Dr. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, AURANGABAD (M.S.

EMBEDDED WEB SERVER

Submitted by Pratik R. Adhal Rakhi Kumari Krishna Kumar Gupta

Under the guidance of Prof. Mr. Hemant K. Waghmare

In partial fulfillment of the award of Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics & Communication Engg.) Department of Electronics & Communication Engg

Marathwada Institute of Technology, Aurangabad (Maharashtra) [2010-2011]

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar/project report entitled Embedded Web Server, submitted by Pratik R. Adhal, Rakhi Kumari, Krishna Kumar Gupta is the bonafied work completed under my supervision and guidance in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics & Communication Engg) of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad (M.S.).

Place: Aurangabad Date:

Prof. Mr. H. K. Waghmare Guide Dept.of Electronics & Communication Engg

Prof. Mrs. V. M. Kulkarni Head of Department Dept.of Electronics & Communication Engg

Prof. Dr. S. G. Tated Principal

Marathwada Institute of Technology

Aurangabad (M.S.) 431 005

CONTENTS
List of Symbols List of Figures List of Graphs List of Tables Synopsis 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Need for Introduction 1.2 Any Other Topic 1.3 Organization of Report 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 Literature Survey 3. SYSTEM MODELING 3.1 Sub Heading in Title Case 3.1.2 Sub-sub heading in sentence case 4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 4.1 Performance of System 5. CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Conclusions 5.2 Future Scope References Acknowledgement Appendix A i ii iii iv v 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8

List of Symbols

Symbol

Illustration Pressure Angle Radian Shearing Stress N/mm2

List of Figures

Figure 1.1 2.1 2.2

Illustration Block daigrom Blockwise circuit diagram Complete diagram

Page 2 5 6

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Home / Office Automation
1.1 Home Automation 1.2 Functions 1.3 Objectives of Home Automation 1.4 The Real Benefits of Home Automation

Chapter 2 Project Description

2.1 Basic Idea 2.2 Telnet 2.3 Block Diagram

Chapter 3 Block Diagram

3.1 Block diagram 3.2 Components

Chapter 4 Telnet
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Ports for Different Purposes 4.3 Telneting to your account through the Control Panel 4.4 Telneting to your account through other software 4.5 General Considerations 4.6 The Network Virtual Terminal 4.7 Standard Presentation of Control Functions

Chapter 5 TCP/IP
5.1 Introduction 5.2 Structure of TCP/IP 5.3 Main Features of TCP/IP 5.4 Operation 5.5 Model of Operation 5.6 Header Format 5.7 Functional Specification

Chapter 6 Microcontroller ARM 7

6.1 Microcontroller ARM 7 6.2 Important Features And Applications 6.3 Memory Architecture 6.4 Basic Registers 6.5 Addressing Mode 6.7 Interrupts 6.8 Timers

6.9 Serial port Operation

Chapter 7 Level Converter MAX 232

7.1 Introduction

Chapter 8 Home Automation Appliances

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Different Home Automation Appliances

Chapter 9 Conclusions
9.1 Topic Background 9.2 Project Scope 9.3 Objective of System 9.4 Functionality of System

CHAPTER 1 HOME / OFFICE AUTOMATION

1.1 Home / Office Automation Automation is the process of automatically performing everyday functions around the home to save you time, energy, money and at the same time offering improved security.

The automation is performed by a central controller. This can be either a standalone unit or a piece of software on a PC. Both options have their advantages. The controller can carry out a number of functions: 1.2 Functions Send signals to switch lights and appliances on or off. Open and close contacts to operate high and low voltage devices. Schedule and initiate events, such as watering the garden Issue and accept infra red commands Interface with other systems, i.e. X 10, telephone, computer, heating etc. Home automation is anything that gives you remote or automatic control of things in & around the home. The systems that you can control include: Lighting, Appliances, Heating and cooling, Security and monitoring systems, Entertainment (home audio and video), Communications (telephones and intercoms, internet), Lawn sprinklers, Curtain movements, Pool filter pump, Spa heater, Filtration unit, Gate/garage door motor, Shade motor control, Roof sprinklers, Electric strikes, Keyless entry etc. This central controller can be accessed and controlled through interfaces like keypad, wired or wireless touch-screens (with/without video), universal remotes, mobile devices. Home automation provides a more convenient & elegant atmosphere for the family to compliment and match the lifestyle. Everyone in the family experiences the comfort of automation with added convenience through integrated control of scheduled common lifestyle activities performed every day. An automated home can provide security, temperature, lighting, and audio control for comfort, convenience, and safety. It creates reliable and coordinated controls to operate home devices automatically for simplifying operations.

