzu;jy;> Recall – (Advantages)

1. tbtikg;gjw;F vspjhdJ
2. kPl;Lzu;jy; tFg;giwfis ngUk;ghYk; (md;whl tFg;giwr;R+oypy; cs;s)
khztu;fs; mwpe;jitahfNt cs;sJ.
3. kPl;Lzu;jy; tif cUg;gbfs; mjpf ghFghL kjpg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
4. rpwe;j Kiwapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l kPl;Lzu;jy>; tFg;giw cUg;gbfspy; A+fpf;ff;$ba
fhuzpfs; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fiwfs;:
1. ,e;j tFg;Gfs; fbdkhd fw;wy; ntsaPLfis> mstPLfis ntspapLtjw;F Vw;wJ
my;y.
2. ,ij tbtikj;jypd;NghJ ftdk; nrYj;jhtpby; kjpg;gLjy; mftaj;jd;ik
cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
3. vspikahd kPl;Lzu;jy; kw;Wk; Kbj;jy; tif cUg;gbfisf; nfhz;L KOikahd
Gupjy; epiyia mstpLjy; fbdk;.
4. Nrhjidf;Fl;gl;l ghlg;nghUis khztd; mwpe;j NghjpYk; G+u;j;jp nra;aNtz;ba
jFe;j tpilia (thu;j;ij) kPl;Lzu;jy; fbdk;.
5. khztdpd; tpil rupah (m) jtwh vd;gij rpy Neuq;fspy; Vw;gLk; gpiofspdhy;
Mrpupau;fs; mt;tpilia jPu;khdpf;f Kbtjpy;iy.
6. vspa kPl;Lzu;jy; tif cUg;gbahdJ vOj;Jg; G+u;tkhd mwpjYf;Fk;>
fUj;Jf;fis epidtpy; nfhs;tjw;Fk; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fpwJ.
Page 96
khjpup tpdhj;jhs;
myF – 11
gFjp-m
1. Gwtar; Nrhjid vd;why; vd;d?
2. Gwtar; Nrhjidapd; tiffs; ahit?
3. Nrhjidiaj; jahupj;jypy; cs;s gbepiyfisf; $Wf.
4. Mrpuauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Nrhjid vd;why; vd;d?
5. jug;gLj;jg;gl;l Nrhjid vd;why; vd;d?
gFjp-M
1. Gwtar; Nrhjidapd; epiwfs; kw;Wk; Fiwfis tptupf;f?
2. Gwtar; Nrhjidapd; gad;fisf; $Wf.
3. Nrhjidia kjpg;gpLjy; - tpsf;fk; jUf.
gFjp-,
1. Gwtar; Nrhjidapd; tiffis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
2. Mrpupauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Nrhjidf;Fk; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l milTr; Nrhjidf;Fk;
,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?
3. Nrhjidia cUthf;Fk; Kiwapid tpsf;Ff.
Page 97
myF : 12 kjpg;ngz;fspd; gFj;jha;T kw;Wk; tpsf;fk; - I

(UNIT – XII ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF SCORES – I)
12.1 kjpg;ngz;fspd; tpsf;fk;> Njit kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

12.1 (Importance and Essentials of Interpretation of Scores):
kjpg;ngz; vd;gjd; cz;ikg;nghUs;:
njhlu; tupirapy; ,lk; ngWk; kjpg;ngz;fis> KO vz;fshff; nfhs;tijf; fhl;bYk;
xU njhlupy; cs;s Fwpg;gpl;l J}ukhff; nfhs;tNj rpwe;jjhFk.; xU milTj; Nju;tpy;
cs;s xU kjpg;ngz; ,uz;L vy;iyfSf;fpilNaAs;s xU myFj; J}ukhFk;. xU Nju;tpy;
50 vDk; kjpg;ngz; cz;ikapy; 49.5 ypUe;J 50.5 tiu cs;s kjpg;ngz;fisf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. kjpg;ngz; 50d; kpfr; rupahd ikag;Gs;sp fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kjpg;ngz; 50
50
49.5 50.5
,jpypUe;J 50 vd;Dk; kjpg;ngz; 49.5 ypUe;J 50.5 tiu cs;s kjpg;Gfis
cs;slf;fpaJ vd;Wzuyhk;. 49.5 vd;gJ nka; fPo; vy;iy vd;Wk; 50.5 vd;gJ nka; Nky;
vy;iy vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.
kjpg;ngz;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jjy;:
khztu;fspd; tpilj;jhs;fisj; jpUj;jpaTld; xt;nthU tpilj;jhs;fSf;Fk; kjpg;ngz;
mspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. kjpg;ngz;fspd; Nghf;fpidNah> jd;ikiaNah rupahf czuTk>;
nghUs; fhzTk; ,tw;iw Vw;w Kiwapy; juk; gpupj;J ghFghL nra;J> gl;bay; jahupj;J
ml;ltizg; gLj;Jjy; mtrpakhFk;. Mifahy; ,jd; Kjy;gb kjpg;ngz;fisg; gy
FOf;fshfg; gpupj;jyhFk;. gpd;tUk; gbfs; ,jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
tPr;R fhzy;:
ngwg;gl;l kjpg;ngz;fspy; kpf mjpf kjpg;ngz;Zf;Fk;> kpff;Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz;Zf;Fk;
cs;s NtWghL fzf;fplg;gl Ntz;Lk; mjw;F “tPr;R” vd;W ngau;. ,j;Nju;tpy; (ml;ltiz
1) mjpf kjpg;ngz; 97: Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz; 42. Mifahy; tPr;R 55. ,r;Nrhjid 50
xd;gjhtJ tFg;G khztu;fSf;F elj;jg;gl;lJ.
50 xd;gjhk; tFg;G khztu;fs; capupay; milTj; Nju;tpy; ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fspd;
ml;ltiz:
ml;ltiz - 1
85 66 76 78 66 92 64 77 71 74
47 78 45 42 58 70 71 67 78 80
73 48 68 58 81 72 69 65 73 8
75 56 87 61 72 56 62 93 83 73
97 81 51 87 53 62 59 62 88 79
mjpfkjpg;ngz; = 97
Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz; = 42
tPr;R = 55
Page 98
tFg;G ,ilntsp fhzy;:
kjpg;ngz;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Fk; Kd; mf;FOf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk;> FO
msitAk; KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. 3>5>10 vDk; myFfs; jhd; nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
FO ,ilntspfs; MFk;. gpupTfs; 5ypUe;J 15 tiu mikAkhW FOf;fisg; gpupj;jy;
nghJthf cs;s epajp MFk;. ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s tPr;R vj;jid tFg;G ,ilntspfis
mspf;Fk; vd;gij> tPr;irj; jw;fhypfkhfj; Nju;e;njLj;Js;s ,ilntsp myfhy; tFj;jhy;
fpilf;Fk;. ml;ltiz 1y; cs;sgb tPr;R 55 Ij; jw;fhypfkhfj; Nju;e;njLj;j ,ilntsp
msthd 5My; tFj;jhy; fpilg;gJ 11 tFg;Gfs; MFk;. 3 myFfs; cs;s ,ilntsp 19
tFg;GfisAk;> 10 ,ilntsp 6 tFg;GfisAk; nfhLf;Fk; ,ilntsp 3 vDk;NghJ
kjpg;ngz;fs; Ftpe;J ,Uf;Fk;. Mifahy; ,ilntsp 5 vd;gJ ml;ltiz 1-y; cs;s
kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tFg;G ,ilntspfs; ml;ltiz 2-,y; cs;sgb Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ml;ltizapy; Kjypy; tFg;Gfs; tupirahff; fPopUe;J njhlq;fp> Nky; Nehf;fp tupirahf
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; fPNo cs;s tFg;G kjpg;ngz; 40>41>42>43>44 Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
ml;ltiz - 2
50 khztu;fs; ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fspd; miyntz; guty;
gpupTfs; FwpaPLfs; miyntz;
95-99 1
90-94 2
85-89 4
80-84 5
75-79 8
70-74 10
65-69 6
60-64 4
55-59 4
50-54 2
45-49 3
40-44 1
nkhj;jk; 50
,Nj Nghy vy;yh tFg;GfSk; 5 kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd. ,uz;lhtjhf “FwpaPL”

vd;Dkplj;jpy; xU kjpg;ngz; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tFg;igr; Nru;e;jjdhy; mt;tFg;Gf;F Neuhf /
vd;w rupTf;Fwpia ,lNtz;Lk;. Kjy; kjpg;ngz;zhd 85 vd;gJ tFg;G ,ilntsp 85-90
vd vOjg; gl;Ls;sjw;F vjpupy; 1 rupTf;Fwp %yk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. mNj Nghy; 47 vDk;
kjpg;ngz; 45-49 vd;Dk; ,ilntspf;F vjpupy; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Nj Nghy kPjKs;s
midj;J kjpg;ngz;fSk; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. 50 khztu;fspd; kjpg;ngz;fSk; Fwpf;fg;gl;lTld;
xt;nthU tFg;G ,ilntspapy; cs;s rupTfspd; vz;zpf;if> ml;ltizapd; %d;whtJ
gFjpapy; miyntz; vd;gjd; fPo;f; Fwpf;fg;gLk; mt;tiyntz;fisf; $l;bdhy; nkhj;j
khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;iff; fpilf;Fk;. ,t;thW xt;nthU tFg;G ,ilntspapYk; cs;s
miyntz;fis me;je;j tFg;G ,ilntspf;F vjpupy; Fwpj;jhy; mJNt miyntz; guty;
vdg;gLk;.
Page 99
tFg;G ,ilntspfspd; vy;iyfis tpsf;Fjy;:
40 ypUe;J 44 tiu vDk; ,ilntspapy; 40>41>42>43>44 vDk; 5 kjpg;ngz;fs; cs;sd.
njhlu; tupirapy; 40 vDk; kjpg;ngz; nghJthf 39.5 ypUe;J 40.5 tiu vDk;
,ilntspiaAk; 44 vd;gJ 43.5 ypUe;J 44.5 vd;gijAk; Fwpf;Fk;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; 40
ypUe;J 44 tiuAs;s ,ilntspiaj; Jy;ypakhf 39.5 ypUe;J (40d; njhlf;f kjpg;ngz;)
44.5 tiu (44d; KbT my;yJ 45d; njhlf;fk;) vd;W Fwpf;fyhk;. ,it KiwNa fPo; nka;
vy;iy> Nky; nka; vy;iy vdg;gLk;. mit 40-44 vd;Dk; tFg;gpd; “nka; vy;iyfs;”
vdg;gLk;.
Ntfkhf kjpg;ngz;fisg; gl;baypl;L mjd; tFg;G ,ilntspf;Fs; nghUj;j 40-44
vd;W vOJk; Kiw kw;w Kiwfshd 40-45 my;yJ 39.5-44.5 vDk; Kiwfis tpl kpfTk;
rpwe;jjhFk;.
,ilntspapd; ikag;Gs;sp:
xU miyntz; gutypy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gpupitr; Nru;e;j kjpg;ngz;fs; me;j tFg;G
KOtjpYNk rPuhfg; gutpapUg;gjhff;; fUjg;gLk;. tFg;G ,ilntsp 3.5 my;yJ 10 Mf
,Ug;gpDk; ,Jjhd; cz;ikahFk;. xU gpupT my;yJ tFg;gpYs;s ,e;j vy;yh
kjpg;GfisAk; xNu Xu; vz;zhy; Fwpg;gpl epidj;jhy; me;j ,ilntspapd; ikag;Gs;spNa
mjw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd kjpg;G MFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ml;ltiz 2y; cs;s ,ilntsp
60-64 y; cs;s ehd;F khztu;fspd; kjpg;ngz; 2 vDk; xU vz;zhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. ,J
ikag;Gs;sp vdg;gLk;. 62-I ,ilntspapd; ikag;Gs;spahff; fUJtjw;fhd fhuzk;
fPo;f;fz;l glk; %yk; tpsf;fg;gLk;.
tFg;G ,ilntsp 5 Mifahy; ikag;Gs;sp fPo;tuk;gpypUe;J 2 myFfs; mjpfkhFk;
(mjhtJ 60 + 2) MFk;. Nky; tuk;gpypUe;J 2 myFfs; FiwthFk; (64-2).
12.2 ikag;Nghf;F msitfs;> $l;Lr; ruhrhp> ,ilepiy kw;Wk; KfL

12.2 (Measures of Central Tendency - Arithmetic Mean, Median and Mode)
ika epiyg;Nghf;F msitfs; (Measures of Central Tendency)
vz;fshfg; gutpf;fplf;Fk; tptuq;fis xU Nru Nehf;fp> mjd; jd;ikia mwpag;
gad;gLgit ikaepiyg; Nghf;F msitfs;. nghJthf xU Nju;tpy; khztu;fs; ngWk;
kjpg;ngz;fis ftdpj;jhy;> Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz;fs; kw;Wk; cau; kjpg;ngz;fisg;
ngw;wtu;fs; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapNyNa ,Ug;gu;. ,tw;wpw;F ,ilNa cs;s
ikag;gFjpapy; kjpg;ngz;fs; FOkpf; fhzg;gLk;. vg;Gs;spiar; Rw;wp kjpg;Gfs; FOkpf;
fhzg;gLfpwNjh> mg;Gs;spNa ikaepiyg; Nghf;F msit vdg;gLk;. ,t;tsitia xU
FO my;yJ gutypd; jd;ikia xl;L nkhj;jkhfg; gpujpgypf;Fk; gpujpepjpahf nfhs;syhk;.
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l FOf;fspd; miltpid xg;gpl;L Nehf;fTk; ikaepiyg;
Nghf;F msTfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
Page 100
ikaepiy Nghf;F msitfSs; Kf;fpakhdit : 1)$l;L ruhrup (Arithmetic Mean) 2)

