Hawker Hurricane MK I V 1st Edition

Martyn Chorlton
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AIR VANGUARD 6

HAWKER HURRICANE MK I-V

MARTYN CHORLTON
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

• First of the Many: A Fighter with Pedigree

• Breaching the 200mph barrier

• F.36/34 Single-Seat Fighter – High Speed Monoplane

• Enter the Rolls-Royce PV.12

• First Flight

• A Troublesome Child

• Refining the Merlin

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

• The Anatomy of a Legend: Overview of the Hurricane

• The Fuselage

• The Wings

• The Undercarriage

• Powerplant – The Song of a Merlin

MARK BY MARK

• Hurricane Mk I

• Hurricane Mk II, IIa, IIb, IIc and IId

• Hurricane Mk III
• Hurricane Mk IV

• Hurricane Mk V

• Photographic Reconnaissance

• Made in Canada

• The Two-seaters

• The Proposals

OPERATIONAL HISTORY

• 111 Squadron Leads the Way

• Record-Breaking Flight

• More Squadrons Follow

• The ‘Phoney War’

• The Winter War

• Norway

• The Battle of France

• Dunkirk

• Malta – The Beginning

• The Battle of Britain

• On the Back Foot in North Africa and the Mediterranean

• Taking the Fight across the Channel

• Defence of Malta
• Air Defence in Russia

• Growing Strength in North Africa, the Mediterranean and

the Middle East

• Singapore, Ceylon and Burma

CONCLUSION

FURTHER READING
HAWKER HURRICANE MK I–V

INTRODUCTION

It may not have been the prettiest or the best performing

plane, but the Hawker Hurricane will always be seen as the
aircraft necessary at the time, and thankfully it was
produced in high numbers. Its design had incorporated
older, tried and tested technologies but also took fighter
design a little further forward.

When George Bulman first took the prototype into the air at
Brooklands on 6 November 1935, the new Hurricane was
presented to the world as a modern fighting monoplane.
Fitted with eight guns, a retractable undercarriage and the
ability to breach 300mph with ease, many journalists of the
day commented that the peak of fighter performance had
finally been reached.

Despite the promise shown by the new fighter, the Air

Ministry remained lethargic, even with the dark clouds of
another world conflict approaching. It was thanks to the
Hawker Aircraft Company beginning production without a
solid contract that the RAF received the aircraft as early as it
did.

With 111 Squadron leading the way, only a handful of

squadrons were operational with the Hurricane on the
outbreak of World War II. Thanks to sudden massive orders
and a well-organised manufacturer who subcontracted
production to Gloster Aircraft Company and General Aircraft,
more squadrons were rapidly re-equipped, cutting their
teeth during the battle of France. It was during the Battle of
Britain that the type excelled and it undoubtedly formed the
backbone of Fighter Command at the time.

Six Hurricanes of 111 Squadron pose for the camera with

L1552 in the foreground, which only served with the unit
briefly before moving on to 56 Operational Training Unit at
Sutton Bridge. Beyond is L1555, which was nicknamed the
‘State Express’ after Sqn Ldr Gillan made his record-
breaking flight in the Hurricane. (Aeroplane via author)

With technology advancing at high speed, the Hurricane was

steadily overtaken by the Supermarine Spitfire in the fighter
defence role. However, it still remained the fighter of choice
in North Africa and the Far East, where it often fought
against overwhelming Japanese odds. Despite a large
number being shot down in these far-flung conflicts, many
were returned to the air after hasty repairs while more
fragile designs would have been grounded permanently. A
real workhorse in all respects, the Hurricane was adapted
for the ground attack role with a modified wing that could
carry bombs, high calibre cannon, or drop tanks. The
airframe’s ability to take a great deal of punishment while
flying these low-level operations meant that more pilots
returned to base with heavy battle damage rather than
having to face bailing out over occupied territory. While
many were relegated to a host of second line units during
the later stages of World War II, the Hurricane fought on in
the Far East, especially Burma, where the fighter wreaked
havoc amongst the Japanese forces.
George Bulman, the Hawker Aircraft Company’s chief test
pilot from 1925 to 1945, with Sir Thomas Octave Murdoch
Sopwith at Brooklands in the early 1930s. Bulman flew a
host of aircraft that were designed by the Sydney Camm
team including the Heron, Horsley, Hart, Tomtit, F.20/27,
Demon 1933 and Hector. (Aeroplane via author)
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
First of the Many: A Fighter with Pedigree

The Sopwith Aviation Company had made a great

contribution during World War I with regard to fighter
aircraft. Its excellent designs included the Tabloid, 1½
Strutter, Pup, Triplane and of course the iconic Camel.
Tommy Sopwith was quite a visionary when it came to
fighter design, and even the monoplane version of the
Camel, the Swallow, was attempted, but its performance did
not warrant any further development.

