PDF Integrated Space For African Society Legal and Policy Implementation of Space in African Countries Annette Froehlich Ebook Full Chapter

Integrated Space for African Society
Legal and Policy Implementation of

Space in African Countries Annette
Froehlich
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/integrated-space-for-african-society-legal-and-policy-i
mplementation-of-space-in-african-countries-annette-froehlich/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Space Fostering African Societies Developing the

African Continent through Space Part 1 Annette
Froehlich
https://textbookfull.com/product/space-fostering-african-
societies-developing-the-african-continent-through-space-
part-1-annette-froehlich/
Embedding Space in African Society The United Nations

Sustainable Development Goals 2030 Supported by Space
Applications Annette Froehlich
https://textbookfull.com/product/embedding-space-in-african-
society-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-
goals-2030-supported-by-space-applications-annette-froehlich/
Space Fostering Latin American Societies Developing the

Latin American Continent through Space Part 1 Annette
Froehlich
https://textbookfull.com/product/space-fostering-latin-american-
societies-developing-the-latin-american-continent-through-space-
part-1-annette-froehlich/
National Space Legislation A Comparative and Evaluative

Analysis 1st Edition Annette Froehlich
https://textbookfull.com/product/national-space-legislation-a-
comparative-and-evaluative-analysis-1st-edition-annette-
froehlich/
Space Supporting Africa Volume 3 Security Peace and
Development through Efficient Governance Supported by
Space Applications Annette Froehlich
https://textbookfull.com/product/space-supporting-africa-
volume-3-security-peace-and-development-through-efficient-
governance-supported-by-space-applications-annette-froehlich/
The United Nations and Space Security: Conflicting

Mandates between UNCOPUOS and the CD Annette Froehlich
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-united-nations-and-space-
security-conflicting-mandates-between-uncopuos-and-the-cd-
annette-froehlich/
Yearbook on Space Policy 2017 Security in Outer Space

Rising Stakes for Civilian Space Programmes Edward
Burger
https://textbookfull.com/product/yearbook-on-space-
policy-2017-security-in-outer-space-rising-stakes-for-civilian-
space-programmes-edward-burger/
Innovative Models for Sustainable Development in

Emerging African Countries Niccolò Aste
https://textbookfull.com/product/innovative-models-for-
sustainable-development-in-emerging-african-countries-niccolo-
aste/
Public Health at the Border of Zimbabwe and Mozambique,

1890–1940: African Experiences in a Contested Space
Francis Dube
https://textbookfull.com/product/public-health-at-the-border-of-
zimbabwe-and-mozambique-1890-1940-african-experiences-in-a-
contested-space-francis-dube/
Southern Space Studies
Series Editor: Annette Froehlich
Annette Froehlich Editor
Integrated Space
for African Society
Legal and Policy Implementation
of Space in African Countries
Series Editor
Annette Froehlich , University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Advisory Editors
Josef Aschbacher, European Space Agency, Frascati, Italy
Rigobert Bayala, National Observatory of Sustainable Development,
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Carlos Caballero León, Peruvian Space Agency, Lima, Peru
Guy Consolmagno, Vatican Observatory, Castel Gandolfo, Vatican City State
Juan de Dalmau, International Space University, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
Driss El Hadani, Royal Center for Remote Sensing of Morocco, Rabat, Morocco
Dirk Heinzmann, Bundeswehr Command and Staff College, Hamburg, Germany
El Hadi Gashut, Regional Center For Remote Sensing of North Africa States,
Tunis, Tunisia
Peter Martinez, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Francisco Javier Mendieta-Jiménez, Mexican Space Agency, Mexico City, Mexico
Félix Clementino Menicocci, Argentinean Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Sias Mostert, African Association of Remote Sensing of the Environment,
Muizenburg, South Africa
Val Munsami, South African National Space Agency, Silverton, South Africa
Greg Olsen, Entrepreneur-Astronaut, Princeton, NJ, USA
Azzedine Oussedik, Algerian Space Agency, Alger, Algeria
Xavier Pasco, Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, Paris, France
Alejandro J. Román M., Paraguayan Space Agency, Asunción, Paraguay
Kai-Uwe Schrogl, International Institute of Space Law, Paris, France
Dominique Tilmans, YouSpace, Wellin, Belgium
Jean-Jacques Tortora, European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria
The Southern Space Studies series presents analyses of space trends, market
evolutions, policies, strategies and regulations, as well as the related social,
economic and political challenges of space-related activities in the Global South,
with a particular focus on developing countries in Africa and Latin America.
Obtaining inside information from emerging space-faring countries in these
regions is pivotal to establish and strengthen efficient and beneficial cooperation
mechanisms in the space arena, and to gain a deeper understanding of their rapidly
evolving space activities. To this end, the series provides transdisciplinary
information for a fruitful development of space activities in relevant countries
and cooperation with established space-faring nations. It is, therefore, a reference
compilation for space activities in these areas.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16025

Annette Froehlich
Editor
Integrated Space
for African Society
Legal and Policy Implementation
of Space in African Countries
123
Editor
Annette Froehlich
University of Cape Town
Rondebosch, South Africa
ISSN 2523-3718 ISSN 2523-3726 (electronic)

ISBN 978-3-030-05979-8 ISBN 978-3-030-05980-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05980-4
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword
Most people do not realise or appreciate the role played by space in their daily lives,
or the importance of space-related data and technologies. As if to symbolise this,
apart from a fortunate few, most of the world’s population have never had any
direct, personal experience of space, especially in Africa. For this reason, I am
pleased to share my own personal experiences with students in South Africa as
often as I can, both because space is vital for Africa’s future, but also to motivate
the upcoming generation of professionals and entrepreneurs to seize the opportu-
nities which present themselves, and persevere in the pursuit of their dreams, since I
have learned that if you work really hard and do not give up, success will eventually
follow. This book, Integrated Space for African Society—Legal and Policy
Implementation of Space in African Countries, symbolises that idea well and
summarises the latest developments in the African space area.
My connection to South Africa goes back to 1971–1972 when I did a post-doc at
the University of Port Elizabeth (now Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University),
Physics Department under Profs. Koos Vermaak and Hennie Snyman. I performed
electron microscope studies on thin metal films with metallurgical applications and
taught several classes.
After returning to the USA, I worked at a semiconductor research laboratory
(RCA Laboratories) and developed lasers and photodetectors for fibre optic
applications. Many of my innovations were based on scientific work that I had
performed in South Africa. I also frequently returned to South Africa, visiting
research laboratories and continuing professional relationships.
After 11 years at RCA, I spun off my first high-tech business called EPITAXX
which made devices for fibre optic systems. After selling this business, I started my
second company called Sensors Unlimited which developed and manufactured
infrared cameras for military night vision and industrial sensing applications. The
sale of this second company gave me the resources to realise my dream of owning a
wine farm near Cape Town and also to think about travelling in space as a private
citizen, much as (South African) Mark Shuttleworth had done. I purchased Olsen
Wineries in Paarl at about the same time (2003) that I began my efforts to fly in
space.
v
vi Foreword
My journey into space with the Russian Space Agency was a long tale, with a
number of setbacks described in my book By Any Means Necessary. I launched
from Kazakhstan aboard Soyuz TMA-7 with Russian Cosmonaut Valeri Tokarev
and NASA astronaut Bill McArthur. After spending eight days on the International
Space Station, I came back down to Earth on Soyuz TMA-6 with Cosmonaut
Sergey Krikalev and Astronaut John Phillips. All four men have been to my farm in
Paarl, travelled the country extensively, and all delighted in seeing the Cape of
Good Hope which they all had photographed from space! The picture shown is one
of such photographs of Cape Town, taken from space.
Cape Town taken from space/ISS. Credits NASA
I have thousands of photographs and hours of video from my journey, and I have
visited many organizations, universities and elementary schools giving talks about
my visit to space and trying to encourage students from all walks of life to explore
science, math and engineering. Amongst these is the University of Cape Town,
where the Spacelab offers its multi-disciplinary research-based Master’s degree in
Space Studies. I believe that this book, produced by participants from the Spacelab,
is a valuable contribution to the literate on African space activities, and I hope it
will encourage further interest in space affairs on the continent, including from
investors. As I have said before, timing is everything, and Africa’s space sector is
currently making rapid strides. Be ready!
Princeton, USA Greg Olsen

Entrepreneur-Astronaut
Executive Summary1
This report consists of a thorough and critical investigation into all African
space-related activities, policies, local and international law and its social impli-
cations against the goals set by the African Union and the United Nations related to
sustainable development, with the objective to identify how space technology can
be embedded and applied to achieve those goals. Therefore, a breakdown of the
continent’s leading space actors and their roles and the African Union’s Space
Policy and Strategy (ASPS) is reflected upon within the context of the African
Union’s Agenda 2063 (Agenda 2063) goals and the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) set by the UN in 2015. A range of qualitative methods is deployed to
identify and convey the overall challenges, progress and solutions available to the
African continent, as a collection of individual space actors with differing capa-
bilities, to meet and achieve the Agenda 2063 and SDG objectives.
The investigation herein starts out firstly by delving into the most significant
challenges faced by the African continent and the tactics, as a subset of the strategy
arising from the ASPS, through which space technology can effectively assist
governments in confronting them. Globally, as informed by the SDGs, the chal-
lenges have been identified as those underlying sustainable development in the form
of the triple bottom line of economic, environmental and social goals and backed by
the fourth goal of proper governance to ensure effective implementation. Whilst
Africa shares these challenges overall, the continent shares a disproportional burden
of global poverty, climate change impacts and social disruption that allows for a
reinterpretation of its own goals. As a result, the challenges for Africa for the
purposes of this study are predominantly situated in the domains of climate change
and environmental concerns (that impacts on economic and social goals), popula-
tion and urbanisation (that is taking place at unprecedented levels and impacts upon
rural life and agriculture), as well as the disruptive influence of breaches in national
security (that is a growing phenomenon with a global impact). It is acknowledged
that these challenges are emergent from a complex interlinked societal and natural
system and deserve a response that takes this into account. In this regard, correct
information to assess the scope of the problem and to plan strategically is of the
This Executive Summary is authored by Sean Woodgate, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch,
South Africa, swoodgate4@gmail.com.
vii
viii Executive Summary
utmost importance, and it is a given that space-originated information allows for