,ilepiy (Median) 3) KfL (Mode)
xU FO my;yJ gutypd; ruhrupg; gz;gpidg; gpujpgypf;Fk; ikaepiyg;Nghf;F
msitfs; fPo;f;fz;lthW tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
$l;Lr;ruhrup:
M my;yJ 𝑋 vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLk; $l;Lr;ruhrup (RUf;fkhf ruhrup vd;wiof;fg;LtJ)
FO kjpg;Gfspd; “Gtp <u;g;G” ikaj;ijg; Nghd;wJ. ,J xU FOtpYs;s cUg;gbfspd;
kjpg;Gfisf; $l;b> mij nkhj;j cUg;gbfspd; vz;zpf;ifahy; tFj;jpl fpilg;gjhFk;.
𝑋
M = 𝑁
,q;F X vd;gJ khwpapd; kjpg;GfisAk;> N vd;gJ cUg;gbfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;ifiaAk;  vd;Dk; FwpaPL ‘$Ljy;’ vd;gjidAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
,ilepiy:
xU miyT gutiy ,U rkghfkhfg; gpupf;Fk; Gs;sp ,ilepiy msT MFk;. mjhtJ
,ilepiy mstpd; fPo; nkhj;j cUg;gbfspy; 50% ,lk;ngWk; ,J Mdn vd;W
Fwpf;fg;gLk;.
𝑁+1 50%N
Mdn. = 2
cUg;gbapd; kjpg;G
50%N ,ilepiy
KfL : jdpj;j kjpg;Gfisf; nfhz;l xU njhFg;gpy; ve;j msit> mjpf Kiwfs;

jpUk;gj; jpUk;g tUfpd;wNjh> me;j msitNa KfL vdg;gLk;. xU miyntz;
gutYf;fhd Njhuhakhd Kfbidf; fhz fPo;f;fz;l tha;g;ghL gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
KfL = 3 (,ilepiy) – 2 (ruhrup)
,k;%d;W ikaepiyg; Nghf;F msTfspd; jd;ikfisAk; mtw;iwf; fzf;fpLk;
KiwfisAk; ,dpf; fhz;Nghk;.
$l;Lr; ruhrupiaf; (Arithmetic Mean) fzf;fply; njhFf;fg;glhj kjpg;ngz;fspypUe;J

$l;Lr; ruhrupiaf; fzf;fply;:
tptuq;fs; rpW vz;zpf;ifapy; mike;J> cUg;gbfspd; kjpg;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;>
mg;NghJ $l;Lr;ruhrupiaf; fhz cUg;gbfspd; kjpg;Gfisf; $l;b> $l;Lj; njhifia
cUg;gbfspd; vz;zpf;ifahy; tFf;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf 5 khztu;fspd; kjpg;ngz;fs;
65>52>73>57>63 vd;W jug;gl;bUe;jhy;> mtw;wpw;fhd $l;Lr;ruhrup.
𝑋 65+52+73+57+63 310
M= 𝑁
= 5
= 5
= 62 MFk;.
,jpy; N vd;gJ kjpg;ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk;> X vd;gJ kjpg;ngz;fisAk;> 
vd;gJ $l;Lj; njhif my;yJ $Ljy; vd;gijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
kjpg;ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if kpf mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtw;wpw;fhd $l;Lr;
ruhrupia Nkw;$wpa Kiwapy; fzf;fpLtJ rpwpJ fbdkhFk;. MfNt mtw;iw miyntz;
gutyhf mikj;J> vspa Kiwapy; fzf;fplyhk;. ,k;Kiwapy; Kjypy; kjpg;ngz;fs;
ml;ltiz 3y; fhl;bagb miyntz; gutyhf mikf;fg;gLk;. gpd;du; xt;nthU gpupT
my;yJ tFg;gpy; ikag;Gs;spia (X) mg;gpuptpw;F vjpupy; vOj Ntz;Lk; gpd;du; xt;nthU
gpuptpd; miyntz; (f) ngUf;fpf; fpilf;Fk; (fx) vz;fisf; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Page 101
,t;ntz;fisf; (fx) $l;b tUk; njhifia (fx) nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifahy; (N) tFj;jhy;
$l;Lr; ruhrup fpilf;Fk;.
fx
mjw;fhd tha;g;ghL : $l;Lr; ruhrup M = 𝑁
ml;ltiz 3
C.I. (gpupTfs;) X (ikag;Gs;sp) f (miyntz;) fx
95-99 97 1 97
90-94 92 2 184
85-89 87 4 348
80-84 82 5 410
75-79 77 8 616
70-74 72 10 720
65-69 67 6 402
60-64 62 4 248
55-5 57 4 228
50-54 52 2 104
45-49 47 3 141
40-44 42 1 42
nkhj;jk; N=50 fX = 3540
𝑓𝑥 3540
$l;Lr; ruhrup = = = 70.8
𝑁 50
RUf;f Kiw (Short Method)

njhFf;fg;glhj kjpg;ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if kpf mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJk;>
kjpg;ngz;fs; kpfg;ngupajhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJk;> $l;Lr;ruhrupiag; gpd;tUk; Kiwg;gb
vspjhff; fzf;fplyhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf 55>43>60>63>54 vDk; 5 kjpg;ngz;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; xd;iw fw;gid
ruhrupahff; nfhz;L (A) mjdpd;W xt;nthU kjpg;ngz;zpd; tpyf;fj;ijAk; fz;L (d)
Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpyf;fq;fspd; $Ljiy> Fwpfis kdj;jpy; nfhz;L fzf;fpl;L
nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifahy; tFj;J tUk; vz;iz fw;gidr; ruhrup A cld; $l;lf;
fpilg;gJ $l;Lr; ruhrupahFk;.
X - A = d
55 - 60 = -5
43 - 60 = -17
60 - 60 = 0
63 - 60 = +3
54 - 60 = -6
𝑑 = - 25
𝑑 −25
𝑁
= 5
= -5
𝑓𝑑
$l;Lr; ruhrup = A + 𝑁
= 60-5 =55
Page 102
miyntz; gutYf;fhd fw;gidr; ruhrup Kiw (Assumed Mean Method)

ePz;l Kiwapd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; $l;Lr;ruhrup kpfj; Jy;ypakhdJ Mdhy; ,k;Kiwapy;
ngupa vz;fisAk; mau;T+l;Lk; fzf;fPL KiwfisAk; ifahs Ntz;bapUf;Fk.; mjdhy;
fw;gidr; ruhrup Kiw vd;w FWf;F topahdJ ruhrupiaf; fzf;fplf;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,k;Kiwiaf; ifahSk;NghJ> ehk; xU gutypd; $l;Lr; ruhrupia Kjypy; fw;gid
nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. miyntz; gutypd; kpf mjpf miyntz; nfhz;l gpuptpd;
ikag;Gs;spNah> gutypy; fpl;lj;jl;l eLtpy; ,Uf;Fk; xU gpuptpd; ikag; Gs;spNah>gutypy;
fpl;lj;jl;l eLtpy; ,Uf;Fk;> xU gpuptpd; ikag; Gs;spiaNah ,f;fw;gidr; ruhrupahff;
(AM) nfhz;L cz;ikr; ruhrupf;fhd gpd;tUk; gbfisf; ifahs Ntz;Lk;.
ml;ltiz 4-y; cs;sgb Kjypy; gpupTfs;> gpd;du; ikag;Gs;spfs;> miyntz;fs;
vdf; Fwpj;Jg; gpd;du; tpyf;fq;fisf; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gutypy; mjpfkhd miyntz;
70-74 gpuptpy; mikfpd;wJ. mJNt Vwf;Fiwa gutypd; eLtpYs;s gpupthfTk; cs;sJ.
,g;gpuptpd; ikag; Gs;spahfpa 72 If; fw;gidr; ruhrupahff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du;
,f;fw;gidr; ruhrupapypUe;J xt;nthU ikag; Gs;spAk; vt;tsT tpyfpAs;sJ vd;gijf;
fzf;fpl Ntz;Lk; vdNt 75 – 79d; ikag;Gs;spahd 77 fw;gidr; ruhrupahd 72 I tpl
xU tFg;G ,ilntsp mjpfkhf cs;sjhy; 77-d; vjpupy; +1 vdf; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Nj
Nghy; ikag;Gs;sp 82> fw;gidr; ruhrup 72 ypUe;J ,uz;L tFg;G ,ilntsp
tpyfpapUg;gjhy;> mjd; vjpupNy +2 vd;W Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpyf;fk; gFjpapy; 72 ypUe;J
NkNy nry;yr; nry;y +3, +4, +5 vd;W Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ml;ltiz 4
C.I. f d fd
x ikag;Gs;sp
gpupTfs; miyntz; tpyf;fk;
95-99 97 1 5 5
90-94 92 2 4 8
85-89 87 4 3 12 +43
80-84 82 5 2 10
75-79 77 8 1 8
70-74 72 10 0 0
65-69 67 6 -1 -6
60-64 62 4 -2 -8
55-59 57 4 -3 -12>-55
50-54 52 2 -4 -8
45-49 47 3 -5 -15
40-44 42 1 -6 -6
nkhj;jk; ; N=50 fd = 12
kPz;Lk; ikag;Gs;sp 72f;F tUNthk;. 70-74d; ikag;Gs;sp 72-k; fw;gidr; ruhrup 72 – k;

xd;whf ,Ug;gjhy;> ,jpy; tpyf;fk; ,y;iy vd;gjhy; mjd; vjpupy; ‘0’ vdf; Fwpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ikag;Gs;sp 72f;Ff; fPNo cs;s vy;yhg; gpupTfSk; (-) Mff; Fwpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; mtw;wpd; ikag;Gs;spfs; midj;Jk; 72f;Ff; FiwthditahFk;.
mjdhy; ikag;Gs;sp 67d; tpyf;fk; -1 ikag;Gs;sp 62d; tpyf;fk; -2 vd;Wk;> mNj Nghy
kw;w ikag;Gs;spfspd; tpyf;fq;fs; -3> -4> -5> -6. vd;Wk; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Page 103
tpyf;fk; gFjpiag; G+u;j;jp nra;J Kbj;jTld;> tpyf;fj;ij miyntz;zhy; ngUf;fp
(fd) mLj;j gFjpapy; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU gpuptpd; tpyf;fKk;> me;je;jg; gpuptpd;
miyntz;zhy; ngUf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,r;RUf;f Kiwapy; xt;nthU tpyf;fj;ijAk;
gutypd; ruhrupahy; ngUf;fhky; fw;gidr; ruhrupapypUe;J xt;ntU gpupTk; tpyFk; tFg;G
,ilntspapdhy; ngUf;Ffpd;Nwhk; vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fhuzj;jhy;
ePz;l Kiwapy; fz;l fx gFjpia tpl ,k;Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk; fd gFjpiaf;
fzf;fpLtJ kpfTk; vspJ. fw;gidr; ruhrupf;F NkNy cs;s midj;Jg; gpupTfspy; cs;s
fd – f;fSk; mjpfkhf cs;sjhy; + vdTk; fdf;fSk; Fiwthf cs;sjhy; – vdTk;
Fwpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fPNo cs;s midj;J fd - ,d; Fwp> tpyf;fj;jpd; Fwpiag;
nghWj;jiktjhy; ,f;FwpapLjy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
gpd;du; fd-f;fspd; $l;Lj; njhifiaf; fzf;fpl Ntz;Lk; fzf;fpy; + kjpg;Gfspd;
$l;Lj; njhif 43 MfTk; - kjpg;Gfspd; $l;Lj; njhif -55 MfTk; cs;sd. ,tw;wpd;
NtWghL – 12 (-55 + 43) MFk;. gpd;du; $l;Lr; ruhrupiaf; fPo;f;fz;l tha;g;ghl;ilg;
gad;gLj;jpf; fhz Ntz;Lk;.
𝑓𝑑
$l;Lr;ruhrup = AM + 𝑁
i
,jpy; AM = fw;gidf; $l;Lr;ruhrup
fd = fd f;fspd; $l;Lj; njhif
N = nkhj;j khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
i = tFg;G ,ilntsp
,jid ehk; fzf;fpy; gad;gLj;jpdhy; fpilf;Fk; $l;Lr;ruhrup :
− 12
M = 72 + 50
5
−60
= 72+
50
= 72 – 1.2 = 70.8
,ilepiy msitf; fzf;fpLjy;:

njhFf;fg;glhj kjpg;ngz;fSf;F ,ilepiyiaf; fzf;fply;:
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jdp kjpg;ngz;fis VWtupir my;yJ ,wq;F tupirapy; mikj;jhy;
fpilf;Fk; njhlupd; eL kjpg;Ng ,ilepiy my;yJ eLntz; MFk;.
,ilepiyiaf; fzf;fpLjypy; cs;s gbfs;:

(i) nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jdp kjpg;ngz;fis VWtupir my;yJ ,wq;F tupirapy; vOJf.
(ii) (N+1) / 2 cWg;gpd; kjpg;igf; fzf;fpLf.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 1
jug;gl;Ls;s kjpg;ngz;fs; : 96,13,74,22,65,53,49
VWtupirapy; vOj : 13,22,49,53,65,74,96
,q;F : N=7
7+1
vdNt ,ilepiy msT = = 4 MtJ cWg;gpd; kjpg;G
2
mjhtJ = 53
Page 104
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : 2
jug;gl;Ls;s kjpg;ngz;fs; : 96,13,74,22,65,53,49
VWtupirapy; vOj : 13,22,37, 49,53,65,74,96
,q;F : N=8
8+1
vdNt ,ilepiy msT : = 4.5 MtJ cWg;gpd; kjpg;G
2
mjhtJ 4 tJ cWg;gpd; kjpg;G + .5 (5 – MtJ cWg;G – 4 tJ cWg;G)
 49 + .5 (53-49) = 49 + .5(4) = 49 + 2 = 51
miyntz; gutypd; ,ilepiy fhzy; gbepiyfs;:

1. nfhLf;fg;gl;l miyT gutypd; miyntz;fisf; nfhz;L “fPopdf; FtpT
miyntz;fs; “ vOj Ntz;Lk; (fPo;f;fz;l cjhuzj;jpy; epuy; 3)
2. N/2 – tpd; kjpg;G epuy; 3 – y; vq;F ,lk; ngWfpwJ vd;gijAk; ,g;Gs;sp ,lk;
ngw;Ws;s gpupT ,ilntspiaAk; (,ilepiyg; gpupT) Fwpf;fTk;.
3. gpd;tUk; R+j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ,ilepiy msitf; fzf;fplTk;.
𝑁
−𝐶
2
Mdn. = l + 𝑓
xi
,q;F l = ,ilepiyg; gpuptpd; nka;fPo; vy;iy.
C = ,ilepiyg; gpupTf;F Ke;ija gpupT tiuapyhd FtpT miyntz;.
f = ,ilepiyg; gpuptpd; miyntz;
i = gpupT ,ilntsp
N = miyntz;fspd; $Ljy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
gphpTfs; miyntz; f jpus; (cuf) miyntz;
95-99 1 50
90-94 2 49
85-89 4 47
80-84 5 43
75-79 8 38
70-74 10 30 ,ilepiyg;gphpT
65-69 6 20
60-64 4 14
55-59 4 10
50-54 2 6
45-49 3 4
40-44 1 1
nkhj;jk; Nf=50)
,q;F N/2 = 50/2 = 25 ,J 65-69 vd;w gpuptpw;fhd FtpT miyntz; 20f;Fg; gpwF 70-74
vd;w gphptpy; ,lk; ngWfpwJ. vdNt ,q;F 70-74 vd;gNj ,ilepiyg; gpupthFk;. ,jd; fPo;
vy;iy 70 MFk;. 70 vd;Dk; kjpg;ngz; 69.5 ypUe;J njhlq;Ftjhy; nka;fPo; vy;iy
(l) = 69.5 (70-74) vd;w ,ilepiyg; gpupTf;F Ke;ija gpupT tiuapyhd FtpT miyntz;
(C) = 20 70-74 vd;Dk; ,ilepiyg; gpuptpd; miyntz; f = 10 gpupT ,ilntsp = i = 5
vdNt.
Page 105
25−20 5
,ilepiy = 69.5 + 10
𝑋 5 = 69.5 + 10
X 5
25
= 69.5 + 10
= 69.5 + 2.5 = 72
KfL kjpg;igf; fzf;fply;

xU njhFg;gpy; ve;j msit> mjpf Kiwfs; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g tUfpd;wNjh me;j
msitNa KfL vdg;gLk;. gpd;tUk; njhFg;ig ftdpf;fTk; 25,28,32,22,20,28,30,37,30,28.
,j;njhFg;gpy; 28 vd;w msit kpf mjpfgl;rkhf %d;W Kiw ,lk; ngWfpwJ. vdNt
,j;njhFg;gpd; KfL 28 MFk;. ,d;DnkhU njhFg;igg; ghu;g;Nghk;.
42,48,52,37,46,42,50,37,38
,j;njhFg;gpy; 37> 42 vd;w ,U msitfs; kpf mjpf mstpy; ,UKiw jpUk;gj;
jpUk;g tUfpd;wd. vdNt ,e;j ,U msitfSNk KfL MFk;. ,j;njhFg;G ,U KfLfs;
nfhz;ljhFk;. miyntz; gutYf;F KfL njspthf tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;
kpfg;ngupa miyntz; gutYf;F mjd; ikag; Gs;spia my;yJ eLkjpg;ig Kfl;bd;
Njhuha kjpg;ghff; nfhs;syhk;. mJ mg;gutypd; gz;glhj KfL vdg;gLk;.
,jw;fhd tha;g;ghL
KfL = 3 ,ilepiy – 2 ruhrup
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf; fzf;fpy; cs;s khztu;fspd; kjpg;ngz;fSf;F ,jidg;
gad;gLj;jpdhy;.
KfL = (3 X 72) – (2 x 70.8)
= 216-141.6
= 74.4
$l;Lr;ruhrupapd; gad;fs;
1. xU ikag;Gs;spapd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; rkkhfg; guty; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ruhrupiag;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
2. ika epiyg; Nghf;F msitfSs; kpfr; rpwe;j> kpf ek;gfj;jd;ik tha;e;j
msit Njitg;gLk; NghJ ,jidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
3. NtW Gs;spapy; tptuq;fisf; fzf;fpLjy; Njitg;gLk; NghJ ,jidg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
,ilepiyapd; gad;fs;:
1. ekf;F kpfr; rupahd ikag;Gs;spahd 50 tpOf;fhL msT Njitg;gLk; NghJ
,jidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
2. $l;Lr; ruhrupiag; ghjpf;ff; $ba mjpfkhd kjpg;ngz;fs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
,ilepiyiaf; fzf;fplyhk;.
Kfbd; gad;fs;:
1. Jy;ypakw;w xU ika epiyg; Nghf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; NghJ ,jid Ntfkhff;
fzf;fpl;Lf; fhl;lyhk;.
2. kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd ikaepiyg; Nghf;F msit Njitg;gLk; NghJ ,jidg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
Page 106
khjpup tpdhj;jhs;
myF – 12
gFjp-m
1. kjpg;ngz; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
2. kjpg;ngz;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jjy; gw;wp $Wf.
3. tPr;R vd;why; vd;d?
4. tFg;G ,ilntsp fhzypd; Njit ahJ?
5. $l;Lr;ruhrup vd;why; vd;d?
6. KfL vd;why; vd;d?
7. ,ilepiy vd;why; vd;d?
gFjp-M
1. $l;Lr; ruhrupia vt;thW fzf;fplyhk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
2. $l;Lr; ruhrupapd; gad;fs; ahit?
3. Kfbd; gad;fs; ahit?
4. ,ilepiyapd; gad;fs; ahit?
5. khztu;fspd; Nju;T miltpy; kjpg;ngz;fspd; $l;Lr;ruhrup 70.8 vdTk;> ,ilepiy
72 vdTk; fUjpdhy; khztu;fspd; Kfbd; kjpg;igf; fzf;fplTk;.
gFjp-,
1. ikag;Nghf;F msitfis tptupf;fTk;.
Page 107
myF 13; kjpg;ngz;fspd; gFj;jha;T kw;Wk; tpsf;fk; - II

(Unit XIII Analysis and Interpretation of Scores –II)
13.1 khWghLfspd;; msitfs;: tPr;R> fhy;khd tpyf;fk;> jpl;l tpyf;fk; kw;Wk; ruhrhp
tpyf;fk;
13.1 (Measures of Variability –Range, Quartile Deviation, Standard Deviation and Mean
Deviation)
rpjwy; msitfspd; Njit / khWghLfspd; msitfspd; Njit
ika epiyg;Nghf;F msitfs; xU gutypd; rpwe;j gpujpepjpahFk;. Mdhy; gutypd;
jd;ik KOtijAk; xU ruhrupapd; cjtpahy; kl;Lk; ngw KbahJ. mg;gutyhdJ xU
ruhrupapd; kjpg;gpdpd;W vt;tsT tpyfp cs;sJ my;yJ neUq;fp As;sJ vd mwptJ
mg;gutiyg; gw;wpa rupahd kjpg;gPl;bw;F cjTk;. MfNt xU gutypd; jd;ikia> “tpyf;f"
my;yJ “rpjwy;" msitfspd; Jiz nfhz;L mwptJ mLj;j gbahFk;. xU gutypd;
kjpg;ngz;fs; my;yJ khwpfs; xU ika epiyg;Nghf;F msitiar; R+o;e;J my;yJ
mjw;F Nkyhf my;yJ fPohf ve;j mstpw;Fr; rpjwpAs;sJ vd mwpar; rpjwy; msitfs;
cjTfpd;wd.
rpjwy; msitfs;
rpjwiy mstpl ehd;F msitfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd :
1. tPr;R (Range)
2> fhy;khd tpyf;fk; (Quartile Deviation)
3. ruhrup tpyf;fk; (Average Deviation)
4. jpl;l tpyf;fk; my;yJ ju tpyf;fk; (Standard Deviation)
rpjwy; msitfisf; fzf;fply;

tPr;R (Range)
tPr;R vd;gJ kjpg;ngz;fspd; kpfg;ngupa kjpg;Gf;Fk>; kpfr;rpwpa kjpg;Gf;Fk; cs;s
tpj;jpahrk; MFk;. kpf mjpf kjpg;ngz; = 97; kpff; Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz; = 42; tPr;R = 97- 42
= 55
fhy;khd tpyf;fk; (Quartile Deviation)

gutypd; Gwf;Nfhb kjpg;Gfisf; fzf;fpnyLj;Jf;nfhs;shky; tpl;LtpLtjhy;> tPr;rpd;
epiyaw;w jd;ikahdJ Nghf;fg;gLk;. MfNt epiyahd ,U kjpg;Gfspd; tpj;jpahrj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; fhy;khdk; vd;w msit cUthf;fg;gl;L tPr;rpYs;s Fiw ePf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,it Gwf;Nfhb kjpg;G fshy; ghjpf;fg;glhky; nkhj;j miyntz;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;l Xu;
mstpy; (1/4 ghfk;> ¾ ghfk; Nghd;W) gpupf;Fk; Gs;spapd; kjpg;Gfisf; fhZk;
msitahFk;. ,tw;wpy; xU gutiy ehd;F rk ghfq;fshfg; gpupf;Fk; Gs;spfspd; kjpg;G
kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Kjy; fhy;khdk; my;yJ fPo;f;fhy;khdk;

miyntz; gutypd; ¼ ghf kjpg;Gfs; (N/4) my;yJ 25 rjtPj kjpg;Gfs;>
vk;kjpg;Gf;Ff; fPNo tpOfpwJ vdf; fzf;fpl;lhy; me;j kjpg;Ng Kjy; fhy;khdkhFk;.
mk;kjpg;Gf;F Nky; Vida 75 rjtPj kjpg;GfSk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j msitiaf;
Page 108
fPo;f;fhy;khdk; vd;Wk; 25-MtJ E}w;Wkhdk; vd;Wk; $wyhk;. ,ij Q1 vd;w vOj;jhy;

Fwpg;gpLtJ tof;fk;.
%d;whk; fhy;khdk; my;yJ Nky;fhy;khdk;

miyntz; gutypd; ¾ ghf kjpg;Gfs; (3N/4) my;yJ 75 rjtPj kjpg;Gfs;>
vk;kjpg;Gf;Ff; fPNo tpOfpwJ vdf; fzf;fpl;lhy; mjw;F %d;whk; fhy;khdk; vdg;ngau;.
,ij %d;whk; fhy;khdk; my;yJ 75-MtJ E}w;Wkhdk; vd;W $wyhk;. ,ij Q3 vd;w
vOj;jhy; Fwpg;gpLtJ tof;fk;.
fhy;khd tpyf;fk; vd;gJ Kjy; fhy;khdk;> %d;whtJ fhy;khdk; ,tw;wpd;
tpj;jpahrq;fspy; ghjpahFk;. ,e;j msitia Q vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;.
𝑄3− 𝑄1
MfNt Q = 2
,ij “miu ,ilf;fhy;khdk;" (Semi Inter Quartile Range) vd;Wk; $wyhk;. ,ilepiy
mstpypUe;J ,uz;L fhy;khdq;fSf;Fk; fpilf;Fk; tpyf;f kjpg;gpd; $l;Lr;ruhrup miu
,ilf;fhy;khdk; MFk;. fhy;khd tpyf;fk; fhz> Kjy; fhy;khdj;ijAk; %d;whk;
fhy;khdj;ijAk; Kjypy; fzf;fpl Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iwf; fzf;fpLtJ ,ilepiyiaf;
fzf;fpLk; Kiwia xj;jpUf;Fk;.
xU miyntz; gutypd; Kjy; fhy;khdk; fhzg; gad;gLk; tha;g;ghL.
𝑁
4− 𝑐𝑢𝑓
Kjy; fhy;khdk; %d;whk; fhy;khdk; Q1 =|1 + 𝑓
i
3𝑁
4−𝑐𝑢𝑓
𝑄3 = |3 = 𝑓
𝑖
,tw;wpy; |1 , |3 KiwNa Kjy; fhy;khd> %d;whk; fhy;khd tFg;gpd; nka; fPo; vy;iy ;
N= nkhj;j miyntz;
cuf=Kjy;fhy;khdk>; %d;whk; fhy;khdk; tFg;gpd;; Ke;ija tFg;gpd; jpus; miyntz;
f= fhy;khd tFg;gpd; miyntz;
i=tFg;G ,ilntsp
ml;ltiz apy; cs;s 50 khzth;fspd; kjpg;ngz; fhy;khd tpyf;fk; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F
Vw;w tifapy; miyntz; gutyhf fPo;f;fz;l ml;ltizapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
ml;ltiz
gpupTfs; ikag;Gs;sp miyntz; jpus; miyntz;
95-99 97 1 50
90-94 92 2 49
85-89 87 4 47
80-84 82 5 43
75-79 77 8 38 Q3
70-74 72 10 30
65-69 67 6 20
60-64 62 4 14 Q1
55-59 57 4 10
50-54 52 2 6
45-49 47 3 4
40-44 42 1 1
nkhj;jk; 50
Page 109
,g;gutypy; N=50, Mifahy; N/4 = 50/4=12.5 MFk; 3N/4 vd;gJ 3x50/4 =37.5 MFk;
,g;gutypy; 55-59 tFg;G tiu 10 miyntz;fs; cs;sd. MfNt Q1f;Fj; Njitahd 12.5
miyntz;fs; 4 miyntz;fs; nfhz;l mLj;j tFg;ghfpa 60-64 ,y; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
Kjy; fhy;khdk; Q1
jpus; miyntz; 12.5 jpus; miyntz; 10f;Fk; 14f;Fk; ,ilapypUg;gjhy; 60-64 tFg;G
Kjy; fhy;khd kjpg;ig ngw;wpUf;Fk;. MfNt mt;tFg;G Q1 tFg;G vdTk; ngah; ngWk;.
𝑁
4− 𝑐𝑢𝑓
vdNt Kjy; fhy;khdk; Q1 = |1 + i
𝑓
|1 = 59.5
cf=10
f=4
i=5
N|4 = 12.5
(12.5−10)
Q1 = 59.5 + 4
5
12.5
= 59.5 + 4
5
12.5
= 59.5 + 4
5 = 59.5 + 3.125
= 62.625 = 62.63
%d;whk; fhy;khdk;
Q3 tFg;G = 75 – 79
MfNt |3 = 74.5> Cuf = 30; ; f – 8; i =5
3 N|4 = 37.5
𝑁|4−Cuf
Q3 = |3 + 𝑓
i
(37.5−30) 7.5
Q3 = 74.5 + 5 = 74.5 + x5
8 8
37.5
= 74.5 +
8
= 79.187
= 79.19
𝑄3 −𝑄1
/ fhy;khd tpyf;fk; = Q=
2
79.19−62.63
Q = 2
= 16.56/2 = 8.28
fhy;khdq;fshfpa Q1k; Q3k; xU gutypd; ikaj;jpYs;s 50 rjtPj kjpg;Gfspd;
vy;iyfshFk;. ,g;Gs;spfSf;F ,ilapYs;s J}uj;ij ,ilf;fhy;khd tPr;R vd;fpNwhk;. Q
vd;gJ ,ilf;fhy;khd tPr;rpy; ghjpahFk;. Q vd;gJ ,ilepiyapy; ,Ue;J
fhy;khdg;Gs;spfspd; ruhrup J}uj;ij msg;gjhy;> gutypd; ikaj;ijr; Rw;wp kjpg;Gfspd;
neUf;fj;ijf; fhl;Lk; xU ey;y msitahFk;. xU gutypd; kjpg;Gfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W kpf
neUq;fp ,Ue;jhy; fhy;khdq;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W mUfpy; ,Uf;Fk;;. fhy;khd tpyf;fk; (Q)
rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk;. kjpg;Gfs; kpfTk; rpjwpf; fple;jhy; fhy;khdq;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
tpyfpapUf;Fk;; fhy;khd tpyf;fk; (Q) ngupajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
Page 110
ruhrup tpyf;fk; (Average Deviation)

ruhrup tpyf;fk; vd;gJ $l;Lr; ruhrupia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. ,J VjhtJ xU
ruhrupapypUe;J jdp kjpg;GfSf;Fs;s (jpirf; Fwpfisf; fzf;fpnyLf;fhj) tpyf;fq;fspd;
$l;Lr; ruhrupahFk;. rhjhuzkhf $l;Lr; ruhrupapypUe;Nj tpyf;fq;fs; fzf;fplg;gLtJ
tof;fk;.
njhFf;fg;glhj kjpg;ngz;fSf;fhd ruhrup tpyf;fk;:

,jid xU vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;fyhk;. 35> 42> 78> 80> 85 vDk; Ie;J
kjpg;ngz;fspd; ruhrup 58 MFk;. ,jpypUe;J xt;nthU kjpg;ngz;zpd; tpyf;fk; 35 -- 38
my;yJ -- 23;> 42 -- 58 my;yJ -- 16; ; 78 -- 58 my;yJ 20; 80 - 58 my;yJ 22; ; 55 --- 58
my;yJ - 3 MFk;. ,t;ite;J tpyf;fq;fspd; $Ljiy> Fwpfis fzf;fpy; vLf;fhky;
fzf;fpl;lhy; 84 tUk;. mjid 5 (N) My; tFj;jhy; fpilg;gJ 16.8. ,J 5
kjpg;ngz;fspd; ruhrupapypUe;J fzf;fplg; gl;l tpyf;fq;fspd; ruhrupahFk;; ; my;yJ
ruhrup tpyf;fkhFk;. njhFf;fg;glhj tptuq;fSf;Fr; ruhrup tpyf;fk; fhzg; gad;gLk;
tha;g;ghL
|𝑋|
AD = 𝑁
,jpy; |1 vd;Dk; milahsk; Fwpfisf; fzf;fpy; vLf;fhky; kjpg;Gfis kl;Lk;
fzf;fpnyLf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
x = X-M
,jpy; X vd;gJ kjpg;ngz; my;yJ ikag;Gs;sp; M = $l;Lr; ruhrup
X M |x|
jdpkjpg;ngz; ruhrhp tpyf;fk;
35 58 23
42 58 16
78 58 20
80 58 22
55 58 3
290 84
ruhrhp tpyf;fk; = 1x1/N

= 84/5 =16.3
njhFf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fSf;Fr; ruhrup tpyf;fk; fhzy;

ruhrup tpyf;fk; fhz ml;ltizapy; cs;s tptuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mjpy; 4tJ
gFjp xt;nthU ,ilntsp -- apd; ikag;Gs;sp> ruhrupapypUe;J tpyFk; tpyf;fj;ijf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ruhrup 70.8 MFk;. 95-99 tFg;gpd; ikag; Gs;sp 97 ,d; tpyf;fk; 26.2; vy;yh
tpyf;fq;fSk; 70 -- 74 tFg;G tiu + MFk;. Vnddpy; vy;yh tFg;gpd; ikaq;fSk; 70.8 I
tpl mjpfkhFk;. 65 -- 69 tFg;gpypUe;J filrp fPo; tFg;G tiu cs;s tpyf;fq;fs; (-)
MFk;. Vnddpy; mit 70.8 I tplr; rpwpaitahFk;.
,t;tpyf;fk; miyntz;zhy; ngUf;fg;gl;L x gFjpapy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Kjy;
tpyf;fkhd 26.20 miyntz;; 1 My; ngUf;fg;gLk;;
Page 111
,uz;lhtJ 21.20 ,uz;lhy; ngUf;fg;gLk;> mJNghy; vy;yh tpyf;fq;fSk; f My;

ngUf;fg;gLk;. f gFjpapy; cs;s midj;Jk; $l;lg;gl;L 50(N) My; tFf;fg;gLk;. mjw;fhd
tha;g;ghL
𝑓|𝑥|
AD = 𝑁
502
= 50
= 10.04
ml;ltiz
1 2 3 4 5 6
gpupTfs; ikag;Gs;sp ruhrhp miyntz; tpyf;fk f 1x1
(x)
95-99 97 70.8 1 26.2 26.2
90-94 92 2 21.2 42.4
85-89 87 4 16.2 64.8
80-84 82 5 11.2 56.0
75-79 77 8 6.2 49.6
70-74 72 10 1.2 12.0
65-69 67 6 -3.8 22.8
60-64 62 4 -8.8 35.2
55-59 57 4 -13.8 55.2
50-54 52 2 -18.8 37.6
45-49 47 3 -23.8 71.4
40-44 42 1 -28.8 28.8
nkhj;jk; 50 502.00
502
AD = = 10.04
50
ruhrup tpyf;fk; vg;NghJk; fhy;khd tpyf;fj;ij tplr; rw;Wg; ngupjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
jpl;l tpyf;fk; fzf;fpLjy; (Computing Standard Deviation)

jpl;l tpyf;fk; vd;gJ tu;f;f%y tu;f;fr; ruhrup tpyf;fk; vdg;gLk;. tpyf;fq;fspd;
tu;f;fq;fspd; ruhrupapd; tu;f;f%yk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;. rpjwy; msitfspy; kpf
Kf;fpakhdJk; epiyahdJkhd msit "jpl;l tpyf;fkhFk;". ,jid Muha;r;rpg; gbg;gpYk>;
NrhjidfspYk;> mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;. ,J ruhrup tpyf;fj;jpypUe;J gy
tpjq;fspy; NtWgLfpd;wJ. ruhrup tpyf;fj;ijf; fzf;fpLk; NghJ Fwpfisf; fzf;fpy;
vLj;Jf; nfhs;shJ vy;yh tpyf;fq;fisAk; epiw (+) Fwp cilajhfNt nfhs;fpNwhk;.
jpl;l tpyf;fk; fzf;fpLk; NghJ jdp kjpg;Gfspd; ,yf;fq;fis tu;f;fg;gLj;jpf; filrpg;
gbapy; mjd; tu;f;f %yj;ijf; fzf;fpl;L msitia Neu;f; Nfhl;bw;Fupa myfpy;
ngWfpNwhk;. ,t;tpyf;fkhdJ $l;Lr; ruhrhpapypUe;J kl;LNk fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ ,jidf;
Fwpf;f SD my;yJ rpf;kh () vDk; fpNuf;f vOj;ijAk; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;.
njhFf;fg;glhj kjpg;ngz;fSf;F jpl;ltpyf;fk; fzf;fpLjy;

ruhrup tpyf;fk; fhzg; gad;gLj;Jk; mNj Ie;J kjpg;ngz;fisNa gad;gLj;jpj; jpl;l
tpyf;fk; fhzyhk;. 35> 42> 78> 80> 55 vd;Dk; Ie;J kjpg;ngz;fspd; ruhrup 58. xt;nthU
kjpg;ngz;Zk; ,jpypUe;J ngWk; tpyf;fk; KiwNa - 23> -16> 20> 22> -3 MFk;. ,tw;iw
Page 112
tu;f;fq;fshf;fpdhy; 529> 256> 400> 484> 9 vd;git fpilj;J mtw;wpd; $l;Lj; njhif 1678
MFk;. N=5; njhFf;fg;glhj kjpg;ngz;fspd; jpl;l tpyf;fj;jpw;fhd tha;g;ghL
SD = 𝑑2/𝑁
= 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟖/𝟓 = 𝟑𝟑𝟓. 𝟔
SD = 18.32
miyntz; gutypypUe;J jpl;l tpyf;fk; fhzy;

$l;Lr; ruhrupiaf; fhz;gjpy;> fw;gid ruhrupiag; gad;gLj;jpg; gpd;du; cz;ik
ruhrupiaf; fzf;fpLfpNwhk;. jpl;l tpyf;fk; fhzTk; ,k;Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Neuk;>
ciog;G Mfpait Fiwthfg; gad;gLj;jpj; jpl;l tpyf;fk; fhZk; Kiw ,JthFk;.
jpl;ltpyf;fk; fhz ml;ltiz gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jpy; fw;gidr; ruhrupahd 72 ypUe;J
xt;nthU kjpg;gpd; tpyf;fKk; 4tJ gFjpapy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. 5tJ gFjpapy; xt;nthU
tFg;gpd; tpyf;fKk; mjd; miyntz;zhy; ngUf;fpf; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. 6tJ gFjpapy; 5tJ
gFjpapy; cs;s fd iaAk;> 4tJ gFjpapy; cs;s d iaAk; ngUf;fpf; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,J ngUf;fiy kpfTk; Fiwj;J tpLfpwJ.
ml;ltiz
gpupTfs; ikag;gs;sp miyntz; tpyf;fk; fd fd2
95-99 97 1 5 5 25
90-94 92 2 4 8 32
85-89 87 4 3 12 36
80-84 82 5 2 10 20
75-79 77 8 1 8 8
70-74 72 10 0 0 0
65-69 67 6 -1 -6 6
60-64 62 4 -2 -8 16
55-59 57 4 -3 -12 36
50-54 52 2 -4 -8 32
45-49 47 3 -5 -15 75
40-44 42 1 -6 -8 36
nkhj;jk; 50 43-55= -12 322
𝑓𝑑 2 𝑓𝑑 52 322 −12 2
SD = 𝑖 𝑁
− 𝑁 50
− 50
5 6.44 − 0.057
= 5 6.3824
= 12.63
jpl;l tpyf;fj;jpw;fhd tha;g;ghL
𝑓𝑑 2 𝑓𝑑 2
SD = i 𝑁
− 𝑁
vLj;Jf;fhl;bd; jpl;ltpyf;fk; =12.63 MFk;
Page 113
guty; msitfspd; gad;ghLfs;:
tP;r;rpd; gad;fs;
1. kjpg;ngz;fs; my;yJ tptuq;fs; kpfg; gutyhf ,Ue;jhy; ,jidg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
2. kPg;ngU> kPr;rpW tptuq;fs; gw;wpa mwpT Njitg;gLk; NghJk; ,jidg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
fhy;khd tpyf;fj;jpd; gad;fs;

1. ,ilepiy> ika epiyg;Nghf;F msitahf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ ,jidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;
2. jpl;ltpyf;fj;ijg; ghjpf;ff; $ba kpfg;gutyhd tptuq;fs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,jidg;
gad;gLj;jyhk.;
3. ,ilepiyg; gFjpapy; cs;s kjpg;ngz;fis mwpa KaYk; NghJ ,jidg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
ruhrhp tpyf;fj;jpd; gad;fs;

1. xU njhlh; thpirapYs;s vy;yh kjpg;Gf;fspd; khWghl;ilAk; fzf;fpnyLj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk;NghJ ,jidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
2. mjpfkhd tpyf;fq;fs; jpl;ltpyf;fj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; NghJ ,jidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
jpl;ltpyf;fj;jpd; gad;fs;
1. kpfTk; ek;gfkhd xU guty; msit ekf;Fj; Njitg;gLk;NghJ ,jidg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
2. gutypd; vy;yh kjpg;Gf;fisAk; fzf;nfLj;Jf; nfhs;s epidf;Fk;NghJ ,jidg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
3. gy Ma;Tfspy; FOf;fis xg;gpLk; NghJ ,jidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
13.2 xg;gPl;L tpyf;fk;: ];gpah;nkd; gpuTdpd; kjpg;g_l;L NtWghl;L Kiw

13.2 (Co-Efficient of Correlation – Spearman Brown’s Rank Difference Method) (cah;gbik)
cld; njhlu;G my;yJ xl;LwT (Correlation)
cld; njhlu;G vd;gjpy; ,uz;L gz;Gfisg; gw;wp mwpag; gLfpwJ. cld; njhlu;G
vd;why; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Fzk; my;yJ kjpg;ngz;fs; gw;wp mwptJ. cld; njhlu;gpd;
%yk; ,uz;L FOf;fspy; xNu khztdpd; elj;ij mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,uz;L FOf;fspy; xU
khztdpd; ,lk; xNu khjpupahf ,Ue;jhy; mJ “xd;wpa Neupil cld; njhlu;G” vdg;gLk;
(Perfect Positive Correlation).
,U tptuq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s njhlu;G ve;j mstpw;F cs;sJ vd mwpa cld;
njhlu;Gf;nfO vd;w msit gad; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J “r” my;yJ “” vd;w vOj;jhy;
Fwpf;fg;gLk;.
juj;njhlu;Gf; nfO (Correlation Coefficient by Rank Difference Method)

cld; njhlu;G> ,uz;L guty;fspy; xU khztdpd; ,lj;jpw;fpilNa cs;s njhlu;gpid
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
khztu;fSf;fpilNa ,Uf;fpd;w NtWghLfis Neupilahf msf;f KbahjNghJ
mtu;fis 1>2>3 vd;w juk; gpupj;J tupirg;gLj;jyhk;. ,uz;L ghlq;fspy; jug;gLj;jg;gl;L
mtw;wpd; NtWghLfspypUe;J cld; njhlu;G fhzg;gLk;. khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if 25f;Ff;
Page 114
Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy; jhd; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp “” (Nuh) ju NtWghl;L Kiwapy;

