Framete 13. The relaxation time for damped harmonic oscillator is 50 s. Determine the time in Which the amplitude and energy of oscillator falls to Le times of its initial value. Seurien The amplitude of dampled harmonic oscillator at time ris given by A(t) = 4ge ' bY = Relaxation time Ss given r= SOs Now t = -l=-st or Ezaart 14 Considering quality factor of sonometer wire of frequency 260 Hz as 2000, calculate the time in which the amplitude decreases to 1/e” of its i Searmee The quality factor is given by Q-ar Here = 2000 and w= 21m = 2.x 3.14 x 260 rad/s Q 2000 IV= 7 Rel -£-_-*_ od taxation time Fg” 2260x314 12255 ‘The formula for amplitude of damped oscillator at time 1 is Alt) = Age* = ww or =2x1.225- 2.4505[EEE SOUND DISPLACEMENT ©) G@oy So far, we have understood that the particles of the medium execute SHM in order to generate the sound rave, which means they vibrate about their equilibrium position. Seund-displecement.is defined as the displacement of the vibrating particles ; the medium from their rest positions. This can be represented by @ where @ is the angular frequency of oscillations (@ = 2zf) and k is the wave number (k = 27/A, A is the wavelength). If we differentiate y w.r-t. time , we get the velocity of vibrating particles, which is also known as sound-particle velocity. This is obtained as ve 2 = yo@cos( cor — kx) or v(x, 1) = yp @cos(wr - kx) di) This equation shows that there is a phase difference of m/2 between y and v. Moreover, the velocity v is different for different sound particles.EQ INTENSITY OF SOUND AND ITS DERIVATION — Go Intensity of sound at a point in a progressive wave is defined as the sound energy per unit area per un tne perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. It is measured in W/m? in the SI system of unis We consider a plane progressive simple harmonic wave travelling along the positive x-direction wit vlity (= wk). The displacement y at a time f can be represented as y=asin (@t— ke) @ From this, we find the velocity of particle by differentiating it w.r.t. time ® ~ @acos (wrk) ® dt In order to calculate the energy or the intensity of sound, we consider a medium of density. Taking unitaret of medium having thickness dx perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave, We find the Kinetic energy as 2 ae 2) Gi) aK=5p ar( dt' 4 Putting the value of A from Eq, (ii) and using «= 2sef, where fis the linear frequency of the wave, Eq, (iii) reads pa? (27 f)* cos* (cot — ke) dx = 29 a° pf? cos? (cat — kx) de (iv) This shall give the total energy of the wave as dE = dK,y4, (when potential energy is zero) =2r wf de ) dx can be written in terms of the velocity v as dx = vat. Hence, dE=2raftp vdt (wi) The integration gives E=2refpvt (vii) The energy flow per unit time is obtained from Eq, (vii) as 27°a°*pv, which is nothing but the intensity of the sound wave. Hence, I=2rdf'py The other forms of the formula of sound intensity J are [= 2r2pf? v M2 us (in terms of displacement) 2 Pam (in terms of velocity, where Avia; = 27°F Amax) po So (in terms of pressure, where APiuax = 20PfV Any) 2pv // EXUDE souND-INTENSITY LEVEL (or The level of sound intensity (say /,) can be defined in terms of decibels (4B) and neper (Np). as follows: ttn) = a or 1,-W60( 7) in B (Bel) Ip 1 1 ; 1 Log (£ . ii) vt (2)Here, [is the sound intensity, /y is the reference intensity and B is the unit bel (1 B = 10 dB). Since the sound intensity / is directly proportional to square of the pressure p, We have 2 + = (pis the reference pressure) ‘0 Po With the help of this, /, can be defined in terms of p as follows: 2 1, =10 logy (4) Po = 20 logig (£) Po