holistic analysis and response. With respect to dealing with climate change (and by
implication economic development), utilising space technology and space-
generated information to assist with the effective conduct of farming practices,
and environmental monitoring for the oceans and forests as well as resource
management, would all be highly beneficial throughout the continent. Given the
extensive growth in population and urbanisation in Africa together with high
poverty levels, utilising satellite imagery and communication to track informal
settlements, optimise town planning and support social and economic development
would provide governments much needed assistance in facing these challenges. The
threat of militants and politically related violence poses a major problem for
regional stability and political focus and severely undermines any societal goals. In
this regard, space systems can be utilised to track and identify these threats and
assist governments in both preventative and reactive measures.
The second stage of the enquiry consists of an encompassing overview of both
the SDGs and Agenda 2063, followed by a discussion of space applications cur-
rently embedded in Africa and the potential for ensuring a deepening of this pro-
cess. It is be noted that as far as Agenda 2063 is concerned, the African Union
Commission has duly recognised the importance of outer space, and within the
Agenda 2063 Framework, outer space is identified as one of the Flagship Pro-
grammes with the recognition that it is of critical importance to the development of
Africa in all fields. An examination follows into the extent and methodology
through which space applications can be used to support and address the identified
challenges. The extent to which these applications are currently embedded in the
continent and the roles they play at a societal level is similarly examined. Several
effective applications and their uses were identified with respect to space assets and
infrastructure, namely communication, earth observation and navigational satellites,
as well as the fields of space science and astronomy. These have the means to
effectively offer solutions to universal challenges in areas such as the environment,
economic development, agriculture, health, security, education and disaster man-
agement. Specific solutions in support of the aforementioned universal challenges
can be provided in the fields of tele-education, tele-medicine, smart agriculture and
smart cities, allowing satellites to provide a wide array of assistance, so that basic
needs can be met on the African continent.
Against this backdrop the ASPS is interrogated, its policy goals identified and its
strategy discussed. With an understanding of the embedded and highly active
influences of space technology within everyday African lives, the positions taken
and goals set out by the ASPS are then scrutinised and discussed. Having identified
outer space as one of the Agenda 2063 Flagship Programmes, support for outer
space development has gained momentum across the continent, yet there still
remains much to be done in terms of collaboration and action on the subject.
In order to understand Africa’s space capabilities and its need for improvement
in this regard properly, a country-by-country analysis was performed. By investi-
gating and summarising the space capabilities of each African country, a selection
of 11 of the most proactive, advanced or promising were identified. These countries
Executive Summary ix
were then analysed in terms of their individual embedded systems and capabilities,
as well as their political, national and international dedication towards space-related
activities. The space activities of each country are examined by considering the
background of the selected country with regards to space, its relevant challenges
and development goals and finally how it is setting out to meet those challenges and
goals with space applications, policy and law (the latter two being prerequisites to
embed space applications). Countries such as Algeria, South Africa, Morocco,
Egypt and Nigeria were identified as the major actors in the African space com-
munity, with others such as Kenya, Angola, Namibia, Ghana, Sudan, Zambia,
Tanzania, Uganda and Ethiopia furtively expanding their sectors. Whilst many
of these countries that own satellites acquired them via international procurement
processes, the training and knowledge gained by many of their citizens during the
acquisition process has allowed for more internal development and research. From
Algeria’s range of Alsat satellites to Nigeria’s goals to become a launching state,
the South African Square Kilometre Array alongside heavy investment into
Angolan national satellite infrastructure, there are many examples of space-related
developments across the continent as a whole—yet not nearly enough. The vast
opportunities and possible space applications leave Africa’s space progress want-
ing, and it will take multiple collaborations in both the public and private sectors to
change this.
A case by case investigation is then used to identify areas of common ground,
where possible linkages can be created for benefit sharing, and to create new
opportunities for the adoption of space applications. All African countries,
including those already investigated, are then sorted into visualised tables, matrixes
and graphs—depicting a formalised overview of the international treaties entered
into collaborations, engagement and technological status of each. A formalised
rating system was devised to depict the standing of the African countries in terms of
space-readiness and progression and is expressed in the form of an extensive
weighted table, normalised space score diagram and a colour-based geographical
map, reflecting the scores singularly and cumulatively. Whilst the data reflects little
correlation between geographical location and space development, parallels can be
drawn between international treaty signatory countries and space-readiness—indi-
cating that international space awareness seems to be linked with practical space
development. The use of African-owned satellites in Earth observation, commu-
nication and science is similarly compared alongside a selection of user needs
experienced by different national sectors. The sector demand versus resolution or
service is overviewed within the same matrix, with the active African space
countries depicted within their respective fields of operation.
The report proceeds to investigate and explain the concepts and methodology
through which space-originated services and value is embedded in society at var-
ious levels. A concise overview is given as to how one approaches the concept of
something being “embedded” within a country or society. Based on this approach,
examples ranging from the monitoring of the environment to urban development
form the basis of the following section which addresses the fundamental prereq-
uisites required in order to embed a space application. These prerequisites are
x Executive Summary
identified, amongst others, as return on investment, availability, communication

demand, political will, social acceptance and technological readiness level in order
to foster growth in the space applications sector. The main factors required to
allow the embedding of space applications were identified to be investment
opportunities, education of decision-makers about space as well as the technolog-
ical climate of the country. It was concluded that there is evidently political will-
power to address space activities by the AU, hence the creation of the ASPS, yet
many more aspects need to be addressed before effective growth can occur in the
sector. A SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) was
conducted to reflect upon the ASPS and its viability. Strengths such as intra-
continental partnerships are compared with weaknesses of language and infras-
tructural challenges, opportunities such as the potential to collaborate further are
similarly contrasted to the threats of political instability, and financial difficulty of
some countries.
Given that the central purpose of this investigation is to provide suggestions and a
way forward, it does so by use of an “African Space Application Infusion
Framework”, whereby the short (1 year), medium (5 years) and long-term (10 years)
goals defined by the ASPS’s timeframe can be practically achieved. Through the
application of both “Top-down” and “Bottom-up” development methods, the
framework identifies aspects such as commercialisation, political posturing, public
support and data sharing as the principle avenues of progression. An ensemble of
suggested initiatives for African countries flow from this: the creation and sharing of
space policies and strategy documentation, as well as the establishment of national
space legislation and support of and accession to international space treaties and UN
declarations and resolutions; the sharing of academic expertise and experience
between African tertiary institutions with further collaboration between them on the
training of students to grow the knowledge—and functional base of the continent;
funding and supporting university “space start-up incubators” to nurture commercial
space technology programs from an academic to a professional environment; and
lastly the strong coordination of African countries at international space forums such
as the UNCOPUOS and a decisive effort to collaborate regionally and continentally.
A significant problem, which is predicted as a result of impending climate change
and exponential urbanisation in the continent, is food shortages. In order to combat
this dilemma, one suggestion is the creation and management of a free, mobile-
based, user-friendly farming application. By utilising free existing satellite imagery
services, and backed by a conclusive database of farming practise techniques, the
application would provide farmers with an intuitive aid towards improving and
protecting their crops. This is one of many possibilities that space applications
enable. In the form of a supporting role, the South African National Space Agency
has pursued in the advancement of space weather monitoring systems, opening up
the opportunity to position itself as an expert in a competitive global niche market.
Such developments allow for partnerships with other African countries, and the
sharing of data could assist in the creation of a worldwide early-detection system to
prevent space weather catastrophes. Taking the above into account, many more
Executive Summary xi
possibilities exist and can be created if a supportive environment is fostered with the
appropriate cooperation and dedication.
In conclusion, the processes and logic that was used in this report are discussed
and a qualitative reflection upon the findings is made. There is no doubt that
addressing the challenges this continent faces lies in the hands of all Africans, and
especially when governments, tertiary institutions, like universities, and ordinary
citizens begin to realise the true power and value of space technology the continent’s
full potential will be realised. It is already clear that African societies are utilising
space technologies in innovative ways, but now is the time to expand on these with a
collective and collaborative mindset to give effect to the ASPS, achieve the goals
of the AU’s Agenda 2063 and the SDG’s and ultimately achieve prosperity.
Contents
Part I Sustainable Development Goals and Space in Africa

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
André Siebrits and Mchasisi Gasela
2 Africa and Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
André Siebrits, Okeletsang Mookeletsi, Anton Alberts
and Alexander Gairiseb
Part II Country Reports

3 South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Anton Alberts
4 South Africa’s Current Vulnerabilities and Capabilities
Relating to Space Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
James Wilson and Nicolas Ringas
5 Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Carl Eriksen
6 Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
André Siebrits
7 Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Besir Suleyman OZ
8 Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Bas Martens
9 Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
André Siebrits
10 Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Alexander Gairiseb
11 Tunisia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
André Siebrits
xiii
xiv Contents
12 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Mchasisi Gasela
13 Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Sean Woodgate
14 Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Adebayo Olutumbi Ogunyinka
15 Sudan and South Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Barbara Ojur
16 Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Anton Alberts
17 Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Okeletsang Mookeletsi
18 Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Alexander Gairiseb
19 Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
André Siebrits
Part III Integrated Space for African Society

20 Embedding Space in Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Bas Martens, Alexander Gairiseb and Carl Eriksen
21 Initiatives for Embedding Space Applications
in African Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
André Siebrits, Bas Martens and Carl Eriksen
Part I
Sustainable Development
Goals and Space in Africa
Introduction
1
André Siebrits and Mchasisi Gasela
Abstract
Space-derived information and data have revolutionised our understanding of
our planet, and our impact upon it. It has also allowed us to see how this impact
relates to the series of environmentally-related critical challenges now
confronting us all. For this reason, a strong focus has been placed on sustainable
development in recent times, including in responses to the challenges
confronting the African continent. This chapter provides an overview of these
challenges in areas such as the environment, population growth and urbanisa-
tion, and security. It follows this up with a discussion of Africa’s response to
these challenges in the form of Agenda 2063. The chapter concludes with an
overview of supportive space applications in Africa speaking to sustainable
development.
1.1 Background
Space technology has been seen by both the public and private sectors in Africa as a
potential contributing factor to these states’ long-term development, despite the plethora of
obstacles to their economic, social, and political development. However, a deficit of
A. Siebrits (&) M. Gasela

University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
e-mail: SBRAND003@myuct.ac.za; asiebrits1@gmail.com
M. Gasela
e-mail: gasellarmc@gmail.com
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 3

