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Fenglan Han · Lan’er Wu

Industrial
Solid Waste
Recycling in
Western China
Industrial Solid Waste Recycling in Western China
Fenglan Han Lan’er Wu
•

Industrial Solid Waste

Recycling in Western China

123
Fenglan Han Lan’er Wu
School of Materials Science School of Materials Science and Engineering
and Engineering, Circular Economy Beifang University of Nationalities
Technology Institute Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
Beifang University of Nationalities
Yinchuan, Ningxia, China

ISBN 978-981-13-8085-3 ISBN 978-981-13-8086-0 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8086-0
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019
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Foreword

With the implementation of the Strategy on Development of Western China, many

leading enterprises in industries such as energy, smelting, and chemicals are con-
centrated in western part of China and the region has achieved economic boom
(GDP of the whole western part of China going up from 2295.5 billion Yuan in
2003 to 12600.3 billion Yuan in 2013). Western part of China takes up more than
60% of energy consumption and 30% of metallurgical and chemical products of the
whole country. The release of industrial solid waste accounts for over 50% of
national total with accumulation of 4 billion tons of industrial solid waste such as
fly ash and heavy metal hazardous solid waste.
In view of environment-friendly and circular use of large amount of industrial solid
waste, material research and development task group of Beifang University of
Nationalities working with enterprises as well as research institutes and universities such
as China Iron and Steel Research Institute, University of Science and Technology
Beijing, and Central South University have developed the “production, learning,
research, and application” platform. Cooperating with Sweden and Australian experts,
Beifang University of Nationalities has introduced EU new technologies on environ-
mental protection and recycling and use of industrial waste of smelting industry, and
carried out a series of research and development activities. It has undertaken and
completed several national and provincial research projects on recycling and use of
industrial solid waste such as magnesium, manganese, steel, lead and zinc smelting slag,
and fly ash. Based on relevant findings of this task force, this book collects both Chinese
and international research results of this field, and introduces the properties, generation,
and pollution characteristics of solid wastes of relevant industries; current status of
research and development of environment-friendly technologies as well as some the-
oretical study results. It is expected that the current book could provide precious ref-
erence to scientists and engineers in the field of recycling and use of the solid waste. In
addition, it will also help cultivation and education of high-end talents in relevant field.

Yinchuan, Ningxia, China Academician Jilin He

October 2017

v
Preface

With rapid economic development in Western China in recent years, there are
increasingly urgent needs for treatment, recycling, and reuse of large amount of
industrial solid waste. It has been noticed that annual generation of industrial solid
waste of western part of China takes up about 50% of national total. It has become
the bottleneck that is affecting sustained development of local economy due to lack
of study on environment-friendly and high value-added recycling and use of such
solid waste. Based on local economic development needs, Beifang University of
Nationalities has carried out university–enterprise cooperation on study of industrial
solid waste such as magnesium slag, electrolytic manganese residue, fly ash, and so on.
The current book mainly introduces the research results of Beifang University of
Nationalities on recycling and use of industrial solid waste since 2009. The main
experimental data and cases come from the findings of the several national research
projects such as National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China (973
Program), International S&T Cooperation Project of China, and National Key
Technology R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China
undertaken by the authors. This book provides detailed description of the research
projects including technical roadmap, experimental data, and industrial test con-
ditions and results, and so on. This book involves industrial wastes of magnesium
slag, electrolytic manganese residue, lead and zinc smelting acid sludge, fly ash,
steel slag and carbide slag, and so on. It is expected that the book could provide a
reference to scientists and engineers in relevant field and readers with interest.
There are seven chapters in the book based on different types of industrial solid
waste. Chapter 1 mainly introduces the classification, properties, hazards, and
impacts of industrial solid waste as well as general disposal methods. Chapter 2
introduced the generation, property, fluorine, and dust pollution of magnesium
smelting slag by Pidgeon process as well as the research on treatment of magnesium
slag pollution and reuse of such slag. This chapter includes the findings of 973
Program and International S&T Cooperation Project. Chapter 3 presents the com-
prehensive use and treatment of manganese residue. This chapter introduces the
findings of the cooperation project between the authors and Ningxia Tianyuan
Manganese Limited Company, which is the largest electrolytic manganese

vii
viii Preface

enterprise in the world. Based on the findings of the research project of National
Key Technology R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of
China conducted by the authors with cooperation of Zhuzhou Smelting Group Co.,
Ltd., Chapter 4 discusses the treatment and disposal of lead and zinc smelting waste
acid sludge. Chapter 5 presents the circular use of fly ash combining the findings
of the China–EU cooperation project. Chapter 6 demonstrates the comprehensive
use of steel slag. Chapter 7 is about the comprehensive use of carbide slag. The
authors of this book would like to show their thanks to Prof. Yuhong Chen, Dr.
Wanxiu Hai, Dr. Hu Zhang, Dr. Guiqun Liu, Dr. Maohui Li, Dr. Zhang Hu Zhang,
Dr. Maohui Li and Dr. Bo Liang for their contributions in the chapters writing. The
whole book is reviewed and revised by Prof. Lan’er Wu. Dr. Shengwei Guo, Chun
Du, and Dr. Youjun Lu contributed in reviewing and checking of the manuscript,
and Shizhen Zhao has helped on drawing diagrams for the book.
The authors express their thanks to the financial support of Ministry of Science
and Technology of China and Science and Technology Department of Ningxia
Autonomous Region.

Yinchuan, China Prof. Fenglan Han

Prof. Lan’er Wu
Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Solid Waste and Industrial Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Industrial Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.3 Difference Between Industrial Solid Waste and Other
Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Sources and Classification of Industrial Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Sources of Industrial Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Classification of Industrial Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Characteristics and Properties of Industrial Solid Waste . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.1 Form and Properties of Industrial Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.2 Properties of Industrial Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4 Pollution of Industrial Solid Waste and Its Control . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.1 Pollution Characteristics of Industrial Solid Waste . . . . . . . 28
1.4.2 Impacts of Industrial Solid Waste on the Environment . . . . 30
1.4.3 Impacts of Industrial Solid Wastes on Human Health . . . . 32
1.4.4 Controlling Pollution from Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.5 Methods of Treating and Disposing of Industrial Solid Waste . . . . 34
1.5.1 Principle for Treating and Disposing of Industrial
Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.5.2 Industrial Solid Waste Treatment Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.5.3 Methods for Disposing Industrial Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.6 Current Status of Use of Industrial Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2 Hazard-Free Treatment and Reuse of Magnesium Slag . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.1.1 Smelting of Magnesium Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.1.2 Generation of Magnesium Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Magnesium Slag . . . . 50

ix
x Contents

2.1.4 Major Pollutants in Magnesium Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51

2.1.5 Current Status of Treatment and Disposal of Magnesium
Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51
2.2 Efflorescence of Magnesium Slag by Pidgeon Process
and Its Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53
2.2.1 Efflorescence of Magnesium Slag—Phase Analysis
of C2 S in Magnesium Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55
2.2.2 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 72
2.3 Simulation Study on F Flow in Magnesium Smelting by Pidgeon
Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73
2.3.1 Development of Pilot Trial Equipment and Pilot
Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73
2.3.2 Simulation of F Migration in Magnesium Smelting
Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75
2.3.3 Determination of F Content in Magnesium Smelting
Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78
2.3.4 Change of F Content in the Process of Magnesium
Slag Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84
2.4 Study on F-Free Mineralizer in Pidgeon Magnesium Smelting
Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 94
2.4.1 Study on Borate Mineralizer in Magnesium Smelting
by Pidgeon Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 95
2.4.2 Study on Rare-Earth Mineralizer for Magnesium
Smelting by Pidgeon Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
2.4.3 Industrial Test of F-Free Magnesium Smelting Process . . . 110
2.5 Recycling of Magnesium Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.5.1 Magnesium Slag Replacing Lime as Fluxing Medium
for Steel Smelting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.5.2 Magnesium Slag and Manganese Residue in Preparing
of Cement Clinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3 Resource Utilization of Electrolytic Manganese Residues . . . . . . . . . 127
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.2 Properties, Hazards, and Treatment of Electrolytic Manganese
Residues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.2.1 Source of Manganese Residues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.2.2 Basic Properties of EMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.2.3 Environmental Hazards of EMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.2.4 Current Status of EMR Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3.3 Technologies Used for Comprehensive Treatment and Recycling
of EMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Contents xi