fzf;fplyhk;. fPo;f;fz;l ml;ltizapy; khztu;fspd; jkpo;> capupay; kjpg;ngz;fs;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. khztu;fSf;F vz;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;L 1-MtJ gFjpapy; Fwpg;gplg;
gl;Ls;sdu;. 2-tJ gFjpapy; jkpo; ghlj;jpy; vLj;j kjpg;ngz;fSk;> 3-MtJ gFjpapy;
capupay; ghlj;jpy; vLj;j kjpg;ngz;fSk; 4-MtJ gFjpapy; jkpo; ghlj;jpy; khztu;fspd;
juKk;> 2-MtJ gFjpapy; capupay; ghlj;jpy; khztu;fspd; juKk; fzf;fpLk;NghJ> 7tJ
juKk;> 6tJ khztd; 2tJ juKk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
,JNghy; 5tJ gFjpapy; capupay; ghlj;jpd; kjpg;ngz; mbg;gilapy; 6tJ
khztDf;F Kjy; juKk;> 8tJ khztDf;F 5-MtJ juKk;> 4tJ khztDf;F 3-MtJ
juKk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpo; ghlj;jpy; juk; 3 MtJ khztDf;Fk; 7-MtJ khztd;
64 kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw;wpUg;gjhy; mtu;fSf;F 4>5 vDk; juq;fs; jug;gl;L ,uz;ilAk; $l;b
ruhrup fz;L (4.5) mjid ,UtUf;Fk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
6-tJ gFjpapy; ,t;tpU ghlq;fspYk; xt;nthU khztdpd; juq;fSf;F ,ilapy; cs;s
NtWghL fz;L vOjg;gLfpd;wJ. 7-MtJ gFjpapy; mt;NtWghl;bd; tu;f;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gFjpapd; $l;Lj;njhif 156.50. ,jid gad;gLj;jp vLj;Jf;fhl;bd; cld; njhlu;Gf;nfO
 = +0.46 vdf; fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ml;ltiz
jkpo; capupay; jkpopy; capupaypy;
khztu;fs; D D2
kjpg;ngz; kjpg;ngz; juk; juk;
1 42 60 9 6 3 9
2 51 48 6 12 -4 16
3 70 64 4 4.5 -0.5 0.25
4 62 72 5 3 2 4
5 75 42 3 11 -8 64
6 76 80 2 1 1 1
7 82 64 1 4.5 -3.5 12.25
8 49 78 7 2 5 25
9 30 55 12 8 4 16
10 32 49 11 9 2 4
11 47 56 8 7 1 1
12 38 36 10 12 -2 4
nkhj;jk; N D = 18- D2=
=12 18 = 0 156.50
rho  = 1 – 6  D2
N (N2–1)
6 𝑋 156.5 939 939
=1– =1- =1-
12 (12 2 −1) 12 𝑋 (144−1) 12 𝑋 (143)
939
= 1- 1716
= 1-0.54 = +0.46
fpilj;j cld; njhlu;Gf; nfO + 0.46 Mf ,Ug;gjhy; khztu;fspd; jkpo;> capupay;
ghl kjpg;ngz;fSf;fpilapy; Neu; cld; njhlu;G Xustpw;F cs;sJ vdyhk;.
Page 115
cld; njhlu;Gf; nfO ek;gfj; jd;ikiar; Nrhjpj;jy;:
fzf;fpl;L fpilf;Fk; cld; njhlu;Gf; nfOtpd; ek;gfj;jd;ikia> ,d;ikf; fUJNfhs;
mbg;gilapy; ve;j xU jukhd Gs;spapay; Gj;jfj;jpYk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ml;ltizAld;
njhlu;Gg;gLj;jpf; fzf;fplyhk;. Rje;jpu vz;Zf;fhd tha;g;ghL (N - 2) MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;bw;Fr; Rje;jpu vz; (12-2)=10 MFk;. Rje;jpu vz; 10 ,Ue;jhy; fpilf;Fk; cld;
njhlu;Gf; nfO 0.58 ,Ue;jhy; 0.05 epiyapYk; cld; njhlu;Gf;nfO ek;gfj;
jd;ikAilajhapUf;Fk;. ek; cld; njhlu;Gf;nfO 0.46 vd;gjhy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nfO
my;y vd;gJ mwpag;gLfpwJ.
nghJthf cld; njhlu;Gf;nfO gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; tpsf;fg;gLk;.
r = 0 - 0.20 - jtpu;f;ff; $baJ.
r = 0.21 - 0.40 - vy;iyapYs;sJ
r = 0.41 – 0.61 - Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ
r = 0.61 – 0.80 - cau;thdJ
r = 0.81 - 0.99 - kpfcau;thdJ
r = 1 - rupahd cld; njhlu;G
Page 116
khjpup tpdhj;jhs;
myF – 13
gFjp-m
1. fhy;khd tpyf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
2. jpl;l tpyf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
3. ruhrup tpyf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
4. juj; njhlu;Gf; nfO vd;why; vd;d?
5. juj; njhlu;Gf; nfOtpw;fhd R+j;jpuj;ijf; $Wf.
gFjp-M
1. jpl;l tpyf;fk; fzf;fpLjiy tptupf;fTk;

2. jpl;l tpyf;fj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?
3. fhy;khd tpyf;fj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?
4. ruhrup tpyf;fj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?
gFjp-,
1. khWghLfspd; msitfis tptupf;fTk;.
2. fhy;khd tpyf;fj;jpid fzf;fpLk; Kiwapid tptupf;fTk;.
3. ];gpau;nkd; gpuTdpd; kjpg;gPl;L NtWghl;L Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
4. juj; njhlu;Gf; nfO Kiwia vt;thW fzf;fplyhk;?
Page 117
myF 14: kjpg;ngz;fspd; gFj;jha;T kw;Wk; tpsf;fk; - III

XIV (ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF SCORES – III)
14.1 ,ay;G epfo;jfT tistpd; gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; gad;fs;

(Normal probability Curve –Properties and Uses)
,ay;epiyg; guty; tisNfhL (Normal Probability Curve)
Y
epfo;jfT
(Probability)
O Z=O X
epfo;Tfs; (tpisTfs;)
xU tiuglj;jpy; ,ay;G epfo;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy; mikAk; epfo;r;rpfis X -

mr;rpYk;> me;epfo;r;rpfs; Vw;;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis Y - mr;rpYk; Fwpg;NghNkahdhy;
ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tiuNfhl;L glk; xU Nfhapy; kzpapd; tbtj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
,t;tiuglj;ij ,ay;G epfo;T tisNfhL (Normal Probably Curve) vd;gu;.
epfo;r;rpfSf;F gjpyhf tFg;G ,ilntspfisAk;> tha;g;GfSf;F gjpyhf
miyntz;fisAk; itj;J ,ay;G epfo;Tg; guty; xd;W mikf;fyhk;. ,t;tpjk;
mikf;fg;gLk; gutypd; gz;Gfs; ,ay;G epfo;T tisNfhl;bd; gz;Gfshhf mikAk;.
nghJthf ,aw;if epfo;Tfshf fhzg;gLk; cauk;> vil> Ez;zwpT> milTj; Nju;T
Nghd;w njhlu; khwpfspd; miyntz; tisNfhL ,ay;G epfo;T tisNfhl;L tbtj;jpy;
,Uf;Fk;;. ,jpy; ikaj;jpy;; mjpf kjpg;ngz;fSk;> ruhrupapypUe;J tpyf> tpyf Fiwthd
kjpg;ngz;fSk; mike;Js;sd. ,t;thW rupahf ,Urkkhfg; gpupf;fg;gLk; ,t;tisNfhL"
,ay; epiyg;guty; tisNfhL" my;yJ "fh];]pad; tisNfhL" (Gaussion Curve) vdg;
ngau; ngWk;.
,ay; epiyg; guty; tisNfhl;bd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs;

(Important Properties of a Normal Probability Curve)
1. ,J Nfhapy; kzp tbtj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;
2. ruhrup> ,ilepiy> KfL ,k;%d;Wk; ikaj;jpy; xNu Gs;spapy; xd;Wk;. mjhtJ
M=Mdn=Me
3. ruhrup> ,ay;epiyg; gutiy ,U rkkhfg; gpupf;Fk;>
4. miyntz;fs; ikaj;jpy; mjpfupj;Jk;> ikaj;jpw;F ,UGwKk; rPuhf Fiwe;Jk;
nry;Yk; (vdNt ,jid rkr;rPh; guty; vd;Wk;; miog;gu;);. mjhtJ ,ay;epiy
guty; tisNfhL ,Ugf;f rkr;rPu; cilaJ
5. ,t;tisNfhL -Kbtpyp Kjy; + Kbtpyp (= -  to +) tiu ePz;L fplf;Fk;>
6. tisNfhl;bd; ,U KidfSk; x - mr;irj;njhlhky;> mjw;F ,izahfr; nry;Yk;
(Asymptotic)
7. xNu xU Kfl;il cilaJ>
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8. Kjy; fhy;khdKk;> %d;whk; fhy;khdKk;> ,ilepiy mstpypUe;J rk njhiytpy;

,Uf;Fk;. mjhtJ Q3 - Q2 = Q2 - Q1
9. %d;W ikag;Nghf;F msitfSk; xd;whtjhy; ,ay;epiyg;guty; tisNfhl;bd;
Nfhl;lk; G+[;[pakhFk;.
10. ,ay; epiy tisNfhl;bd; jl;ilasT 0.263>
11. nfhs;ifastpy; ,ay;epiyg; guty; tisNfhl;bd; ,U KidfSk; - to + Kjy;
+a tiu ePz;bUg;gjhf xg;Gf; nfhz;lhYk;> eilKiwapy; ,UKidfSk; ,lJ
Gwk; -3 J}uj;jpYk; tyJGwk; -3 J}uj;jpYk; Kbtiltjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd
12. ruhrupiag; G+[;[pakhfTk;> jutpyf;fj;ij Xu; myF nfhz;ljhfTk;> (X=0 =I)
khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;l ,ay;epiyg; guty; tisNfhl;bw;F jug;gLj;jg;gl;l
,ay;epiyg; guty; tisNfhL (Standardised Normal Curve) vd;W ngau;. mj;jifa
tisNfhl;bd; fPo; 0f;Uk; 1 f;Fk; ,ilNa 0.3413 nkhj;jg;gug;Gk; o f;Fk; 1.96
f;Fk; ,ilNa 0.4750 nkhj;jg;gug;Gk; 1.96 f;Fk; +1.96 f;Fk; ,ilNa 0.95
nkhj;jg;gug;Gk; -2.58 f;Fk; 2.58 f;Fk; ,ilNa 0.99 nkhj;jg;gug;Gk; mikAk;.
vdNt ruhrupf;F ,UGwKk;. 1Z njhiytpw;Fs; (1Z Kjy; 1Z tiu) nkhj;jg;
gug;gpy; 68.26% mlq;Fk;
13. ,ay;epiag; guty; tis Nfhl;bd; tha;ghL
𝑁 𝑋−𝑀 𝑛
Y=𝜎 2𝜋
𝑒 1/2 𝜎
,jpy; X - nfhLf;fg;gl;l kjpg;G
N- gutypy; cs;s nkhj;j cUg;gbfspd; vz;zpf;if
 - jpl;l tpyf;fk;
y = nfhLf;fg;gl;l kjpg;Gila cUg;gbfspd; vz;zpf;if
M = gutypd; ruhrup
 - 22/7
,ay;epiyg; guty; tisNfhl;bd; gad;fs; - (Uses of a Normal Probability Curve)

1. nfhLf;fg;gl;l kjpg;ngz;fspd; vy;iyf;Fs; cs;s cUg;gbfspd; tpOf;fhl;il
mwpe;J nfhs;s ,J gad;gLfpwJ.
2. nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpOf;fhL cUg;gbfs; mikfpd;w vy;iyfisf; fz;lwpa ,J
gad;gLfpwJ.
3. njhFf;fg;glhj kjpg;ngz;fis Z kjpg;ngz;fshfTk; T kjpg;ngz;zhfTk; khw;w
,J gad;gLfpwJ.
4. ,ay; epiyg; gutiyj; njhlu;e;J> nfhLf;fg;gl;l FOit VNjDk; xU gz;ig
mbg;gilahf itj;J gy Jizf; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;f ,J cjTfpwJ.
5. Nju;T tpdhf;fspd; njhlu;Gg;gLj;jg;gl;l fbdj; jd;ikia mwpe;J nfhs;s ,J
cjTfpwJ.
6. ,U miyntz; guty;fis xg;Gikg;gLj;j ,J cjTfpwJ
7. fUJNfhs;fis Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpwg;G epiyapy; rhpghh;f;f ,J cjTfpwJ
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14.2 Nfhzy; / Nfhl;lk; kw;Wk; Kfl;lsit / jl;il msT (SKEWNESS AND

KURTOSIS)
Nfhl;lk; (Skewness) vdgjd; nghUs;
,ay;epiy tisNfhl;by; ruhrup> ,ilepiy> KfL Mfpa %d;Wk; xd;wpapUg;gNjhL
glj;jpd; tyJ gf;fKk; ,lJ gf;fKk; rk vz;zpf;ifapy; (rPuhd) cWg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;L
rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;. xU gutypd; cWg;Gfs; ,JNghy; mikahky; cWg;Gfs; ika kjpg;gpd;
tyg;gf;fkhfNth my;yJ ,lg; gf;fkhfNth mjpfkhf mike;jpUe;jhy;> mj;jifa
guty;fs; Nfhl;lKs;sit my;yJ rkr;rPuw;wit vdg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa rha;thd
guty;fspd; <u;g;G ikak; ikaj;jpypUe;J gpwo;e;J gf;fthl;by; fhzg;gLk;. vdNt
“Nfhl;lk;” vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;F gjpy; gf;fg; gpwo;T vd;gijg; gad;gLj;JNthUk; cs;sdu;.
xU ,ay;epiyg; gutypy;> ruhrup msT ,ilepiy msthf ,Ug;gjhy; Nfhl;l msT
G+[;[pakhFk;. ,ay;epiyia xU guty; mjpfkhf mZfpdhy; ruhrupAk; ,ilepiyAk;
neUq;fp tUkhjyhy; Nfhl;l msT Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
Nfhl;l tiffs; (Types of Skewness)

guty;fspd; Nfhl;lk; ,Utifg;gLk;. mit: (i) vjpu;fzpaf; Nfhl;lk; (ii) Neu; fzpaf;
Nfhl;lk; vdg;gLk;.
vjpu; fzpaf; Nfhl;lk; (Negative Skewness)

vjpu;fzpaf; Nfhl;lKs;s gutypy; Kfl;lstpd; kjpg;G mjpfkhfTk;> ruhrupapd; kjpg;G
FiwthfTk;> ,ilepiyasT ,t;tpuz;bw;Fk; eLtpYk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. (Me, Mdn,M).
,j;jifa gutypy; cau; kjpg;Gfis cila cWg;Gfs; mjpf mstpy; miyntz;
tisNfhl;bd; tyJGwk; FOkpf; fhzg;gLk;. Fiwe;j kjpg;Gfis cila cWg;Gfspd;
vz;zpf;if FiwthfTk;> tisNfhl;bd; ,lJ XukhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. vjpu;fzpa
Nfhl;lKila gutypd; tisNfhl;bd; thy;> X mr;rpd; Fiwjpir Nehf;fp ePz;L nry;fpwJ.
vdNt ,ij "Fiw rha;T" vd;Wk; $Wtu;. (v.L.) I.I.T. Nghd;w kpfr;rpwe;j cau; milT
epWtdq;fspy; gapy;Nthupd; kjpg;ngz;fs; vjpu;fzpa Nfhl;lKs;s gutyhf miktijf;
fhzyhk;.
vjph;fzpaf; Nfhl;lk;
KfL > ,ilepiy > ruhrhp
Neu;fzpaf; Nfhl;lk; (Positive Skewness)