A. Froehlich (ed.), Integrated Space for African Society, Southern Space Studies,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05980-4_1
4 A. Siebrits and M. Gasela
modern technology is not among them. Even in the relatively poor countries of Africa,
space-based technologies increasingly play a part in socioeconomic development schemes.
—Harding1
The information gleaned from space has allowed humanity to consider the
challenges facing us in a more coherent, informed, and holistic manner. Space
applications in various fields, such as remote sensing and Earth observation,
communications, global positioning and navigation, and disaster monitoring and
emergency response, have given us new understandings of the impact of human
activities on the planet, its capacity to absorb the human-made and natural impacts,
and the enormity of the collective challenges we face in the coming decades.
In the realm of the natural environment, Sachs observes some of the “many
overlapping crises” facing humanity.2 These include the destruction of habitats and
ecosystems, decreases in biodiversity, high levels of pollution (including nitrogen
and phosphorus-based fertiliser runoff), ocean acidification, depletion of fossil fuel
resources, decreasing food and feed grain productivity, and the change of the
Earth’s climate due to greenhouse gas emissions. The reason for emphasising these
environmental challenges is because, in recent decades, there has been an
increasing awareness around “planetary boundaries”—that the Earth and its
resources can only be exploited up to a point before becoming permanently
degraded. As Sachs explains, planetary boundaries revolve around the “idea that
human activity is pushing critical global ecosystem functions past a dangerous
threshold, beyond which the Earth might well encounter abrupt, highly non-linear,
and potentially devastating outcomes for human wellbeing and life generally”.3
As a consequence, the many other challenges we face today—poverty, hunger,
rapid population growth, unemployment, inequality, gender disparity, discrimina-
tion, lack of education and medical care, poor governance, lack of clean water,
rapid urbanisation, conflicts and security threats, record numbers of refugees and
displaced persons, and many others—cannot be addressed in isolation from each
other, or from environmental sustainability. As a result, sustainable development
has entered the global lexicon, and is characterised by “a shared focus on economic,
environmental and social goals [which] … represents a broad consensus on which
the world can build”.4 This, in turn, constitutes one definition of sustainable
development—“the so-called triple bottom line approach to human wellbeing”—
although this is necessarily reliant on a fourth factor, namely good governance,
which will determine the world’s ability to achieve the triple bottom line of sus-
tainable development.5 In 1987, a United Nations (UN) report entitled Our
1
R. C. Harding, Space Policy in Developing Countries: The search for security and development
on the final frontier (Oxon: Routledge, 2013), 165.
2
J. D. Sachs, “From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals,” Lancet
379, no. 9832 (2012): 2207. http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60685-
0/fulltext?_eventId=login (accessed March 3, 2017).
3
Ibid.
4
Ibid., 2206.
5
Ibid., 2206–2209.
1 Introduction 5
Common Future, provided another definition: “development that meets the needs of
the current generations without compromising the needs of future generations”.6
Accordingly, at the global level, the UN passed Resolution A/RES70/1 in
September 2015 to formally adopt the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as
part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the successor to Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs), to guide global development efforts for the next
15 years, 2015–2030.7 It has often been lamented that progress on the MDGs,
while substantial, was uneven, and Nhamo notes: “[a]lthough progress has been
made towards attaining the MDGs, there still remains a lot of work to be done in
respect of certain goals, particularly in Africa”.8 The SDGs, like the MDGs before
them, are also dependent for their success on “data that are accurate, timely, and
available to managers, policy makers, and the public”.9
It is within this context that this study was produced to showcase how integrated
space applications can, when informed by the SDGs, the African Union Agenda
2063, as well as the African Space Policy and Strategy, assist in not only meeting
this need for timely and reliable data, but also in meeting the many shared chal-
lenges faced by African societies in the 21st Century. Accordingly, selected African
countries and their national space activities will be analysed, in addition to enabling
legislation and policies. In each case, factors including geopolitics, international
partnerships, and participation in space fora, will also be considered. First, however,
a broad discussion of African challenges is necessary to contextualise the analysis,
since African space activities are being, and should further be, utilised to address
these challenges.
1.2 African Challenges and Trends
This section will consider three of the main interlinked challenges facing the
African continent today as a subset of the triple bottom line of challenges, where
integrated space applications can contribute, and which will have to be grappled
with if Africa is to meet its development goals. These are climate change,
population growth and urbanisation, and security challenges and threats.
6
United Nations, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our
Common Future (New York: United Nations, 1987), 41. http://www.un-documents.net/our-
common-future.pdf (accessed March 4, 2017).
7
United Nations, Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (New
York: United Nations, 2015). http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1
(accessed February 28, 2017).
8
Godwell Nhamo, “New Global Sustainable Development Agenda: A Focus on Africa,”
Sustainable Development 25, no. 3 (2016): 3.
9
Sachs, “From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals,” 2210.
1.2.1 Climate Change and Environment
One of the most far-reaching challenges facing Africa in the coming decades is the
expected impact of climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, in their Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), identify that “[n]ear surface
temperatures have increased by 0.5 °C or more during the last 50 to 100 years over
most parts of Africa” and that the continent will experience a further increase in
temperature in the 21st Century that is beyond the global average.10 Thus, while
Africa’s contributions to greenhouse gas emissions have been small in relation to
the rest of the world, it will nevertheless have to bear a disproportionate burden.11
While the consequences of climate change are expected to be widespread, some of
the more severe identified impacts include changes in precipitation and weather
(including extreme weather events), ecosystems and biodiversity, water resources,
agriculture and food security, human health, and sea-level.
While Africa is heavily dependent on rain-fed agriculture (in sub-Saharan Africa
98% of agriculture is rain-fed), mean annual precipitation by the middle of the
century is “very likely” to decrease over northern and southern Africa, while it is
“likely” to increase over central and eastern Africa.12 More frequent heat waves are
expected in the north and south of the continent as well, and there is already a trend
of more extreme cycles of heavy rains and droughts over eastern Africa, with more
heavy rainfall events expected in future.13
Concerning biodiversity and ecosystems, climate change, together with
increased human pressures on land use, will likely produce three main trends:
expansion of deserts, a decrease in natural vegetation, and changes in the distri-
bution and makeup of remaining areas of natural vegetation.14 Ocean and coastal
ecologies will also be affected, not only by ocean acidification and temperature
fluctuations of currents, but also by ‘upwellings’ of low-PH and high CO2 levels,
which will have a significant impact on fishing, since “[African] fisheries mainly
depend on either coral reefs (on the eastern coast) or coastal upwelling (on the
western coast)”.15 At the same time, it is predicted that a 500% increase in aqua-
culture production will be necessary to meet the demand for fish in Africa over the
coming decades.16 Existing challenges around pollution and overexploitation of
ocean resources will also compound this challenge.
Similarly, water resources will come under increasing strain in the future, but the
impact of climate change is expected to be modest when compared to the direct
10
I. Niang et al., “Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability,” in Part B: Regional
Aspects. Contribution of Working Group, ed. D. J. Dokken et al. (Cambridge, United Kingdom
and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 1206.
11
African Union Commission, Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want—Popular Version (Addis
Ababa: African Union Commission, 2015), 3-4.
12
Niang et al., “Change 2014,” 1210-1212.
13
Ibid., 1210-1211.
14
Ibid., 1213.
15
Ibid., 1216.
16
Ibid., 1220.
1 Introduction 7
human impacts of population growth and urbanisation, and land use change and
increases in demand for irrigation. However, the impact of climate change on
agriculture and food security is expected to be high, with an overall reduction in
yields of especially major cereal crops, diminishing distribution of suitable
agro-climatic zones, coupled with pressures on livestock due to degradation and
fragmentation of grazing land and more variability in the water supply.17
Apart from changes and potential increases in agricultural and livestock diseases
and pests, human health can also be severely impacted by changes in the distri-
bution of diseases like malaria, and as an example, the East African highlands are
expected to suffer an increase in malaria epidemics due to higher temperatures,
which will make the area more hospitable for mosquitoes.18 While the full range of
potential health impacts cannot be discussed here (they include food- and
water-borne diseases, tick-borne diseases, schistosomiasis, and meningococcal
meningitis), an example of projected malnutrition in Mali illustrates the severity and
urgency of the problem, since climate and demographic change projections up to
2025 “suggest approximately 250,000 children will suffer stunting, nearly 200,000
will be malnourished, and more than 100,000 will become anemic”.19 The problem
could become so severe that by 2080 “it is likely that 75% of the African population
will be at risk of hunger”.20 Sharp price spikes in foodstuffs will also most dra-
matically affect the urban poor.21 The risks of famine and malnourishment are thus
very high, especially when considering the interplay between extreme climate
events, freshwater pressures, increasing demands on agricultural land, and changing
pest and disease distributions.
Regarding sea level rise, not only will this negatively impact coastal freshwater
aquifers, but coastal ecosystems will be damaged, for example through the flooding
of river deltas, but when combined with storm swells severe damage to coastal
settlements can occur.22 This vulnerability is expected to be compounded by more
urbanisation, including migration towards coastal settlements.
In order to meet the challenges posed by these potentially dire and interlinked
impacts of climate change, it is vital to stress that the “uncertainties in the African
context mean that successful adaptation will depend upon developing resilience in
the face of uncertainty”.23 While the African Union’s Common African Position
(CAP) on the Post-2015 Development Agenda (2014) prioritises environmental
sustainability, natural resource and disaster risk management, it has been noted that
“Regional policies and strategies for adaptation, as well as transboundary adapta-
tion, are still in their infancy”.24 In contrast, national climate change adaptation
17
Ibid., 1218–1219.
18
Ibid., 1223.
19
Ibid., 1222.
20
United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, “Climate Change: Paris Agreement,”
http://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/advocacy/climate.shtml (accessed April 15, 2017).
21
Niang et al., “Change 2014,” 1221.
22
Ibid., 1216–1218.
23
Ibid., 1226.
24
Ibid., 1227.
programmes and response strategies are better established, but despite “progress in
mainstreaming climate risk in policy and planning, significant disconnects still exist
at the national level, and implementation of a more integrated adaptation response
remains tentative”.25 A key facet of successful adaptation on a governmental level
is that it is necessary to make progress in “replacing hierarchical governance sys-
tems that operate within silos with more adaptive, integrated, multilevel, and
flexible governance approaches, and with inclusive decision making that can
operate successfully across multiple scales”.26
In terms of national climate change risk reduction, efforts include Disaster Risk
Reduction (DRR) platforms, Early Warning Systems (EWS), and governmental
social protection, while on a community level livelihood diversification is a strategy
“long used by African households to cope with climate shocks, [which] can also
assist with building resilience for longer term climate change by spreading risk”.27
Non-Governmental Organisations such as the Africa Climate Change Resilience
Alliance (ACCRA), active in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Uganda, are also making
contributions to “enhanced gender-responsive climate resilience by improving
governance and planning processes through a multi-sector collaborative process”.28
1.2.2 Population Growth and Urbanisation
In 2015, the UN estimated that Africa’s population numbered just over 1.1 billion,
making it the continent with the second largest population after Asia.29 One of the
significant challenges the African continent will have to grapple with is the
expectation that it will have more than half of the global population growth between
2015 and 2050, totalling about 1.3 billion additional people.30 More sobering
perhaps, is that a “rapid population increase in Africa is anticipated even if there is a
substantial reduction of fertility”.31 Additionally, much of the growth will be
concentrated in the poorest and least developed countries—what Nhamo calls
“surely a ticking time bomb that cannot be left unchecked if we wish to be sus-
tainable, silence the guns, diffuse the bomb and have peace”.32 The UN echoes this
view:
25
Ibid., 1228.
26
Ibid.
27
Ibid., 1230–1231.
28
Africa Climate Change Resilience Alliance (ACCRA), “What is ACCRA?,” 2017, http://
community.accraconsortium.org/.59d669a8/about.html (accessed April 15, 2017).
29
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, “World
Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables,” 2015, 1, https://
esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf (accessed March 1, 2017).
30
Ibid., 3.
31
Ibid.
32
Nhamo, “New Global Sustainable Development Agenda,” 13.
1 Introduction 9
The concentration of population growth in the poorest countries will make it harder for
those governments to eradicate poverty and inequality, combat hunger and malnutrition,
expand education enrolment and health systems, improve the provision of basic services
and implement other elements of a sustainable development agenda to ensure that no-one is
left behind.33
Another UN report highlights the impact this population growth will have on
cities and urbanisation. With just over half of the global population living in cities
in the middle of the 2010s, by 2050 an additional 2.5 billion people will be added to
the burgeoning urban population, of which over 90% will be concentrated in Africa
and Asia.34 All existing challenges around overcrowding, provision of adequate
employment opportunities, health care and education, pollution, water provision,
refuse disposal, energy generation, transport and many others already experienced
in African cities, will thus inevitably be compounded in coming decades. Indeed,
unlike in the 20th century when most of the world’s largest cities were found in the
developed countries, “today’s large cities [and those of the future] are concentrated
in the global South, and the fastest-growing agglomerations are medium-sized cities
and cities with 500,000 to 1 million inhabitants located in Asia and Africa”.35
The UN recognises that these urbanisation challenges are “integrally connected
to the three pillars of sustainable development: economic development, social
development and environmental protection”.36 Because the challenges of urbani-
sation are cross-cutting and inseparable from sustainable development to this end:
Sustainable urbanization requires that cities generate better income and employment
opportunities, expand the necessary infrastructure for water and sanitation, energy, trans-
portation, information and communications; ensure equal access to services; reduce the
number of people living in slums; and preserve the natural assets within the city and
surrounding areas.37
However, while representing a severe challenge, Africa’s burgeoning young

population also represents a significant asset and opportunity, through the demo-
graphic dividend. This dividend means that the young, growing population can
more readily support the (relatively smaller proportion) ageing population, with one
major caveat: “that appropriate labour market and other policies allow for a pro-
ductive absorption of the growing working-age population and for increased
investments in the human capital of children and youth”.38
33
Population Prospects,” 4.
34
Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights,” 2014, 2, https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/
Publications/Files/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf (accessed March 2, 2017).
35
Ibid.
36
Ibid., 3.
37
Ibid., 17.
38
Population Prospects,” 7.
1.2.3 Security
Africa’s security challenges present a serious risk to the continent’s development