3.3.1 Landfill of EMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

3.3.2 EMR Recycling Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
3.4 Treatment, Disposal, and Recycling of EMR in Foreign
Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
3.5 Prospect of Comprehensive Treatment and Recycling of EMR . . . 159
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4 Utilization of Acidic Residue from Lead and Zinc Production
Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.1.1 Major Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.1.2 Properties and Hazards of Waste Acid Residue . . . . . . . . . 170
4.1.3 Utilization of Acidic Waste Sludge in China . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.2 Solidification of Heavy Metals in WAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4.2.1 Heavy Metals in Acidic Waste Sludge Solidified
by Magnesium Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5 Comprehensive Utilization of Fly Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
5.2 Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Fly Ash . . . . . . . 208
5.2.1 Chemical Composition of Fly Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.2.2 Mineral Composition of Fly Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
5.2.3 Physical Properties of Fly Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
5.2.4 Composition of Fly Ash Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
5.2.5 Classification of Fly Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
5.3 Application of Fly Ash in Building Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.3.1 Application of Fly Ash in Cement Admixture . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.3.2 Application of Fly Ash in Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
5.3.3 Application of Fly Ash in Making Foam Glass . . . . . . . . . 225
5.3.4 Application of Fly Ash in Making Bricks
and Building Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
5.3.5 Application of Fly Ash in Ceramic Material
(Ceramsite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
5.3.6 Application of Fly Ash in Geopolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
5.4 Application of Fly Ash in Mine Site Backfilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
5.4.1 Basic Description of Mining with Backfilling . . . . . . . . . . 245
5.4.2 Application of Fly Ash in Filling Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
5.5 Application of Fly Ash in the Treatment of Industrial Effluent . . . 256
5.5.1 Modification of Fly Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
5.5.2 Application of Modified Fly Ash for Treatment
of Industrial Effluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
5.6 Application of Fly Ash in Flue Gas Desulfurization . . . . . . . . . . . 264
xii Contents

5.6.1 Sources and Hazards of SO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

5.6.2 Significance of Flue Gas Desulfurization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
5.6.3 Application of Fly Ash in Fluegas Desulfurization . . . . . . . 268
5.7 Application of Fly Ash in Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
5.7.1 Application of Fly Ash for Improving Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
5.7.2 Production of Fly Ash Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
5.7.3 Backfilling of Subsidence Area by Fly Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
5.8 Extraction of Valuable Components in Fly Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
5.8.1 Extraction of Carbon in Fly Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
5.8.2 Extraction of Iron in Fly Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
5.8.3 Extraction of Aluminum Oxide in Fly Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
5.8.4 Extraction of Silicon Oxide in Fly Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
5.8.5 Extraction of Hollow Beads in Fly Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
6 Comprehensive Utilization Technology of Steel Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
6.1.1 Generation and Utilization of Steel Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
6.1.2 Main Constituents of Steel Slag and Physical Phase . . . . . 308
6.2 Pretreatment of Steel Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
6.3 Circulating Application of Steel Slag in the Metallurgical
Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
6.3.1 Recovery and Utilization of Iron in Steel Slag . . . . . . . . . . 317
6.3.2 Steel Slag Used as Raw Materials for Sintering . . . . . . . . . 325
6.3.3 Steel Slag Used as a Fluxing Agent for Smelting . . . . . . . 327
6.4 Steel Slag Used as Gelling Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
6.4.1 Grinding of Steel Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
6.4.2 Gelling Property of Steel Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
6.5 Steel Slag Used as Road Materials and Hydraulic Engineering
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
6.6 Steel Slag Used as a Farming Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
6.7 Steel Slag Used to Prepare Glass Ceramics and Ceramic
Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
6.8 Other Patterns of Utilization of Steel Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
6.8.1 Steel Slag Used as a Polluted Water Treatment Agent . . . . 349
6.8.2 Steel Slag Used as a Removal Agent for Smoke . . . . . . . . 350
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
7 Comprehensive Utilization of Carbide Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
7.1 Generation and Chemical Composition of Carbide Slag
and Its Effect on the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
7.1.1 Source of Carbide Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
7.1.2 Generation of Carbide Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
7.1.3 Basic Performance of Wet Acetylene Carbide Slag . . . . . . 359
Contents xiii

7.1.4 Basic Performance of Dry Acetylene Carbide Slag . . . . . . 360

7.1.5 Effect of Carbide Slag on the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
7.1.6 Outline of Research on Carbide Slag at Home
and Abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
7.2 Application of Carbide Slag in Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
7.2.1 Carbide Slag Is Used as the Substitute Material
for Cement Clinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
7.2.2 Difference of Heat Consumption in the Production
of Cement Between Limestone and Carbide Slag . . . . . . . . 367
7.2.3 Comparison of Carbon Dioxide Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
7.2.4 Related Policies for the Generation of Cement Using
Carbide Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
7.3 The Application of Carbide Slag in Flue Gas Desulfurization
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
7.3.1 Application of Flue Gas Desulfurization Technology
at Home and Abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
7.3.2 Overview of the Flue Gas Desulfurization Technique . . . . 373
7.4 Application of Carbide Slag in Other Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
7.4.1 Carbide Slag as a Building Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
7.4.2 Carbide Slag in the Production of Ordinary Chemical
Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
7.4.3 Carbide Slag for Preparing Nanocalcium Carbonate . . . . . . 387
7.4.4 Carbide Slag for Producing Unslaked Lime
for Calcium Carbide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
7.4.5 Other Treatment Methods of Carbide Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Chapter 1
Introduction

Abstract In this chapter, the general and industrial types of solid wastes are defined
and illustrated. Several aspects of the industrial solid wastes are discussed, such
as sources, classification, characteristics, and properties. Also, the pollution and
techniques of solid waste treatment and disposal are discussed. The industrial solid
wastes can be classified according to their hazards, industries, and chemical com-
position. Four basic forms of industrial wastes (i.e., solid, semisolid, gaseous, and
liquid) as defined in the relevant legislation and administration are involved in the
discussion. The industrial solid wastes generated in China are relatively consistent
in composition and physical states with a large fraction of hazard compounds. Most
of these industrial solid wastes are from mineral processing, coal combustion, and
metallurgy. The large amount of multi-type industrial solid wastes has a high pos-
sibility of adverse impact on the environment and human health. The pollution can
be controlled by prevention and comprehensive reuse of these wastes. Some of the
prescribed industrial solid wastes can be treated by marine disposal and landfilling.
Finally, the current status of industrial solid waste used is investigated.

Keywords Industrial solid waste · Waste classification · Pollution prevention and

control · Application

1.1 Solid Waste and Industrial Solid Waste

1.1.1 Solid Waste

Massive wastes are generated and discharged during human activities of survival
and development, and these wastes cannot be reused directly without further pro-
cessing. These wastes have various kinds of morphology or phases, among which the
wastewater and exhausted gas are dominant. Therefore, the primary human under-
standing about environmental pollution begins with wastewater and exhaust gas.
However, the pollution problem caused by solid waste also has become a key issue
in environmental protection with the development of human material civilization.

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 1

F. Han and L. Wu, Industrial Solid Waste Recycling
in Western China, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8086-0_1
2 1 Introduction

