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 Getting Started
I
magine that you had to dress
up for a Fourth of July parade
in your town. What would
you wear? What colors would you
choose? Is there a specific symbol
that you feel best captures what
being American means to you?
2
Over the course of our nation’s
nearly 250-year history, we have
identified many different items
and places as representative of the
United States. They range from
mottoes to music, from flags to
famous animals, from statues to
historic sites, and from memorials
to monuments.
What makes us “American”?
What reminds us of our heritage?
What patriotic symbols do we most
closely associate with our national
identity and culture? Americans
have found lots of ways to preserve
and celebrate our history and spirit.
In this issue, we dig a little deeper
into the story behind some of our
nation’s most famous symbols—just
in time for one of our most patriotic
holidays—Independence Day!
3
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 A Capitol
by Gina DeAngelis
A rotunda is a circular
building with a dome.
The Rotunda refers to
that part of the U.S.
Capitol Building in
Washington, D.C.
A vista is a pleasing,
distant view, often
seen through a
narrow opening.
6
W
ith its beautiful domed Rotunda, the U.S. Capitol is one of the
most recognizable buildings in the world. It is where the mem-
bers of Congress have debated and passed our nation’s laws
for more than two centuries. As such, it is an important symbol of the
U.S. government. And to keep up with the growth of the country, the
Capitol has undergone its own expansion over the years.
In January 1791, French engineer Pierre L’Enfant was asked to
design America’s new capital city. L’Enfant submitted his idea
to commissioners for a grand vista about a mile long. The
city’s “Congress House” would be located at one end. The
U.S. government decided to hold a contest to find the best
design for the new country’s Capitol. The winner of the
$500 prize was a physician named William Thornton.
He presented a classical domed building with a wing
extending on each side.
Construction began in 1793. President George
Washington used a silver trowel to lay the corner-
stone on Jenkins Hill (known today as Capitol
Hill). Congress continued to meet temporarily in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Its members hoped
to move in to their new home by the turn of the
century.
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Irish-born architect James Hoban
designed the original house. Over
time, expansive sections such as
the West Wing and the East Wing
were constructed on either side of
the house. Those additions were
needed to accommodate the grow-
ing number of staff members for
the president and the first lady.
(The nearby Old Executive Office
Building also provides offices for
members of the president’s Cabinet
and the vice president.) Presidents
have used the Oval Office of the
West Wing to work and hold meet-
ings, as well as to greet dignitaries
and to sign important documents.
Located outside the Oval Office, the
Rose Garden and the South Lawn
also have become sites for important
announcements.
In addition to being a place where
the president works, the White
House serves two other functions.
Most of the upper floors are kept
private for the personal use of the
president and his or her family. The
From either the south (OPPOSITE) or
the north (ABOVE) view, the White
House is a familiar site.
HISTORY OF
White House is their residence for THE NAME
T
as long as the president is in office.
he President’s House
Most families make a few changes
first was made
to create a comfortable home while
white in 1798 when its
they reside there.
walls were finished. A
The house also is considered a
lime-based whitewash
museum and a site that belongs
was applied to pro-
to all the citizens of the United
tect its porous Aquia
States. Like the U.S. Capitol, the
sandstone from freez-
White House is filled with pieces
ing. It was nicknamed
of American art and American his-
the “White House” as
tory. It is the only home of a world
early as 1812. President
leader that is open to the public for
Theodore Roosevelt
tours. The first-floor state rooms
made the name official in
are carefully maintained for this
September 1901.
purpose.
More than 1 million people visit
each year. Tours begin in the East
A colonnade is a long
Wing on the ground floor’s East hallway with windows
Colonnade. Off the corridor are or columns.
the China Room and the Library. China is a set of dishes
and serving pieces for a
Upstairs, on the main floor, visi- table setting.
tors are led through the hall to the
grand East Room. The
room is used for large
ceremonial gatherings.
Several smaller recep-
tion rooms—the Green
Room, Blue
Room, and Red
Room—follow.
Lastly, there is
the State Dining
Room where
formal meals are
served for as few
as 60 guests or
as many as 140 A guide points out the oval
guests. shape of the Blue Room to a
In its role as an office, school group.
home, and museum, the White
House has become a unique
symbol of American govern-
ment. History will continue to
unfold at this famous address! ✪
11
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 A
line snakes in front of the National Archives
Building in Washington, D.C. What’s all