Home automation saves your time and effort by controlling you home automatically for performing routine functions such as watering your grass, or turning off all lights, setting the thermostat to economy mode, control scheduled appliances operation and arming the security system when you retire for the night Home automation provides you with the comfort of whole home audio/video integration so that any source could be placed anywhere in a home and still be enjoyed everywhere in a home. Home automation provides you pro-active home security so that you can look in on your home remotely from anywhere in the world, or that your home will phone you if it finds anything suspicious, or that a fire will alert your home to wake you, shut down the gas and ventilation system, turn on a lighting path for your escape, and automatically phone the fire/police department. In other words it integrates your alarm system with other home systems for a response to intrusion that meets your needs of enhanced Safety. The term 'home automation' is now acknowledged as covering most I.T., automation, communication and wiring aspects of our homes. Most of these functions can be installed independently of each other, but the real benefits of the automated home are realized when these different aspects communicate with each other. For example, having two PCs networked together in the home, giving both users access to the internet may seem like the forefront of technology, but imagine if they were tied into our house wiring and could turn lights and appliances on and off automatically when we are away from home, even via the internet. Imagine that the PC was networked into our security system and could display images from our home security cameras onto our computer screen at work. Imagine that your security system was tied into your telephone and could ring your mobile in the event of a burglary, you could even talk to visitors to your door from anywhere in the world.

1.3 Objectives of Home Automation Home Automation Saves Money by lowering your monthly utility bills with the remote & scheduled control of lights, appliances, sprinklers and your air conditioning

Never walk into a dark home again. Have the porch light automatically turn on when you open the front door after

dark. Lighting and audio controls can make a vacant home look and sound occupied.

You could set your Omni home control system to automatically call you at

work when your child comes home from school and keys in his security code into the security system.

Call your home control system over the phone to make changes to your

system.

Log into your home control system over the Internet via Snap-Link or Web-

Link II and change your temperature settings.

Set the temperature setting on your Omni state to automatically turn up when

the security system is armed in the morning. It is then automatically turned down one-half hour before you normally get home in order for you to arrive home to a comfortable house.

If you are leaving early from work, you can call into your home control

system to manually set the temperature to where you want it to be when you get home.

1.4 The Real Benefits of Home Automation Most controllers will offer all of the above plus more. When you use controllers connected in the appropriate fashion, you can realize all sorts of benefits, limited primarily by your imagination. For example:When on holiday or working late, have the lights come on automatically and draw the curtains. Set room moods, i.e. one button push to switch off the main light, dim the perimeter lights and switch the surround sound system on ready to play a movie. At dusk, check that the garage door is closed. Switch on the electric blanket whilst you're sitting on your sofa. The controller can be either standalone or combined into a security system to give additional benefits. Security There are real benefits to having your automation controller and security system combined in one unit. You have the advantage of infra red detectors from the alarm system being available to perform/trigger automation tasks. You can also benefit from the alarm system knowing whether youre at home or not (i.e. whether the alarm is set or not). This can give numerous benefits, for example we could set the system so that if no movement is detected in the home for a given period, say 16 hours, then it rings a mobile telephone and conveys a message to the recipient. This can be particularly

relevant when you have concerns about ailing relatives having accidents around the home etc. Needless to say, if the alarm system forms the basis of our automation system, then it needs to be of a particularly high standard, able to expand to suit all requirements. You should be able to connect smoke detectors in to the system and when triggered, automatically switch on lights to illuminate the exit route whilst at the same time dialing the fire brigade with a pre recorded message. For further information, see details of our Comfort System. PC Networking Who remembers the time when having our own PC in the home seemed like a dream that could never happen? Who sees a future when PCs have a function in most rooms in our home? Many families already have more than one PC in the home, the kids want one each, dad has one for business use, but they only have one printer and one internet access line. Network Networking involves tying all of your computers together so that you can pass information easily between them, and also share devices such as printers and internet access. This is traditionally done with interface cards and cable although several manufacturers now offer a wireless solution. Systems offering network connections via the existing in house power lines are now starting to emerge. Using cable gives higher data transfer rates and greater reliability at a more affordable price, but wireless solutions are neater and easier to install especially

where running cables would prove difficult or messy. Tying your PC into your automation system generally requires installing a serial cable between the two. Convenience

An automated home is about the convenience of saving your time and effort by having your home automatically do routine functions such as watering your grass (but only if it has not rained recently), or turning off all lights, setting the thermostat to economy mode and arming the security system when you retire for the night.