Different countries have different definitions of solid waste. The definition of

solid wastes in the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Prevention and Con-
trol of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste is “solid or semisolid materials and
gaseous substances in containers that are produced during production, daily life, or
other activities, which lose their original use value or do not lose their use value
but are rejected or abandoned, as well as materials and substances subject to solid
waste management in accordance with the requirements of laws and administrative
regulations.”
The Resource Conservation and Recycling Act (RCRA) of the United States
illustrates [1] that “the ‘solid waste’ refers to any rubbish or waste as well as sludge
and other waste materials from waste treatment plants, water treatment plants, and
air pollution control facilities; including solid, liquid, semisolid, or gaseous materials
in containers generated from industry, commerce, mining, and agriculture as well as
social activities. However, it does not include municipal sewage or irrigation water
and solid or dissolved materials in industrial effluent from power sources which
meets discharge standards as well as nuclear material and by-products defined by the
Atomic Energy Act.”
The definition of waste (solid waste) in the Waste Treatment and Cleaning Act of
Japan [1] states, “The so-called ‘waste’ refers to garbage, bulky waste, ash, sludge,
feces, waste oil, waste acid, waste alkali, animal carcasses, and other feculence, and
waste, including solid and liquid substances (excluding radioactive substances and
substances with radioactive pollution).”
The definition of waste (solid waste) in the Directive on Waste (75/442/EEC) of
the Council of European Union released in 1975 states [1], “The ‘waste’ refers to
those material or substances that are discarded or going to be discarded or required
to be discarded by owners.”
Those definitions show that the definition of solid waste includes two concepts.
The first concept is “waste”, which are substances that have lost their original use
value, such as waste automobiles, waste plastics, and most municipal solid waste.
They are also substances that have no clear production aims and functions during
production processes and by-products of certain products in the production process,
including most industrial waste such as fly ash and sludge from water treatment.
The second concept is “abandoned”, that is, these substances are abandoned by the
owners. In other words, the owners cannot or are not willing to use these substances
according to their original use.
The “waste” attribute of the so-called solid waste is a subjective attribute, not a
natural attribute. For example, substances that are waste in one person’s view might
be a resource in the view of others. The substance that is “waste” in one situation
might have significant use value in another situation. The waste of today may be
resources of tomorrow. Thus, the waste has strong spatial and time properties. That
is, the waste is misplaced resources. However, at present, not all solid waste can
be used because of economic and technical reasons. It involves another attribute of
solid waste, which is the “resource” attribute. The resource attribute of waste is a
natural attribute. It is possible that any waste may be utilized as a resource. However,
the economic feasibility of using it must be considered. If the use of a certain type
1.1 Solid Waste and Industrial Solid Waste 3

of waste leads to a consumption of more energy and resources or leads to heavier

pollution that type of usage might lose its value.
Because the solid waste has two attributes, there are difficulties in its identification.
First, the “waste” and the “old” must be distinguished. Some goods may lose their use
value to some people, but they may still have use value to other people. Some goods
may lose certain functions, but they could maintain part or all of their functions
after repair. For example, “repairing the old and utilizing the waste” is advocated
by Chinese people, which is called “reuse”. It is the commonly mentioned 3R in
solid waste management [2]. The substances mentioned here are not true waste;
they are “old goods” actually. The continual use of scrapped products according
to their original purpose or residual purpose can reduce the generation of waste
and environmental pollution caused by waste and can reduce resource consumption
and increase social wealth as well. This is one of the key principles of solid waste
management [1]. Therefore, there is no clear boundary between “waste” and “old
goods”, and they should be distinguished on the basis of specific circumstances.
Second, there is a need to distinguish “waste” from “raw materials”. When a material
loses its original use value completely, it can usually be reused as a different material
or raw material for different products. The common practices include recycled scrap
steel for steel making, waste plastics for re-granulation or oil refining, waste paper for
pulp and paper making, vanadium extraction from vanadium ore iron slag, and fly ash
as raw material for cement production. There are two ways to employ waste as raw
materials for production. One is to return waste to the production line for the same
material, replacing primary raw materials such as steel smelting with waste steel, and
waste paper for paper making. The production using waste directly as raw material
has advantages such as energy and resource savings and environmental pollution
reduction compared to the production using primarily raw materials. For example,
using 1 ton of waste aluminum can save 4.2 tons of bauxite, 800 kg of sodium
carbonate, 20,000 kW h of electricity and can also reduce 95% of air pollution and
97% of water pollution compared with aluminum smelting by alumina. A total of 3 m3
of timber (equivalent to 17 trees), 100 kg of water, 300 kg of chemical raw material,
1.2 tons of coal, and 600 kW h of electricity can be saved with a 75% reduction of
pollutants due to the production if 1 ton of waste paper is employed to make paper [1].
In this case, these wastes become high-quality raw materials for production rather
than becoming “wastes”. Another way to use waste is to produce other products,
such as making oil from waste plastics and bricks made of sludge. This way of
using waste is relatively complex and requires concrete analysis of each specific
circumstance. This can either save resources and reduce pollution, or it may lead
to the consumption of resources and energy and generation of new pollution. Thus,
necessary measures are needed for processing control. The “pollution comparison
principle” for waste identification may be adopted in this case. The principle is to
identify whether or not new pollution occurs when raw materials are replaced by
waste, that is, whether or not there is a greater extent of pollution in the production
process with the replacement.
4 1 Introduction

The phase of the solid waste is not only solid phase, that is, solid waste is not
limited to “solid phase waste”. According to the Law of the People’s Republic of
China on Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste, solid
waste includes “solid, semisolid materials, and materials or substances in contain-
ers”. This law also states that “the current law is applicable to the prevention and
control of liquid waste pollution. However, the prevention and control of the pollu-
tion caused by wastewater discharged into waters should comply with relevant law,
not the current law.” The international communities usually include liquid wastes
other than wastewater in solid waste. Therefore, the so-called solid waste, in fact,
includes solid and semisolid waste, liquid waste excluding liquid waste discharged
into waters, and gaseous waste in containers.

1.1.2 Industrial Solid Waste

The definition of “industrial solid waste” in the Law on Prevention and Control
of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste refers to the “solid waste generated in
industrial production activities”. This definition includes a very wide range of sources
of industrial solid waste. All forms of major industrial production, such as metal-
lurgy, chemicals, coal, mining, petroleum, power, transportation, light industry, man-
ufacturing, pharmaceuticals, automobiles, communication and electronics, building
materials, timber, and glass and metal processing are possible sources of industrial
waste. There are many kinds of solid waste generated from different kinds of indus-
trial production. They mainly include waste by-products or intermediate products,
scrap raw materials and facilities and equipment, scrap and nonconformity products,
offals and offcuts generated in production processes; they also include industrial
waste, residues, sludge, and the recyclable material generated from pollution control
facilities. Based on sources, there are mainly two types of industrial solid waste.
One type is by-products (such as slag, sewage sludge and residual liquid in chemical
production) generated from production process. Another type is invalid raw material
or products (such as residual material, waste acid or alkali, nonconformity or reject
products, and abandoned facilities and equipment). However, the waste generated
from daily life and office activities in industrial enterprises and waste generated from
transportation, in general, are not regarded as industrial solid waste.

1.1.3 Difference Between Industrial Solid Waste and Other

Solid Waste

As the term suggests, the industrial solid waste is solid waste from the industrial
production processes. The industrial solid waste mainly has the following three char-
acteristics compared with domestic garbage and solid waste from social sources:
1.1 Solid Waste and Industrial Solid Waste 5

1. Relatively concentrated sources

The industrial solid wastes are generated from industrial processes. Therefore, the
industrial solid waste also comes from factories. It is relatively concentrated com-
pared with waste from households. For example, there are many industries in our
country. However, six industries (the coal mining and mineral processing industry;
the ferrous metal mining and mineral processing industry; the production and supply
of power, vapor, and hot water industry; the ferrous metal smelting and rolling indus-
try; the nonferrous metal mining and mineral processing industry; the raw chemical
materials and chemical manufacturing industry) generate more than 80% of the total
amount of industrial solid waste [3].
2. Single component with stable property
The industrial solid waste is stable because of its relatively stable nature of industrial
production. This property of industrial solid waste is very conducive to its compre-
hensive use. Thus, the comprehensive use rate of industrial solid waste in China can
reach 40% [3].
3. Amount, ingredients, and property of the industrial solid waste are related to
factors such as industrial structure, technologies, and raw materials
The type of industrial solid wastes in a certain region is related to the industrial
structure of the region. For example, the Shanxi Province is a key coal manufacturing
base in China. The industrial solid waste of this province, which includes gangue,
tailings, fly ash, blast furnace slag, and boiler cinder, makes up more than 80% of
its total industrial solid waste [3]. The Heilongjiang Province is a key base of both
coal and grain in China, and the solid waste of Heilongjiang, which includes gangue,
tailings, fly ash, and boiler cinder, along with grain waste and food processing waste
make up 90% of its total amount of industrial solid waste. The Yunnan Province is
an important base of mineral resources, and tailings account for about 40% of its
total amount of industrial solid waste [3].

1.2 Sources and Classification of Industrial Solid Waste

1.2.1 Sources of Industrial Solid Waste

The industrial solid waste comes from various industries or departments. Moreover,
due to different production technologies and various types of products and raw mate-
rials, the amount, type, contents, and properties of the as-generated solid waste are
very complex even within the same industry. Therefore, the sources of industrial solid
waste are very complicated. Based on the nature of the industrial processes, there are
three kinds of sources. The three kinds are as follows: The first kind is raw materials
or products that do not have the original use value or have a depleted use value but
no change in their original form. This kind includes expired or contaminated raw
6 1 Introduction

materials, and rejected or nonconforming products. The second kind is by-products

generated from production processes. This kind cannot be used as products and raw
materials and it includes substances like various hazardous waste residues and liquid
waste from production processes, waste from extraction of useful substances in raw
materials, and various derived waste from chemical reactions. The characteristics
of this process are that industrial production (or industries) should comply with the
material balance principle. In this process, wastewater, waste gas, and products are
generated, and the rest is solid waste. The third kind is pollutants and rejected facil-
ities and equipment from industrial production, such as polluted goods, land under
heavy contamination, and dismantling waste.

1.2.2 Classification of Industrial Solid Waste

There are many methods for classifying industrial solid waste. They can be clas-
sified on the basis of hazards, including general industrial solid waste, hazardous
industrial solid waste, and radioactive industrial waste. The solid wastes can be sep-
arated according to their generating industries, including metallurgical, petroleum,
chemicals, building, electronics, mechanical manufacturing, printing, paper making,
rubber and plastics, mining, pharmaceutical, metal surface treatment, automobile,
and timber processing industries. On the basis of chemical composition, they can
be categorized into ferrous metals, heavy metals, alkaline earth metals, rare metals,
halides, organic solvents, phosphorus, sulfur, cyanide, and fluoride. Additionally,
they can be classified into inorganic solid waste and organic solid waste on the basis
of the chemical category. Table 1.1 shows the classification and code of solid waste
according to information released by the Ministry of Environmental Protection [4].
There are 47 types of waste in the current National Catalogue of Hazardous Wastes,
and these are basically consistent with the first 47 types of waste in Table 1.1 [4].
Among them, the medical waste is not classified as industrial solid waste.

1.3 Characteristics and Properties of Industrial Solid

Waste

1.3.1 Form and Properties of Industrial Solid Waste

The scope of solid wastes identified in the Law of the People’s Republic of China on
Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste clearly includes
solid and semisolid wastes, gaseous substances in containers, and substances under
the management of solid waste that are specified by laws and administrative regula-
tions. Meanwhile, the liquid wastes (except wastewater) that go into groundwater and
bodies of water (meaning rivers, streams, ponds, lakes, etc.) shall comply with the
Table 1.1 Classifications and codes of solid wastes
Code Type Source
01 Clinical waste Clinical waste, medical waste, and hospital waste from medical
services in hospitals, medical centers, and clinics
– Residues in operation and binding
– Residues in biological culture and animal experiments
– Residues in laboratory tests
– Infectious waste
– Sludge from wastewater treatment
02 Pharmaceutical Waste from production and preparation of pharmaceutical
waste products, including veterinary medicine products (excluding
Chinese medicine waste)
– Residues in distillation and reactions
– Various high-concentration mother liquors and reactions or
culture media waste
– Decolored and filtered substances (including carriers)
– Used and abandoned absorbents, catalysts, and solvents
– Various waste medicine and overdue raw materials arising from
production
Common hazardous components or waste name
Waste medical plastic products, glass needles, glassware,
needles, poisonous cotton, dressings, operation residues,
infectious waste, animal experiment waste, chemical
waste, and so on
Waste antibiotics, anti-histaminic medicine, paregoric,
cardiotonic, nervous system medicine, gene waste,
miscellaneous medicines, e.g., toluene residue, butyrin
residue, phenethylamine residue, waste copper catalysts,
mycelium, boron sludge, waste toluene mother liquid, and
chloride residues
1.3 Characteristics and Properties of Industrial Solid Waste

03 Waste Overdue waste, rejected unlabeled and confounding Waste chemical agents, waste pharmaceuticals, and
pharmaceuticals, pharmaceuticals, drugs, and medicines (excluding waste medicines such as daunomycin and sulfanilamide
drugs, and pharmaceuticals in HW01 and HW02)
medicines – Waste pharmaceuticals from production (including
pharmaceutical waste raw material and intermediate reactive
product substances)
– Overstocked or discarded pharmaceuticals, drugs, and medicines
of users (such as research units, monitoring units, schools,
medical units, and laboratories)
– Overdue or discarded pharmaceuticals, drugs, and medicines of
business units
(continued)
7
 8

Table 1.1 (continued)

Code Type Source Common hazardous components or waste name
04 Pesticide waste Waste from production, selling, formulation, and use of Waste organophosphorus insecticides, organochloride
insecticides, bactericides, herbicides, deratizating agents, and plant insecticides, organonitrogenous insecticides, carbonate
growth regulators insecticides, pyrethroid insecticides, miticides,
– Residues from distillation and reactions organophosphorus insecticides, organochlorine
– Production mother liquors and (reactor and container) cleaning bactericides, organosulfureous bactericides, organotin
liquors bactericides, organonitrogenous bactericides, quinine
– Absorbed and filtered substances (including carriers, absorbents, bactericides, inorganic bactericides, organoarsenic
and catalysts) bactericides, carbamate herbicides, ether-derivative
– Wastewater treatment sludge herbicides, amide herbicides, substituted urea herbicides,
– Overdue raw materials from production and preparation phenoxy carboxylic acid herbicides, triazine-group
– Overdue and phased out products from production, sale or use herbicides, and inorganic herbicides
– Packaging and containers contaminated by pesticides and
herbicides
05 Waste containing Waste from manufacture, formulation, and use of wood preserving Waste containing pantachlorophenol, phenol,
wood preserving chemicals (excluding the waste duplicated with those in HW04) 2-chlorophenol, oxytoluol, parachlor-metaoxytoluol,
chemicals – Wastewater treatment sludge, process reaction residues, trichlorophenol, chrysenenaphthalene, tetrochlorophenol,
absorbed and filtered substances and carriers arising from creosote, fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, 2,4-dimethyl
manufacturers phenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, benzo(a)anthracene,
– Overstocked, reject, or excess wood preserving chemicals from dibenz(a)anthracene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene
users
– Reject wood preserving chemicals from marketing and business
departments
06 Organic solvent Waste from production, preparation, and use of organic solvents Waste catalyst, cleaning and stripping substances, reaction
waste (excluding the waste organic solvents in HW42) and filtration residues, adsorbed substances, and carrier
– Reaction residues, adsorbed substances and carriers arising from waste such as waste alum catalysts, methyl ethyl ketone
synthesis, fragmentation, separation, decoloration, catalysis, residue, methylcellosolve residue, and aluminum catalysts
precipitation, and refinement of organic solvents
– Cleaning substances containing organic solvents arising from
preparation and use process
1 Introduction

(continued)
Table 1.1 (continued)
Code Type Source Common hazardous components or waste name
07 Cyanide waste Waste from heat treatment and tempering operations containing Barium slag from heat treatment containing cyanides,
from heat cyanides sludge containing cyanides, and cooling liquor, inner liner
treatment – Metal heat treatment containing cyanides of heat treatment furnaces containing cyanides, cyanide
– Cooling of tempering tanks for heat treatment containing residues from cementation of heat treatment
cyanides
– Maintenance of heat treatment furnace containing cyanides
– Cementation furnace for heat treatment
08 Waste mineral oil Waste mineral oils unsuitable for their original use Waste lubricating oil (grease), engine oil, raw oil,
– Oil sludge and oil foot from oil production and refining hydraulic oil, vacuum pump oil, diesel oil, petrol, heavy
– Deposits from storage of mineral oils oil, kerosene, thermal treatment oil, camphorated oil, and
– Replaced oil and cleaning oil/sludge from machinery, power, coolant oil
and transportation equipment
– Waste oil (residue) from metal rolling and mechanical
processing
– Waste oil and oil sludge from treatment of oil-containing
wastewater
– Oil residue and filter media from refining and regeneration of oil
1.3 Characteristics and Properties of Industrial Solid Waste

09 Waste emulsion Waste emulsion and waste oil/water mixture from mechanical Waste soap liquid, waste cutting liquid, hydrocarbon/water
processing and equipment cleaning mixture, emulsion or impulsive paste, emulsified
– Excess emulsion from production, preparation, and use oil/water, coolant, lubricants, and wire drawing agents
– Waste emulsion from mechanical processing, metal cutting, and
cold drawing
– Oil/water and hydrocarbon/water from cleaning oil tanks and oil
articles
– Waste emulsion from regular replacement in (emulsion)
hydraulic machinery
(continued)
9
Table 1.1 (continued)
10