The the excitement about? you wonder. In the

Real
building’s rotunda, people slowly make their way past
three display cases. They stop for a few moments in
awe and respect.
Every year, more than 1 million people visit
the National Archives to peer into those cases. On
display in specially designed argon-filled glass cases

National are the original handwritten and signed copies of the

Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and

Treasures
the Bill of Rights.
Together, those three historic documents are
referred to as the Charters of Freedom. Many visitors
to the National Archives say that seeing the famous
by Priscille Fontaine and Andrew Matthews
documents up close, knowing that our nation’s
Founders touched and handled them, is a magical
feeling.
But those famous symbols of U.S. government and
democracy weren’t always so accessible.
During the Revolutionary War (1775–1783)
and until 1789, the Declaration moved
around with the Congress. It traveled to
Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, and
New York. The one-page Declaration prob-
ably spent those years rolled up, like other
parchment documents of the era.
After the
Constitutional
Convention adjourned
in 1787, Major William
Jackson, the conven-
tion’s secretary,
delivered the original
signed copy of the
four-page Constitution
to the secretary of the
Second Continental
Congress. In 1789,
the State Department
became responsible
for all the records
and documents that
had been held by the
Congress’s secretary.
Among the items
were the Declaration

16
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 By the
Dawn’s
Early
Light
by Maureen Wolfgarth

W
After watching the British hen Maryland lawyer Francis Scott Key took up writing poetry as a
navy’s bombardment of hobby, he had no idea that it would one day make him famous.
Baltimore, Francis Scott The War of 1812 (1812–1815) was two years old and escalating
Key was relieved to see the
American flag still flying.
in Maryland’s Chesapeake Bay area in September 1814 when Key received
word of a friend’s arrest. Dr. William Beanes was being held prisoner on a
British ship in the bay. The British had just burned Washington, D.C. They
were preparing to attack Baltimore by water.

18
 Key received permission from President James Madison to try to obtain
Beanes’s release. He and another associate, John Skinner, headed out in a
small vessel flying a flag of truce on September 5.
After some debate, the British admiral agreed to release Beanes. But he
feared that the three men had heard and seen too much of his plans for
attacking Baltimore. The admiral ordered the men to remain on a U.S.
prisoner-exchange boat at the rear of the British fleet until after the battle
was over.
On September 13, the British began a bombardment of Fort McHenry.
Fort McHenry guarded the entrance to Baltimore’s harbor. An anxious Key
paced the ship’s deck all night. When dawn broke, thick smoke and haze Key’s poem had four verses.
surrounded the area. Key strained to see which country’s flag flew over Americans sing only the first
the fort. Suddenly, the mist lifted. Key rejoiced to see the Stars and Stripes verse as the national anthem.
unfurl in the breeze. He pulled an
unfinished letter from his pocket
and jotted down a verse express-
ing his feelings. He finished the
four-verse poem after returning to
Baltimore later that day.
The following day, Key’s brother-
in-law, Judge Joseph Nicholson,
had the poem printed on handbills.
“Defence of Fort McHenry” was
distributed throughout Baltimore.
Immediately popular, the words
were set to the tune of a popular
English drinking song.
Key’s patriotic gesture provided
the country with two important
symbols: a national song and pride
in the national flag. Prior to this,

“The Star-Spangled
Banner” (verse 1)
O say can you see by the dawn’s early light
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming?
Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,
O’er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.
O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

