Republic of the Philippines

North Eastern Mindanao State

University Bislig Campus
Formerly Surigao del Sur State
University Bislig City, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu. ph
Name Mike E. Suan Date March 06, 2024
Subject AME 3L – DC & AC MACHINERY LABORATORY Section BSME-3A
AY Period 1st Semester, Academic Year 2023 – 2024 Plate No.

1. Conduct research and explain what are the difference of:

a. Direct-Current Circuit & Alternating-Current Circuit.
b. Single-Phase Transformer & Three-Phase Transformer.
a)

In a DC circuit, the electric charge (current) flows in one direction, while in an AC circuit, the current changes direction
periodically. DC is used for powering electrical devices and batteries, while AC is preferred for household equipment and office
buildings. AC is easy to transfer over long distances without much energy loss, while DC cannot be transferred over long
distances due to loss of electric power. The frequency of AC is typically 50 Hz or 60 Hz, while DC has no frequency or zero
frequency. The main difference between AC and DC lies in the direction electrons flow. In DC, electrons flow steadily in a single
direction, while in AC, they constantly switch directions.

b)
A Single-Phase Transformer has one pair of windings, while a Three-Phase Transformer has three pairs. A Single-Phase
Transformer provides a single-phase supply to circuits via two conductors (Phase and Neutral), while a Three-Phase Transformer
provides a three-phase supply via three phases and a neutral conductor if needed. Single-Phase Transformers are used for
lower power and lower voltage applications, such as supplying electric power to domestic loads, home inverters, welding
machines, television sets, and other electronic devices. On the other hand, Three-Phase Transformers are used for higher power
and higher voltage applications and are more efficient. The configuration of windings in a Single-Phase Transformer is simple,
while in a Three-Phase Transformer, they can be arranged in various configurations. The main difference between these
transformers lies in their number of windings, supply system, applications, and configuration.

2. Explain what are the advantages and disadvantages of:

a. Direct-Current Circuit & Alternating-Current Circuit.
b. Single-Phase Transformer & Three-Phase Transformer.

a)
DC and AC circuits have their own advantages and disadvantages, with DC being more efficient for low-distance,
high-current applications, easier to change speed, and easier to store. DC is also better for small applications involving
delicate electronics and thin wire. However, it is less efficient over long distances due to energy loss due to resistance and
harder to interrupt. AC circuits, on the other hand, are easier to produce, transmit over long distances, and control in case
of faults. They are also more reliable and can be easily controlled and interrupted in case of faults. However, AC is highly
susceptible to heating, sparking, fires, or electric shock, and each time AC current switches direction, there is a momentary
loss of power, which can affect sensitive devices in the modern computerized world. The usage of both DC and AC depends
on the specific requirements of the system.
b)
Single-Phase and Three-Phase Transformers offer various advantages and disadvantages, depending on the specific
requirements of the system. Single-Phase transformers are cost-effective, can be switched off or on based on load demand,
and ensure reliable service continuity. However, they also have higher maintenance costs and require more space for
installation. Three-Phase transformers are cheaper, lighter, and smaller, perform more efficiently, and are easier to install
and transport. However, they have high individual costs, making it difficult to repair or fix malfunctions. Repairing a Three-
Phase transformer is expensive, and its capacity is reduced simultaneously. Additionally, faults in any phase of a Three-
Phase transformer transfer to the other two phases, necessitating the entire unit's replacement. Overall, the choice of
transformer depends on the specific system requirements.
 Republic of the Philippines
North Eastern Mindanao State
University Bislig Campus
Formerly Surigao del Sur State
University Bislig City, Surigao del Sur
www.nemsu.edu. ph
Name Mike E. Date March 06, 2024
Subject AME 3L – DC & AC MACHINERY LABORATORY Section BSME-3A
AY Period 1st Semester, Academic Year 2023 – 2024 Plate No.

3. Give example and attach pictures and diagrams for proper reference.

For Direct-Current Circuit & Alternating-Current Circuit:

For Single-Phase Transformer & Three-Phase Transformer: