HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIROMENTAL SCIENCE

SCHOOL OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGRICULCURAL INNOVATION

OFF CAMPUS SUPERVIESED EXTENSION PROJECT PROPOSAL ON PROMOTION

OF COFFEE NURSERY MANAGEMENT AND ITS CONSTRIANTS

BY JIBRIL KEBRET

ADVISOR:KEDIJA KADIRO(MSC)

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1Background
Coffee is the most important agricultural commodity in the world, and it worth up to $14 billion
annually. More than 121 countries including Ethiopia export and/or re-export coffee to more than
165 countries worldwide. More than 50 developing countries, 25 of them in Africa, depend on
coffee as an export commodity (http://www.ecea.org.et/uk/). The agriculture-based Ethiopian
economy is also highly dependent on coffee as it contributes more than 41% of the country's
foreign exchange earnings. Moreover the sector provides income for approximately eight million
smallholder households which are participating in the various activities in the value chain of
coffee (Samuel Gebreselassie and Lud, E., 2013). Coffee plays a vital role in both cultural and
social life of Ethiopian community. Among coffee producing countries in the world, Ethiopia is
the first country in consumption of coffee. From the 200,000-250,000 tons of average annual
production, about 50% is consumed in the country. Preparation and drinking of coffee is a
unique culture in Ethiopia; coffee ceremony. Coffee is not drunk alone. It is a social activity to
be shared with others. Sharing coffee with others means you are „at peace‟ with them and
cultivates community and friendship.

1.2Need assessment

During need assessment, I was call community/farmers, head of the kebele and DAs for short
discussion. After they participated and came for the discussion, I introduced my seed lf and
presented for them the topic for the discussion as well as the aim of calling them. Then issues
related to coffee seedling production were the main tool used to collect data after deep discussion
is held between the communities. Problems around the area and also their experiences, during the
discussion with the community

The farmers have given a chance to summarize and list down the major constraints of the coffee
nursery production. They faced during their disscusion the table below.

 lack of improved coffee varieties on proper time

 low production problem

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  Lack of water Irrigation or shortage of rain

 Crop disease and pest

 Problem of timely supply of input

 Lack of farm land

 Problem of free market and transportation

.
Therefore, due to the existence of above mentioned problems, farmers of the intervention area
are totally subsistence farmers in nature, and so that there is a great need to improve such
traditional practices as well as genetic improvement for better production, the farmers also have
a positive attitude to participate such technologies finally, the group and all the participation of
the intervention villages have agreed that there is a great scope for improvement in the coffee
nursery production.

Table1. Summary of production problems from need assessment

No List of problems Score Rank

1 lack of improved varieties on proper time 9 2
2 low production problem 10 1
3 Lack of water Irrigation or shortage of rain 7 4
4 Crop disease and pest 8 3
5 Problem of timely supply of input 6 5

6 Lack of farm land 5 6

7 Problem of free market 4 7

8 Weed problem 2 8

Total 64

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.1.3Statment of the problem

Farmers in the project area mainly produce maize; sorghum and .and rice for their consumption
coffee and chat as cash crop for income generation. The local coffee produced with traditional
methods of farming; insufficient to cover their land size because of lack of productive variety,
low modern agronomic practices, high costs of agricultural inputs, and crop pests are the main
cause for the reduction of coffee yield in the area. Therefore to increase the income of farmers,
this project will be designed to coffee nursery to the project area with improved agronomic
practices by using participatory and demonstration method, therefore this study will improve
farmer’s production, because when they practice the modern farming method their production
will be high and the risk will be low.

1.3.1 Nursery diseases and pests

The common problems occurring in the nursery are:

Damping-off that appears as areas of dying plants. Damping-off is caused by a soil-borne

fungi often found in old, diseased potting mixture, over-watering, too much shade or not
enough space between plants.

Cercospora (brown eye spot) is a fungus, which develops when plants are under stress
caused by too much shade, too much sun, nitrogen deficiency, over-watering or over-
crowding.

Green coffee scale can also be a problem in the nursery. Scales severely affect plant
health as they suck the sap from the leaves.

Lack knowledge on controlling disease and pests

Lack of awareness on identifying favorable variety and soil type which is optimum to
coffee seedling preparation is the main problems in the study area.