19

A replica of the original Star-
Spangled Banner flies over
Fort McHenry today.
20
the flag was not closely connected to the identity of the nation. Key’s words
helped many Americans see the flag as an important national symbol. By
1904, the U.S. Navy played Key’s song at all ceremonial occasions. In 1916,
President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the song the national anthem for
all armed forces in World War I (1914–1918). “The Star-Spangled Banner”
became the country’s official national anthem in 1931.
And what about the flag that inspired the song? The commander of
Fort McHenry, Lieutenant Colonel George Armistead, had commissioned
Baltimore seamstress Mary Pickersgill to make it before the British attack. He
had requested that the flag be “so large that the British will have no difficulty
in seeing it from a distance.” Pickersgill and her assistants had completed the
enormous 30-by-42-foot flag with 15 stars and 15 stripes in about six weeks.
After the War of 1812, the Armistead family kept the flag as a keepsake.
In 1912, Armistead’s grandson, recognizing the flag’s national signifi-
cance, gifted it to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. For
many years, it hung in the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American
History, covering an entire wall. But in 1998, museum staff removed it
from display. The fragile flag was carefully packaged and sent to a preser-
vation lab for restoration. There, it underwent several years of painstaking
cleaning, repair, and reinforcement. For a fascinating look at how con-
servators cared for this national treasure, go to americanhistory.si.edu/
starspangledbanner/preservation-project.aspx.
Today, the Star-Spangled Banner is again on display at the National
Museum of American History. It lies at a 10-degree angle in a specially
designed chamber. In its controlled environment, it is protected for future
generations to see it and to learn the origin story of our national anthem. ✪
America’s Songs by Marcia Amidon Lusted
A merica’s most famous symbolic
tune is its national anthem. But
several other pieces of music are
ell known for how they capture
e country’s history at the time
ey became popular.
“Yankee Doodle” started out
a British song that mocked the
abby American colonists in the
ecades before the Revolutionary
ar (1775–1783). A “doodle” was
a nickname for a fool. The British
used the song to poke fun at the
rough American soldiers. The patri-
ots, however, claimed the song for
themselves, and it became an unof-
ficial national anthem. Americans
even made up new verses that
poked fun at the British.
In 1893, poet and teacher
Katharine Lee Bates took a train trip
across the country. Along the way
she saw many amazing things—the
white buildings of the World’s
Columbian Exposition in Illinois,
the wheat fields of Kansas, and the
view from the top of Colorado’s
Pikes Peak. Those images of America
inspired Bates to write a poem called
“Pikes Peak.” Church organist Samuel
A. Ward set the poem to music. In
1910, the words and music appeared
together as the song, “America
the Beautiful.” Today, it is one of
America’s best-loved patriotic songs.
Irving Berlin wrote “God Bless
America” in 1918. Berlin’s Jewis
family had fled persecution in
Russia to immigrate to the United
States. He wrote the song in the
same year that he became a U.S. cit-
izen. “God Bless America” became a