CHAPTER 2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Basic Idea Basic idea of Home automation using Telnet is conceived from router configuration. As we use a remote terminal to access router instead of console to configure it, we have used the same way to control our controller instead of router to control our Home Appliances. The controller ARM 7 which is programmed such as that when it receives the command through Telnet it processes on it and turns ON or OFF the appliance as per command receive. Telnet server is used for interfacing. Server connects controller with telnet remote PC through serial port i.e. DB9 and connects controller with remote pc through internet medium i.e. TCP/IP.

2.2 Telnet Telnet is a terminal emulation program for TCP/IP networks such as the Internet. The Telnet program runs on your computer and connects your PC to a server on the network. We can enter commands through the Telnet program and they will be executed as if you were entering them directly on the server. To start a Telnet session, you must log in to a server by entering a valid username and password. Telnet is a common way to remotely control Web servers.

2.3 Block Diagram

Home Automation Server

Central Controller Home Appliances

Internet Medium Remote PC TCP/IP

CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS DATA AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.1 Circuit Diagram

a- Control And Display Section

3.2 Circuit Components

MAX-232 Microcontroller ARM 7 LCD 2*16 LM7805 2SC1383 Push Buttons Crystal 11.0592MHZ

CHAPTER 4

TELNET

4.1 Introduction The purpose of the TELNET Protocol is to provide a fairly general, bi-directional, eight-bit byte oriented communications facility. Its primary goal is to allow a standard method of interfacing terminal devices and terminal-oriented processes to each other. It is envisioned that the protocol may also be used for terminal-terminal communication and process-process communication (distributed computation).

Telnet is a way to connect to a machine and run commands. Using Telnet, you can connect to you Telnet or Telecommunication Network is a network protocol which is mostly used to connect to remote machines over a local area network or the internet. Let us dive into knowing more about telnet through this basic tutorial for beginners.

Telnet was developed in 1969 to aid in remote connectivity between computers over a network. Telnet can connect to a remote machine that on a network and is port listening. Most common ports to which one can connect to through telnet are: 4.2 Ports For Different Purposes Port 21 - File Transfer Protocol Port 22 - SSH Remote Login Protocol Port 23 - Telnet Server Port 25 - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Port 53 - Domain Name Server (DNS) Port 69 - Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

Port 70 - Gopher Port 80 - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Port 110 - Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3)

4.3 Telneting to your account through other software

Connect to your local Internet Service Provider. Open your Telnet program. There are many popular shareware programs on the web available for download. If you're running Windows 3.x/95/98 you already have a telnet program installed on your system called telnet.exe. To run it, click on the "Start" button on your taskbar, highlight "Run" on the menu, and then type in the command "telnet" in the window that appears.

Connect to the server. Once the programming is running, you'll need to tell the program where to connect to. Look for a selection called "Connection", "Make New Connection", or "Remote System". Enter www.yourdomain.com and press "OK" or "Connect". You'll see a screen very similar to the one shown above, with a "login" prompt and possibly a blinking cursor.

Type in your login name and press enter, then enter your password when prompted and press enter. (Your login and password are the same ones that you use to FTP to your account.)

If you entered the information correctly, then you're in! If the server gives you a login or password incorrect error, just re-enter your login and password.

Terminal Type If you see the line "TERM = (vt100)", just press enter and you're ready to start entering commands.

Enter commands. At this point you can start typing in Unix commands. A description of some common ones can be found in the "About Telnet" page of your Control Panel, and we've also gathered some in our Unix Commands page. Type in the commands and hit enter.

Disconnect. To end your telnet session, simply type in the command "exit" or "logout" and then hit enter.

4.4 General Considerations

A TELNET connection is a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection used to transmit data with interspersed TELNET control information.

The TELNET Protocol is built upon three main ideas: first, the concept of a "Network Virtual Terminal"; second, the principle of negotiated options; and third, a symmetric view of terminals and processes.

1. When a TELNET connection is first established, each end is assumed to originate and terminate at a "Network Virtual Terminal", or NVT. An NVT is an imaginary device which provides a standard, network-wide, intermediate representation of a canonical terminal.

2. The principle of negotiated options takes cognizance of the fact that many hosts will wish to provide additional services over and above those available within an NVT, and many users will have sophisticated terminals and would like to have elegant.

3. The symmetry of the negotiation syntax can potentially lead to non terminating acknowledgment loops -- each party seeing the incoming commands not as acknowledgments but as new requests which must be acknowledged. To prevent such loops, the following rules prevail:

Transmission of data Although a TELNET connection through the network is intrinsically full duplex, the NVT is to be viewed as a half-duplex device operating in a line-buffered mode. That is, unless and until options are negotiated to the contrary, the following default conditions pertain to the transmission of data over the TELNET connection:

1) Insofar as the availability of local buffer space permits, data should be accumulated in the host where it is generated until a complete line of data is ready for transmission, or until some locally-defined explicit signal to transmit occurs. This signal could be generated either by a process or by a human user.

2) When a process has completed sending data to an NVT printer and has no queued input from the NVT keyboard for further processing (i.e., when a process at one end of a TELNET connection cannot proceed without input from the other end), the process must transmit the TELNET Go Ahead (GA) command.

4.6 Standard Representation Of Control Functions

As stated in the Introduction to this document, the primary goal of the TELNET protocol is the provision of a standard interfacing of terminal devices and terminal-oriented processes through the network. Early experiences with this type of interconnection have shown that certain functions are implemented by most servers, but that the methods of invoking these functions differ widely. For a human user who interacts with several server systems, these differences are highly frustrating. TELNET, therefore, defines a standard representation for five of these functions.

The Telnet "SYNCH" Signal

Most time-sharing systems provide mechanisms which allow a terminal user to regain control of a "runaway" process; the IP and AO functions described above are examples of these mechanisms. Such systems, when used locally, have access to all of the signals supplied by the user, whether these are normal characters or special "out of band" signals such as those supplied by the teletype "BREAK" key or the IBM 2741 "ATTN" key. This is not necessarily true when terminals are connected to the system through the network; the network's flow control mechanisms may cause such a signal to be buffered elsewhere, for example in the user's host. To counter this problem, the TELNET "Synch" mechanism is introduced. A Synch signal consists of a TCP Urgent notification, coupled with the TELNET command DATA MARK. The Urgent notification, which is not subject to the flow control pertaining to the TELNET connection, is used to invoke special handling of the data stream by the process which receives it. In this mode, the data stream is immediately scanned for "interesting" signals as defined below, discarding intervening data. The TELNET command DATA MARK (DM) is

the synchronizing mark in the data stream which

indicates that any special signal has

already occurred and the recipient can return to normal processing of the data stream.

CHAPTER 5 TCP/IP
5.1 Introduction

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is intended for use as a highly reliable host-to-host protocol between hosts in packet-switched computer communication networks, and in interconnected systems of such networks. The functions to be performed by the Transmission Control Protocol, the program that implements it, and its interface to programs or users that require its services.

5.2 Structure of TCP/IP

The TCP fits into a layered protocol architecture just above a basic Internet Protocol which provides a way for the TCP to send and receive variable-length segments of information enclosed in internet datagram "envelopes". The internet datagram provides a means for addressing source and destination TCPs in different networks. The internet protocol also deals with any fragmentation or reassembly of the TCP segments required to achieve transport and delivery through multiple networks and interconnecting gateways. The internet protocol also carries information on the precedence, security classification and compartmentation of the TCP segments, so this information can be communicated end-to-end across multiple networks.

Protocol Layering

higher-level TCP internet protocol internet protocol

Figure 1

Some computer systems will be connected to networks via front-end computers which house the TCP and internet protocol layers as well as network specific software. The TCP specification describes an interface to the higher level protocols which appears to be implementable even for the front-end case, as long as a suitable host-to-front end protocol is implemented.

5.3 Main Features of TCP/IP The following are main features of TCP/IP

Scope The TCP is intended to provide a reliable process-to-process communication service in a multinetwork environment. The TCP is intended to be a host-to-host protocol in common use in multiple networks.

Interfaces The TCP interfaces on one side to user or application processes and on the other side to a lower level protocol such as Internet Protocol. The interface between an application process and the TCP is illustrated in reasonable detail. This interface consists of a set of calls much like the calls an operating system provides to an application process for manipulating files. For example, there are calls to open and close connections and to send and receive data on established connections. It is also expected that the TCP can asynchronously communicate with application programs. Although considerable freedom is permitted to TCP

implementers to design interfaces which are appropriate to a particular operating system environment, a minimum functionality is required at the TCP/user interface for any valid implementation.

The interface between TCP and lower level protocol is essentially unspecified except that it is assumed there is a mechanism whereby the two levels can asynchronously pass information to each other. Typically, one expects the lower level protocol to specify this interface. TCP is designed to work in a very general environment of interconnected networks. The lower level protocol which is assumed throughout this document is the Internet Protocol.