Code Type Source Common hazardous components or waste name

10 Polychlorobiphenyl Waste materials and articles containing or contaminated with Waste containing polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs),
waste polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs), polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs), and polybrominated
and/or polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) biphenyls (PBBs) such as waste transformer
– Excess, abandoned, sealed, and ready to be replaced by power oil-containing PCBs, waste capacitor oil-containing PCB,
equipment (capacitors and transformers) containing PCBs, PCB- contaminated soil, PCB-contaminated residues,
PCTs, and PPBs waste solvents containing PCBs, and waste dyes
– Medium oil, insulating oil, cooling oil, and heat transfer oil containing PCBs
poured from power equipment that contains PCBs, PCTs, and
PPBs
– Cleaning liquid from dismantling power equipment that contains
or is contaminated by PCBs, PCTs, and PPBs
– Soil and package materials contaminated by PCBs, PCTs, and
PPBs
11 Residues of Waste tarry residues from refining, distillation, and any pyrolytic Asphalt residues, tar residues, waste tar, phenolic residues,
refinery or treatment distillation residues in caldrons, diketene residue, toluene
distillation – Tar residues from production of coal gas residue, liquefied petroleum gas residues (containing
– Tar residues from distillation of raw oil wastes such as chrysenenaphthalene, fluoranthene,
– Tar pitch and acid tar from fine purification of raw oil benzo(a)pyrene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)
– Distillation residues and bottom substances of distillation
caldrons from production of chemicals
– Tarry residues from pyrolyzation in the production of chemical
raw materials
– Soil contaminated by tar or distillation residues from industrial
production
– Packaging and containers that contain tarry residues
(continued)
1 Introduction
Table 1.1 (continued)
Code Type Source Common hazardous components or waste name
12 Waste dyes and Waste from production, preparation, and use of printing ink, dyes, Waste acid dyes, alkali dyes, mordant dyes, azo dyes,
paints pigments, paints, and finishing paint direct dyes, glacial dyes, reduction dyes, sulfur dyes,
– Waste pigments, dyes, paints, and unconformity products from reactive dyes, alkyd resin coatings, acrylic resin coatings,
production polyurethane resin coatings, polyethylene resin coatings,
– Waste mother liquid, residues, and intermediate waste from epoxy resin coatings, two-component coatings, ink and
production of dyes and pigments in such chemical reactions heavy metal pigments, and so on
such as nitration, oxidation, reduction, iodization, diazotization,
and halogenation
– Organic solvent waste containing pigment and printing ink from
production, preparation, and use of ink and paint
– Sludge-like substances from rinsing containers and equipment
with acid, alkali, or organic solvents
– Waste packing materials containing printing ink, dyes, pigment,
and paint
– Sludge from wastewater treatment
13 Organic resin Waste from production, preparation, and use of resins, latex, Waste containing phthalic esters, fatty dihydric acid
waste plasticizers, and glues/adhesives esters, phosphoesters, epoxy compounds, trimellitic
1.3 Characteristics and Properties of Industrial Solid Waste

– Unqualified products and by-products from production,
preparation, and use
– Waste catalysts and high-concentration liquid waste from
processes such as synthetization, esterification, and condensation
– Bottom residual liquid, filtering media, and residue from
rectification, separation, and refining
– Stripped ester-like and viscous substances from inside of
containers or equipment from using solvents or acid, alkali, or
organic solvents
– Sludge from wastewater treatment
14 New chemical Chemical waste from research and development or teaching
waste activities that are not identified and/or are new with unknown
esters, polyesters, chlorinated paraffin’s,
dihydric/polybasic alcohol esters, derivatives of sulfonic
acid, e.g., residues of unsaturated resin, diethanol,
polymerized resins, waste ancient mud acid,
phenol-containing liquid waste, polyesters with low
boiling point, smear waste, and epoxy resin waste
Waste from research and development of new chemicals
11

impacts on human beings and the environment

(continued)
Table 1.1 (continued)
Code Type Source
15 Explosive waste Unqualified products, reject, and explosive waste from production,
marketing, and use of explosive materials
– Unstable and easily and violently changed even without any
knocking
– Able to form an explosive mixture when mixed with water
– Inflammable tendency exist with increased temperature,
moisture absorption, or spontaneous chemical changes
– Knocking or explosion occurs with initiator or with heating
16 Photographic Waste from production, preparation, and use of photographic
chemical waste chemicals and photosensitive material
– Unqualified and overdue products from production
– Residues and wastewater sludge from production
– Waste developing and fixer solution, films, and waste
photographic paper from use and business activities of
publishing houses, newspaper offices, printing plants, and film
studios
– Waste developing and fixer solution, films, and waste
photographic paper from use and business activities of photo
studios and developing shops
– Waste developing and fixer solution and films from X-ray and
CT exams in hospitals and relevant medical establishment
12
Common hazardous components or waste name
Waste containing azidoacetyl, acetyl nitrate, ammonium
acid, ammonium chlorate, cobaltic ammonium
hexamitrite, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitride,
ammonium periodate, ammonium permanganate,
ammonium picrate, ammonium perchromate, guanidine
azidocarbonyl, barium azide, chlorinated diazobenzene,
azimido-benzene, nitrowoguanidine, nitroglycerine,
tetranitropentoic tetrahydroxy alcohol,
trinitrochlorobenzene, polyvinyl nitric acid ester,
potassium nitrate, silver azide, silver nitride, silver
trinitroresorcinate, silver tetrazene, anthraxite gunpowder,
sodium azide, sodium picrete, tetranitromethane,
tetrazotized tetraselenid, tetrazotized tetrasulfur, tetrazene,
thallium nitride, dinitri-trilead, dinitritrimercury,
trinitrobenzene, potassium chlorate, mercuric fulminate,
silver fulminate, trinitrotoluene, trinitro-resoreinol
Waste developing solution, fixing bath, positive and
negative films, photographic paper, photosensitive raw
materials, and chemicals
1 Introduction
(continued)
Table 1.1 (continued)
Code Type Source Common hazardous components or waste name
17 Waste from Waste from surface treatment of metals and plastics Waste electroplating solvent, plating tank sludge, sludge
surface treatment – Residues, liquid, and wastewater treatment sludge from plating from treatment of electroplating wastewater, acid and
tanks of the electroplating industry alkali residues from surface treatment, residue from
– Corrosion liquid, scrub solution, and sludge from processes such oxidation tanks, phosphatization residue, and nitrite
as surface acids or alkali washing, oil removal, rust removal, and residues
scrubbing of metals and plastics
– Residues (liquid) and sludge from phosphatization and polishing
of metals and plastics
– Liquid waste and residues from stripping of plating coats
18 Incineration Residues from disposal of industrial waste Incineration residues and ashes
residues
19 Metal carbonyl Wastes containing carbonyl compounds from production and use Metal carbonyl compound waste (iron pentacarbonyl,
compound wastes of metal carbonyl compounds cobalt octacarbonyl [Co2 (CO)8 ], carbonyl nickel, cobalt
– Production of fine chemical products tricarbonyl, cobaltic hydroxytetracarbonyl)
– Synthesis of metal-organic compounds
20 Beryllium wastes Wastes containing beryllium and its compounds Waste containing beryllium, beryllium borohydride,
1.3 Characteristics and Properties of Industrial Solid Waste

– Smelting of rare metals beryllium bromide, beryllium hydroxide, beryllium

– Production of beryllium compounds iodide, beryllium carbonate, beryllium nitrate, beryllium
oxide, beryllium sulfate, beryllium fluoride, beryllium
chloride, beryllium sulfide
21 Chromium wastes Wastes containing hexavalent chromium compounds Waste containing chromic acid anhydride, potassium
– Chemical production of chromium compounds chromate (dichromate), sodium chromate (dichromate),
– Leather processing (tanning) chromic acid, dichromic acid, chromium trioxide, zinc
– Electroplating of metal and plastics chromate, calcium chromate, silver chromate, lead
– Coloring of acid medium dyestuff chromate, and barium chromate
– Production and use of pigments
– Smelting of chrome iron alloys
(continued)
13
Table 1.1 (continued)
14