A huge surplus of military aircraft following the Armistice put

paid to any further serious role in aviation for Sopwith
Aviation. An attempt to broaden the company’s horizons by
purchasing ABC Motorcycles and ABC Motors was a failed
venture and Sopwith was liquidated in 1920. Undeterred,
Tommy Sopwith, along with Harry Hawker, Fred Sigrist and
Bill Eyre, immediately formed H. G. Hawker Engineering.

Being based at the traditional home of British aviation,

Brooklands, would prove to be particularly advantageous,
thanks to it being the home of Vickers Ltd, another aviation
manufacturer. Hawker’s first aircraft, the Duiker, was
designed by the fledgling company’s first chief designer,
Capt Thomson, who would rely heavily on equipment and
parts loaned and manufactured by Vickers to complete the
project. Designed to meet a Corps Reconnaissance
requirement to support the British Army, the Duiker made its
first flight in July 1923. No orders were forthcoming, but it
did teach Hawker a great deal and the next design would
progress considerably further than a single prototype.
While the Duiker may have been Hawker’s first design, it was
not the company’s first aircraft to fly. In 1922, the company
responded to Specification 25/22, which called for a night
fighter. Once again designed by Capt Thomson, the first
Woodcock, J6987, was flown in March 1923 by F. P.
Raynham. The prototype was rejected, along with Capt
Thomson, who was replaced by W. G. Carter. Carter
redesigned the aircraft into the successful Woodcock II, of
which the RAF eventually ordered 62. The design also gave
the company its first overseas sales, as three examples of a
version called the Danecock were sold to the Danish Air
Force. A construction licence was later applied for as well
and the Danes built a dozen aircraft under the name Dankok.
Hawker was on its way.

Throughout the 1920s and into the early 1930s, Hawker

achieved varying success not only with fighter designs but
also with torpedo and light bombers, especially the Hart,
which became a mainstay type for the RAF from 1930 and
into World War II. From 1925, Hawker’s chief designer was
Sydney Camm. Camm’s aviation career began as a
carpenter’s apprentice with Martinsyde before progressing to
Hawker in 1923 as a senior draughtsman.

HURRICANE MK IC
Key

1. Rotol three-bladed propeller

2. Propeller pitch change mechanism

3. Propeller reduction gearbox

4. Rolls-Royce Merlin III V12 liquid-cooled engine

5. Coolant pipes

6. Generator (engine driven)

7. Ignition control unit

8. Starboard main wheel

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 ERICA viscaria.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS.

Erica, antheris muticis, inclusis; corollis campanulatis, viscosis; floribus

axillaribus, spicatis; calycibus foliaceis, duplicatis; foliis quaternis,
linearibus, glabris.

DESCRIPTIO.

Caulis fruticosus, bipedalis, erectus; rami et ramuli simplices, longi,

laxi, superne viscosi.
Folia quaterna, linearia, acuta, glabra, juniora in apicibus ramulis
viscosa; petiolis adpressis.
Flores spicati in medio ramulorum, patentes, axillares; pedunculi
brevissimi.
Calyx. Perianthium duplex; foliolis rudibus, viscosis, adpressis,
marginibus glandulosis.
Corolla campanulata, valde mucosa, purpurascens, semiquadrifida;
laciniis reflexis.
Stamina. Filamenta octo linearia. Antheræ muticæ, inclusæ.
Pistillum. Germen globosum. Stylus inclusus, filiformis. Stigma
tetragonum.
Habitat ad Caput Bonæ Spei.
Floret a mensi Aprili, in Julium.

REFERENTIA.