5.4 Operation The primary purpose of the TCP is to provide reliable, securable logical circuit or connection service between pairs of processes. To provide this service on top of a less reliable internet communication system requires facilities in the following areas:

Basic Data Transfer Reliability Flow Control Multiplexing Connections Precedence and Security

Basic Data Transfer:

The TCP is able to transfer a continuous stream of octets in each direction between its users by packaging some number of octets into segments for transmission through the internet system. In general, the TCPs decide when to block and forward data at their own convenience. Sometimes users need to be sure that all the data they have submitted to the TCP has been transmitted. For this purpose a push function is defined. To assure that data submitted to a TCP is actually transmitted the sending user indicates that it should be pushed through to the receiving user. A push causes the TCPs to promptly forward and deliver data up to that point to the receiver. The exact push point might not be visible to the receiving user and the push function does not supply a record boundary marker.

Reliability: The TCP must recover from data that is damaged, lost, duplicated, or delivered out of order by the internet communication system. This is achieved by assigning a sequence number to each octet transmitted, and requiring a positive acknowledgment (ACK) from the receiving TCP. If the ACK is not received within a timeout interval, the data is retransmitted. At the receiver, the sequence numbers are used to correctly order segments that may be received out of order and to eliminate duplicates. Damage is handled by adding a checksum to each segment transmitted, checking it at the receiver, and discarding damaged segments.

As long as the TCPs continue to function properly and the internet system does not become completely partitioned, no transmission errors will affect the correct delivery of data. TCP recovers from internet communication system errors.

Flow Control:

TCP provides a means for the receiver to govern the amount of data sent by the sender. This is achieved by returning a "window" with every ACK indicating a range of acceptable sequence numbers beyond the last segment successfully received. The window indicates an allowed number of octets that the sender may transmit before receiving further permission.

Multiplexing: To allow for many processes within a single Host to use TCP communication facilities simultaneously, the TCP provides a set of addresses or ports within each host. Concatenated with the network and host addresses from the internet communication layer, this forms a socket. A pair of sockets uniquely identifies each connection. That is, a socket may be simultaneously used in multiple connections.

The binding of ports to processes is handled independently by each Host. However, it proves useful to attach frequently used processes (e.g., a "logger" or timesharing service) to fixed sockets which are made known to the public.

These services can then be accessed through the known addresses. Establishing and learning the port addresses of other processes may involve more dynamic mechanisms.

Connections:

The reliability and flow control mechanisms described above require that TCPs initialize and maintain certain status information for each data stream. The combination of this information, including sockets, sequence numbers, and window sizes, is called a connection.

Each connection is uniquely specified by a pair of sockets identifying its two sides.When two processes wish to communicate, their TCP's must first establish a connection (initialize the status information on each side). When their communication is complete, the connection is terminated or closed to free the resources for other uses.

Since connections must be established between unreliable hosts and over the unreliable internet communication system, a handshake mechanism with clock-based sequence numbers is used to avoid erroneous initialization of connections.

Precedence and Security: The users of TCP may indicate the security and precedence of their communication. Provision is made for default values to be used when these features are not needed.

5.5 Model of Operation Processes transmit data by calling on the TCP and passing buffers of data as arguments. The TCP packages the data from these buffers into segments and calls on the internet module to transmit each segment to the destination TCP. The receiving TCP places the data from a segment into the receiving user's buffer and notifies the receiving user. The TCPs include control information in the segments which they use to ensure reliable ordered data transmission. The model of internet communication is that there is an internet protocol module associated with each TCP which provides an interface to the local network. This internet module packages TCP segments inside internet datagrams and routes these

datagrams to a destination internet module or intermediate gateway. To transmit the datagram through the local network, it is embedded in a local network packet.

The Host Environment The TCP is assumed to be a module in an operating system. The users access the TCP much like they would access the file system. The TCP may call on other operating system functions, for example, to manage data structures. The actual interface to the network is assumed to be controlled by a device driver module. The TCP does not call on the network device driver directly, but rather calls on the internet datagram protocol module which may in turn call on the device driver. The mechanisms of TCP do not preclude implementation of the TCP in a front-end processor. However, in such an implementation, a host-to-front-end protocol must provide the functionality to support the type of TCP-user interface described in this document.

Interfaces The TCP/user interface provides for calls made by the user on the TCP to OPEN or CLOSE a connection, to SEND or RECEIVE data, or to obtain STATUS about a connection. These calls are like other calls from user programs on the operating system, for example, the calls to open, read from, and close a file. The TCP/internet interface provides calls to send and receive datagrams addressed to TCP modules in hosts anywhere in the internet system. These calls have parameters for passing the address, type of service, precedence, security, and other control information.