goals. The interconnected nature of these challenges also means that instability and
deteriorating security can undermine progress in many other spheres. One of the
most destabilising threats is that of violence between “disparate and ethnically
oriented armed groups”, such as recently witnessed in the Central African Republic
(CAR), South Sudan, and the north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
(DRC).39 Such violence, in turn, can result in massive movements of displaced
persons, both within states and between them, with around 2 million displaced
since 2012 from violence in South Sudan and the CAR. This, in turn, places
enormous strain on the resources of neighbouring countries. Indeed, as the office of
the UN High Commissioner for Refugees reports, “Africa continued to host the vast
majority of refugees worldwide”, with assistance being provided to “more than
18 million refugees, internally displaced people (IDPs), people at risk of state-
lessness and other people of concern”.40
Militant groups, including Islamist extremists such as Boko Haram in Nigeria,
Al-Shabaab in Somalia and Kenya, and extremist groups in Mali and the broader
Sahel, all present major security challenges. Apart from acts of mass violence, the
actions of these groups can create conditions of broader political instability, as the
example of Boko Haram illustrates, whose actions can “undermine the legitimacy
of the government elected—a move which could foster far-reaching instability
which the sect could readily exploit to its advantage”.41 As Keita notes, these
groups have become adept at exploiting “fragile governments in North Africa and
unrest elsewhere on the continent”, as well as “porous borders, political vacuums,
local grievances, socioeconomic stresses, and diminished focus on counterterror-
ism”.42 Transnational criminal networks, in turn, can further exploit these condi-
tions, including human and drug traffickers.
Political and election-related violence also have the potential to create security
and stability challenges. As an example, Kamau notes that the “impact of the
violence that was witnessed in Kenya [after the 2007 general elections] affected the
stability and economic activity in the East African region”—illustrating the
importance of the “ability to maintain our stability and security and also to tran-
sition peacefully from different governments”.43
39
R. Cummings, “What Security Challenges Face Sub-Saharan Africa in 2015?,” International
Peace Institute Global Observatory, January 16, 2015, https://theglobalobservatory.org/2015/01/
security-challenges-sub-saharan-africa-2015/ (accessed April 16, 2017).
40
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), “Global Report 2015: Africa,”
2016, http://www.unhcr.org/574ed6e14.html (accessed April 15, 2017).
41
Cummings, “What Security Challenges Face Sub-Saharan Africa in 2015?.”.
42
A. M. B. L. Keita, “The Current Security Challenges in Africa: Part 1,” Potomac Institute for
Policy Studies, 2014, 11–17, http://www.potomacinstitute.org/images/ICTS/
ReportonTheCurrentSecurityChallengesinAfrica.pdf (accessed April 15, 2017).
43
Jean Kamau, “The Current Security Challenges in Africa: Ambassador Jean Kamau,” Potomac
Institute for Policy Studies, 2014, 30–32, http://www.potomacinstitute.org/images/ICTS/
ReportonTheCurrentSecurityChallengesinAfrica.pdf (accessed April 15, 2017).
1 Introduction 11
As further example of the interlinked nature of Africa’s challenges, and the risks
of security and stability challenges, Alexander recalls that the Ebola epidemic in
West Africa occurred “in a part of the world that has suffered from chronic insta-
bility and underdevelopment, conditions that have also given rise to serious
man-made threats, including crime, piracy, terrorism, insurgency, and war”.44 The
breakdown of security and stability, and the emergence of violent factionalism in
Libya also “raised fears that the country may become a failed state evolving into an
all-out civil war”—highlighting again that no development or progress on social,
economic, or environmental fronts can take place without conducive conditions of
political stability and good governance, as was argued by Sachs.45
1.3 SDGs and AGENDA 2063
Broadly, as noted in UN Resolution A/RES/70/1, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable

Development revolves around the following five core pillars: (i) People, which
focuses on poverty and health-care, and unlocking the full range of human potential
in a context of equality and dignity; (ii) Planet, to ensure the sustainable use of
planetary resources and protect habitats and ecosystems from degradation;
(iii) Prosperity, namely progress in the economic, scientific and technological
spheres; (iv) Peace, not only the ending of conflicts but the building of inclusive
and equitable societies; and (v) Partnership, with the recognition that none of these
ambitions can be achieved without strong and mutually beneficial relations.46 It is
easy to recognise that these pillars closely mirror the ‘triple bottom line’ (plus
governance) advocated by Sachs.47
The UNs’ SDGs consist of 17 main goals, with 169 associated targets, making
them much more encompassing than their predecessor MDGs. These goals and
targets came into effect on 1 January 2016, and although they are not legally
binding, they are recognised as being “integrated and indivisible, global in nature
and universally applicable”.48 The 17 main goals are as shown in Table 1.1.
It is clear that all of these goals directly relate to the challenges identified above
and as illustration, Goal 13 directly speaks to combating climate change, but
indirectly, Goal 5 (empowering women and girls) will make livelihood diversifi-
cation mentioned earlier more achievable, which will, in turn, combat the worst
impacts of climate change as well. It is thus impossible to isolate these goals from
each other. Similarly, combating poverty (Goal 1) will contribute to building
44
Y. Alexander, “The Current Security Challenges in Africa: Ebola & Extremism: Rising Security
Threats from Natural & Man-made Challenges in Africa,” Potomac Institute for Policy Studies,
2014, 2, http://www.potomacinstitute.org/images/ICTS/ReportonTheCurrentSecurityChallenges
inAfrica.pdf (accessed April 15, 2017).
45
Sachs, “From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals.”.
46
United Nations, Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2.
47
Sachs, “From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals.”.
48
United Nations, Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 6.
Table 1.1 17 Sustainable Development Goals

1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities
for all
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster
innovation
10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts (Acknowledging that the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international,
intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change)
14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development
15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to
justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the Global Partnership for Sustainable
Development
Source United Nations: Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
United Nations, New York (2015). http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/
70/1, 14. Accessed 28 Feb 2017
peaceful and inclusive societies (Goal 16). The 169 individual targets cannot be
summarised here, but where appropriate, references to these will be made in the
discussion of the initiatives to further embed space applications in African societies.
The UN makes specific reference to the implementation of the SDGs requiring
“taking into account different national realities, capacities and levels of develop-
ment”, and emphasises that individual countries are responsible for their own
economic and social development.49 It is also recognised that African countries are
among the most vulnerable, and “deserve special attention”.50 It is thus clear Africa
features quite prominently in the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. More-
over, the true measure of Africa’s success in meeting the many challenges facing it
in the coming decades is the extent to which solutions are generated from within
Africa, in partnership between all countries on the continent. Thus, the
49
Ibid., 6, 10.
50
Ibid., 7.
1 Introduction 13
operationalisation of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda within Africa is of