Code Type Source Common hazardous components or waste name

22 Copper wastes Wastes containing copper compounds Waste containing copper bromide, cuprous bromide,
– Mining, mineral processing, and smelting of nonferrous metals copper hydroxide, copper sulfate, cuprous sulfate, copper
– Electroplating of metal and plastics iodide, cuprous iodide, copper carbonate, copper nitrate,
– Production of copper compounds copper sulfide, copper fluoride, copper sulfide (cuprous
sulfide), copper chloride (cuprous chloride), copper
acetate, copper potassium oxide, copper phosphate, and
dihydrate copper ammonium chloride
23 Zinc wastes Wastes of zinc compounds Waste containing zinc bromide, zinc iodide, zinc nitrate,
– Mining, mineral processing, and smelting of nonferrous metals zinc sulfate, zinc fluoride, zinc sulfide, zinc peroxide, zinc
– Electroplating of metal and plastics permanganate, zinc acetate, zinc oxalate, zinc chromate,
– Processing of pigment, paint, and rubber zinc bromate, zinc phosphate, zinc pyrophosphate, and
– Production of zinc compounds zinc phosphide
– Zinc battery manufacturing industry
24 Arsenic wastes Wastes containing arsenic and arsenic compounds Waste containing arsenic, arsenic trioxide, arsenous acid
– Mining, mineral processing, and smelting of nonferrous metals anhydride, arsenic oxide, arsenic pentasulfide, arsenous
– Production of arsenic and its compounds sulfide, arsenical zinc, acetyl arsenic copper, calcium
– Petrochemical industry arsenide, iron arsenide, copper arsenide, lead arsenide,
– Production of pesticides silver arsenide, ethyl arsenic bichloride, arsenic acid
– Tanning and dyestuff industry (arsenous acid), arsenous fluoride, zinc arsenate,
ammonium arsenate, calcium arsenate, iron arsenate,
sodium arsenate, mercury arsenate, lead arsenate,
magnesium arsenate, arsenic trichloride, arsenic disulfide,
potassium arsenate, hydrogen arsenide
(continued)
1 Introduction
Table 1.1 (continued)
Code Type Source Common hazardous components or waste name
25 Selenium wastes Wastes containing selenium and selenium compounds Waste containing selenium, selenium dioxide, selenium
– Smelting and electrolysis of nonferrous metals trioxide, selenium tetrafluoride, selenium hexafluoride,
– Production of selenium compounds diselenium dichloride, selenium tetrachloride, selenious
– Production of pigment, rubber, and glass acid, hydrogen selenide, sodium selenide, sodium selenate
(sodium selenite), selenium disulfide, ferrous selenide,
barium selenite, selenic acid, selenium dimethyl
26 Cadmium wastes Wastes containing cadmium and cadmium compounds Waste containing cadmium, cadmium bromide, cadmium
– Mining, mineral processing, and smelting of nonferrous metals iodide, cadmium hydroxide, cadmium carbonate,
– Production of cadmium compounds cadmium nitrate, cadmium sulfate, cadmium sulfide,
– Battery manufacturing industry cadmium chloride, cadmium fluoride, cadmium acetate,
– Electroplating industry cadmium oxide, and dimethyl cadmium
27 Antimony wastes Wastes containing antimony and its compounds Waste containing antimony, antimonous oxide,
– Smelting of nonferrous metals antimonous acid anhydride, antimony pentoxide,
– Production and use of antimony compounds antimonous sulfide, antimony sulfide, antimonous
fluoride, antimony fluoride, antimony chloride
(antimonous chloride), antimonous hydride, sodium
antimonate, lead antimonate, antimonine, and sodium
1.3 Characteristics and Properties of Industrial Solid Waste

28 Tellurium wastes Wastes containing tellurium and its compounds
– Smelting and electrolysis of nonferrous metals
– Production and use of tellurium compounds
antimonite
Waste containing tellurium, tellurium bromide, tellurium
iodide, tellurium trioxide, tellurium hexafluoride,
tellurium tetrachloride, tellurous acid, hydrogen telluride,
telluric acid, tellurium diethyl, and dimethyl tellurium
(continued)
15
Table 1.1 (continued)
Code Type Source
29 Mercury wastes Wastes containing mercury and its compounds
– Manufacture and use of mercury catalysts in chemical industry
– Manufacture of mercury-containing batteries
– Mercury smelting and recycling industries
– Production of organic and inorganic mercury compounds
– Pesticide and pharmaceutical industries
– Manufacture and use of luminescent screens and mercury lamps
– Mercury-containing salt mud from production of caustic soda
30 Thallium wastes Wastes containing thallium and its compounds
– Smelting of nonferrous metals and production of pesticides
– Production and use of thallium compounds
31 Lead wastes Wastes containing lead and lead compounds
– Slag and dust from lead smelting and electrolyzation
– Slag and sludge from production of lead–acid batteries
– Waste lead batteries
– Slag and sludge from the lead casting industry and lead product
industry
– Waste, production, and use of lead compounds
16
Common hazardous components or waste name
Waste containing mercury, mercuric bromide (mercurous
bromide), mercuric iodide (mercurous iodide), mercuric
nitrate (mercurous nitrate), mercuric oxide, mercuric
sulfate (mercurous sulfate), mercuric chloride (mercurous
chloride), mercuric sulfide, ethylmercuric chloride,
alembroth, methylmercury chloride, mercuric acetate,
mercurous acetate, dimethylmercury, mercury diethyl, and
mercuric chloride
Waste containing thallium, thallous bromide, thellic
hydroxide, thallous hydroxide, thallous iodide, thallous
nitrate, thallous carbonate, thallous sulfate, thallous oxide,
thallous sulfide, thallic oxide, thallous fluoride, thallium
chloride (thallous chloride), thallic chromate, thallium
chlorate, and thallium acetate
Wastes containing lead, lead acetate, lead bromide, lead
hydroxide, lead iodide, lead carbonate, lead nitrate, lead
oxide, lead sulfate, lead chromate, lead chloride, lead
fluoride, lead sulfide, lead perchlorate, basic lead
metasilicate, lead tetraalkyl, lead tetraoxide, and lead
dioxide
(continued)
1 Introduction
Table 1.1 (continued)
Code Type Source Common hazardous components or waste name
32 Inorganic fluoride Wastes containing inorganic fluoride (excluding calcium fluoride Wastes containing cesium fluoride, borofluoric acid, zinc
wastes and magnesium fluoride) fluorosilicate, fluorhydric acid, fluorosilicic acid, sulfur
hexafluoride, sodium fluoride, sulfur pentafluoride,
difluorophosphoric acid, fluorosulfuric acid, ammonium
borofluoride, ammonium fluorosilicate, ammonium
fluoride, potassium fluoride, chromium fluoride, iodine
pentafluoride, potassium hydrogen fluoride, sodium
bifluoride, sodium fluorosilicate
33 Inorganic cyanide Wastes containing inorganic cyanides from production and use of Wastes containing hydrocyanic acid, sodium cyanide,
wastes inorganic cyanides (excluding those cyanide wastes in HW07) potassium cyanide, lithium cyanide, mercuric cyanide,
– Cyanide waste from electrolyzation oil removal and surface lead cyanide, copper cyanide, zinc cyanide, barium
hardening chemical technology of metal product manufacturing cyanide, calcium cyanide, cuprous cyanide, silver cyanide,
industry cyanide solution, mercury potassium cyanide, nickel
– Cyanide-containing waste from electroplating processes and cyanide, sodium copper cyanide, potassium copper
cladding material removal processes in the electroplating cyanide, cyanogen bromide, and cobalt cyanide
industry and electronic part manufacturing industry
– Cyanide-containing waste from mining and mineral processing
1.3 Characteristics and Properties of Industrial Solid Waste

of gold ores
– Cyanide-containing waste from chemical lapping processes of
jewelry making
– Cyanide-containing waste and packing materials from other
production, experiments, and chemical analysis
34 Waste acids – Production of chemical products Waste sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid,
– Chemical analysis and tests phosphoric acid, chloric acid, hypochlorous acid, bromic
– Acid corrosion, polishing, rust and oil removal, and cleaning of acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrobromic acid, boric acid,
metals and their products arsenic acid, cyanic acid, chlorosulfonic acid, iodic acid,
– Wastewater treatment and aqua acid
– Pretreatment in textile printing
(continued)
17
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Courier of the Czar, 233
Courtin’, The, 399
Cowper, William, 66
Crawford, F. Marion, 213
Creed of Americanism, 677
Crisis, The Present, 25
Croly, George, 272
Cuddle Doon, 427
CULTIVATION OF THE MEMORY, 715 et seq.
Cupid Swallowed, 351
Cup, The God’s, 643
Cy Hopkins, How He Got a Seat, 155