Relation to Other Protocols The following diagram illustrates the place of the TCP in the protocol Hierarchy:

Telnet, FTP, Voice TCP, RTP Internet Protocol & ICMP Local Network Protocol

Application Level Host Level Gateway Level Network Level Figure 2. Protocol Relationships

Connection Establishment and Clearing

To identify the separate data streams that a TCP may handle, the TCP provides a port identifier. Since port identifiers are selected independently by each TCP they might not be unique. To provide for unique addresses within each TCP, we concatenate an internet address identifying the TCP with a port identifier to create a socket which will be unique throughout all networks connected together.

Data Communication

The data that flows on a connection may be thought of as a stream of octets. The sending user indicates in each SEND call whether the data in that call (and any preceding calls) should be immediately pushed through to the receiving user by the setting of the PUSH flag. A sending TCP is allowed to collect data from the sending user and to send that data in segments at its own convenience, until the push function is signaled, then it must send all unsent data. When a receiving TCP sees the PUSH flag, it must not wait for more data from the sending TCP before passing the data to the receiving process.

There is no necessary relationship between push functions and segment boundaries. The data in any particular segment may be the result of a single SEND call, in whole or part, or of multiple SEND calls. The purpose of push function and the PUSH flag is to push data through from the sending user to the receiving user. It does not provide a record service.

5.6 Header Format TCP segments are sent as internet datagrams. The Internet Protocol header carries several information fields, including the source and destination host addresses [2]. A TCP header follows the internet header, supplying information specific to the TCP protocol. This header, supplying information specific to the TCP protocol.

TCP Header Format

01234567890123456789012345678901 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Source Port | Destination Port |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Sequence Number |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Acknowledgment Number |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Data | |U|A|P|R|S|F| Window | | |

| Offset| Reserved |R|C|S|S|Y|I| | | |G|K|H|T|N|N|

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Checksum | Urgent Pointer |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Options | Padding |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | data |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

TCP Header Format

Source Port: 16 bits The source port number. Destination Port: 16 bits The destination port number. Sequence Number: 32 bits The sequence number of the first data octet in this segment (except when SYN is present). If SYN is present the sequence number is the initial sequence number (ISN) and the first data octet is ISN+1.

Acknowledgment Number: 32 bits If the ACK control bit is set this field contains the value of the next sequence number the sender of the segment is expecting to receive. Once a connection is established this is always sent.

Data Offset: 4 bits

The number of 32 bit words in the TCP Header. This indicates where the data begins. The TCP header (even one including options) is an integral number of 32 bits long.

Reserved: 6 bits

Reserved for future use. Must be zero. Control Bits: 6 bits (from left to right): URG: Urgent Pointer field significant ACK: Acknowledgment field significant PSH: Push Function RST: Reset the connection SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers FIN: No more data from sender

Window: 16 bits The number of data octets beginning with the one indicated in the acknowledgment field which the sender of this segment is willing to accept.

Checksum: 16 bits The checksum field is the 16 bit one's complement of the one's complement sum of all 16 bit words in the header and text. If a segment contains an odd number of header and text octets to be check summed, the last octet is padded on the right with zeros to form a 16 bit word for checksum purposes. The pad is not transmitted as part of the segment. While computing the checksum, the checksum field itself is replaced with zeros. The checksum also covers a 96 bit pseudo header conceptually

Urgent Pointer: 16 bits This field communicates the current value of the urgent pointer as a positive offset from the sequence number in this segment. The urgent pointer points to the sequence number of the octet following the urgent data. This field is only be interpreted in segments with the URG control bit set.

5.7 Functional Specification There are essentially three cases:

Case 1: Local user initiates the close In this case, a FIN segment can be constructed and placed on the outgoing segment queue. No further SENDs from the user will be accepted by the TCP, and it enters the FIN-WAIT-1 state. RECEIVEs are allowed in this state. All segments preceding and including FIN will be retransmitted until acknowledged. When the other TCP has both acknowledged the FIN and sent a FIN of its own, the first TCP can ACK this FIN. Note that a TCP receiving a FIN will ACK but not send its own FIN until its user has CLOSED the connection also.

Case 2: TCP receives a FIN from the network If an unsolicited FIN arrives from the network, the receiving TCP can ACK it and tell the user that the connection is closing. The user will respond with a CLOSE, upon which the TCP can send a FIN to the other TCP after sending any remaining data. The TCP then waits

until its own FIN is acknowledged whereupon it deletes the connection. If an ACK is not forthcoming, after the user timeout the connection is aborted and the user is told.

Case 3: both users close simultaneously A simultaneous CLOSE by users at both ends of a connection causes FIN segments to be exchanged. When all segments preceding the FINs have been processed and acknowledged, each TCP can ACK the FIN it has received. Both will, upon receiving these ACKs, delete the connection. CHAPTER 7 LEVEL CONVERTER MAX 232

7.1 Introduction The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5V) from a single +5V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0V to +5V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case. The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25V), to standard 5V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5V.