sensation 20 years later when Kate
Smith sang it for the first time on
Armistice (Veterans) Day in 1938.
When World War II (1939–1945)
began, Smith could be heard singing
the popular patriotic song every
week on the radio.
A song that captures the essen
of America in the mid-1900s is
“This Land Is Your Land.” Folksinge
Woody Guthrie composed the so
in 1940. He claimed he wrote it as
a protest after listening to the en
less radio recordings of “God Bles
America.” Some of Guthrie’s original
verses expressed frustration about
social justice issues. But the song’s
most famous verses capture a more
personal and individual connection
to the land and to places in the
United States, which resonated with
many Americans:
“This land is your land,
this land is my land,
From California
to the New York Island,
From the Redwood Forest
to the Gulf Stream waters,
This land was made for
you and me.”
21
 U
nion brigadier gen-
eral Montgomery C.
Meigs was angry when
Robert E. Lee chose to lead a
Confederate force in the Civil
War (1861–1865). His anger grew
deeper as thousands of Union
soldiers died fighting Lee’s army.
One of Meigs’s responsibilities
was burials.
In 1864, as other cemeteries
ran out of space, Meigs desig-
nated a new Union cemetery.
The place he selected, Arlington
Estate, was the Lee family home.
Arlington sat atop a hill in
Virginia just across the Potomac
River from the nation’s capital.
The house looked more like a
monument than a home. In fact,
it was a monument. Lee’s wife,
Mary Custis, was a descendant
of Martha Washington. Her
family owned Arlington. The
A Guarded
Tomb
by Andrew Matthews
22
Washingtons’ grandson, George
Washington Parke Custis, had
built it as a museum honoring
Martha’s husband, George. It
was filled with the Washingtons’
belongings.
But after Lee joined the
Confederate army in 1861, Union
troops seized the estate. They
made it the headquarters for the
defense of Washington. Several
forts were built on the property.
In 1863, as the war raged on,
freed and enslaved people fled
northward. The government built
a town at Arlington to house
them. Called Freedmen’s Village, it
included schools, homes, churches,
a hospital, and land to farm.
The first Union soldier was
buried on the property on May
13, 1864. By the end of the year,
more than 7,000 soldiers were
buried near him.
When the war ended in
1865, Lee wanted to contribute
to peace. He did not try to
reclaim Arlington. Many of the
Lees’ possessions had disap-
peared, including much of their
Washington collection. Lee had
tried to prepare his wife for their
loss. He wrote, “It is better to
make up our minds to a general
loss. They cannot take away the
remembrance of the spot, and
the memories of those that to
us rendered it sacred.” Lee saw
Arlington only two more times,
from a distance while on visits to
Washington.
Meigs could not have known
where his decision to create a
military cemetery would lead.
Over the decades, as more
soldiers served in more wars,
they were buried at Arlington.
The neat rows of simple markers
E ach year, more than
3 million people visit
Arlington National Cemetery.
One of the most popular
stops is the Tomb of the
Unknowns.
On November 11, 1921, an
unidentified soldier from
World War I was interred
in a grave. A white marble
sarcophagus was placed above
the grave. The idea was for
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K no w Here’s a brief look at some patriotic
American dates.
?