paramount concern, and this is where the African Union Agenda 2063 (Agenda
2063), drawn up as Africa’s own development agenda by the African Union
(AU) which is “cognisant of the New Global Development Agenda”, becomes
critical.51
In many ways, Agenda 2063 reflects the core concerns of the SDGs, and in its
Common African Position (CAP) on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, the AU
identifies six main pillars of development: (i) Structural Economic Transformation
and Inclusive Growth; (ii) Science, Technology and Innovation; (iii) Peo-
ple-Centred Development; (iv) Environmental Sustainability, Natural Resources
Management and Disaster Risk Management; (v) Peace and Security; and
(vi) Finance and Partnerships.52 Again it is easy to note how closely these match the
SDGs, although the Agenda 2063 has the benefit of simplifying the 17 SDGs and
their 169 targets into seven broad aspirations (see Table 1.2).
As with the SDGs, each of these aspirations encompasses further goals and
priorities, but again the full specificities of these cannot be discussed here. It is
important to note, however, the following differences between the SDGs and
Agenda 2063:
The definition of goal is different from that of the SDGs. Since Agenda 2063 is of a 50 year
horizon, the goals are broader. The priority areas and their associated targets define the
goals. While the goals are fixed, the priority areas and their associated targets can change
over the various ten year plan cycles.53
Agenda 2063 represents Africa’s own vision of its future, but the close align-
ment with the broader 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda remains clear. For
example, in an AU-UNECA Joint Ministerial Conference in Addis Ababa in April,
2016, African leaders made it clear that achieving the goals of the 2030 Sustainable
Development Agenda as well as Agenda 2063 could only be possible by adopting
an “integrated and coherent approach to the implementation, monitoring and
evaluation of Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”.54 As
a consequence, this “need to harmonize the two development programs” is
embedded in the African Union Commission’s First 10-Year Implementation Plan
51
Nhamo, “New Global Sustainable Development Agenda,” 3.
52
African Union, Common Africa Position (CAP) on the Post 2015 Development Agenda (Addis
Ababa: African Union, 2017).
53
African Union Commission, “AGENDA 2063: The Africa We Want - A Shared Strategic
Framework for Inclusive Growth and Sustainable Development, First Ten Year Implementation
Plan 2014–2023,” 2015, http://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/agenda2063-first10year
implementation.pdf (accessed March 4, 2017).
54
African Union Commission, “AU-UNECA Joint Ministerial Conference concludes with an
urgent call for the Domestication of Agenda 2063 at Continental level aligned to the UN Agenda
2030,” 2016a, https://www.au.int/web/sites/default/files/pressreleases/27507-pr-pr_-_joint_
ministerial_au-uneca_conference_concludes_with_an_urgent_call_for_the_domestication_of_
agenda_2063_at_continental_level_aligned_to_the_un_agenda_2030.pdf (accessed March 4,
2017).
Table 1.2 Seven core aspirations of the African Union Agenda 2063
1. A prosperous Africa based on inclusive growth and sustainable development
2. An integrated continent, politically united, based on the ideals of Pan-Africanism and the
vision of Africa’s Renaissance
3. An Africa of good governance, democracy, respect for human rights, justice and the rule of
law
4. A peaceful and secure Africa
5. An Africa with a strong cultural identity, common heritage, values and ethics
6. An Africa whose development is people-driven, relying on the potential of African people,
especially its women and youth, and caring for children
7. Africa as a strong, united, resilient and influential global player and partner
Source African Union Commission, Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want—Popular Version, 2–9
Table 1.3 Priority areas in the first 10-year implementation plan 2014–2023 for Agenda 2063
• Incomes, Jobs and Decent Work • Democracy and Good Governance
• Poverty, Inequality and Hunger • Human Rights, Justice and The Rule of Law
• Social security and protection, • Institutions and Leadership
including Persons with Disabilities • Participatory Development and Local
• Modern and Liveable Habitats and Governance
Basic Quality Services • Maintenance and Preservation of Peace and
• Education and STI skills driven Security
revolution • Institutional structure for AU Instruments on
• Health and Nutrition Peace and Security
• Sustainable and inclusive economic • Defence, Security and Peace
growth • Fully operational and functional APSA [African
• STI driven Peace and Security Architecture] Pillars
Manufacturing/Industrialisation and • Values and Ideals of Pan Africanism
Value Addition • Cultural Values and African Renaissance
• Economic diversification and resilience • Cultural Heritage, Creative Arts and Businesses
• Tourism/Hospitality • Women and Girls Empowerment
• Agricultural Productivity and • Violence & Discrimination against Women and
Production Girls
• Marine resources and Energy • Youth Empowerment and Children
• Ports Operations and Marine Transport • Africa’s place in global affairs
• Biodiversity conservation and • Partnership
Sustainable natural resource • African Capital market
management • Fiscal system and Public Sector Revenues
• Water Security • Development Assistance
• Climate Resilience and Natural
Disasters preparedness and prevention
• Renewable Energy
• Framework and Institutions for a
United Africa
• Financial and Monetary Institutions
• Communications and Infrastructure
Connectivity
Source African Union Commission, “AGENDA 2063: The Africa We Want—A Shared Strategic
Plan 2014–2023.” 41–42
1 Introduction 15
2014–2023 for Agenda 2063.55 This plan identifies a range of broad priorities for
the period up to 2023 (see Table 1.3).
Initiatives in embedding space applications in African societies should, in the
short-term, be aligned with these priority areas. One of the indicative strategies
required for advancing Africa’s position in global affairs is to “Fully implement all
commitments/agreements required for the establishment of the African Space
Agency, including pooling of resources and sharing of knowledge in space related
areas”, while space-related milestones are identified as: “1. Development and
Adoption of African Space Policy and Strategy is done in 2015; 2. Preparation and
Implementation of Action Plan on African Space Policy starts in 2016; 3. African
Common Position on International Space Agenda is attained by 2018”.56
The African Union Commission has thus recognised the importance of outer
space, and within the Agenda 2063 Framework, outer space is identified as one of
the Flagship Programmes, with the recognition that:
Outer space is of critical importance to the development of Africa in all fields: agriculture,
disaster management, remote sensing, climate forecast, banking and finance, as well as
defense and security. Africa’s access to space technology products is no longer a matter of
luxury and there is a need to speed up access to these technologies and products. New
developments in satellite technologies make these very accessible to African countries.57
The following section will discuss supportive space applications and how they
can aid African societies in meeting the challenges and goals discussed above.
1.4 Supportive Space Applications
The end of the Cold War era provided a new paradigm shift in space activities that
compels radical transformation country by country, regional bloc by regional bloc
and even at continental level for investment, research and development of more
dedicated space satellites to increase humanity’s capability of solving many
developmental challenges. Satellites have become deeply embedded in societies
and their pervasiveness cannot be ignored anymore. A day without satellites is
doomed. From bank automated teller machines (ATMs), cellular phones, global
navigation satellite systems to general earth observation, are adequate evidence of
prevalent nature of space technology applications. Education, research and devel-
opment, sustainable development goals and scientific experiments have been driven
from space technologies of late. Space technology applications offer a new para-
digm of economy and economic development. Development of space assets
(ground segments and space segments) not only provide this economy shift, but
55
African Union Commission, “AGENDA 2063: The Africa We Want—A Shared Strategic
Plan 2014–2023.”.
56
Ibid., 81.
57
African Union Commission, “Agenda 2063: Framework Document,” 2015, 98, http://www.un.
org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/agenda2063-framework.pdf (accessed March 4, 2017).
also, enhances more research and development and offers unique opportunities for
scientific experiments as well. Practical scientific experiments and measurements of
the earth (where human beings and other elements of biodiversity survive on) lean
heavily Earth Observation (EO), Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) and
Satellite Communications (SATCOM) making space technology more relevant in
this modern world. Unfortunately, in Africa, the potential of space technology on
the continent remains unrealised due to limitations in funding, expertise, infras-
tructure, equipment and education. Most of the people in Africa do not realize the
embeddedness and the impact of space technology and the potential it has for
development of this continent.
The extent to which space applications are currently embedded in the African
societies and the benefits to deepen this process can be analysed within the context
of the paradigm shift regarding their use over time. Initially, space applications
were a push demand by militaries for state security at the height of the Cold War, in
the context of international competition and prestige-building.58 It was after the
Russians set Sputnik in orbit that the stage of space activities became so important.
The Americans quickly joined in the race for space mainly in the military, out of
fear of being out-manoeuvred and bombed from space by the communist bloc. With
the fall of the communist bloc in the early 1990s and the end of the Cold War, space
applications shifted from being used as a powerful tool of state security to that of
human security. It became an integral pull demand tool in advancing sustainable
livelihoods of humankind.
The importance of space applications currently embedded in African societies
cannot be over-emphasised, given the important role they play in improving human
lives, particularly in the current era of the information revolution. Space applica-
tions have been used to churn out timely, reliable, disaggregated, bigger, faster,
more current and detailed data than ever before, which is critical especially in the
developing countries (most of which are found in Africa).59 These are vulnerable to
poverty, famine and hunger, conflict and extremism, natural disasters, gender
inequality, high illiteracy, poor health care and climate change, to mention but a
few.60 These data are critical to development agents for supporting goal setting,
optimising investment decisions and progress measuring. The African continent
therefore cannot afford to ignore space applications given their power and role
towards the direction of the challenges faced. It can be said, therefore, that to a
larger extent, the space applications are currently embedded in African societies so
as to ensure human security through meeting sustainable development needs.
The African continent is grappling with a large and fast growing population.
Larger portions of this ballooning population live under acute levels of poverty.
Meeting of basic needs such as food, water, housing, healthcare, and education
remain a challenge. Furthermore, challenges such as poor agricultural yields,
58
R. C. Harding, “Introduction: Space policy in developing countries,” Space Policy 37, (2016): 1–2.
59
United Nations, Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
60
M. Simpson, “Space Assets and Sustainable Development Goals,” Secure World Foundation in
Cooperation with Krystal Wilson, 2016, http://swfound.org (accessed February 28, 2017).
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
devant yaus passer bien deux cens brigans, tous
paveschiés, qui tenoient grans pik et haviaus de fier. Et
s’en vinrent chil hurter et piketer as murs. Entrues
qu’il piketoient et havoient, li archier qui estoient
25 derrière yaus, traioient si ouniement à chiaus qui
estoient as murs, que à painnes osoit nuls apparoir à
le deffense. En cel estat furent il le plus grant partie
dou jour, et si fort assalli que li piketeur qui as murs
[estoient[309]] y fisent un grant trau et si plentiveus que
[76] bien y pooient entrer dix hommes de fronth. Dont
se commencièrent cil de le ville à esbahir et à retraire
devers l’eglise, et li aucun vuidièrent par derrière.
Ensi fu [la forteresce de Roche Millon[310]] prise,
5 et toute courue et robée, et occis li plus grant partie
de ceulz qui y furent trouvet, excepté chiaus et
celles qui s’estoient retrait en l’eglise. Mais tous ceuls
fist sauver li contes Derbi, car il se rendirent simplement
à se volenté. Si rafresci li contes Derbi le
10 garnison de nouvelle gent, et y establi deux escuiers
à capitainnes, qui estoient d’Engleterre, Richart Wille
et Robert l’Escot.
Et puis s’en parti li dis contes, et chevauça devers
le ville de Montsegur, sievant le rivière de Loth. Tant
15 fisent li Englès qu’il vinrent devant Montsegur. Quant
il furent là venu, li contes commanda à logier toutes
manières de gens. Dont se logièrent il et establirent
mansions et logeis pour yaus et pour leurs chevaus.
Dedens le ville de Montsegur avoit un chevalier de
20 Gascongne à chapitainne, que li contes de [Lille] y
avoit de jadis envoiiet, et l’appelloit on messire
Hughe de Batefol. Chilz entendi grandement et bellement
à le ville deffendre et garder, et moult avoient
li homme de le ville en li grant fiance.
25 § 225. Par devant le ville de Montsegur sist li

contes Derbi quinze jours. Et sachiés que là en dedens
il n’i eut onques jour qu’il n’i euist assaut. Et
y fist on drecier grans engiens, que on avoit amenés
[77] et achariiés de Bourdiaus et de Bregerach. Che greva
et foula durement le ville, car il jettoient pières de
fais qui rompoient tours et murs et thois de salles et
de manandries. Avoech tous ces meschiés, li contes
5 Derbi leur mandoit tous les jours, se il estoient pris
ne conquis par force, il ne venroient à nulle merci
qu’il ne fuissent tout mort et exilliet sans remède et
sans merci; mès se il se voloient rendre bellement, et
yaus mettre en l’obeissance dou roy d’Engleterre, et
10 lui recognoistre à signeur, il leur pardonroit son
mautalent et les tenroit pour ses bons amis. Cil de
Montsegur ooient bien les promesses, que li contes
Derbi lor offroit. Si en parlèrent pluiseurs fois ensamble,
et se doubtoient grandement que de force il
15 ne fuissent pris et perdesissent corps et biens; et ne
veoient apparant de confort de nul costé. Si s’en
descouvrirent à leur capitainne, par manière de conseil,
à savoir qu’il leur en consilleroit. Messires Huges
les blasma durement, et dist qu’il s’effreoient pour
20 noient, car il estoient encores fort et bien pourveu
pour yaus tenir demi an, se mestier faisoit. Quant il
oïrent ce, il ne le veurent mies desdire, et se partirent
de lui, ensi que par bon gré. Mès au vespre il
le prisent et l’emprisonnèrent bien et estroitement,
25 et puis li disent que jamais ne partiroit de là, se il ne
descendoit à leur volenté. «Quèle est elle, ce dist
messires Huges de Batefol?»—«Elle est telle que
vous nous aidiés à acorder au conte Derbi et as Englès,
afin que nous demorons en pais.»
30 Li chevaliers perçut bien l’affection qu’il avoient
as Englès, et comment il le tenoient en dangier; si
leur dist: «Metés moi hors, et j’en ferai mon pooir.»
[78] Adonc li fisent il jurer qu’il le feroit ensi. Il le jura;
si fu desprisonnés parmi ce couvent, et s’en vint as
barrières de le ville, et fist signe qu’il voloit parler au
conte Derbi. Messires Gautiers de Mauni estoit là
5 presens qui se traist avant et vint parlementer au dit
chevalier. Li chevaliers commença à trettier et dist:
«Sire de Mauni, vous ne vos devés pas esmervillier
se nous nos cloons contre vous, car nous avons juré
feaulté et hommage au roy de France. Or veons nous
10 maintenant que personne de par lui ne vous deffent
point les camps, et creons assés que vous chevaucerés
encores oultre. Pour quoi je, pour mi, et li homme
de ceste ville pour eulz, vous vorroient priier que
nous puissions demorer en composition que vous ne
15 nous feissiés point de guerre, ne nous vous, le terme
d’un mois. Et, se là en dedens li rois de France ou
li dus de Normendie ses filz venoient en ce pays si
fors que pour vous combatre, nous serions quittes
et absolz de nos couvens. Et se il n’i viennent, u li uns
20 d’yaus, nous nos metterons en l’obeissance dou roy
d’Engleterre.» Messires Gautiers respondi et dist:
«J’en irai volentiers parler à monsigneur le conte
Derbi.»
Lors se departi de là li sires de Mauni et vint devers
25 le dit conte, qui n’estoit pas loing; se li remoustra
toutes les paroles que vous avés oyes. Li contes
Derbi busia sus un petit, et puis en respondi: «Messire
Gautier, il me plaist bien que ceste ordenance
voist ensi. Mès prendés bons plèges qu’il ne se puissent
30 de riens enforcier, ce terme durant; et se il nous
besongne vivres pour nous rafrescir et nos gens,
nous en aions sans dangier pour nos denierz.»
[79] —«Sire, dist il, c’est bien li intention de mi.» Adonc
se parti li sires de Mauni dou conte Derbi, et chevauça
jusques as bailles de la ville où li chevaliers
estoit qui l’attendoit; se li remoustra toutes les raisons
5 dessus dittes. Il les recorda arrière à chiaus de
le ville, qui n’estoient mies present. Chil de Montsegur
y descendirent volentiers. Et se misent tantos
douze bourgois des plus souffissans en ostagerie, pour
acomplir les couvens dessus dis et demorer la ville
10 en pais: chil furent envoiiet à Bourdiaus. Ensi demora
Montsegur en composition, et fu li hos rafreschie
des pourveances de le ville. Mès point n’entrèrent
li Englès dedens, et passèrent oultre en courant
et essillant le pays; si le trouvoient plain et drut et
15 grosses villes batiches où il recouvroient de tous
vivres à grant fuison.
§ 226. Tant esploita li hos au conte Derbi que il