The later MAX232A is backwards compatible with the original MAX232 but may operate at higher baud rates and can use smaller external capacitors 0.1F in place of the 1.0F capacitors used with the original device. Voltage levels It is helpful to understand what occurs to the voltage levels. When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL level to convert, it changes a TTL Logic 0 to between +3 and +15V, and changes TTL Logic 1 to between -3 to -15V, and vice versa for converting from RS232 to TTL.

RS232 Line Type & Logic Level

RS232 Voltage

TTL Voltage to/from MAX232

Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 0 +3V to +15V Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 1 -3V to -15V Control Signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 0 Control Signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 1 +3V to +15V -3V to -15V

0V 5V 5V

0V

CHAPTER 8 HOME / OFFICE AUTOMATION APPLIANCES

8.1 Introduction A major appliance, or domestic appliance, is usually defined as a large machine which accomplishes some routine housekeeping task, which includes purposes such as cooking, food preservation, or cleaning, whether in a household, institutional, commercial or industrial setting. An appliance is differentiated from a plumbing fixture because it uses an energy input for its operation other than water, generally using electricity or natural gas/propane. An object run by a watermill would also be considered an appliance. Major appliances are differentiated from small appliances because they are large, difficult to move, and generally fixed in place to some extent. They are often considered fixtures and part of real estate and as such they are often supplied to tenants as part of otherwise unfurnished rental properties. Another frequent characteristic of major appliances is that they may have substantial electricity requirements that necessitate special electrical wiring to supply higher current than standard electrical outlets can deliver. This limits where they can be placed in a home.

Home automation may designate an emerging practice of increased automation of household appliances and features in residential dwellings, particularly through electronic means that allow for things impracticable, overly expensive or simply not possible in recent past decades. The term may be used in contrast to the more mainstream "building automation," which refers to industrial settings and the automatic or semi-automatic control of lighting, climate doors and windows, and security and surveillance systems. The techniques employed in home automation include those in building automation as well as the control of home entertainment systems, houseplant watering, pet feeding, "scenes" for different events (such as dinners or parties), and the use of domestic robots. Home automation has been around since World War I. A television remote was first patented in 1950 and a remote control device was first used by the Germans in World War I to control motorboats. From there, the evolution of controllers and automation has been growing and still continue to grow to this day. In advanced installations, rooms can sense not only the presence of a person but know who that person is and perhaps set appropriate lighting, temperature, music or television levels taking into account the day of the week, the time of day, and other factors. Other automated tasks may include setting the air conditioning to an energy saving setting when the house is unoccupied, and restoring the normal setting when an occupant is about to return. More sophisticated systems can maintain an inventory of products, recording their usage through an RFID tag, and prepare a shopping list or even automatically order replacements.

8.2 Different Home / Office Automation Appliances

1- Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning solutions include temperature and humidity control (climatic). This is generally one of the most important aspects to a homeowner. An Internet-controlled thermostat, for example, can both save money and help the environment, by allowing the homeowner to control the building's heating and air conditioning systems remotely. 2- Lighting Lighting control systems involves aspects related to controlling electric lights.

Extinguished general of all the lights of the house Automation of switched off / ignition in every point of light Regulation of the illumination according to the level of ambient luminosity

3- Natural lighting Natural lighting control involves controlling window shades, LCD shades, draperies and awnings. Recent advances include use of RF technology to avoid wiring to switches and integration with third party home automation systems for centralized control. 4- Audio Major companies associated with Audio Distribution include: There are three components that allow the consumer to listen to audio throughout your home, or business:
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Cat 5e/CAT 6 cable from Audio central unit. 2 sets of speaker cabling (4ply from amplifier, and 2 ply from key pad to ceiling or wall speakers).

A keypad to control your volume and sources.

This category includes audio switching and distribution. Audio switching determines the selection of an audio source. Audio distribution allows an audio source to be heard in one or more rooms. This feature is often referred to as 'multi-zone' audio. 5- Video This includes video switching and distribution, allowing a video source to be viewed on multiple TVs. This feature is often referred to as 'multi-zone' video. Integration of the intercom to the telephone, or of the video door entry system to the television set, allowing the residents to view the door camera automatically. 6- Security Control and integration of security systems. With Home Automation, the consumer can select and watch cameras live from an Internet source to their home or business. Security cameras can be controlled, allowing the user to observe activity around a house or business right from a Monitor or touch panel. Security systems can include motion sensors that will detect any kind of unauthorized movement and notify the user through the security system or via cell phone. This category also includes control and distribution of security cameras

Detection of possible intrusion

o o o

sensors of detection of movement sensors of magnetic contact of door/window sensors of glass breaking

sensors of pressure changes

Simulation of presence. Detection of fire, gas leaks, water leaks (see fire alarm and gas alarm) Medical alert. Teleassistance. Precise and safe closing of blinds.