1. Calyx, et Corolla.
2. Calyx, auctus.
3. Corolla.
 4. Stamina, et Pistillum.
5. Stamina a Pistillo diducta.
6. Stamen unum, auctum.
7. Stylus, et Stigma, lente aucta.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Heath, with beardless tips, within the blossoms, which are bell-shaped, and
clammy; the flowers grow from the foot-stalks of the leaves close to the
branches forming close spikes; the cups are like the leaves of the plant, and
are double; the leaves grow by fours, are linear and smooth.

DESCRIPTION.

Stem shrubby, grows two feet high, and upright; the larger and smaller
branches are simple, long, loose and clammy at the ends.
Leaves grow by fours, are linear, pointed, and smooth, the younger ones
are clammy at the ends of the branches; foot-stalks pressed to the stem.
Flowers grow in spikes about the middle of the branches, spreading out,
and growing from the foot-stalks of the leaves; the foot-stalks very short.
Empalement. Cup double; the leaves unequal, clammy and pressed to the
blossom, with small glands on their margins.
Blossom bell shaped, very clammy, purple, half way cleft into four, the
segments bent back.
Chives. Eight linear threads. Tips beardless and within the blossom.
Pointal. Seed-bud globular. Shaft within the blossom and thread-shaped.
Summit four-cornered.
Native of the Cape of Good Hope.
Flowers from April, till July.

REFERENCE.

1. The Empalement and Blossom.

2. The Empalement, magnified.
3. The Blossom.
4. The Chives, and Pointal.
5. The Chives detached from the Pointal.
6. A Chive, magnified.
7. The Shaft and Summit, magnified.
 ERICA Walkeria.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS.

Erica, antheris muticis, sub-inclusis, foliis quaternis, linearibus, glabris;

floribus sessilibus, erectis, quaternis, terminalibus; calycis foliola margine
membranacea, serrato-lacera.

DESCRIPTIO.

Caulis fruticosus, spithamæus, erectus, ramosus; ramuli frequentissimi,

suberecti.
Folia quaterna, linearia, glabra, crassiuscula, nitida, patentia; petiolis
brevissimis.
Flores sessiles, erecti, fastigiati, quaterni, terminales; fere pedunculati.
Calyx. Perianthium duplex, exterius triphyllum, foliolis subulatis,
marginibus membranaceis, serrato-laceris; interius tetraphyllum, foliolis
longioribus, apicibus carneis, adpressis.
Corolla ventricosa, pellucida, ore arctata, extus pallide sanguinea, intus
alba; laciniis sub-cordatis, expansis, maximis.
Stamina. Filamenta octo capillaria; antheræ muticæ, inclusæ.
Pistillum. Germen turbinatum, læviter sulcatum. Stylus subexsertus,
filiformis. Stigma tetragonum.
Habitat ad Caput Bonæ Spei.
Floret a mensi Februarii in Junium.

REFERENTIA.

1. Calyx lente auctus.

2. Corolla.
3. Stamina et Pistillum.
 4. Stamen unum lente auctum.
5. Pistillum lente auctum.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Heath, with beardless tips, just within the blossom; leaves grow by fours,
linear, and smooth; flowers sit close upon the ends of the branches, upright,
and by fours; the leaves of the cup are skinny at the edge, and sawed as if
torn.

DESCRIPTION.

Stem shrubby, a span high, upright, and branching; smaller branches

numerous, and nearly upright.
Leaves grow by fours, linear, smooth, thickish, shining, and spreading
out; with very short footstalks.
Flowers sit close in upright bunches, by fours, on the ends of the
branches; scarce any footstalks.
Empalement. Cup double, the outer three-leaved, which are awl-shaped,
having the edges skinny, and sawed as if torn; the inner has four leaves,
which are longer than the others; the points flesh-coloured, and pressed to
the blossom.
Blossom bellied out, and pellucid, the mouth narrowed, without a pale
red, white within; the segments nearly heart-shaped, spreading, and very
large.
Chives. Eight hair-like threads; tips beardless, within the blossom.
Pointal. Seed-bud turban-shaped, slightly furrowed. Shaft just without
the blossom, and thread-shaped. Summit four-cornered.
Native of the Cape of Good Hope.
Flowers from February till June.