Memorial Day is celebrated on the

last Monday in May. In the years
following the Civil War (1861–1865),
it became a day to remember those
who had died in that conflict. After
World War I (1914–1918), it became a
federal holiday to remember all those
who died in service to the country.

Independence Day is celebrated on July 4. In July

1776, the delegates to the Second
Continental Congress agreed on
the text for the Declaration
of Independence. That
document announced the
American Colonies’
decision to separate from
Great Britain and become an
independent nation.

Labor Day is celebrated on the

first Monday in September. It
began as an unofficial holiday
in 1882 in New York City. By
1894, it was a national holiday.
It recognizes the contributions
of workers and laborers to the
growth of the nation.
24
September 11 is remembered
as Patriot Day. Although it is
not a federal holiday, it has
become a day to remember
all the people who were
injured and who died in
the terrorist attacks on
September 11, 2001.

Constitution Day and Citizenship

Day is September 17. On that day
in 1787, the U.S. Constitution was
signed and sent to the states for
ratification. The Constitution is the
nation’s framework for government.
Similarly, December 15 is Bill of
Rights Day. The Bill of Rights was
ratified on December 15, 1791. That
document specifies the individual
rights of Americans.

November 11 became a federal

holiday in 1938. Known as
Armistice Day, it marked the
signing of a truce in 1918 to end the
fighting in World War I. In 1954, the
name of the holiday was changed
to Veterans Day. It has become a
day to remember those who have
served in the U.S. military.
25
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by Marcia Amidon Lusted

The Lincoln Memorial

A lmost immediately after President Abraham Easter Sunday in 1939 after she was denied permis-
Lincoln’s assassination in 1865, plans were made sion to sing at Constitution Hall because she was
to erect a monument to honor him. Architect Black. Civil rights leader the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther
Henry Bacon’s design for the Lincoln Memorial King Jr. made his famous “I Have a Dream” speech
is modeled after a Greek temple. It captures the there in 1963. Today,
democratic principles Lincoln had stood for in life. the Lincoln Memorial
Built of white marble, it is surrounded by 36 col- not only honors the
umns—one for each state in the Union at the time 16th U.S. president, but
of Lincoln’s death. A white marble staircase leads up it also is a stage where
to the memorial’s entrance. Inside, Daniel Chester the ideals of equality,
French’s 19-foot-tall statue of Lincoln is seated in a democracy, and free
chair. Lincoln’s famous Gettysburg Address and his speech are celebrated.
second inaugural address are carved into the walls
of the memorial.
Daniel Chester French’s
Dedicated on May 30, 1922, the Lincoln 19-foot-tall statue of
Memorial has become one of the most famous Abraham Lincoln is a
gathering places in Washington, D.C. Singer Marian towering presence in
Anderson performed an open-air concert there on the memorial.

27
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 A LL A B O U T

All-American
Symbols
CRO S S WOR D PU ZZLE
by Will Bremen

C an you solve this puzzle about patriotic U.S. symbols?

All the answers can be found in this issue. The solution
is on page 49.

ACR
3. Th
16t
6. “The _____-Spangled Banner” is t
national anthem.
8. The Stars and Stripes is another
the U.S. _____.
10. This feathered creature won out
turkey to become the national bi
12. The Golden Gate _____ connects
of land across California’s San Fra
Bay.
13. J.M. Flagg’s illustration of _____
become the personification of th
government.
dential
South
15. The national tree is the _____, a symbol of
strength and endurance.
DOWN
1. The _____ of Allegiance was introduced to
encourage patriotism in schoolchildren.
2. The Great _____ is an official U.S. symbol
that appears on documents, treaties, and
proclamations made by the U.S. government
4. The U.S. _____ is a recognized symbol
of the legislative branch of the federal
government.

36
 1
2 3
10
11
12
14
5. Also known as the President’s Ho
the _____ _____ is where the sitt
president lives in Washington, D.
7. The Charters of Freedom, which i
the Declaration of Independence,
Constitution, and the Bill of Righ
on display at the National _____.
4
5 6 7
13
15
9. _____ National Cemetery is the nation’s
greatest monument to its war dead.
11. The French presented the Statue of
_____ as a gift to the United States.
12. The Liberty _____ has become a famous
symbol of American independence.
37
 er
n e w s

by
Home-Grown
Symbols
tries around the world have become closely identified with
a specific native ani

The Gstrraeliaa’Ts meostmicuonic

One of Au
e at u re s is th e e m u. Emus can run
cr
hour. Standing
up to 30 miles per
ta ll , th ey d e fe n d themselves
six feet
s. Australian
with powerful kick
o rigin al p e o p le s view emus as an
Ab
p o rt an t an im al . Their mythology
im
sun was created
describes how the
u’s egg into the
by throwing an em
ouds of the
sky and how the cl
ilk y W ay fo rm th e shape of a giant
M
emu is Australia’s
emu. Although the
bird, it hasn’t
unofficial national
ay s b e e n ap p re ci ated. In 1932,
alw
e go ve rn m e n t b egan the Great
th
were complaining
Emu War. Farmers
ying their crops.
about emus destro
ie rs w e re re cr u ited to kill the
Sold
u s w it h gu n s. B u t the emus were
em
atching out for
wily. They began w
attered into
the soldiers and sc
the men were
small groups when
o tt e d . M u ch to conservationists’
sp
as not successful.
relief, the “war” w
to high fences to
Farmers switched
their crops.
keep emus out of