Neu;fzpaf; Nfhl;lKs;s gutypy; ruhrupapd; kjpg;G mjpfkhfTk; Kfl;bd; kjpg;G
FiwthfTk;> ,ilepiy msT ,t;tpuz;bw;Fk; eLtpYk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. Neu;fzpa
Nfhl;lKs;s gutypy; Fiwe;j kjpg;Gfis cila ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd cWg;Gfs;
tisNfhl;bd; ,lJGwk; FOkpf; fhzg;gLk;. cau; kjpg;Gila cWg;Gfs; rpyNt> mit
tyJ Gwk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. mjhtJ miyntz; tisNfhl;bd; thy; (Tail) X - mr;rpd;
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kpif jpir Nehf;fp ePz;Lf; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,j;jifa Nfhl;lj;ij (M, Mdn,Me) “kpif
rha;T” vd;Wk; $Wtu;. (v.L.) fpuhkg;Gw muRg; gs;spfspy; gapYk; khztu;fs; ngw;wpLk;
nghJj; Nju;T kjpg;ngz;fs;> ,j;jifa Neu;fzpaf; Nfhl;lg; gutypy; ngUk;ghYk;
miktijf; fhzyhk;.
Neh;fzpaf; Nfhl;lk;
KfL < ,ilepiy < ruhrhp
Nfhl;l msitf; fzf;fpLjy; (Measuring Skewness)

S.K vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLk; Nfhl;l msit gpd;tUk; ,U R+j;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
fzf;fplyhk;>
3 ruhrup - ,ilepiy
(i) Nfhl;l msT = SD
(ii) Nfhl;l msT :

𝑃90 +𝑃10
SK 2
− 𝑃50
Fwpg;G : Nkw;$wpa ,U R+j;jpuq;fSk; ntt;NtW mbg;gilfisf; nfhz;L
tUtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy;> ,it %yk; ngwg;gLk; Nfhl;l msitfspd; vz; kjpg;Gfs;
xd;whapUf;fhJ. Mdhy; xNu khjpupahd KbTfis ntspg;gLj;Jk;. vdNt VNjDk; xU
R+j;jpuj;ij njhlu;r;rpahfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Xu; Mq;fpyj; Nju;tpYk;> mwptpay; Nju;tpYk; kztu;fs; ngw;w
kjpg;ngz;fs; gw;wpa tptuk; tUkhW:
Mq;fpyk; mwptpay;
ruhrup 55 56
,ilepiy 40 60
jpl;l tpyf;fk; 5 4
,t;tpU Nju;Tfs; gw;wp ehk; vk;KbTfSf;F tu KbAk;? Mq;fpyj; Nju;T
kjpg;ngz;fspd; gutYf;fhd
3(55−40)
SK = 5
=9
mwptpay; Nju;T kjpg;ngz;fspd; gutYf;fhd
3(56−60)
SK = 4
= -3
vdNt Nju;Tfs; gw;wp ehk; ngWk; KbTfs;:

(1) Mq;fpyj; Nju;T :
(m) Mq;fpy tpdhj;jhs; fbdkhdJ. (Mq;fpy khztu;fs; Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz;fis
ngw;W Neh; Nfhl;lKila gutiy Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhh;fs;)
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M) khztu;fspd; milTj; Nju;r;rp FiwT
(,) Mrpupaupd; fw;gpf;Fk; jpwd; FiwT
(ii) mwptpay; Nju;T :

(m) mwptpay; tpdhj;jhs; vspjhdJ. - (mjpfkhd khztu;fs; cau;e;j kjpg;ngz;fisg;
ngw;W vjpu; Nfhl;lKila gutiy Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhu;fs;)
(M) khztu;fspd; milTj; Nju;r;rp mjpfk;
(,) Mrpupaupd; fw;gpf;Fk; jpwDk;> fw;wy; mDgtq;fis cUthf;Fk; jpwDk; kpFjp.
14.4 miyntz; nrt;tfg;glk;> miyntz; gyNfhzk; FtpT miyntz; tisNfhL

jl;il msT my;yJ caug; gpwo;T (Kurtosis):
Xu; miyntz; tisNfhl;bd; cr;rp> jl;il (Flat) my;yJ $u; (Peak) tbtj;jpy;
mike;jpUg;gij ntspg;gLj;JtJ jl;ilasT MFk;. Kfbd; mUfpy; kw;w kjpg;Gfs;
vt;thW mike;Js;sd vd;gij fhz;gjw;F jl;il msitfs; gad;gLfpd;wd. jl;il
msit Fwpg;gpLk; “Kurtosis” vd;Dk; nrhy; fpNuf;f nkhopapypUe;J te;jJ. ,jw;F tPf;fk;
(Bulginess) vd;gJ nghUshFk;.
miyntz; tisNfhLfspy; rpy jl;ilahd cr;rp ciladthfTk; NtW rpy $uhd
cr;rp ciladthfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. miyntz; tisNfhl;bd; ,j;jifa gz;Gf;F jl;il
msT vd;W ngau;. Xu; miyntz; tisNfhl;bd; cr;rp> jl;ilahf ,Uf;fpwjh? my;yJ
$u;ikahf ,Uf;fpwjh? vd;gJ Xu; ,ay;epiy tisNfhl;bd; (Normal Probabaility)
cr;rpAld; xg;gpl;L mstplg;gLfpd;wJ.
jl;ilasit fzf;fplg; gad;gLk; R+j;jpuk; tUkhW:
𝑸
KU = 𝑷𝟗𝟎− 𝑷𝟏𝟎
,q;F Q1 P90, P10 vd;gd KiwNa
fhy;khd tpyf;fk;> 90 MtJ E}w;Wkhdk;> 10 MtJ E}w;Wkhdk; MFk;.
jl;ilapd; tiffs; (Types of Kurtosis):

,ay;epiy gutypd; jl;iliatpl xU guty; tisNfhl;bd; cr;rp> jl;ilahf
,Ue;jhy; mg;guty; kpifjl;il (Platykurtic) vd;W ngau;. (glj;jpy; A tisNfhL).
,ay;Gepiyg; gutiy tpl xl;b nkype;J> cr;rp kpff; $u;ikahff; fhzg;gl;lhy; mg;guty;
Fiwj;jl;ilg; guty; (Leptokurtic) MFk;. ,ay;epiyg; guty; Nkw;$wpa ,U tiffSf;Fk;
,ilNa mike;jpUg;gjhy; mjw;F nkNrhj; jl;ilg; (Mesokurtic) guty; vd;W ngau;: Meso
vd;why; ,ilg;gl;l vd;W nghUs;. ,ay;jl;ilapd; kjpg;G K – 0.263> jl;ilasT 0.263
f;Ff; Fiwe;jpUg;gpd;> guty; Fiwj;jl;il cilaJ: 0.263f;Ff; $Ljyhf ,Ue;jhy;
kpifj;jl;ilahFk;.
y
o x
Page 122
jl;ilasitf; fzf;fpLjy; (Computing Kurtosis)vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gpd;tUk; tptuq;fSf;fhd

jl;ilasitf; fzf;fpLf.
X = 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 18, 14, 12
jPu;T : gb 1 : tptuq;fis VW tupirapy; vOj
X = 12, 14, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27
,q;F N = 10
90
gb 2 : P90 = 100
(N+1) MtJ cWg;gpd; kjpg;G
90
= 100
(10+1) MtJ cWg;gpd; kjpg;G
= 9.9 MtJ cWg;gpd; kjpg;G
= 26 + 0.9 (27-26) = 26.9
10
gb 3 : P10 = (N+1) MtJ cWg;gpd; kjpg;G
100
10
= 100
(10+1) MtJ cWg;gpd; kjpg;G
= 12 + 0.1 (14 - 12)
= 12.2
𝑁+1
gb 4 : P50 = 2
MtJ cWg;gpd; kjpg;G
10+1
= MtJ cWg;gpd; kjpg;G
2
= 5>5 MtJ cWg;gpd; kjpg;G
= 22 + 0.5 (23 - 22)
= 22.5
75
gb 5 : Q3 = P75 = (10+1) MtJ cWg;gpd; kjpg;G
100
= 25 + 0.25 (26 - 25)
= 25.25
25
gb 6 : Q1 = P25 = (10+1) MtJ cWg;gpd; kjpg;G
100
= 14 + 0.75 (18 - 14)
= 14 + 3 = 17
𝑄3− 𝑄1
gb 7 : Q = 2
22.25−17
= 2
8.25
= 2
= 4.125
= 4.13
𝑄 4.13
gb 8 : Ku = =
𝑃90− 𝑃10 25.9−12.2
4.13−17
= 14.7
= 0.2809
= 0.28 >0.263
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s juTfspd; guty; XusT kpifj; jl;il cilaJ.
Page 123
14.5 tiugl Kiwapy; Gs;sp tptuq;fis mspj;jy;: (Graphical representation of data)

Gs;sp tptuq;fis vspjpy;> vspa eilapy; mspf;fTk;> tpsf;fTk; tiuglKiwfs;
cjTfpd;wd. fPo;fz;l fhuzq;fshy; glq;fSk;> tiuglq;fSk; kpFe;j gaid
mspf;fpd;wd.
 xU glk; 1000 thu;j;ijfSf;Fr; rkk;.
 tptuq;fis glq;fspd; %yk; mspg;gjhy; vy;yh tptuq;fisAk; xNu ghu;itapy;
Gupe;J nfhs;fpNwhk;.
 glq;fSk; tiuglq;fSk; fz;Zf;F tpUe;jhf mikfpd;wd. gj;jpupf;iffisAk>;
,jo;fisAk; gbg;gtu;fs; nghJthf Gs;sp tptuq;fis ghu;f;fhky; glq;fisAk;>
tiuglq;fisAk; ghu;;j;J vspjpy; Gupe;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
 glq;fSk;> tiuglq;fSk; <u;f;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;ljhy; mit fz;fhl;rpfs;>
tpohf;fs;> khehLfs; Mfpatw;wpy; itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 tptuq;fis xg;gpl glq;fSk;> tiuglq;fSk; ngupJk; cjTfpd;wd.
Kf;fpakhd tiuglq;fis fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; fhzyhk;.

14.5.1 Gs;spapay; tiuf;Nfhl;Lg; glq;fspd; tiffs; (Types of Graphical Representation of
Data)
1. njhlu; gl;il tiuT (Histogram Graph)
2. gl;il tiuNfhl;Lg; glq;fs; (Bar Diagram or Bar Graph)
3. epfo;ntz; gy Nfhzk; (Frequency Polygon)
4. jpus; epfo;T tisT (Cumulative Frequency Curve or Ogive)
njhlu; gl;il tiuT (Histogram Graph)

Gs;spapay; tptuq;fs; rhjuhzkhf “njhlu;gl;il tiuT” %ykhfj; jhd;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. ,jid tiutjw;F xU tiu Nfhl;Lj;jhs; Njit. khwpfspd; kjpg;Gfs;
‘X’ mr;R vdg;gLk; gLf;iff; Nfhl;bYk; epfo;Tfs; ‘Y’ mr;R vdg;gLk; Neu;f;Nfhl;bYk;
Fwpf;fg;gLk;. xt;nthU tFg;G ,ilntspf;Fk; mjw;Fr; rkkhd mbg;ghfk; nfhz;l xU
nrt;tfk; tiuag;gLk;. mjd; cauk; me;j tFg;G ,ilntspapy; cs;s miyTfSf;F
Vw;g mikAk; mjhtJ nrt;tfq;fspd; cauq;fs; tFg;G ,ilntspfspYs;s
epfo;TfSf;F Neu;tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
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tFg;G ,ilntspfs; rkkhf ,y;yhjNghJ nrt;tfq;fspd; gug;Gfs;. miyTfSf;F

Neu; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa mikg;G ngUk;ghYk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
khwpfSf;F Fwpg;gpLk; tFg;G ,ilntspfs; njhlu;r;rpahf ,Ug;gjhy; nrt;tfq;fspy;
mbghfq;fSk; Xu; vy;iyapypUe;J kw;nwhd;wpw;f;Fj; njhlu;r;rpahf mikfpd;wd. tFg;G
,ilntspfspd; vy;iyfs; gLf;iff; Nfhl;by; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. nrt;tfq;fspd; cauq;fisf;
Fwpf;Fk; miyTfs; Neu;Nfhl;by; Fwpf;fg;gLk; Gs;sp tiuglj;jhspy; ‘X’ mr;rhdg;
gLf;iff; Nfhl;by; tFg;G ,ilntspfisf; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk; 34.5 – 39.5 vdf; Fiwe;j
mstpypUe;J Jtq;f Ntz;Lk;.
‘Y’ mr;rhd Neu;f;Nfhl;by; 1 Kjy; 14 tFg;G ,ilntspfSf;fhd epfo;Tfs; Fwpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; ‘X’ mr;rpy; 1 nr.kP 1 epfo;Tfisf; Fwpf;Fk; Kjy; nrt;tfj;ijf; Fwpg;gjw;F
mjd; mbg;ghfk; 34.5 – 39.5 MfTk; cauk; 7 MfTk; ,Uf;Fk; ,uz;lhtjd; mbg;ghfk;
39.5 – 44.5 MfTk; cauk; 8 MfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. guty; glj;jpy; cs;sgb ,Uf;Fk;.
fzpjg;ghl kjpg;ngz;fspd; guty;> ml;ltizapYs;s tptuq;fis tFg;G ,ilntsp
10 Mf ,Uf;Fk; tz;zk; FOitg; gpupf;fyhk;. ,ij fPo;f;fhZk; ml;ltizapy;
fhzyhk;.
ml;ltiz: fzpjg;ghl kjpg;ngz;fspd; epfo;ntz; guty;

kjpg;ngz;fs; epfo;ntz;
80-99 11
80-89 18
70-79 20
60-69 25
50-59 21
40-49 8
30-39 7
nkhj;jk; 120
Page 125
gl;il tiuNfhl;Lg; glq;fs; (Bar Diagram or Bar Graph)

khwpfs; ,ilapl;litahapUf;Fk; NghJ “njhlu; gl;il tiuT” Nghl Kbtjpy;iy
Vnddpy; tFg;Gg; gpupTfis mtw;wpd; msTfSf;Nfw;g xg;gpl Kbtjpy;iy ,Ug;gpDk;
“njhlu;gl;il tiuTf;F” xg;ghd Xu; vspjhd Gs;sp tiu Nfhl;Lg;glk; %yk; mtw;iwf;
fhl;l KbAk; mjid “gl;il tiu Nfhl;Lg; glq;fs;” vdyhk; xU efuj;jpy; cs;s
nkhj;jg; gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;if 24. Nkyhz;ik thupahf mtw;wpd; gutiy Kd;Ng
jug;gl;l mbapy; fhZk; ml;ltizapy; fhzyhk;.
Nkyhz;ik gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;if

muR 4
cs;shl;rp 8
epjpAjtp ngWk; jdpahu; 10
epjpAjtp ngwhj jdpahu; 2
nkhj;jk; 24
Nkyhz;ik thupahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;l gs;spfis Mz; Foe;ijfSf;fhd gs;spfs;> ngz;