vinrent assés priès d’Aguillon. A ce donc y avoit un
chastellain qui n’estoit mies trop vaillans homs d’armes,
20 si com il le moustra. Car si tretost qu’il seut le
conte Derbi approchant, il fu si effraés et eut si grant
doubte de perdre corps et biens, que il ne se fist
point assallir; mès vint au devant dou conte Derbi
et se rendi, salve ses biens et chiaus de le ville et
25 dou chastiel, qui estoit adonc uns des fors dou monde
et le mains prendable. De quoi cil dou pays environ
furent bien esmervilliet, quant il oïrent les nouvelles
que li dis chastiaus estoit sitost rendus as Englès,
especialment chil de le chité de Thoulouse, car c’est
30 à sept liewes priès. Et depuis, quant li escuiers qui
Aguillon avoit rendu vint à Thoulouse, li homme de
[80] le ville le prisent, et le amisent de trahison, et le pendirent
sans merci. Quant li contes Derbi eut le saisine
de le ville et dou chastiel d’Aguillon, il en fu
si resjoïs qu’il n’euist mies esté ossi liés se li rois
5 d’Engleterre euist d’autre part conquis cent mil florins,
pour le cause de ce qu’il le veoit bien seant et
en bonne marce, en le pointe de deux grosses rivières
portans navie. Et le rafreschi et rempara de tout ce
qu’il besongnoit, ensi que pour avoir y son retour
10 et faire ent son garde corps. Et quant il s’en parti,
il le laissa en le garde d’un bon chevalier sage et
vaillant, qui s’appelloit messires Jehans de Gombri.
Puis chevauça oultre li dis contes à toute son host, et
vint à un chastiel que on appelle Sograt; si le conquist
15 par assaut. Et furent mort tout li saudoiier estragne
qui dedens estoient. Et de là endroit il s’en
vint devant le ville de le Riolle.
§ 227. Or vint li contes Henris Derbi à tout ses

gens devant le Riolle, et le assega fortement et
20 destroitement de tous costés. Et mist bastides sus les
chemins en tel manière que nulles pourveances ne
pooient venir ne entrer dedens le ville. De le ville
et dou chastiel de le Riolle estoit chapitainne pour
le temps uns chevaliers de Prouvence, qui se nommoit
25 messires Agos des Baus. Et avoit desous lui et
en se carge pluiseurs bons compagnons, qui le ville
tinrent souffisamment. Si vous di que il y eut fais
pluiseurs grans assaus, car priès que tous les jours y
assalloit on. Et traioient et escarmuçoient li archier
30 à chiaus de dedens. Si en y avoit souvent des blechiés
des uns et des aultres. Tant y fu li sièges que
[81] en le saison moult avant, car cil de le Riolle cuidoient
estre conforté dou roy de France et dou duch
de Normendie, mès non furent. Dont il couvint
que cil de Montsegur se mesissent en l’obeissance
5 dou roy d’Engleterre, par le composition dessus ditte.
Et y envoia li contes Derbi, seant devant le Riolle, le
signeur de Mauni, pour tant qu’il avoit fait le premier
trettié de le composition, et leur remoustra sur
quoi et comment il s’estoient composé, et que de ce
10 il avoient livrés ostages. Cil de Montsegur veirent
bien qu’il ne pooient plus variier; si se rendirent et
devinrent homme par feaulté et hommage au conte
Derbi, qui representoit en ces coses le roy d’Engleterre.
Et meismement messires Huges de Batefol devint
15 homs ossi au dit conte avoecques chiaus de
Montsegur, et jura feaulté et hommage. Et parmi tant
il demora gardiiens et chapitainne de le ville de
Montsegur, à certains gages qu’il avoit dou conte
Derbi pour lui et pour ses compagnons.
20 § 228. Li Englès, qui seoient devant le Riolle et

qui y furent plus de neuf sepmainnes, avoient fait
ouvrer et carpenter deux berefrois de gros mairiens
à trois estages, et seant cescun berefroit sur quatre
rues. Et estoient cil berefroit, au lés devers le ville,
25 tout couvert de cuir boulit, pour deffendre dou tret
et dou feu, et avoit en çascun estage cent archiers.
Si amenèrent li Englès à force de hommes ces deux
berefrois jusques as murs; car entrues que on les
avoit ouvrés et carpentés, il avoient fait remplir les
30 fossés si avant que pour tout aise conduire leurs
berefrois. Si commencièrent cil qui estoient en ces
[82] estages à traire durement et fortement à chiaus qui
se tenoient as deffenses. Et traioient si roit et si
ouniement que à painnes ne s’osoit nulz apparoir ne
amoustrer, se il n’estoit trop fort armés et trop bien
5 paveschiés contre le tret. Entre ces deux berefrois,
qui estoient arrestés devant les murs, avoit deux cens
compagnons à tout hauiaus et grans pilz de fer et
aultres instrumens pour effondrer le mur. Et jà en
avoient des pières assés ostées et rompues, car li
10 arcier qui estoient hault ens ès estages reparoient
dessus tous les murs, et traioient si fort que nulz
n’osoit approcier pour deffendre. Par cel estat et assaut
et de force euist esté la ville de le Riolle prise
et conquise sans nul remède, quant li bourgois de
15 le ville, qui tout effraet estoient, s’en vinrent à l’une
des portes, et demandèrent le signeur de Mauni ou
aucun grant signeur de l’host à qui il peussent parler.
Ces nouvelles vinrent au conte Derbi: si y envoia
le signeur de Mauni et le baron de Stanfort, pour
20 savoir qu’il voloient dire ne mettre avant. Si trouvèrent
que li homme de le ville se voloient rendre,
salve leurs corps et leurs biens. Li chevalier, qui là
avoient esté envoiiet, respondirent que riens il n’en
accepteroient, sans le sceu dou conte Derbi: «Si
25 irons parler à lui, et tantost nous retourrons devers
vous; si vous responderons de se intention.»
§ 229. Quant messires Agos des Baus senti que

cil de le ville se voloient rendre, il ne veult onques
estre à leur trettiet, mès se parti d’yaus et se bouta
30 dedens le chastiel de le Riolle, avoech che qu’il avoit
de compagnons. Et y fist mettre et mener, entrues
[83] que cil trettiet se faisoient, grant quantité de vins et
de pourveances de le ville; et puis s’encloirent laiens,
et disent qu’il ne se renderoient mies ensi. Or vinrent
li dessus dit chevalier au conte Derbi, et li contèrent
5 comment li bourgois de le Riolle se voloient
rendre, salve leurs corps et leurs biens. Li contes
demanda se li chapitainnes de laiens avoit estet à
ces trettiés. Il respondirent que nennil, fors tant
seulement li homme de le ville. «Or alés, dist li
10 contes as chevaliers, veoir et savoir pour quoi il n’i
est, et comment il se voelt maintenir.» Il disent:
«Sire, volentiers.» Lors retournèrent arriere jusques
as barrières, et demandèrent à chiaus de le
ville: «Vostre chapitainne, où est il? Ne voelt il
15 point estre de vostre trettié?» Il respondirent: «Nous
ne parlons que de nous meismes: il face sa volenté.
Jà s’est il boutés ou chastiel et moustre qu’il le vodra
tenir, quoi que nos devenons Englès.»
Adonc retournèrent li chevalier devers le conte
20 Derbi, et li relatèrent la besongne ensi que elle aloit.
Quant li contes oy ce, si n’en fu mies mains pensieus.
Et quant il eut pensé une espasse, si dist:
«Alés, alés, prendés les à merci! Par le ville prenderons
nous le chastiel.» Lors se departirent li dessus
25 dit dou dit conte, et vinrent de rechief à chiaus
de le Riolle et les rechurent à merci, parmi tant
qu’il vinrent sus les camps aporter les clés de le ville
au conte Derbi, et li presentèrent en disant: «Chiers
sires et honnerés, de che jour en avant nous recognissons
30 à estre vostre feal et soubget, et nous
metons dou tout en l’obeissance dou roy d’Engleterre.»
Ensi devinrent homme cil de le Riolle en
[84] ce temps par conquès au roy d’Engleterre. Avoech
tout ce, li contes Derbi leur fist jurer sus le teste
qu’il ne conforteroient en riens chiaus dou chastiel
de le Riolle, mès leur seroient ennemit et les greveroient
5 de tout leur pooir. Il le jurèrent solennelment;
par ensi vinrent il à pais. Et fist deffendre li
contes Derbi sus le hart que nulz ne fesist mal à
chiaus de le Riolle.
§ 230. Ensi eut li contes Derbi le ville de le

10 Riolle, mès li chastiaus se tenoit encores, qui bien
estoit pourveus et garnis de bonnes gens, de bon
chapitainne et segur, et de grant artillerie. Si se traist
li dis contes dedens le ville de le Riolle, et y fist
traire toutes ses gens et environner le chastiel et
15 drechier par devant tous ses engiens, qui nuit et jour
jettoient contre les murs dou dit chastiel; mès trop
petit l’empiroient, car il estoient hault malement, et
de pière dure et ouvrée de jadis par mains de Sarrasins,
qui faisoient les saudures si fortes et les ouvrages si
20 estragnes que ce n’est point comparison à chiaus de
maintenant. Quant li contes Derbi et messires Gautiers
de Mauni veirent que il perdoient leur temps
par ces engiens, si les fisent cesser et s’avisèrent qu’il
ouveroient d’un aultre mestier. Il avoient des mineurs,
25 car onques il n’en furent sevret tant qu’il
guerriassent, et leur demandèrent se on poroit miner
le chastiel de le Riolle. Il respondirent que il s’i
assaieroient vollentiers. Lors avisèrent il mine, et
commencièrent à ouvrer et à miner fort et roit, et à
30 aler par desous les fossés. Se ne fu mies si tost fait.
Entrues que on seoit là et que cil mineur minoient,
[85] messires Gautiers de Mauni s’avisa de son père, qui
jadis avoit esté occis ens ou voiage de Saint Jakeme;
et avoit oy recorder en son enfance qu’il devoit estre
ensepelis en le Riolle ou là environ. Si fist à savoir
5 parmi le ville de le Riolle, se il estoit nulz qui seuist
de verité à dire où il fu mis, on li menast, et il donroit
à celui cent escus. Ces nouvelles s’espardirent
par tout. Dont se traist avant uns anciiens homs durement,
qui en cuidoit savoir aucune cose; et vint à
10 monsigneur Gautier de Mauni et li dist: «Certes,
sire, je vous cuide bien mener au liu, ou assés priès,
où vostre signeur de père fu jadis ensepelis.» De ces
nouvelles fu messires Gautiers de Mauni tous joians
et dist, se ses parolles estoient trouvées en vrai, qu’il
15 li tenroit son couvent et encores oultre. Or vous recorderai
le matère dou père le signeur de Mauni, et
puis retourrai au fait.
§ 231. Il y eut jadis un evesque en Cambresis