1.4Objective

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1.4 .1Production objective

To demonstrate effectiveness of the coffee nursery managment in the study area.

1.4.2. Learning Objectives

To assess the effectiveness of method demonstration in development targe farmers.
.
To adopt and apply knowledge gain in to practical skill .

To introduce the knowledge for the farmers on coffee nursery managment and constraints

.1.4.2 Justification of Learning Objectives

Farmers group, they will be trained to identify their problems before implementation and
assessment made after project implementation by arising different issues that tackles their
activities and discussion among them solves to get solution

1.4.5 Significance of the study

The main significance of research helps to understand all the steps conducted on the field
practitioners and extension method used during field day effectively. This study will be designed
to coffee nursery production that conducted in the study areas or site and dissemination of
information related to adopting how to practice highly yielding varieties. Therefore, the study
can increase farmer’s knowledge and skills through obtaining different kinds of trainings during
the production processes on field demonstration. So this project acquires and integrates
production technology with this indigenous knowledge and skills for sustainable production and
well-being for family livelihood. So the most important study research will be improving
farmers’ knowledge, to increase farmers’ income by increasing their production

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1.6. Scope of the study
This research proposal will be undertaken in mekakelegna metti Kebele in Godere woreda
Administration district. The study designed to implement on10 target farmers of mekakelegna
metti kebele by demonstration methods and disseminated to other farmers during field day.

2. Literature review

2.1Origin and Distribution

Ethiopia is widely considered the birthplace of coffee. Many experts say that Ethiopia is the only
place that coffee grew natively and the apocryphal story of Kaldi is told over and over. Kaldi was
a goat herder who discovered coffee after witnessing the vigor that his goats received from
eating the cherries. He later brought these cherries to the monastery and shared them with the
monks who exclaimed that they were the Devil’s work and hurled them into the fire. The aroma
of the beans roasting in the fire was heavenly and the beans were raked from the fire and crushed
to put out the embers. Realizing their mistake, they placed them into a jug and covered with hot
water for preservation. Later the monks drank the brew and it helped them keep awake during
nightly devotions. While this story is fun, in all actuality, it was likely that the people of the
nomadic Oromo people first discovered the coffee plant and its invigorating properties. Many
such stories about the origin of coffee are apocryphal and its actual discovery is something of
much speculation.

2.2Agronomic Practice of coffee Nursery

Coffee may be grown from seed or from cloned plants in the form of cuttings, grafts or tissue
cultured plants. Arabica coffee is most commonly grown from selected seed unless there are

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special reasons for using clones. A number of steps are necessary for production of good
seedlings.

 Select the seed.

 Keep records.
 When to start the nursery.
 Calculate the amount of seed needed and the area required.
 Build nursery shelter and seedbeds.
 Plant the seed.

2.2.2Select the seed

Arabica coffee should be grown from fresh seed of the recommended varieties. Seed loses
viability within three months and should not be used after that period unless properly stored at
low temperature and high humidity.

Select ripe healthy fruit from the required variety and from plants that have good productivity,
low or no incidence of rust and good cup quality. Pulp cherries, ferment for one night, wash
clean, and dry the parchment slowly in shade on raised platforms or trays with good air
movement for two to three days. The moisture content of the seeds should not fall below 10%,
otherwise the viability will be seriously affected. The seeds should be sorted to eliminate those
that are small or abnormally shaped or are infested with pests.

2.2.3Keep records

It is very important to keep good records of nursery operations. Good records will help avoid
confusion and problems. The sample record on the next page can be photocopied for practical
use.

2.2.4Calculate the amount of seed and the area required

As coffee seed rapidly looses viability, store the seed in cool moist conditions (such as the
bottom of a refrigerator). There are 3000 to 4000 coffee seeds per kilo. The recommended

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planting density is 3333 plants/ ha at a spacing of 2 x 1.5 m for Lao. To calculate the area for a
nursery you need to know:

 The area to be planted;

 Plant spacing;
 The number of plants per hectare;
 How many seeds per kg;
 The germination percentage of the seed.

2.2.5Build the nursery shelter & beds

Select a frost and flood free area with access to a suitable water supply. Completely fence the
area to keep out domestic livestock.