Foe;ijfSf;fhd gs;spfs;. ,Ughyu; gapYk; gs;spfs; vd NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;l
Ntz;Lkhdhy; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; jdpj;jdp tz;zq;fspl;Lg; gpupj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;. mg;NghJ
Nkyhz;ik thupahf xt;nthU tiff;Fk; ehd;F tz;zq;fspy; tiufhl;ly; Nghl
Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.
epfo;ntz; gy Nfhzk; (Frequency Polygon)

,jpy; njhlu;gl;il tiuT NghyNt khwpfspd; kjpg;ngz;fs; gLf;iff; Nfhl;bYk;
epfo;Tfs; Neu;Nfhl;bYk; Fwpf;fg;gLk; epfo;ntz; gyNfhzk; tFg;G ,ilntspapd;
vy;iyfSf;Fg; gjpyhf Rtw;wpd; ikag;Gs;spfs; gLf;iff; Nfhl;by; Fwpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,q;F kpff; Fiwe;j tFg;G ,ilntspf;F Kd;djhd tFg;G ,ilntspapd; ikag;Gs;spAk;
Page 126
kpf mjpfkhd tFg;G ,ilntspf;F mLj;jhd tFg;G ,ilntspapd; ikag; Gs;spAk;
Njitg; gLfpd;wd. ikag;Gs;spfis ‘0’ tpy; Muk;gpj;J xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf ‘Y’ mr;rpy;
Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk; xt;nthU ikag;Gs;spf;Fk; Neuhf me;j tFg;G ,ilntspf;Fupa
epfo;Tfisf; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;. $Ljyhf ,izf;fg;gl;l ,uz;L ikag; Gs;spfSk; epfo;T
‘0’ Mjyhy; mtw;iw ‘X’ mr;rpNyNa Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk; mLj;jLj;J tUk; Gs;spfis
Neu;NfhLfshy; ,izj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tFg;G ,ilntspfspd; ikag;Gs;spfs; KiwNa 34.5. 44.5. 54.5 94.5 MFk;. $Ljyhd
ikag; Gs;spfisAk; Neu;Nfhl;by; epfo;TfisAk; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;. fzpj ghl
kjpg;ngz;fspd; epfo;ntz; gyNfhzk; ikag;Gs;spfspd; cauq;fs; 0.7.18.21.25.20.18.11.11.0
vdf; nfhz;L Gs;spfisf; Fwpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; Fwpj;j Gs;spfis tupirg;gl ,izj;jhy;
glj;jpy; fhz;gJ Nghy; epfo;ntz; gyNfhzk; fpilf;Fk;.
glj;jpy; jug;gl;l nrt;tfq;fspd; Nky; kl;lj;jpy; ikag;Gs;spfisf; Fwpj;J mtw;iw
,izj;j gpd; ‘O’ epfo;Ts;s ikag;Gs;spfs; tiu ePl;bj;jhy; fpilg;gJ epfo;ntz;
gyNfhzk; MFk;.
epfo;ntz; gyNfhzj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; gutypd; tbtj;ijf; fhl;LtNjahFk;.
,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l epfo;ntz; guty;fis xg;gpl Ntz;Lkhdhy;
xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; epfo;ntz; gyNfhzk; tiue;J mtw;wpd; tbtq;fis xg;gpl;L
NtWghLfis mwpayhk;. ,t;tk;rj;jpy; njhlu;gl;il tiuittpl ,jpy; $Ljy;
ed;ikAz;L.
jpus; epfo;ntz; tisT (Cumulative Frequency Curve or Ogive)

jpus; epfo;ntz; tistpw;fhd Gs;spfisf; Fwpg;gjw;F Kjypy; xt;nthU tFg;G
,ilntspf;Fkhd jpus; epfo;ntz;izf; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy;
jug;gl;l tptuq;fis mbg;gilahf nfhs;Nthk;.
jpus; epfo;ntz; ngWtjw;F Ke;jpa tFg;G ,ilntsp tiuAs;s epfo;ntz;fis
Fwpg;gpl;l tFg;G ,ilntspapd; epfo;ntz;fNshL $l;bf; nfhs;SfpNwhk;. mjhtJ 39.5
tiu 7 epfo;TfSk; 49.5 tiu 25 epfo;TfSk; cs;sd. epfo;ntz; gy Nfhzk; vd;gjw;Fk;
Page 127
jpus; epfo;ntz; tistpw;Fk; NtWghL cz;L. epfo;ntz; gyNfhzk; tFg;G
,ilntspfspd; ikag;Gs;spfisg; gLf;iff; Nfhl;by; Fwpf;fpNwhk;. Mdhy; jpus;
epfo;ntz; tistpy; tFg;G ,ilntspapd; Nky; vy;yiyfs; gLf;iff; Nfhl;by;
Fwpf;fg;gLk;. Neu;f;Nfhl;by; epfo;ntz;fisf; Fwpf;fpNwhk;. Mdhy; jpus; epfo;ntz;
tistpy; jpus; epfo;ntz;fis my;yJ jpus; rjtPjj;ijf; Fwpf;fpNwhk;. ml;ltizapy;
jug;gl;Ls;s tptuq;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;l jpus; epfo;ntz; tistpid fhzyhk;.
ml;ltiz kjpg;ngz;fspd; jpus; epfo;ntz; guty;

kjpg;ngz;fs; epfo;ntz; jpus; epfo;ntz;
30 - 39 7 7
40 - 49 18 25
50 - 59 21 46
60 - 69 25 71
70 - 79 20 91
80 - 89 18 109
90 - 99 11 120
miyntz; gyNfhzk; (Frequency Polygon)

,jpy; nkhj;j miyntz;fSk; miyntz; gy Nfhzj;jpd; gug;ghy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mjpfg;gbahd miyntz;izAk;> gphpTfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; kdj;jpy; nfhz;L jFe;j gl
msitiaj; (Scale) jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. X mr;Rk;> Y mr;Rk; 0 tpypUe;Jjhd; njhlq;f
Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy;iy. ,jpy; X mr;rpy; xt;nthU gpuptpd; ikag; Gs;spiaAk; Y mr;rpy;
miyntz;fisAk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
xt;nthU gpuptpd; ikag;Gs;spf;F vjpuhf> mg;gpuptpd; miyntz;fSf;fhd Gs;spiaf;
fz;L> Fwpj;J mg;Gs;spfis Neu; Nfhl;by; ,izf;f miyntz; gy Nfhzk; fpilf;Fk;.
ml;ltiz 3-y; cs;s nra;jpfis ,jw;Fg; gad; gLj;jyhk;. miyntz; gyNfhzk; glk;
1-y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Page 128
Kjy; gpuptpw;F Ke;ija gpuptpd; ikag;Gs;sp> ,Wjpg; gpuptpw;F mLj;JtUk; gpuptpd;
ikag;Gs;sp> ,tw;wpw;fhd miyntz;fis (0) - vdf; nfhz;L> mg;Gs;spfisf; Fwpj;Jf;
nfhz;L mtw;Wld; gy Nfhzj;jpd; Kjw;Gs;spiaAk; ,Wjpg; Gs;spiaAk; ,izj;Jtpl
Ntz;Lk;.
glk; 1- miyntz; gy Nfhzk;
gphpT ikaq;fs;
,uz;Nlh mjw;F Nkk;gl;l miyntz; guty;fisNah xNu glj;jpy; tiua miy
ntz;fis rjtPj miyntz;fshf khw;wp> Y-mr;rpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gy
miyntd; guty;fis xg;gpl;L Nehf;f miyntz; gyNfhzg; glNk rpwe;jJ.
miyntz; nrt;tfg;glk; (Histogram)

,t;tiuglj;ij tiuAk; NghJ> kjpg;Gfs; xt;nthU gpuptpYk; rPuhfg; gutp cs;sJ
vd;w mbg;gilapy; tiua Ntz;Lk;. ,g;glj;jpy; xt;nthU gpuptpYs;s msTfs; xU
nrt;tfg; glj;jhy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. nrt;tfq;fspd; mfyq;fs; gpupTfspd; ,ilntspf;Fr;
rkkhFk;. gpupT ,ilntspfs; rk msT nfhz;bUg;gjhy; nrt;tfq;fspd; cauq;fs;
xt;nthU gpuptpd; miyntz;fspd; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. xU gutypd; tptuq;fs; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;if nrt;tfg; glj;jpd; nkhj;j gug;gha;f; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
X mr;rpy; tFg;Gfspd; cz;ikg; gpupTfSk; Y - mr;rpy; tFg;Gfspd; miyntz;fSk;
Fwpf;fg;gLk;.
ml;ltizapy; cs;s miyntz; gl;baYf;F fPo;f; fz;lthW miyntz; nrt;tfg;
glj;ij tiua Ntz;Lk;.
ml;ltiz :
gphpTfs; C1 nka;g;gphpTfs; miyntz; f
95-99 94.5-99.5 1
90-94 89.5-94.5 2
85-89 84.5-89.5 4
80-84 79.5-84.5 5
75-79 74.5-79.5 8
70-74 69.5-74.5 10
65-69 64.5-74.5 6
Page 129
60-64 59.5-64.5 4
56-59 54.5-59.5 4
50-54 49.5-54.5 2
45-49 44.5-49.5 3
40-44 39.5-44.5 1
nkhj;jk; 50
nrt;tfg;glk;
mLj;jLj;J mike;j nrt;tfq;fspd; njhFg;Ng nrt;tf tiuglk; MFk;. Xu;

miyntz; gutypd; jd;ikia ghu;j;j khj;jpuj;jpy; njspthfg; Gupe;J nfhs;s nrt;tf
tiug;glk; cjTfpwJ. Mdhy; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l miyntz; guty;fspd;
jd;ikfis xg;gpl;L Nehf;f nrt;tf tiuglk; cjthJ.
FtpT miyntz; tisNfhL (Cumulative Frequency Curve)

,it miyntz; gutiyg; glkhf tpsf;Fk; kw;nwhU topahFk;. ,t;tif
tisNfhLfis tiua fPo;f;fz;l ml;ltizapy; cs;sthW ml;ltizg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
ml;ltiz
FtpT miyntz;
CI gphpTfs; nka;g;gphpTfs; f miyntz;
(jpus; miyntz;)
95-99 94.5-99.5 1 50
90-94 89.5-94.5 2 49
85-89 84.5-89.5 4 47
80-84 79.5-84.5 5 43
75-79 74.5-79.5 8 38
70-74 69.5-74.5 10 30
Page 130
65-69 64.5-69.5 6 20
60-64 59.5-64.5 4 14
56-59 54.5-59.5 4 10
50-54 49.5-54.5 2 6
45-49 44.5-49.5 3 4
40-44 39.5-44.5 1 1
nkhj;jk; 50
X - mr;rpy; nka;g;gpupTfisAk; Y - mr;rpy; jpus; miyntz;fisAk; vLj;Jf;

nfhs;fpNwhk;.
xt;nthU gpuptpd; nka;Nky; vy;iyfSf;F vjpuhf> mg;gpuptpw;fhd jpus;
miyntz;fisg; Gs;spfshff; Fwpj;J> tiuglj;jpy; ,g;Gs;spfis tisNfhLfspy;
Nru;f;f FtpT miyntz; tisNfhL fpilf;Fk;.
14.5.2 juTfspd; gltpsf;f Kiw Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tiffs; kw;Wk; vy;iyfs;

Gs;sp tptuq;fis tpsf;fg;glq;fs; kw;Wk; tiuglq;fs; topahf ntspg;gLj;jtjhy; gy
ed;ikfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. mitfshtd
1. tpsf;fg;glq;fs; ghh;g;gthpd; ftdj;ij ntFthf fth;e;J ,Of;fpd;wd.
2. kpfTk; rpf;fyhd tptuq;fisf;$l ghku kf;fs; kpfTk; njspthfg; Ghpe;J
nfhs;syhk;.
3. ngUk; jpushd Gs;sp tptuq;fspypUe;J xU KbTf;F tUtjw;F kpFe;j NeuKk;>
mjpf rf;jpAk; nrythfpd;wJ. Gs;sp tptuq;fis tpsf;fg;glq;fspd; %yk; vspjpy;
Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAk; Mjyhy; NeuKk;> rf;jpAk; tPzhtjpy;iy.
4. xU Gs;sp tptuj; njhlhpd; cl;gphpTfSf;fpilNa cs;s njhlh;GfisAk; xt;nthU
cl;gphpTf;Fk;; KO njhlUf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlh;igAk; tpsf;fg;glq;fs; %yk;
vspjpy; njspthfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ
5. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Gs;sp tptuj; njhlh;Gfspd; jd;ikia xg;gpl tpsf;fg;lq;fs;
nghpJk; gad;gLfpd;wd
6. ,uz;L khwpfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s xl;Lwit tiuglq;fs; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
Page 131
7. Gs;sp tptuj;njhlu;Gfspd; tUq;fhyg; Nghf;FfisAk; khWjy;fisAk; kjpg;gpl
tpsf;fg;glq;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
8. tiuglq;fs; %yk; rpf;fyhd nghUspay; Nfhl;ghLfis Ma;T nra;a Kbfpd;wJ.
9. ,ilepiyasT (Median)> Kfl;lsT (Mode)> fhy;khdq;fs;; (Quartiles)> gjpd;kq;fs;
(Deciles)> E}w;Wkhdq;fs; (Percentiles) Mfpa Gs;spapay; msitfis tiuglq;fs;
%yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wd.
10. tiuglq;fspd; cjtpapdhy; Kd;fzpg;G vspjhfpwJ.
14.5.3 tpsf;fg;glq;fspd; FiwghLfs; / jPikfs;:

tpsf;fg;glq;fSk>; tiuglq;fSk; gy ed;ikfisg; ngw;wpUe;j NghjpYk; rpy
FiwghLfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mitfshtd.
1. mjpfkhd vz;zpf;ifapyhd tptuj; njhFg;ig tpsf;fg;glq;fspd; %yk;
fhl;lKbahJ.
2. vz; (Figures) tptuq;fspd; rupahd gpujpepjpahf (Representation) tpsf;fg;glq;fis
vLj;Jf; nfhs;s KbahJ.
3. tpsf;fg;glq;fspd; %yk; ve;j xU fUj;Jk; rupahdJ my;yJ jtwhdJ vd;W
ep&gpf;f KbahJ.
4. tpsf;fg;glq;fspd; %yk; Nkw;nfhz;L Ma;T (Further Analysis) nra;a KbahJ.
5. tpsf;fg;glq;fspd; %yk; ngwg;gLfpd;w fUj;Jf;fs; rupahd KbTfs; MfhJ.
6. tpsf;fg;glq;fs; tiua mjpf Neukhfpd;wJ. ey;y jpwik Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
7. jtwhf tiuag;gl;l glq;fspd; %yk; jtwhd fUj;Jf;fisNa ngw KbAk;.
tpsk;gujhuu;fs; kw;Wk; murpay; fl;rpf;fhuu;fs; jtwhd tpsf;fg;glq;fis tiue;J
fhl;b kf;fis kaq;f itf;fpd;wdu;.
8. vz;fSk;> ml;ltizfSk;> mwpTWj;Jk; msTf;F tptuKk;> El;gKk;
tiuglq;fspy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
9. tpsf;fg;glq;fs; ml;ltizg;gLj;JjYf;F Jizahf ,Uf;fyhk; (Supplement)>
gjpyPLfshf (Substitute) ,Uf;f KbahJ.
tpsf;fg;glq;fspy; FiwghLfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk;> mit Nghjpa ftdj;Jld;
tiuag;gl;lhy; ,f;FiwghLfis ePf;f KbAk;.
Page 132
REFERENCES
Nkw;Nfhs; E}y;fs;
1. Nguhrpupau; fp. ehfuh[d;> rp.uh.kzpthrfd;> fy;tpg; GJikfSk; fiyj;jpl;l