7- Intercoms An intercom system allows communication via a microphone and loud speaker between multiple rooms.

Ubiquity in the external control as much internal, remote control from the Internet, PC, wireless controls electrical equipment.

Transmission of alarms. Intercommunications.

Using special hardware, almost any device can be monitored and controlled automatically or remotely. 8 - Plant Watering

Pool pump(s) and heater, Hot tub and Spa Sump Pump (need info and links)

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION
9.1 Topic Background This project is developed for Houses, small, Large, Medium size national and multinational organizations which keeps large amount of money in their office and want 100% security. Their main requirements were they wanted a system that could alert them when burglary takes place at the time when office is closed. These organizations are very big and have many employees; most of the employees do overtime and stay at office for late nights. Supervisor is responsible to switch off the electric lights, other appliances and lock the office after everyone leaves but the main problem was this supervisor had to stay with employees for long time until they finish their work, so we proposed this system to these organizations that can solve out their problems. Now supervisor can monitor the employees from their houses using live web cams, turn off lights and doors when everyone is gone.

9.2 Project Scope

The system being developed will focus an automating security and electronic appliances for homes and offices. This involves providing the feature of tracking the status of appliances and manipulating them accordingly. It also involves monitoring and remotely the security related events. The scope is also consists of sending remote messages to the user by any means. The proposed security and home/office automation system will also focus on user remote system connectivity so that it can be manage by the user when he/she is outside. It also comes in boundary of the system, to detect unwanted motions through different intruder devices and maintain passed activities and event logs. The system will target on controlling other home and office processes which are being perform manually, controlling

doors can be one of those processes and also will target on modern connectivity technologies to minimize the failure chance. The proposed system will also subject on controlling home and office electricity flow remotely from different locations.

9.3 Objective Of System

The main objective of the system is to automate all home/office and security processes. It is an objective of the proposed security system to monitor unwanted intruder activities through attached security device i.e. PIR motion detectors, Glass-break sensors and etc and inform the user on real time using SMS services and alarms. The objective of the system is to enable the user to monitor his property when he is not present there using security cameras and also to provide facility to the user to track passed activities and events logs by accessing web-based reports, tracking current status of the system from anywhere in the world using pocket paces, laptops and other devices is also a part of an objective of the system. An objective of the proposed system is also to enable user to manage other important home/office features like i.e. controlling curtains, controlling door/gates and etc. Providing feature to the user to manage electricity appliances automatically when he/she is outside using timer settings also comes under the boundary of an objective of the proposed system.

9.4 Functionality of System Main Functionality Core

 Online real-time house watch through security cameras Wireless Connectivity. Real-time picture capture from remote location Timer to automatically switching (on/off) electronic appliances. Control Door Locks Control room curtains Video/Audio recording when system is triggered.

Switch ON/OFF Electronic Appliances (Desktop/Web Based)

This system have many special features controlling the electricity of the building is one of the feature which enables the user to control the electronic appliances of his/her building from within the building boundary or anywhere in the world using web based system.

Timer To Automatically Switching (ON/OFF) Electronic Appliances

Timer feature automatically switch on or switch off the electricity of the building on the set time. User can change its time and set it according to his need. User doesnt have to go physically outside and open the lights, now simply set the required time and the system will switch on and off the electric flow itself. Loud Alarm To Alert About Danger

When any unwanted activity is detected by the system, it immediate activates a loud alarm siren to alert the user and people around about the danger.

Live Streaming Videos Of House Through Online Security Cameras

Special feature of live streaming videos enable the user to view live online web cam location to remote location from anywhere in the world. Now when unwanted activity is detected at users premises user can simply log onto the website and view live videos of every area of the building.

Captures Pictures Of Remote Location

User can capture pictures of remote location from anywhere in the world using his/her cellular, laptop or PDA. Now whenever user is informed about the burglary, he/she may go on the website view the remote web cameras and if he/she finds anyone in camera. User can capture pictures for evidence.

Control Electronic Door Locks

Now user can control his/her door locks using his cellular. If anyone arrives and gives bell, User may check on the gate camera and if she/he knows the person. He/She can open the door from the cell phone.

Control Room Curtains By PC

This system has a feature to control the curtains of the room using cellular. Now opening and closing the curtains of room is on your fingertip. User doesnt need to go physically and open/close curtains.