38
 Kiwi Caché
Like its neig
hbor Austra
that are fou lia, New Ze
nd nowhere aland is full
has more u else on the of unusual
nique birds planet. The animals
small flight t h an almost a lit tle island na
less brown ny other co tion
bird that hu untry. But t
earned spe nts insects he kiwi, a
cial attentio on the fore
n. The New st floor, has
started usin Z e aland gover
g kiwis on m nment
in the 19th il it ary badges a
century. W n d s ta m p s
diers went hen New Z
overseas in ealander so
W o r l-
they were n ld W a r I (19
icknamed “ 14–1918),
The nickna Kiwis” for t
me stuck. N heir badges
to themselv ew Zealand .
es as “Kiwis e rs still refer
even older ” today. Kiw
history with is have an
The Indigen N ew Zealand’s
ous Ma−ori p culture.
that the go eople belie
d of the for ved
Mahuta, pr e s t and birds, T−
otected the ane
used kiwi fe birds. The M −
athers to m aori
ceremonial a k e beautiful
cloaks. Tod
groups wor ay, many M −
k to protec aori
their habita t k iw is and
ts .

Regal Tiger
India often brings to mind packed cities, ch Over the past century, however, tigers and
eled temples, lush jungles . . . and tigers. Be humans have come into conflict. Shrinking for-
tigers are one of the largest land predators estland to make room for growing farmland has
the world. They can weigh up to 575 pound resulted in tigers hunting livestock—or worse,
Their famous orange-and-black stripes help people—for food. People also poach the
them camouflage among the brown plant animals. Since the
stems and black shadows of the forest. Tig 1970s, India’s Project
have been associated with India since at lea Tiger has worked to
the third century B.C.E. The ancient Chola create reserves where
dynasty used the tiger as its symbol. Today, tigers’ habitats aren’t
the tiger is India’s national animal. disturbed.

nt it.

39
 ING
A L
Iconic Creatures
GL oB

do
ng
La
an

N
ry
by B ational animals come in all varieties. They can be
mammals, reptiles, birds, or even mythical animals.
Here are three interesting international symbols.

Hope and
Faith
During the Middle
Ages (from the fifth
century to the 15th
century), church bell
towers in France often
featured a rooster. For
the French, roosters
symbolized hope and
faith. Craftspeople
often included roost-
ers in ceramics and
furniture. The rooster
became a symbol for
the people during the
French Revolution
(1787–1799). By 1830, the
Gallic Rooster became a
national symbol. “Gallic”
comes from the Latin
word gallus. It means
“rooster.” It also is the
root word for “Gaul,”
which was the ancient
name for the region
that is now France. The
rooster has appeared on
French coins, stamps, and
the country’s official seal.
French sports teams use
the rooster as an emblem
when they compete
internationally.

40
 Purity and Power
Many ancient civilizations had stories
about unicorns. A unicorn is a mythical
white horse with a spiral horn in the
center of its head. In Celtic mythol-
ogy, the unicorn represents purity and
power. It is fiercely independent and
cannot be tamed. It also has the ability
to heal. Scotland has had a unicorn on
its royal coat of arms since the Middle
Ages. Early Scottish kings identified with
the creature’s independence and refusal
to be conquered. Today, the unicorn is
the official national animal of Scotland.
Unicorns are found on buildings, statues,
fountains, and other important land-
marks throughout the country.

O riginal
S ettler
The dodo was a flightless
bird that lived on Mauritius.
The Republic of Mauritius
is an island off the coast of
southern Africa in the Indian
Ocean. It was uninhabited by
people until the 1630s, when
the Dutch settled there. The
introduction of humans—and
the creatures they brought
with them—led to the extinc-
tion of the dodo by 1681.
Today, the dodo is a national
symbol for the small island
nation. The extinct bird has
been featured on its money,
stamps, and national seal. Dodo
statues stand in public parks
and shopping malls. Souvenir
shops sells a variety of dodo-
related items.