Nkk;ghLk;> =uhk; gjpg;gfk;> rhypfpuhkk;> nrd;id–600093.
2. R. nre;jpy; Fkhu;> capuwptpay;> rk;Af;jh gjpg;gfk;> 85> ehkf;fy;-1.
3. Nguh.Kidtu;. ,uh.Kj;ijad;> Kidtu;. uh.kzpKUfd;> fw;wYf;fhf kjpg;gPL> =
KUfd; gjpg;gfk;> jQ;rhT+u;.
4. Kidtu; Nfh. NtZNfhghy;> Nguh.fp.ehfuh[d;> capupay; fw;gpj;jy;> ,uhk; gjpg;gfk;>
nrd;id.
5. Nguhrpupau;.fp.ehfuh[d;> Nguhrpupau; rh.eluh[d;> Nguhrpupau; R.jkpo;thzd;> fiyj;jpl;l
tsu;r;rp> ,uhk; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.
6. Kidtu; m.kPdhl;rp Re;juk;> fw;wypd; kjpg;gPL. fht;akhyh gjpg;gfk;> rpd;dhsg;gl;b>
jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lk;.
7. Kidtu;. K.m];yhk;> fw;wYf;fhf kjpg;gpLjy;> vtnu];l; gjpg;gfk;> tlgodp>
nrd;id.
8. Kidtu; S. tre;jp> Kidtu;> S.rhKz;B];tup> Kidtu; S. khyjp> fy;tpapy;
kjpg;gPL> Muha;r;rp> El;gtpay; kw;Wk; GJikg; Nghf;Ffs;> ghujp gjpg;gfk;>
Nfhak;Gj;J}u;.
9. mofg;gh gy;fiyf; fof njhiyJ}uf; fy;tp ,af;ffj;jpd; E}y;fs;.
Page 133
khjpup tpdhj;jhs;
myF – 14
gFjp-m
1. ,ay;G epfo;jfT tisT vd;why; vd;d?
2. Nfhl;lk;/Nfhzy; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
3. Nfhl;lj;jpd; tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
4. miyntz; nrt;tfg;glj;jpidg; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
5. tpsf;fg; glq;fspd; FiwghLfs; ahit?
6. Nfhl;lmstpidf; fzf;fpLk; R+j;jpuj;ijf; $Wf.
gFjp-M
1. ,ay;epiyg; guty; tisNfhl;bd; gad;fisf; $Wf.
2. Nfhl;lj;jpd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.
3. juTfspd; gltpsf;f Kiwapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid vOJf.
4. miyntz; gyNfhzj;jpid tpsf;Ff.
5. FtpT miyntz; tisNfhl;bid tptupf;fTk;.
gFjp-,
1. ,ay;epiyg; guty; tisNfhl;bd; gz;Gfs; ahit?
2. Nfhl;l msit fzf;fpLjy; Kiwapid tpsf;Ff.
3. jl;il msT vd;gJ ahJ? mjd; tiffisf; $wp mjidf; fzf;fpLk;
Kiwapidf; $Wf.
4. juTfspd; gltpsf;f Kiwapd; tiffis tpsf;fTk;.
Page 134
khjpup tpdhj;jhs; - 1
gp.vl;.>
gFjp m
I. Answer all Questions 10 x 2 = 20
1. kjpg;gPl;bd; tiuaiw ahJ?
2. mstPl;bd; tiuaiw ahJ?
3. tsuwp kjpg;gPL vd;why; vd;d?
4. njhFj;jwp kjpg;gPL vd;why; vd;d?
5. vj;jifa R+o;epiyfspy; Ramwpf;if EZf;fq;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;?
6. tpdh tupir Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
7. Gwj;Njw;W Ez;Kiwfs; vd;why; vd;d?
8. cw;W Nehf;fy; tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf
9. TAT – vd;why; vd;d?
10. ju msTNfhy; vd;why; vd;d?
gFjp M
II. Answer all questions choosing (a) or (b) 5 x 5 = 25
11. a) kjpg;gPl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff
(or)
b) njhlf;f kw;Wk; tpupthd kjpg;gPl;bd; gz;Gfs; ahit?
12. a) Ngl;b Kiwapd; tiffs; ahit?
(or)
b) ahu; vd;W A+fk; nra;Ak; Af;jpia tptupf;fTk;.
13. a) rpwe;j jumsTNfhypd; Nehf;fq;fis tpthpf;f
(or)
b) rk;gtj;JZf;Fg; gjpNtl;bd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisj; jUf
14 a) Nehf;ff; $Wfis vOJk; NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bait ahit?
(or)
b) nghJthd fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; rpwg;G fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk;
,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?
15. a) ehl;lr; Nrhjidapd; gad;fis gl;baypLf
(or)
b) Nrhjidia kjpg;gpLjy; tpsf;fk; jUf.
gFjp ,
III. Answer any 3 out of 5 questions 3 x 10 = 30
16. mstPL> kjpg;gPL ,tw;iw xg;gpl;L NtWgLj;jp tpsf;Ff.
17. njhlf;f kw;Wk; tpupthd kjpg;gPl;bd; gz;Gfs; ahit?tsuwp kw;Wk;
njhFj;jwp kjpg;gPLfis NtWgLj;Jf.
18. Gqkpd; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;f tifg;ghl;bid tpsf;Ff
19. Nju;T Kiw kw;Wk; kjpg;gpLjiy xg;gpLf.
20. NCERT kw;Wk; Nju;T rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu tiuf.
Page 135
khjpup tpdhj;jhs; - 2
gp.vl;.>
gFjp-m
1. Answer all Questions 10 x 2 = 20
1. ehl;lr;Nrhjid vd;gij tiuaW
2. fzpdp top Nju;T Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
3. C.B.C.S. vd;why; vd;d?
4. fy;tp ,yf;Ffspd; gz;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf
5. czh;jy; njhFjpapd; cl;$Wfisj; jUf
6. cs ,af;fj; njhFjpapd; cl;$Wfisf; $Wf
7. Gqkpd; mZFKiwapy; fy;tpapd; Kk;Kid ahJ?
8. myFj;jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?
9. tpdhj;jhs; tbtikg;G vd;why; vd;d?
10. Vw;Gilik vd;why; vd;d?
gFjp-M
2. Answer all questions choosing (a) or (b) 5 x 5 = 25
11. a) milTr;Nrhjidapd; gad;fis tpthpf;fTk;.
(or)
b) tpdhj;jhs; tbtikg;G khjphp xd;iwj; jUf.
12. a) Njrpa mstpyhd Nju;T gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
(or)
b) Nju;T Kiw Fwpj;J NCERT apd; gupe;Jiufs; ahit?
13. a) Gj;jfq;fisg;ghh;j;J Njh;T vOJjypd; tiffs; ahit?
(or)
b) Gwtar; Nrhjidapd; epiwfs; kw;Wk; Fiwfis tptupf;f?
14. a) Kfbd; gad;fs; ahit?
(or)
b) khztu;fspd; Nju;T miltpy; kjpg;ngz;fspd; $l;Lr;ruhrup 70.8 vdTk;>
,ilepiy 72 vdTk; fUjpdhy; khztu;fspd; Kfbd; kjpg;igf; fzf;fplTk;.
15. a) kjpg;gplypd; cj;jpfs; ahit?
(or)
b) ju kjpg;gPL Kiwia tptupf;fTk;.
gFjp-,
II. Answer any 3 out of 5 questions 3 x 10 = 30
16. njhlu; kw;Wk; tpupthd kjpg;gPL vd;why; vd;d? kw;Wk; mk;Kiwapid
tptupj;J mjd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfis tptupf;f.
17. tho;f;ifj; jZf;Fg; gjpNtL Kiwiag; gw;wp tpthpj;J mjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthpf;fTk;
18. Mrphpauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Nrhjidfisg; gw;wp tpsf;fTk;
xU rpwe;j Njh;tpd; gz;Gfs; gw;wp vOJf
19. juTfspd; gltpsf;f Kiwapd; tiffis tpsf;fTk;.
20. ikag;Nghf;F msitfis tptupf;fTk;
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fy;tpapay; kjpg;gply;

E}ypd; ngah; : fy;tpapay; kjpg;gply;

Mrphpah; : Dr. M. rz;KfNutjp> Dr. G. uhN[];thp &

gjpg;G : Kjy; gjpg;G> 2019

ntspaPL : rhd;yhf;]; gjpg;gfk;

gjpg;gfk; : rhd;yhf;]; gjpg;gfk;

kjpg;gPL vd;gJ xU rpf;fyhd> kw;Wk; vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;s ,ayhj xd;W.

,e;E}Yf;F mzpe;Jiu toq;fp vq;fs; Kaw;rpiag; ghuhl;b Cf;fkspj;j

2017 2018 2018 2018 2019

Accredited with India Rank : 20

Dr. S. LEO STANLY, Ph.D. Date: 20.03.2019

Dr. S. ypNah ];lhd;yp

UNIT I - CONCEPT OF ASSESSMENT, MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION

myF - 1 fUj;jhf;fk; : kjpg;gPL> mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;ngz; toq;Fjy;

UNIT II APPROACHES TO EVALUATION

myF - 2 kjpg;gplypy; cs;s mZFKiwfs;

UNIT III-TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION - I

myF - 3 kjpg;gplypd; EZf;fq;fs;: - I

myF - 4 kjpg;gPl;bd; EZf;fq;fs; – II

UNIT V TOOLS OF EVALUATION:

myF - 5 kjpg;gPl;bd; fUtpfs;

UNIT - VI INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES AND EVALUATION

myF - 6 fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;> kjpg;gpLjYk;

UNIT VII BLOOMS APPROACH

UNIT VIII SCHOLOSTIC ACHIEVEMENT TEST

myF - 8 fy;tpapaypd; milTr; Nrhjid:

UNIT IX EXAMINATION SYSTEM-I

myF - 9 Nju;T mikg;G - 1

UNIT X EXAMINATION SYSTEM -II

UNIT XI CONSTRUCTION OF OBJECTIVE TYPE TEST ITEMS

myF - 11 Fwpf;Nfhs; tif Nrhjidf; $Wfspd; mikg;G

UNIT XII ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF SCORES – I

myF - 12 gFj;jha;T kw;Wk; kjpg;ngz;fspd; tpsf;fk;:

UNIT XIII ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF SCORES II

UNIT XIV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF SCORES –III

myF - 14 gFj;jha;T kw;Wk; kjpg;ngz;fspd; tpsf;fk;:

myF – I fUj;jhf;fk;: kjpg;gPL> mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;ngz; toq;Fjy;

1.1 kjpg;gPL : nghUs; (Meaning)

1.2 mstPL (Measurement)

1.3 mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL: NtWghL

mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL ,uz;ilAk; NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;l Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; ghu;g;Nghk;.

1.4 kjpg;gPl;bd Njit kw;Wk;; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (Need and Importance of Evaluation)

1.5 kjpg;gPl;bd; Nehf;fq;fs;;: (Objectives of Evaluation)

1.6 fy;tpapy; kjpg;gplypd; ,lk;

myF -2 kjpg;gplypy; cs;s mZFKiwfs;

2.1 Nju;T / Nrhjid: (TEST) nghUs; (MEANING)

2.2 Ntiytha;g;G kjpg;gPL

2.3 tsuwp kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; njhFj;jwp kjpg;gPL

2.4 tsuwp kjpg;gPL (Formative Evaluation)

tsuwp kjpg;gPl;bd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;:

Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPL njhFj;jwp kjpg;gPL / (Summative Evaluation)

Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPl;bd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;:

Kw;Wepiy kjpg;gPL : ed;ikfs; / gad;fs;:

2.5 Fiwawpr;Nrhjid (Diagnostic Test)

Fiwawpr; Nrhjidapd; Njit:

Fiwawpr; Nrhjidapd; gad;fs;:

2.6 Kd;Ndw;wr; Nrhjid/Kd;dwpr; Nrhjid ( Prognostic Test):

njhlh;r;rpahd> KOikahd fw;wYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; KiwfSk;> gjpNtLfSk;:

mwpTrhh; Gyk; kjpg;gPl;L Kiw

 ,yf;fpa kd;wk;> fiy kw;Wk;

vdNt> Njh;Tfs;/Nrhjidfs; %yk; kl;Lky;yhJ njhlh;r;rpahf Foe;ijfisf;

njhlu; kw;Wk; KOikahd kjpg;gha;tpd; ,ay;Gfs;/kjpg;gplypd; gz;Gfs;

njhlh;r;rpahd kw;Wk; gue;j kjpg;gha;tpd; ed;ikfs;

njhlu;r;rpahd kw;Wk; gue;j kjpg;gha;tpd; FiwghLfs;