qui fu gascons, de chiaus de Beu et de Mirepois, qui
20 furent grant linage et fort pour le temps de lors en
Gascongne. Or avint que, dou temps cesti evesque,
uns très grans tournois se fist dehors Cambray. Et y
eut bien à ce tournoy cinq cens chevaliers tournians.
Et là eut li dis evesques de Cambray un sien neveut,
25 jone chevalier richement armet et montet. Chilz
s’adreça à monsigneur le Borgne de Mauni, père au
dit monsigneur Gautier et à ses frères, qui estoit
durs chevaliers, rades et fors et bien tournians. Si
fu telement li jones chevaliers gascons maniiés et
30 batus que onques depuis ce tournoy il n’eut santé
et morut. De le mort de lui fu encoupés li sires de
[86] Mauni, et demora en le hayne et mautalent dou dit
evesque de Cambray et de son linage. Environ deux
ans ou trois apriès, bonnes gens s’en ensonniièrent,
et en fu pais faite. Et, en nom d’amende et de pais,
5 cilz sires de Mauni en deubt aler, ensi qu’il fist, à
Saint Jakeme de Galisse.
En ce temps qu’il fu en ce voiage, seoit devant le
ville de le Riolle messires Charles, contes de Vallois,
frères dou biau roy Phelippe, et avoit sis un grant
10 temps; car elle se tenoit englesce avoech pluiseurs
aultres villes et chités qui estoient au roy d’Engleterre,
père à celui qui assega Tournay: si ques li dis
sires de Mauni, à son retour, s’en vint veoir le conte
de Vallois, car li contes Guillaumes de Haynau avoit
15 à femme sa fille, et li moustra ses lettres, car il estoit
là comme rois de France. Avint que ce soir li sires
de Mauni s’en revenoit à son hostel. Si fu espiiés et
attendus dou linage de celui pour qui il avoit fait le
voiage; et droit au dehors des logeis dou conte de
20 Vallois, il fu pris, occis et mourdris. Et ne peut on
onques savoir de verité qui occis l’avoit, fors tant
que li dessus dit en furent retet. Mais il estoient
adonc là si fort qu’il s’en passèrent et escusèrent;
ne nulz n’en fist partie pour le signeur de Mauni.
25 Si le fist li contes de Vallois ensepelir en ce temps
en une petite capelle, qui estoit pour le temps de lors
dehors le Riolle. Et quant li contes de Vallois l’eut
conquis, ceste capelle fu mise ou clos de le ville. Et
bien souvenoit le viel homme dessus dit de toutes
30 ces coses, car il avoit estet presens au dit signeur
de Mauni mettre en terre: pour ce, en parloit il si
avant.
[87] Ensi li sires [de] Mauni, avoech le preudomme, s’en
vint au propre lieu où ses pères avoit estet jadis ensepelis;
et avoit un petit tombiel de marbre desus lui
que si varlet y avoient fait mettre. Quant il furent
5 venu sus le tombiel, li vielles homs dist au signeur
de Mauni: «Certes, sires, chi desous gist et fu ensepelis
messires vos pères. Encores y a escript lettres
sur le tombiel, qui tesmongneront que je di verité.»
Adonc s’abaissa messires Gautiers et regarda sus le
10 tombiel, et y perchut voirement lettres escriptes en
latin, les quèles il fist [lire[311]] par un sien clerch. Si
trouvèrent que li preudons avoit voir dit. De ces
nouvelles fu li sires de Mauni moult liés, et fist oster
et lever le tombiel dedens trois jours apriès, et prendre
15 les os de son père et mettre en un sarcu. Depuis
les envoia il à Valenciennes en Haynau, et de rechief
il les fist ensepelir dedens l’eglise des Frères Meneurs
moult honnourablement, assés priès dou coer dou
moustier, et li fist faire depuis son obsèque moult
20 reveramment. Et encores li fait on tous les ans, car
li frère de laiens en sont bien renté.
§ 232. Or revenrons au siège de le Riolle, dou

dit chastiel où li contes Derbi sist plus de onze
sepmainnes. Tant ouvrèrent cil mineur que li contes
25 Derbi avoit mis en leur mine, qu’il vinrent desous le
chastiel, et si avant qu’il abatirent une basse tour des
chaingles dou dongnon. Mès à le mestre tour dou
dongnon ne pooient il nul mal faire, car elle estoit
mâchonnée sus vive roce, dont on ne pooit trouver
[88] le fons. Bien se perchut messires Agos des Baus que
on les minoit. Si en fu en doubte, car au voir dire
c’est grans effrois pour gens qui sont en une forterèce,
quant il sentent que on les mine. Si en parla
5 à ses compagnons, par manière de conseil, à savoir
comment il s’en poroient chevir. Et bien leur dist
que il estoient en grant peril, puis que on leur aloit
par ce tour. Li compagnon ne furent mies bien asseguret
de ces parolles, car nulz ne muert volentiers,
10 puis qu’il poet finer par aultres gages; se li disent:
«Chiers sires, vous estes nos chapitainne et nos gardiiens;
si devons tout obeir et user par vous. Voirs
est que moult honnourablement nous nos sommes
ychi tenu, et n’arons nul blasme en avant de nous
15 composer au conte Derbi. Si parlons à lui à savoir se
il nous lairoit jamais partir, salve nos corps et nos
biens, et nous li renderons le forterèce, puis c’autrement
ne poons finer.»
A ces paroles s’acorda messires Agos des Baus, et
20 vint jus de le grosse tour; si bouta sa tieste hors
d’une basse fenestre qui là estoit, et fist signe qu’il
voloit parler à qui que fust de l’ost: tantost fu appareilliés
qui vint avant. On li demanda qu’il voloit
dire; il dist qu’il voloit parler au conte Derbi ou à
25 monsigneur Gautier de Mauni. On li respondi que
on leur lairoit volentiers savoir. Si vinrent cil qui là
avoient esté devers le conte Derbi, et li recordèrent
ces nouvelles. Li contes, qui eut grant desir de savoir
quel cose messires Agos voloit dire, monta tantost à
30 cheval et en mena avoecques lui monsigneur Gautier
de Mauni et monsigneur Richart de Stanfort, et leur
dist: «Alons veoir et savoir que li chapitainne nous
[89] voelt.» Si chevaucièrent celle part. Quant il furent là
venu, messires Agos osta chaperon tout jus, et les
salua bellement l’un apriès l’autre, et puis dist: «Signeur,
il est bien voirs que li rois de France m’a envoiiet
5 en ceste ville et en che chastiel pour le garder
et deffendre à mon loyal pooir. Vous savés comment
je m’en sui acquittés, et vorroie encores faire. Mais
tous jours ne poet on pas demorer en un lieu. Je
m’en partiroie volentiers et ossi tout mi compagnon,
10 se il vous plaisoit; et vodrions aler demorer aultre
part, mès que nous euissions vostre congiet. Si nous
laissiés partir, salve nos corps et nos biens, et nous
vous renderons le forterèce.»
Adonc respondi li contes Derbi et dist: «Messire
15 Agos, messire Agos, vous n’en irés pas ensi. Nous
savons bien que nous vous avons si astrains et si
menés que nous vous arons quant nous vorrons,
car vostre forterèce ne gist fors que sus estançons:
si vous rendés simplement, et ensi serés vous receu.»
20 Lors respondi messires Agos et dist: «Certes, sire, se
il nous couvenoit entrer en ce parti, je tieng de vous
tant d’onneur et de gentillèce que vous ne nous
feriés fors toute courtoisie, ensi que vous vorriés que
li rois de France ou li dus de Normendie fesist à vos
25 chevaliers, ou à vous meismes, se vous estiés ou parti
d’armes où à present nous sommes. Si ne bleceriés
mies, s’il plaist à Dieu, le gentillèce ne le noblèce
de vous, pour un peu de saudoiiers qui ci sont, qui
ont gagniet à grant painne leurs deniers, et que j’ay
30 amenet avoecques moy de Prouvence, de Savoie et
de le daufinet de Viane. Car sachiés, se je cuidoie
que li mendres des nostres ne deuist venir à merci
[90] ossi bien que li plus grans, nous nos venderions
ançois telement que onques gens [assegiés[312]] en forterèce
ne se vendirent en celle manière. Si vous pri
que vous y voelliés regarder et entendre, et nous
5 faites compagnie d’armes: si vous en sarons gré.»
Adonc se traisent cil troi chevalier ensamble, et
parlèrent moult longement de pluiseurs coses. Finablement
il considerèrent le loyauté de monsigneur
Agot des Baus, et qu’il estoit uns chevaliers estragnes
10 hors dou royaume de France, et ossi que moult
raisonnablement
il leur avoit remoustré le droit parti
d’armes, et que encores les pooit il tenir là moult
grant temps à siège, car on ne pooit miner le mestre
tour dou chastiel. Si s’enclinèrent à se priière et li
15 respondirent courtoisement: «Messire Agoth, nous
vorrions faire à tous chevaliers estragnes bonne compagnie.
Si volons, biau sire, que vous partés et tout
li vostre, mès vous n’en porterés que vos armeures
tant seulement.» Il cloy ce mot et dist: «Et ensi
20 soit!» Adonc se retrest li dessus dis à ses compagnons,
et leur conta comment il avoit esploitié. De
ces nouvelles furent il tout joiant. Si ordonnèrent
leurs besongnes au plus tost qu’il peurent, et s’armèrent,
et ensiellèrent leurs chevaus che qu’il en
25 avoient; mès tout par tout n’en y avoit que six. Li
aucun en acatèrent as Englès qui leur vendirent bien
et chier. Ensi se parti messires Agos des Baus dou
chastiel de le Riolle, et le rendi as Englès qui s’en
misent en saisine tantost, et s’en vint en le cité de
30 Thoulouse.
[91] § 233. Apriès che que li contes Derbi eut se volenté