D
Daffodils, 601
Daly, T. A., 437
Da’ Thief, 437
Davis, Richard Harding, 202
Dawn, 322
Day and the Work, The, 637
Daybreak, 627
Deacon’s Drive, The, 345
Dead Millionaire, The, 585
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Death-Song of the Viking, 506
Defiance, Dona Maria’s, 211
De Fust Banjo, 394
Delight in Speech, 12
Derndest Gal I Ever Knowed, 414
Desert Tragedy, A, 226
Desire to Express, 14
Destiny of This Republic, 698
Dialect Selections, 285 et seq.
Dickens, Charles, 54, 61
Dickens in Camp, 462
Directness, Spirit of, 672
Derelict, The, 612
Dobell, Sydney, 621
Dog, Eulogy on the, 710
Doing a Woman’s Work, 125
Dona Maria’s Defiance, 211
Dora, 445
Dot Good for Nodings Dog, 385
Dot Long Handled Dipper, 393
Doty, Madeleine Z., 177
Douglas Squirrel, The, 16
Dove, The Voice of the, 586
Dowling, Bartholomew, 318, 505, 506
Down the Lane, 581
Dramatic Selections, 183 et seq., 469 et seq.
Dream of Clarence, The, 501
Drifting, 571
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 121, 293, 322, 328, 397, 466

E
Each in His Own Tongue, 469
East and West, The Ballad of the, 515
Education, Object of, 1
Educational Value of Reading, 14
EFFECTIVE SPEECH, 6 et seq.
Efficiency, Inventory of Speech, 11
Eliot, Charles W., 671
Elliott, Madge, 285
Eloquence, True, v
Emphasis, All in the, 311
Emerson, R. W., 19, 49
Encouragement, 397
Enunciation, What Is, 27
” and Pronunciation, 85
Eulogy of the Dog, 710
EXERCISES, ARTICULATION, 27 et seq.
Experience, Reference to, 113
Expression, What Is, 13
” Desire for, 14
” Channels of, 14
Expressive Speech, 299

F
Face of the Master, The, 172
Familiar Faces, The Old, 436
Famine, The, 447
Fancies, Twilight, 597
Far Country, A Voice from a, 175
Far Famed Fairy-Tale of Fenella, 36
Favorite, His, 352
Feel I’m Growing Auld, Gude-Wife, I, 436
Fern, The Petrified, 541
Few Words from Wilhelm, A, 389
Field, Eugene, 354, 360, 413
Fields with God, Out in the, 539
Finch, Nathan, 440
Firing Line, The, 476
First Furrow, The, 330
Fir Tree, The Little, 191
Fisherman’s Story, The, 456
Fitch, Anna M., 598
Flag Goes By, The, 525
Flag, Our, 554
Flag, Thanks for America and Its, 559
Flower in the Crannied Wall, 322
Flume, The Song of the, 598
Foley, J. W., 392
Fool’s Prayer, A, 549
Forests, Windstorm in the, 255
Fortunate Isles, The, 583
Foss, Samuel Walter, 339
French Camp, An Incident of the, 548
Friendship, A Jolly Good, 568
Funeral of Paradise Bar, The, 364
Furnace Room, A Hero of the, 277
Furrow, The First, 330
Fuzzy-Wuzzy, 417

G
Gallant Third Party, A, 362
Garcia, Carrying a Message to, 315
Garland, Robert, 522
Georges, The Two, 688
Genung, 676
Germany, To, 487
Getting Ready for the Train, 148
GETTING THE AUTHOR’S MOOD, 99 et seq.
Gettysburg Address, 323, 673
Gillian, Strickland W., 602
Glides, Various, 48 et seq.
Glover, Ellye Howell, 402
God, Out in the Fields with, 539
God’s Cup, The, 643
Goethe, 102
Gold, 615, 616
Golden Arm, The, 316
Grading the Street, 383
Grand Rapids Schools, 76
Grandma’s, At, 391
Grass Shall Cover Me, When the, 535
G, Swallowing the, 43
Gray Days, The, 24
Great Advance, The, 534
Great Guest Came, How the, 479
Green Things Growing, 601
Griffin, Gerald, 595
Guerdon, The Worker’s, 322
Guiterman, Arthur, 615
Gunga Din, 496

H
Hale, Nathan, 440
Hamlet’s Declaration of Friendship, 656
Hamlet’s Instructions to the Players, 669
Hamlet, Scene from, 60, 61
Harris, Joel Chandler, 382
Harrison, Frederick, 10
Harte, Bret, 332, 375, 462
Haul Away, Joe!, 407
Heart’s Regret, The Land of, 638
Heathen Chinee, 375
” ” Parody on, 377
He Lifteth Them All to His Lap, 526
Henshaw, Sarah Edwards, 315
Hero of the Furnace Room, A, 277
Hiawatha (quoted), 447
Hieroglyphics of Love, The, 288
Hills, The Joy of the, 610
His Favorite, 353
Hoe, The Return of the, 164
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 66, 625
Home Thoughts from Abroad, 58
Home, Wounded, 621
Honest Poverty, 547
Honor of the Woods, The, 198
Hood, Thomas, 617
How Cy Hopkins Got a Seat, 155
Howdy Song, 382
How Oswald Dined with God, 477
How the Great Guest Came, 479
How the Water Comes Down at Lodore, 44
HOW TO READ POETRY, 320 et seq.
Hubbard, Elbert, 9, 315
Hugh Go Goes, 32
Hugo, Victor, 220
Hullo!, 339
Humming Bird, The, 71
Humorous Selections, 121, 375 et seq.
Hunt, Leigh, 351
Hunting, Whale, 245
Hunt, Travers’ First, 202
Hurrah for the Next That Dies, 318
Hymn of the Wind, The, 570

I
I Feel I’m Growing Auld, Gude-Wife, 436
If I Darst, 413
If I Were King (quoted), 220
Il Penseroso, 619
Ike Templin, The Misfortunes of, 161
Ike Walton’s Prayer, 550
Immigration, 421
Immortality, Intimations of, 618
IMPERSONATION, 654
Imph-m, 382
Impressiveness of Author’s Thought, 113
Inasmuch, 485
Inaugural Address, Lincoln’s Second, 684
In Blossom Time, 607
Incident of the French Camp, An, 548
Indian Mother, Song of the, 594
Indirection, 590
Inflection, 11
” Rising, 45
” Exercises in, 302
Inflectional Agility, 48
Ingelow, Jean, 622
Ingersoll, Robert, 324, 676
Intervention of Peter, The, 293
Intimations of Immortality, 618
Intelligent Reading, 1, 99
Intelligible Reading, 1, 99
INTRODUCTION, iii
INVENTORY OF SPEECH EFFICIENCY, 11
Irish Castles, 344
Ironsides, Old, 625
Irwin, Wallace, 389, 421
Isles, The Fortunate, 583

J
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 498, 521
James, George Wharton, 119
Jaw, Exercises for the, 27
Jeanie Morrison, 424
Jim, Lucky, 357
Jolly Good Friendship, A, 568
John Anderson, My Jo, 574
Jones, Sir William, 55
Jordan, David Starr, 560, 694
Josiah and Symanthy, 408
Joyce, Robert Dwyer, 503
Joy of the Hills, The, 610
Joy of the Human Voice, 100
Joy of Reading, 119

K
Kaweah’s Run, 275
Keeler, Charles, 407, 408
Kelly, Myra, 137
Kentucky Philosophy, 379
Khaki, A Prayer in, 522
Kilmer, Joyce, 611
King, Ben, 327
King, Clarence, 275
King and the Poet, The, 213
King’s Singer, The True Ballad of the, 498
Kipling, Rudyard, 50, 63, 65, 68, 70, 355, 417, 471, 496, 515,
554, 574, 614, 634
Kissing’s No Sin, 412
Knowles (William Tell), 68