2.2.6Seedbeds

 Use wooden planks, bricks or bamboo as sides for seed beds which should be about 20
cm high and 1 m wide. Fill beds with a soil and sand mixture of 50% forest soil and 50%
river sand. Red soil by itself is too compact for a good seedbed.

2.2.7Plant the seed

Water the seedbed before planting.

 Using a pointed stick, make furrows 12 mm deep across the bed and 100 mm apart.
 Plant seed flat side down, with seeds 25 mm apart within the row (Figure 9).
 Cover seed with soil mixture - seed should be about 12 mm deep after planting.
 Cover beds with rice straw mulch to give extra heat and to retain soil moisture Water
gently. Make sure the seed is not exposed when watering.

2.2.8 Germination

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  Germination is induced by placing the seeds in a sufficiently moist environment to absorb
water. Depending on temperature and moisture, the cotyledon leaves develop after four to
six weeks. See figures 10a and 10b for germinating process.

2.2.9Transplant into bags

Depending on temperature, coffee seedlings are ready to be transplanted from the nursery bed
into poly bags about two to three months after sowing. There are four steps in the process.

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3. Method and materials

3.1 Description of the study area

Godere is one of the Woredas in the Gambela Regional state of Ethiopia. Part of the Majang
Zone, Godere is bordered on the south and East by Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples
Region (SNNPR), and on the west by Mengesh the headwaters of the Gilo_River unlike the rest
of Gambella. According to the Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy published by the Central
Statistical Agency (CSA),GodereWoreda has an average elevation of between 500 and 1000
meters with an average slope between 2 and 4%; over 40% of the area is covered with forest The
economy of Godere is predominately agricultural .though here are no agricultural cooperatives,
and little other infrastructure. Based on CSA,(2007) Godereworeda has a total population of
38,781; of whom 19,928 are men and 18,853 women; with an area of 592.75 square kilometers,
Godere has a population density of 65.43, which is greater than the Zone average of 26.28
persons per square kilometer. Reportedly 7,140 or 18.41% are urban inhabitants. A total of 9,752
households were counted in this Woreda, which results in an average of 4.0 persons to a
household, and 9,494 housing units. The majority of the inhabitants said they practiced Ethiopian
Orthodox Christianity, with 42.12% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while
34.98 were Protestant, and 20.83% were Muslim. The five largest ethnic groups of the region
were the Amhara (24.48%), Majang (23.63%), Kafficho (20.78%), Oromo (12.57%), the Mocha
(9.57%), and Tigray (3.18%); all other ethnic groups made up 5.8% of the population.
Amharicwas spoken as a first language by 26.94%, 23.62% spoke Majang, 19.47% Kafa,
12.53% Oromiffa, and 9.16% aMoch; the remaining 8.28% spoke all other primary languages
reported. in the area crop production such as maize,sorghum,beekeeping,livestock and etc are
produced in the area and coffee also produced to increase income of the farmers in purpose fully
selected area.

3.2 Description of the Study PAs

Mekakelegng metti PA is the Godere Administration rural kebeles which is located in the
western part of Godere woreda at the distance of 5km with the total house hold head of 920
from this 817 are male and 103 are females.

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Under this house hold the total population of these kebele is5200 from this 3152 are male and
1027 are females. The PA is found on total area 2048 ha of which ha of land cultivated in rain
fed and 30ha irrigated agricultural with traditional, ecology of dry, wayna-daga and upper cola.
Its attitude ranges between 1200-2000 m a. s. l, with annual rainfall distribution range from 700-
900 mm/annual.

Sample plot size and input requirement of each target farmers as explained earlier, 10 target
farmers will be selected purposively based on willingness, accessibility, ease of supervision etc.
These farmers are expected to prepare sample plot of size 10m x 10m =100m 2 each to have a
total land of 1000m2 as sample. Each target farmer will be provided all necessary training, up
grading their existing skill and attitude, improved maize seed, fertilizer and other technical
supports by the partition and other experts.