et fu venus à sen entente de le ville de le
Riolle et dou chastiel, où il avoit esté et sis un grant
temps, il chevauça oultre; mais il laissa en le dessus
5 ditte ville un chevalier englès, sage homme et vaillant
durement, pour entendre à le refection de le
ville et dou chastiel et remettre à point et remparer
ce qui brisiet et romput estoit. Si chevauça li dis
contes à toute son host devers Montpesas. Quant il
10 fu là venus, il le fist assallir durement et fortement.
Et n’avoit dedens le chastiel que bonhommes dou
pays qui s’i estoient boutet et atrait leurs biens, sus
le fiance dou fort lieu, et qui trop bien le deffendirent
tant qu’il peurent durer. Toutes fois il fu pris
15 par assaut et par eschellement, mès il cousta grandement
au conte de ses arciers. Et y eut mort un
gentil homme d’Engleterre qui s’appelloit Richart de
Pennevort, et portoit le banière le signeur de Stanfort:
dont tout li signeur furent durement courouciet,
20 mès amender ne le peurent. Si donna li contes
Derbi le chastiel et le chastelerie à un sien escuier,
apert homme d’armes durement, qui s’appelloit Thomas
de Baucestre, et laissa avoecques lui en le garnison
soixante arciers, et puis chevauça vers le ville
25 de Mauron. Et quant il fu là venus, il fist traire ses
gens avant et ses arciers et puis assallir fortement et
durement, mais il ne l’eurent mies par leur assaut.
Si se logièrent là celle nuit, et le gaegnièrent à l’endemain
par l’engien et le sens d’un chevalier de Gascongne,
30 qui là estoit, que on clamoit messire Alexandre
de Chaumont. Je vous dirai comment. Il dist au
conte Derbi: «Sire, faites samblant de deslogier et
[92] de vous traire d’autre part, et laissiés un petit de vos
gens devant le ville. Chil de laiens isteront tantost
sus. De tant les cognoi je bien. Et vos gens qui seront
demoret se feront cachier. Et nous serons en l’embusche
5 desous ces oliviers, sitost qu’il nous aront
passet. Li une partie retourra sus yaus, et li aultre
chevaucera vers le ville. Ensi les arons nous et le
ville ossi: de tant me fai je fors.»
A l’ordenance dou chevalier s’acorda li contes
10 Derbi, et fist demorer le conte de Kenfort derrière
à cent hommes tant seulement, et l’avisa de ce qu’il
devoit faire, et puis se parti. Et fist tout tourser et
cargier, chars et charètes et sommiers, et fist signe
que il voloit aler d’autre part, et eslonga le ville environ
15 une demi liewe. Si mist une grosse embusce
en un val entre oliviers et vignes, et puis chevauça
oultre. Cil de Mauron qui veirent le conte Derbi
parti et une puignie de gens demoret derrière, disent
entre yaus: «Or tos issons hors de nostre ville et
20 alons combatre ce tant d’Englès qui sont demoret
derrière: tantost les arons desconfis et mis à merci.
Si sera honneurs et pourfis pour nous très grandement.»
Tout s’acordèrent à ceste opinion et s’armèrent
vistement et issirent que mieus mieus, et
25 pooient bien estre quatre cens. Quant li contes de
Kenfort et cil qui dalés lui estoient les veirent issir,
il fisent samblant de fuir, et commencièrent à reculer;
et li François apriès, qui se hastèrent durement
d’yaus encaucier; et tant les poursievirent qu’il passèrent
30 oultre l’embusce qui salli vistement hors, dont
messires Gautiers de Mauni estoit chiés. Si escriièrent
clerement li Englès: «Mauni! Mauni!» Et s’en feri
[93] une partie en ces François, et li aultre partie brochièrent
devers le ville. Si y vinrent si à point qu’il
trouvèrent les bailles et les portes toutes ouvertes et
en petite garde, car il n’i avoit non plus de dix
5 hommes, qui encores cuidièrent que ce fust de leurs
gens. Ensi se saisirent li premier venant de le porte
et dou pont, et furent tantost mestre et signeur de
le ville. Car cil qui estoient devant et derrière enclos
furent telement envay et assalli que onques piés n’en
10 escapa qu’il ne fuissent tout mort ou pris.
Ensi eut li contes Derbi le bonne ville de Mauron
à se volenté. Et se rendirent li demorans, hommes
et femmes, à lui, et tous les rechut à merci, et respita
par gentillèce le ville d’ardoir et de pillier. Et le
15 donna et toute le signourie à monsigneur Alixandre
de Chaumont, par quel avis elle avoit estet gaegnie.
Si y establi li dis chevaliers un sien frère escuier à
chapitainne, que on appelloit Anthone de Chaumont.
Et pour mieulz garder le ville, li contes Derbi li laissa
20 cent arciers et soixante bidaus à tout pavais. Et puis
passa oultre et vint à Villefrance en Aginois, qui fu
prise par assaut, et li chastiaus ossi. Et y laissa à gouvreneur
et chapitainne un chevalier englès, que on
clamoit monsigneur Thumas Kok. Ensi chevauçoit
25 li contes Derbi le pays d’un lés et d’aultre, ne nuls
ne li aloit au devant, et conqueroit villes, cités et
chastiaus. Et gaegnoient ses gens et conquestoient si
grant avoir par tout que merveilles seroit à penser.
§ 234. Quant li contes Derbi eut fait sa volenté
30 de Villefrance, il chevauça vers Miremont, en raproçant
Bourdiaus, car onques si coureur pour celle
[94] fois ne passèrent point le port Sainte Marie. Si fu
trois jours devant Miremont; au quatrime il se rendi.
Se le donna li contes Derbi à un sien escuier qui
s’appelloit Jehan de Bristo. En apriès, ses gens prisent
5 une petite ville fremée sus le Garone, que on appelle
Thoni[n]s, et en apriès le fort chastiel de Damasen.
Si le garni et rafreschi bien de bonnes gens
d’armes et d’arciers, et puis chevauça oultre devers
le cité d’Angouloime. Quant il fu venus devant, il
10 l’assega de tous [poins[313]], et dist qu’il ne s’en partiroit,
se l’aroit à se volenté. Chil de le cité de Angouloime
ne furent mies bien asseguret quant il se veirent assegiet
dou conte Derbi; et n’eurent mies conseil
d’yaus tenir trop longement, car il ne veoient apparant
15 nul secours de nul costé. Si se composèrent
parmi tant qu’il envoiièrent à Bourdiaus vingt quatre
des plus riches de leur cité en ostagerie, sus certain
trettiet que il demoroient en souffrance de pais un
mois. Et se dedens ce mois li rois de France envoioit
20 ou pays homme si fort qu’il peuist tenir les camps
contre le conte Derbi, il ravoient leurs ostages et
estoient quitte et absolz de leur trettiet. Et se ce
n’avenoit, il se mettoient en l’obeissance dou roy
d’Engleterre. Ensi demora li cités d’Angouloime en
25 pais.
Et passa li contes Derbi oultre, et vint devant
Blaives et l’assega de tous poins. Par dedens estoient
gardiien et chapitainne doi chevalier de Poito, dont
on clamoit l’un monsigneur Guichart d’Angle, jone
30 chevalier pour le temps d’adonc et appert durement,
[95] et l’autre monsigneur Guillaume de Rochewart. Chil
se tinrent francement et richement, et disent qu’il
ne se renderoient à homme dou monde. Entrues que
on seoit devant Blaves, chevaucièrent li Englès devant
5 Mortagne en Poito, dont messires Bouchicaus
estoit chapitainne pour le temps de lors. Et y eut là
un très grant assaut, mès riens n’i fisent; anchois y
laissièrent il fuison de leurs [gens[314]] mors et bleciés.
Si s’en retournèrent et furent ossi devant Mirabiel
10 et devant Ausnay, et puis revinrent au siège de Blaves,
où priès que tous les jours il y avoit fait aucune apertise
d’armes.
§ 235. Ce siège pendant devant Blaves, li termes

dou mois vint que cil d’Angouloime se devoient rendre,
15 se il n’estoient secouru. Si y envoia li contes
Derbi ses deux mareschaus, le signeur de Mauni et
le baron de Stanfort, pour remoustrer les ordenances
où il estoient obligiet. Chil d’Angouloime ne sceurent
ne ne veurent riens opposer à l’encontre. Il vinrent
20 et descendirent en l’obeissance dou roy d’Engleterre,
et jurèrent feaulté et hommage as dessus dis
mareschaus dou conte, qui representoient le corps
dou roy, par le vertu de le procuration qu’il avoient.
Et ensi eurent il pais, et revinrent leur hostage. Si
25 envoia li dis contes, à le requeste d’yaus, un chapitainne,
sage homme et vaillant escuier durement,
qui s’appelloit Jehan de Norvich.
Et toutdis se tenoit li sièges devant Blaves; et tant
s’i tint que li Englès en estoient tout hodé et tout
[96] lassé, car li yviers approçoit durement, et si ne conqueroient
riens sus ceulz de Blaves. Si eurent conseil,
tout consideré l’un par l’autre, qu’il se retrairoient
en le cité de Bourdiaus et se tenroient là
5 jusques au printamps, que il regarderoient où il poroient
chevaucier et emploiier leur saison. Si se
deslogièrent toutes manières de gens et passèrent le
rivière de Geronde, et fisent passer tout leur harnas;
et vinrent à Bourdiaus où il furent recheu à grant
10 joie et moult honnouré des bourgois et des bourgoises
de le ville. Assés tost apriès le revenue dou
conte Derbi à Bourdiaus, il departi toutes ses gens
d’armes et envoia cescun en se garnison, pour mieus
entendre as besongnes desus le frontière et estre ossi
15 plus au large.
Or parlerons nous un petit d’aucunes avenues qui
avilirent ens ès mètes de Pikardie en ce temps, et
puis retourrons sus une grosse chevaucie que li dus
Jehans de Normendie, ainnés filz dou roy Phelippe,
20 fist en celle saison en le langue d’och; et recouvra
sus les Englès pluiseurs villes, chités et chastiaus
qu’il avoient pris en celle meisme anée et le saison
devant.
§ 236. En ce tamps et en celle meisme saison

25 eschei en le indignation et hayne trop grandement
dou roy de France uns des grans banerès de Normendie,
messires Godefrois de Harcourt, [frères au
comte de Harcourt[315]] pour le temps de lors, et sires
de Saint Salveur le Visconte et de pluiseurs villes en
[97] Normendie, et tout par amise et par envie, car un
petit en devant il estoit si bien dou roy et dou duch
qu’il voloit. Si fu banis publikement de tout le
royaume de France. Et vous di que, se li roys de
5 France l’euist tenu en son aïr, il n’en euist nient
mains fait qu’il fist de monsigneur Olivier de Cliçon
et des aultres qui avoient esté l’anée devant decolé à
Paris. Si ot li dis messires Godefrois amis en voie qui
li noncièrent secretement comment li rois estoit dur
10 infourmés sur lui et [mal meus[316]]. Si se parti li dis
chevaliers et vuida le royaume de France au plus
tost qu’il peut, et s’en vint en Braibant dalés le duch
Jehan de Braibant son cousin, qui le rechut liement.
Si demora là un grant temps, et despendoit sa revenue
15 qu’il avoit en Braibant, car en France n’avoit il
riens; mès avoit li rois saisi toute sa terre de Constentin
et en faisoit lever les pourfis. Ensi eschei li dis
chevaliers en dangier, et ne pooit revenir en l’amour
dou roy de France, pour cose que li dus de Braibant
20 en seuist ne peuist priier. Ceste hayne cousta depuis
si grossement au royaume de France et par especial
au pays de Normendie, que les traces en parurent
cent ans apriès, si com vous orés recorder avant en
l’ystore.
25 § 237. En ce temps regnoit[317] encores ou pays de

Flandres, en grant prosperité et poissance, cilz bourgois
de Gand, Jakemes d’Artevelle. Et estoit si bien
dou roy d’Engleterre qu’il voloit, car il prommetoit
[98] au dit roy qu’il le feroit signeur et hiretier de Flandres,
et en ravestiroit son fil le prince de Galles, et
feroit on de la conté de Flandres une ducé. De quoi,
sus ceste entente, li rois d’Engleterre estoit en celle
5 saison, environ le Saint Jehan Baptiste l’an quarante
cinq, venus à l’Escluse à grant fuison de baronnie et
de chevalerie d’Engleterre; et avoit là amenet le jone
prince de Galles son fil, sus les promesses de ce d’Artevelle.
Si se tenoit li dis rois et toute se navie ou
10 havene de l’Escluse et ossi son tinel. Et là le venoient
veoir et viseter si amit de Flandres. Et eut là pluiseurs
parlemens entre le roy d’Engleterre et d’Artevelle,
d’une part, et les consaulz des bonnes villes,
d’autre, sus l’estat dessus dit. Dont cil dou pays n’estoient
15 mies bien d’acort au roy, ne à d’Artevelle qui
preeçoit de deshireter le conte Loeis leur naturel signeur
et son jone fil Loeis, et à hireter le fil dou roy
d’Engleterre: ceste cose ne feroient il jamais. Dont
au darrainier parlement qui avoit esté à l’Escluse,
20 dedens le navie dou roy d’Engleterre, que on appelloit
Katherine, qui estoit si grosse et si grande que
merveilles estoit à regarder, il avoient respondu d’un

PDF Integrated Space For African Society Legal and Policy Implementation of Space in African Countries Annette Froehlich Ebook Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PDF Integrated Space For African Society Legal and Policy Implementation of Space in African Countries Annette Froehlich Ebook Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Integrated Space for African Society

Legal and Policy Implementation of

Space Fostering African Societies Developing the

Embedding Space in African Society The United Nations

Space Fostering Latin American Societies Developing the

National Space Legislation A Comparative and Evaluative

The United Nations and Space Security: Conflicting

Yearbook on Space Policy 2017 Security in Outer Space

Innovative Models for Sustainable Development in

Public Health at the Border of Zimbabwe and Mozambique,

Annette Froehlich Editor

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16025

ISSN 2523-3718 ISSN 2523-3726 (electronic)

Cape Town taken from space/ISS. Credits NASA

Princeton, USA Greg Olsen

utmost importance, and it is a given that space-originated information allows for

identiﬁed, amongst others, as return on investment, availability, communication

Part I Sustainable Development Goals and Space in Africa

Part II Country Reports

Part III Integrated Space for African Society

A. Siebrits (&) M. Gasela

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 3

1.2 African Challenges and Trends

1.2.1 Climate Change and Environment

1.2.2 Population Growth and Urbanisation

However, while representing a severe challenge, Africa’s burgeoning young

Africa’s security challenges present a serious risk to the continent’s development

1.3 SDGs and AGENDA 2063

Broadly, as noted in UN Resolution A/RES/70/1, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable

Table 1.1 17 Sustainable Development Goals

operationalisation of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda within Africa is of

1.4 Supportive Space Applications

25 § 225. Par devant le ville de Montsegur sist li

§ 226. Tant esploita li hos au conte Derbi que il

§ 227. Or vint li contes Henris Derbi à tout ses

20 § 228. Li Englès, qui seoient devant le Riolle et

§ 229. Quant messires Agos des Baus senti que

§ 230. Ensi eut li contes Derbi le ville de le

§ 231. Il y eut jadis un evesque en Cambresis

§ 232. Or revenrons au siège de le Riolle, dou

[91] § 233. Apriès che que li contes Derbi eut se volenté

§ 235. Ce siège pendant devant Blaves, li termes

§ 236. En ce tamps et en celle meisme saison

25 § 237. En ce temps regnoit[317] encores ou pays de

You might also like