41
 nd sayin
y?
WHaT

rds a
lo ve s, su pp o rt s, an d defends his or her
One who En gl ish version of the
a p at ri o t. Th e
country is called at riote), from Late Lati
n
o m th e Fr en ch (p
p or word derives fr s). Patriotes comes fr
om
at rito te
ing the or (patriota), fro m G re ek (p
ea ns “o f one’s fathers.”
io s, w hi ch m
the Greek word patr

o r t h e o bligation
,
e g i a n c e is “loyalty o v e r eign, or
All n , a s
f l o y a lt y, to a natio n t h e “obliga-
o m e a A symbo
It can also The word l is a “thi
a cause.” a lo rd .” represent ng that
vassal to h word s o r s ta n d
tions of a d l e E n g lis somethin s for
r iv e s f ro m the Mid re nch word g else, es
pecially
de O ld F a materia
llig e a u n c e an d t h e in lig eance is l object r
epre-
a w o r d senting so
The root vereign to mething
ligeance. o r d o r s o or invisib abstract
ge is a “l pledged.” le.” The w
lige. A lie loy al t y a re origins ca ord’s
rvice and n

42
 f
is d e f in e d as a “brie
A motto t o express a
n t u se d
stateme le o r ideal.” It als
o
in c ip
broader pr in g adopted a
sa America was named for
a “s a y Italian explorer
can mean o n d u c t .” It comes Amerigo Vespucci (1454
ne’s c –1512). Christopher
guide to o o r d m o t to, which Columbus was the first
alian w European to land
from the It m t h e Latin wo
rd
ships and explore islands
e s fr o .” in the Caribbean
itself deriv te r m s m ean “word in 1492. Columbus had be
hose en attempting to
mottum. T reach the Far East by saili
ng westward, so he
assumed that he had land
ed in India. During
his own travels in the ea
rly 1500s, Vespucci
a
Celebrate means to “observe gathered data that hypo
thesized that
of
day or event with ceremonies Columbus had actually
discovered a “New
ng.”
respect, festivities, and rejoici World”—an entirely new
-to-Europe conti-
s
It derives from the Latin word nent. When compiling th
e information from
mean
celebrare and celeber, which early explorers, mapmak
er German Martin
“to frequent” and “famous.” Waldseemüller named th
e new continent
“America” in honor of Ve
spucci.

43
f eze
e
fram
W
hen the Second Continental Congress voted to declare the
Colonies’ independence from Great Britain, John Adams
predicted that Americans would celebrate that decision.
He wrote home to his wife, Abigail, in July 1776 that the event should
be marked with “Guns, Bells, Bonfires and Illuminations (fireworks).”
On the Declaration of Independence’s first anniversary—July 4,
1777—Adams’s prediction proved correct. The celebrations organized
in Philadelphia included fireworks. They have been part of Fourth of
July festivities ever since. Today, Washington, D.C., provides some of
the most robust July 4 fireworks.

44
 R
T E R S
LET
y Creature
Holida

Liam, age 7
ampshire
Portsm outh, New H

John Quincy Adams: American Statesman

On the Frontier

Draw a picture or write a poem or a short essay that connects

to one of the above COBBLESTONE themes on which we cur-
rently are working. All contributions must be your original
work. Include a note from a parent or a legal guardian clearly
stating: “This is my child’s original work, and COBBLESTONE
has permission to publish it with my child’s name, age,
and hometown, in print and online.” We will include
as many as we can in an upcoming issue. Mail your
submission to the address shown here, or email it to
cobblestone@cricketmedia.com.

45
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Mandarin Summer Camp for Kids

Bring China to you this summer!

❖ Learn Mandarin Chinese in small online groups ❖
❖ Fun classes and activities with great teachers ❖
❖ Stimulating language and cultural learning ❖

Visit CricketMedia.com/NeuLingo/summer to learn more.