L
Labor, 543, 629
L’Allegro, 629
Lamb, Charles, 436
Land of Heart’s Regret, The, 638
Lane, Down the, 581
Last Tattoo, The, 552
Leap, Peabody’s, 207
Lebanon, As I Came Down from, 587
Lee, Annabel, 430
” ” The Lover of, 431
Legend of Lake Champlain, 207
Le Gallienne, Hesper, 581
L’Envoi, 554
Les Miserables (quoted), 218
Lesson, A Singing, 622
Lesson of Life, The, 582
Lesson of the Tragedy, The, 694
Life and Love, 591
Limerick, The Blacksmith of, 503
Lincoln, Abraham, 66, 323, 671, 673, 684
Lincoln, Abraham, Funeral, 453
” ” Man of the People, 546
Lincoln, Abraham, Walks at Midnight, 520
Lindsay, Nicholas Vachel, 520
Linen, James, 436
Lips and Jaw, Exercises for, 28
Liquid Sounds, 29
Literature, How to Judge, 4
” Ideals in, 2
” Joy in, 4
” Necessity of Love for, 2
” Western, vii
Little Billee, 360
” Brother, 177
” Fir Tree, 191
” Miss Study and Miss Play, 343
” Peach, The, 360
” Lady, When She Fell Ill, 167
Living, Daily, 2
Lloyd, Robert, 299
Lodore, How the Waters Come Down at, 44
Longfellow, H. W., 54, 59, 64, 67, 447, 527, 578, 590, 630
London, Jack, 183, 259
Lotus Eaters, The, 620
L’Overture, Toussaint, 686
Lost Youth, My, 527
Love, Life and, 591
” of Country, 475
” The Hieroglyphics of, 288
” Virtues of, 22
Lover of Annabel Lee, 431
Lover, Samuel, 381
Lowell, James R., 19, 25, 71, 399
Lucky Jim, 357
Lullaby, Mammy’s, 602
Lyric Selections, 554 et seq.

M
Mahony, Francis, 635
Majesty of the Ocean, 23
Malooney, Mistur, 383
Mammy’s Lullaby, 602
Mandalay, 614
Man in the Shadow, The, 250
Man Under the Stone, The, 486
Man Who Wears the Button, The, 103
Man with the Hoe, The, 470
Markham, Edwin, 311, 470, 477, 479, 485, 486, 540, 546, 610,
613, 637
Martin, William Wesley, 588
Mary’s Night Ride, 204
Mary Cary (quoted), 132
Master, The Face of the, 172
Mastery of a Selection, 111
Match, A, 589
Mathews, Amanda, 288
McCarthy, J. H., 220
McClung, Littell, 362
M’Cluskey, Kate Wisner, 600
McIntyre, Robert, 526
McKillip-Stanwood, 125
McNeal, The Ride of Jennie, 507
McTeague (quoted), 226
Meadow Larks, 604
MELODIOUS READING, 301 et seq.
Memorabilia, 99
Memory, Pictures of, 609
M-Made Memory Medley, My, 37
Mermaid, Who Would Be a, 73
Memorial Day Address, 700
MEMORY, CULTIVATION OF, 714 et seq.
Merchant of Venice (quoted), 654
Message to Garcia, 9, 315
Michael Strogoff, Courier of the Czar, 233
Mighty Majestic Mind, 40
Millionaire, The Dead, 585
Miller, Joaquin, 105, 465, 477, 519, 583, 584, 585, 586, 626
Milnes, Richard Monckton, 579
Milton, John, 619
Minaret Bells, The, 621
Misfortunes of Little Ike Templin, 161
Mitchell, Ruth Comfort, 351
Mocking-Bird in California, To a, 561
Montague, James J., 330
Mood-Analysis, 102, 317
Moo-Cow-Moo, 396
Moon-Cradle, The, 600
Morning, 540
Morrison, Jeanie, 424
Mother and Poet, 442
Motherwell, William, 424
Mountain Mist, The, 581
Mournful Tale of the Snee Zee Familee, 353
Muir, John, 16, 255, 258
” Poem on, 569
Mulock, Dinah, 601
Mundy, Talbot, 50
Music of America, The, 21
My Country, 575
My Heart Leaps Up, 322
My Love’s Like a Red Rose, 617
My Rival, 355
My Sword Song, 628
Mystic, Song of the, 531

N
Napoleon and Coat of Mail, 20
Nasal Sounds, 29
Nathan Foster, 121
Nathan Hale, 440
Nattkemper, Leonard G., 403, 419, 420, 621
Nature in Verse, 58
Newbrasky’s Fertile Shore, On, 416
Newman, Cardinal, 676
Night, A Bad, 131
Night Ride, Mary’s, 204
Norris, Frank, 226, 279
No Shootin’ Off This Year, 406

O
O’Brien, Fitz-James, 344
O Captain, My Captain, 171
Ocean, Apostrophe to the, 536
” Majesty of, 23
Octopus, The (quoted), 279
Oh, I Dunno, 380
Old Familiar Faces, The, 436
Old Ironsides, 625
Old Times, 595
Old Woman of the Road, The, 616
One, Two, Three, 337
On Newbrasky’s Fertile Shore, 416
Opportunity, 476
ORAL READING, 13, 116 et seq.
” ” AND THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEECH, 671 et seq.
Order for a Picture, An, 344
Orphan, An Unthankful, 132
Oswald Dined with God, How, 477
Othello’s Apology, 657
Our Flag, 554
Out in the Fields with God, 539
Outline, Condensed, 116
Overworked Reciter, An, 156
Owen, J. J., 537
Ownership, 605

P
Palate, Exercises for the Soft, 28
Palermo, Catacombs of, 146
Paradise Bar, The Funeral at, 364
Passin’ By, 423
Pathetic Selections, 167 et seq., 423 et seq.
Patriot, The, 429
Pauline Pavlovna, 490
Paul, St., 22
Pause, A Study of, 311
” Kinds of, 313
Pavlovna, Pauline, 490
Peabody’s Leap, 207
Perry, James Raymond, 323
Personality, Pleasing, 12
Pessimist, The, 327
Peter Cooper, 589
Peter, The Intervention of, 293
Petrified Fern, The, 541
Phillips, Wendell, 686
Phyfe’s Words Mispronounced, 88
Picture, An Order for a, 334
Pictures of Memory, 609
Pierpont, John, 524
Pioneer Celebration Speech, 679
Pippa Passes, Song from, 57, 58, 627
Pisgah Sight, 321
Pitch, A Study of, 306
Pittsinger, Eliza A., 597
Plain Language from Truthful James, 375
Poe, Edgar Allan, 70, 430
Poet, The King and the, 213
Poetical Selections, 334 et seq.
POETRY, HOW TO READ, 328 et seq.
Poor Little Birdies, The, 363
Potion Scene from Romeo and Juliet, 660
Poverty, Honest, 547
Prayer, A Fool’s, 549
Prayer in Khaki, A, 522
President Lincoln’s Funeral, 453
Pronunciation, What Is, 27
PRONUNCIATION AND ENUNCIATION, 82 et seq.
Pronunciation, Drill in, 88
” Key to, 88
Prose Selections, 119 et seq.
Proteus, 23
Progressive Analysis, 112
Put Flowers on My Grave, 435

R
Rainy Day, A, 402
Read, Thomas Buchanan, 63, 67, 571
READING AND PUBLIC SPEECH, 1 et seq.
Reading, Intelligent, vii
” Intelligible, vii, 99
READING, MELODIOUS, vii, 301 et seq.
READING, ORAL, 13
Realf, Richard, 590, 591, 592, 628
Recessional, The, 574
Reciprocity, 337
Reciter, An Overworked, 156
Red Rose, My Love Is Like a, 617
Redwoods, The, 683
Reed, Myrtle, 172
Republic, The Destiny of This, 698
Reese, Lowell Otus, 438
Return of the Hoe, The, 164
Revenge, The, 512
Rhodes, W. H., 688
Ricker, R., 20
Ride of Jennie McNeal, 507
Righteous Wrath, 536
Riley, James Whitcomb, 71, 550
Rising Inflection, Overcoming, 45
Rival, My, 355
Rivals, The, 328
Roads, The Old Woman of the, 616
Robertson, Harrison, 379
Rocking the Baby, 434
Romeo and Juliet (quoted), 660
Rory O’More, 381
Rowan (Message to Garcia), 9
Ruskin, John, 3
Russell, Irwin, 394
Ryan, Abram J., 531

S
Sandpiper and I, 71
Sand Storm, The, 438
San Gabriel, The Bells of, 631
Santa Claus Forgot, Why, 460
School’s Commenced, 403
Scollard, Clinton, 581, 587
Scott, John Milton, 552, 554, 559, 561, 644