3.2 Sampling Methods and Sample Size Determinations

3.2.1Target Farmers Selection

10 farmers (5 male and 5 female) were selected based on the following criteria; by using
purposive sampling method. Purposive sampling method is the one we preferred to use for
sampling method.
The criteria of selection are based on;-

• Their interest to participate in the project

• willingness to accept and participate in the new technology

• volunteer to give their plot accessibility for the study

• Suitability of the area for coffee seedling production

• Suitability for continuous follow up

.3.2.2Methed of data collection

In this study both qualitative and quantitative data will be collected from farmers duringProject
implementation period through. Direct observation, interview, Secondary data will be collected
from, document of woreda and agricultural office and related literature

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3.2.3 Method data analysis

The data which are naturally quantitative data will be analyzed be using simple descriptive
statistics such as frequency, percentage. While on the other hand the qualitative data will be
analyzed by using conceptualization, triangulation, judgments discussion and their related
methods, tools and techniques were used for farmer group discussion

3.6 EXTENSION METHED USED

3.1.2 TRAINING
The training process will be given to 10 target farmers and DAs, this process will be undertaken
before sowing time and during urea fertilizer applications.

3.1.3 METHOD OF DEMONSTRATION

The methods of demonstration will be organized on 5 target farmers. The rest members will be
seen the land preparation, seed rate, spacing, twice fertilizer application and whole general
management. After the method of demonstration undertaken each target farmer members will
perform the activities that he/she demonstrated on this.

3.1.4 FIELD DAY

The field day will be carry out in November month, during this day few of target farmers visit
their land with great-justification starting from land preparation process until the being.

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4.PROJECT ACTION PLAN
Table-2 Work plan year 2021-2022

No. List of Activities Sep Oct Nov Dec

1 Discuss with district xx xx
2 Discuss with farmer Xx xx
3 Purchasing materials Xx
4 Conduct training xx Xx
5 Land preparation xx

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 6 Input distribution xx
7 Sowing xx
8 Implementation follow up xx xx xx
and data collection
9 Field day xx xx xx
10 Group discussion Xx xx xx
11 Weeding xx xx x
12 Harvesting
13 Project evaluation xx xx xx
14 Literature review xx xx xx
15 Report writing xx xx
16 Report submission xx

5. Budget

NO Item Unit Quantity Unit Total

price price
1 Input
1.1 Seed Kg 2 200 400
1.2 Fertilizer Qt 1 500 500

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3 Training Time 5 150 7500
4 Stationary packet - - 450
5 DA Per- 2 150 300
diem
6 Transport Number 9 100 900
Total - 19 1100 10050

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6. Reference

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 Fekadu, G., Maryo, M., & Benti, G. (2016). The prevalence and impact of coffee arthropod
pests in the gedeo indigenous agro forestry systems, Southern Ethiopia. International Journal
of Biodiversity and Conservation, 8(10), 233–243.
 Fekadu, G., Shimelis, H., & Mark, D. L. (2015). Diagnostic assessment of sweetpotato
production in ethiopia: Constraints, post-harvest handling and farmers’ preferences, research on
crops, 16(1), 104-115. Fekede, G. T., & Gosa, A. G. (2015). Opportunities and constraints of
coffee production in West Hararghe, Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural
Development, 2(4), 054–059.
 Gimase, J. M., Wilson, M. T., Chripine, O., 3, & John, M. I. (2019). Evaluation of coffee
berry disease resistance (Colletotrichum kahawae) in F2 populations derived from Arabica coffee
varieties Rume Sudan and SL 28. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 11(9), 225–233.
 Girma, A., Bayetta, B., Tesfaye, S., Endale, T., & Taye, K. (2008, August 14-17). Coffeee
diversity and knowledge. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian institute of agricultural research. In:
Proceedings on four decades of coffee research and development in ethiopia (G. Adugna, B.
Bellachew, T. Shimber, E. Taye, & T. Kufa, eds.),
 A National Workshop, Ghion Hotel, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (pp. 505–510). Gurmu, F., Shimelis,
H., & Laing, M. D. (2015). Diagnostic assessment of sweet potato production in Ethiopia:
Constraints, post-harvest handling and farmers’ preferences. Research on Crops, 16(1), 104–115.
Habtamu, D. (2015). Review on effect of weed on coffee quality yield and its control measures in
Southwestern Ethiopia. International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences
(IJRSAS), 4

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