 STn y ,
FoR
Fu H e
K i d s!
We’re looking for a funny caption for this photo. Send your
idea, name, and address to: Just for Fun, COBBLESTONE,
1 East Erie Street, Suite 525, PMB4136, Chicago, IL 60611, or
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“This is my child’s original work, and COBBLESTONE has
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I’ll take a
? n ot h e r or
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March Winners!

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Answers to All About All-American Symbols
Crossword Puzzle from page 36:
Answer to Dr. D’s Mystery Hero from page 47: John “Johnny Appleseed” Chapman 1
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2 3 4

Picture Credits: Cover Phil Feyerabend/Shutterstock.com; ii (TL), 10 (C) Andrew Lundquist/Shutterstock.com; ii (TR), 18, 26 S L I N C O L N
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9
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com; 14 (T) Spiroview Inc/Shutterstock.com; 14 (B) glenda/Shutterstock.com; 15 (T) Gerry Bishop/Shutterstock.com; 15 (B) Elena
Kouptsova-Vasic/Shutterstock.com; 16 (TL) Roman Sotola/Shutterstock.com; 16 (C), 17 (TL), 17 (TR) National Archives; 16 (B), 46 O T R H
(BKGD) Susan Law Cain/Shutterstock.com; 17 (B) Mike Flippo/Shutterstock.com; 19 Alpha Stock/Alamy Stock Photo; 20, 34-35 10

(T) Joseph Sohm/Shutterstock.com; 21 (BKGD) Melica/Shutterstock.com; 21 (large notes) Laia Design Lab/Shutterstock.com; B A L D E A G L E I
11
22-23 (BKGD) David Kay/Shutterstock.com; 22 Stephen Finn/Shutterstock.com; 23 Jason Maehl/Shutterstock.com; 26 Rob L H I V
Wilson/Shutterstock.com; 26 (photo corners) Carolyn Franks/Shutterstock.com; 27 Andrew Swaner/Shutterstock.com; 28-29 12 13
Galyna Andrushko/Shutterstock.com; 29 (B) Zack Frank/Shutterstock.com; 30-31 (BKGD) UbjsP/Shutterstock.com; 31 (bow) B R I D G E O U N C L E
topseller/Shutterstock.com; 32-35 (BKGD) AGfoto/Shutterstock.com; 32 (pinned paper) Dragana Jokmanovic/Shutterstock.com;
32 (TR) Trong Nguyen/Shutterstock.com; 33 (TR) Racheal Grazias/Shutterstock.com; 33 (B) bannosuke/Shutterstock.com; 34 E B U G S
(L) amolson7/Shutterstock.com; 34-35 (B) Rafael Ramirez Lee/Shutterstock.com; 35 (R) Cardaf/Shutterstock.com; 36-37 Farizun L E S T
Amrod Saad/Shutterstock.com; 38-39 Edward Haylan/Shutterstock.com; 38 colacat/Shutterstock.com; 39 (T) Vee Snijders/ 14 15
Shutterstock.com; 39 (B) Anan Kaewkhammul/Shutterstock.com; 42-43 fedir13/Shutterstock.com; 49 (T) Javier Brosch/ L R U S H M O R E O A K
Shutterstock.com; 49 (B) David Rasmus/Shutterstock.com; back cover Darren Baker/Shutterstock.com
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A n
illions of American bison once roamed North
America. Native American groups relied on
bison for many things, such as food, shelter,
tools, fuel, and clothing. But in the 1800s, European
settlers in the Americas began an ever-increasing push
westward. White settlers slaughtered the animals to
make room for homesteads, towns, and the transconti-
nental railroad. Bison herds shrank—almost to the point
of extinction. But some people were paying attention.
In 1905, the American Bison Society was formed to help
protect the animals. Their numbers recovered. And in
2016, the American bison was named the U.S. national
mammal. These magnificent creatures are North
America’s largest mammal.