REFERENCE.
1. The Empalement magnified.
2. The Blossom.
3. The Chives and Pointal.
4. The Chive magnified.
5. The Pointal magnified.
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX
TO THE
FIGURES IN VOL. I.

1. Erica Aitonia
2. .... albens
3. .... ampullacea.
4. .... baccans
5. .... Banksia
6. .... bruniades
7. .... caffra
8. .... calycina
9. .... campanulata.
10. .... capitata
11. .... cerinthoides.
12. .... cernua.
13. .... coccinea.
14. .... conspicua.
15. .... coronata.
16. .... costata.
17. .... cruenta.
18. .... cubica.
19. .... curviflora.
20. .... discolor.
21. .... droseroides.
22. .... exsurgens.
23. .... flexuosa.
24. .... glauca.
25. .... glutinosa.
26. .... grandiflora.
27. .... imbricata.
28. .... incarnata.
29. .... jasminiflora.
30. .... lateralis.
31. .... Leea.
32. .... lutea.
33. .... mammosa.
34. .... marifolia.
35. .... margaritacea.
36. .... Massonia.
37. Erica melastoma.
38. .... monadelphia.
39. .... mucosa.
40. .... Muscaria.
41. .... nigrita.
42. .... obliqua.
43. .... Patersonia.
44. .... Petiveriana.
45. .... physodes.
46. .... pinea.
47. .... β Plukenetia nana.
48. .... pubescens.
49. .... pulchella.
50. .... purpurea.
51. .... pyramidalis.
52. .... radiata.
53. .... ramentacea.
54. .... retorta.
55. .... Sebana aurantia.
56. .... β .... lutea.
57. .... γ .... viridis.
58. .... serratifolia.
59. .... setacea.
60. .... sordida.
61. .... spicata.
62. .... spuria.
63. .... taxifolia.
64. .... tubiflora.
65. .... ventricosa.
66. .... verticillata.
67. .... versicolor.
68. .... vestita alba.
69. ... β.... . purpurea.
70. ... γ .... . coccinea.
71. .... viscaria.
72. .... Walkeria.
 SYSTEMATICAL ARRANGEMENT
OF THE
LXXII ERICAS, OR HEATHS, CONTAINED IN
VOL. I.

Taken from the shape of the tips, and the number of leaves which
surround the stem in one whorle

Antheræ aristatæ. Tips bearded.

Foliis ternis. Leaves by threes.

E. marifolia Marum-leaved, H.
.. pulchella Whipcord-like.
.. discolor Two-coloured.

Foliis quaternis. Leaves by fours.

.. caffra Caffrean.
.. pubescens Downy.
.. mucosa Mucous-flowered.
.. verticillata Whorled-flowered.
.. mammosa Teat-like-flowered.
.. cruenta Bloody.
.. Patersonia Paterson.

Foliis senis. Leaves by sixes.

.. spicata Spike-flowered.

Foliis octonis. Leaves by eights.

.. coronata coronet-flowered.

Antheræ cristatæ. Tips crested.

Foliis sparsis. Leaves scattered.
.. droseroides Sun-dew-leaved.

Foliis ternis. Leaves by threes.

.. calycina Large-cupped.
.. glauca Sea-green.

Foliis quaternis. Leaves by fours.

.. ramentacea Slender-branched.
.. margaritacea Pearl-flowered.
.. lateralis Lateral-flowered.
.. incarnata Flesh-coloured.
.. cernua Nodding-flowered.
.. baccans Arbutus-flowered.
.. physodes Bead-flowered.

Antheræ bicornutæ. Tips two-horned.

Foliis sparsis. Leaves scattered.

.. obliqua Irregular-leaved.

Foliis ternis. Leaves by threes.

.. setacea Bristly-leaved.
.. Aitonia Aiton.
.. jasminiflora Jasmine-flowered.

Foliis quaternis. Leaves by fours.

.. cubica Square-flowered.
.. ventricosa Bellied.
.. ampullacea Flask.
.. conspicua Long-yellow-flowered.
Antheræ Muticæ. Tips beardless.

Foliis oppositis. Leaves opposite.

E. lutea Small yellow, H.

Foliis ternis. Leaves by threes.

.. nigrita Black-tipped.
.. flexuosa Zig-Zag-branched.
.. imbricata Tiled-cup.
.. taxifolia Yew-leaved.
.. albens Whitish-flowered.
.. bruniades Brunia-like-flowered.
.. capitata Woolly-headed.
.. versicolor Various-coloured.
.. costata Ribbed-flowered.

Foliis quaternis. Leaves by fours.

.. Muscaria Musk-Hyacinth-smelling.
.. Walkeria Walker.
.. viscaria Viscous.
.. campanulata Bell-flowered.
.. pyramidalis Pyramidal.
.. radiata Raied-flowered.
.. retorta Filligrane-leaved.
.. serratifolia Sawed-leaved.
.. coccinea Deep-red-flowered.
.. cerinthoides Honey-wort-flowered.
.. Massonia Masson.
.. tubiflora Tube-flowered.
.. curviflora Curve-flowered.
.. spuria Rolling-pin-flowered.
.. sordida Dirty-flowered.
.. grandiflora Large-flowered.
.. exsurgens Ever-flowering.

Foliis scenis. Leaves by sixes.

.. purpurea Purple-flowered.
.. Leea Lee.
.. glutinosa Clammy.
.. pinea Pine-leaved.
.. vestita alba White tremulous.
β ..... purpurea Purple tremulous.
γ ..... coccinea Scarlet tremulous.

Antheræ penicillatæ. Tips pencilled.

Foliis ternis. Leaves by threes.

.. Monadelphia Columnar-threaded.
.. Banksia Banks.
β Plukenetia, nana β Plunkenet, dwarf.
.. melastoma Black-mouthed.
.. Petiveriana Petiver-like.
.. Sebana, aurantia α Seba, orange.
β ....., lutea β ..., yellow.
γ ....., viridis γ ..., green.
 GENERAL LIST OF HEATHS
CULTIVATED BY

Messrs. Lee and Kennedy, Hammersmith, in 1802.

Erica. 1 2 3
1. absynthoides g r p
2. Aitonia d l,b s
3. albens g s,b p
4. ampullacea d l,b s
5. arborea m r l
6. β ... squarrosa m r l
7. γ ... ramosa m r l
8. Archeria d l s
9. arctata g r l
10. articularis g r l
11. assurgens g r p
12. aulacea g r p
13. australis m r l
14. axillaris g r p
15. baccans g r p
16. Banksia g l p,l
17. β ... purpurea g l p,l
18. Blæria g r p
19. β ... rubra g r p
20. bracteata g r p
21. bruniades g r p
22. caffra g r l
23. calycina g r s
24. campanulata g r p
25. canescens d r l
26. capitata g r p
27. β ... minor g r p
28. carinata d b s
29. carnea h r p
30. cerinthoides g l p
31. β ... elatiora g l p
32. cernua d r l,p
33. ciliaris m r p
34. cinerea h r p
35. β ... alba h r p
36. coccinea g l l
37. comosa g s,b p
38. β ... alba g s,b p
39. concolor g l l
40. concinna g l l
41. conspicua g l l
42. coronata d l s
43. corifolia g r p
44. costata g l l,p
45. corymbosa g r p
46. cruenta g l p
47. β ... nana g l p
48. cubica d r s
49. cupressoides d l s
50. curviflora g l p
51. Dabœcii h r p
52. daphneflora g s,b l
53. β ... alba g s,b l
54. declinata g r p
55. denticulata g s,b l
56. densifolia g l p
57. depressa g l p
58. discolor g l l
59. divaricata g r p
60. droseroides d s,b l,p
61. elata g l p
62. elongata g l p
63. empetrifolia g r l,p
64. empetroides g r l,p
65. β ... alba g r l,p
66. enneaphylla d l s
67. erecta g l p
68. exsurgens d l l
69. β ... lutea d l l
70. expansa g r l,p
71. fastigiata g s,b p
72. flammea d l p
73. flexuosa g r p
74. florida g r p
75. florabunda g r l
76. foliosa g l l
77. formosa d l l
78. fucata m r p
79. fulva g l l
80. gelida g l l
81. glauca d s,b s
82. glomerata g r p
83. glutinosa d l s
84. grandiflora g l p
85. halicacaba g l,b l,p
86. hirta g r p
87. hispida g r p
88. hybrida g l p
89. ignescens g l p