Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Individual work format

JIMMY ALEXANDER MACIAS

Group 203058_74
1057584199

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2022 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. What do you understand by transmission line?
─ A transmission line is a type of conductor commonly designed with the
purpose of carry an electrical signal over large distances with the
minimal losses or distortion of it.

2. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.

─ This parameter is defined as the measure of the opposition to the
current, within the load network that is external to the source. It helps
to determine how the current and voltage in the circuit change.

b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

─ This parameter is considered in terms of the maximum and minimum
voltages along the transmission line. It can also be defined as the
ratio of the maximum amplitude to the minimum amplitude of the
currents in the transmission line.

c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.

─ The physical length of a transmission line refers to the measure of the
length of the line that can be found manually and has units of meters,
while the electrical length is the division between the physical length
and the wavelength of the applied signal, this parameter is
dimensionless.

2. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of

waves?
 ─ This tool is a mathematical transformation of the two-dimensional
Cartesian complex plane and is used to simultaneously display multiple
parameters including impedances, admittances, reflection coefficients,
which are very important parameter in the study of propagating waves.

Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the
group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:
Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.5𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 5𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (𝐺𝐺 + 10)𝜇𝑚 = (74 + 10)𝜇𝑚 =
84 𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 4.3𝑥106 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−10 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.1 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐾𝐻𝑧 = 199 KHz
a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.
b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters
𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .
c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the attenuation
𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .

Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

Exercise solution:
 • Penetration depth of the wave in the conductor:

1 1
𝛿𝑝 = =
√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝑐 𝜇𝑐 √𝜋 ∗ 199𝑥103 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 4.3𝑥106 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 ∗ 1.2566x10−6 T m/A

𝛿𝑝 = 5.440𝑥10−4 𝑚 = 544.083 𝜇𝑚

Having that in a coaxial line the parameters are classified according to the
frequency:

Considering the initial data:

𝑎 = 0.5𝑚𝑚 = 500 𝜇𝑚
𝑏 = 5𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 84 𝜇𝑚
𝛿𝑝 > 𝑎, we have low frequency, so:

• Resistance:

1 1 1
𝑅= ( 2+ )
𝜋𝜎𝑐 𝑎 2𝑏𝑡
1 1 1
𝑅= ∗( + )
𝜋 ∗ 4.3𝑥10 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 (0.5𝑥10 𝑚) 2 ∗ 5𝑥10 𝑚 ∗ 84𝑥10−5 𝑚
6 −4 −2

Ω
𝑅 = 29.611
𝑚
• Parallel conductance G:
 2𝜋𝜎𝑑
𝐺=
𝑏
ln (𝑎 )

2𝜋 ∗ 1𝑥10−10 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝑆𝑚
𝐺= −2 = 9.1𝑥10−11
5𝑥10 𝑚 𝑚
ln ( −4 )
0.5𝑥10 𝑚
• Inductance L:

𝜇𝑜 𝑏
𝐿= (1 + ln ( ))
2𝜋 𝑎
1.2566x10−6 T m/A 5𝑥10−2 𝑚
𝐿= (1 + ln ( ))
2𝜋 0.5𝑥10−4 𝑚
𝐻
𝐿 = 1.581𝑥10−6
𝑚

• Parallel capacitance C:

2𝜋𝜀
𝐶=
𝑏
ln (𝑎)

𝜀 = 𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑜 = 2.1 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶2 /N𝑚2 = 1.86𝑥10−11 𝐶2 /𝑁𝑚2

−12 2
2𝜋 ∗ 2.1 ∗ 8.8542x10 𝐶 /N𝑚2 𝐹
𝐶= −2 = 1.69𝑥10−11
5𝑥10 𝑚 𝑚
ln ( )
0.5𝑥10−4 𝑚

For point b:
• Propagation constant:

𝛾 = √(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶)

𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 2𝜋 ∗ 199𝑥103 𝐻𝑧 = 125.035𝑥104 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝛾
Ω 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐻 𝑆𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐹
= √(29.611 + 𝑗 ∗ 125.035𝑥104 ∗ 1.581𝑥10−6 ) (9.1𝑥10−11 + 𝑗 ∗ 125.035𝑥104 ∗ 1.69𝑥10−11 )
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝑚 𝑠 𝑚

𝛾 = 0.0171 + 0.0182𝑗
• Attenuation constant:
𝑁𝑝
𝛼 = 𝑅𝑒(𝛾) = 0.0171
𝑚
• Phase constant:
 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛽 = 𝐼𝑚(𝛾) = 0.0182
𝑚
• Intrinsic impedance of the line:

𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑍𝑜 = √
𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶

Ω 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐻
29.611 𝑚 + 𝑗 ∗ 125.035𝑥104 𝑠 ∗ 1.581𝑥10−6 𝑚
𝑍𝑜 = √
𝑆𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐹
9.1𝑥10−11 𝑚 + 𝑗 ∗ 125.035𝑥104 𝑠 ∗ 1.69𝑥10−11 𝑚

𝑍𝑜 = 865.129 − 809.279𝑗 Ω

For point c:
• Propagation velocity:

4 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 125.035𝑥10 𝑠 𝑚
𝑉𝑝 = = = 6.870𝑥107
𝛽 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠
0.0182 𝑚

• Wavelength:

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜆= = = 345.229𝑚
𝛽 𝑟𝑎𝑑
0.0182 𝑚

• Attenuation constant:

𝑁𝑝
𝛼 𝑑𝐵 = −8.68 ∗ 𝛼 ( )
𝐾𝑚 𝑚
𝑁𝑝
𝛼𝑑𝐵 = −8.68 ∗ 0.0171
𝑚 𝑚
𝑑𝐵
𝛼𝑑𝐵 = −0.1484
𝑚 𝑚
 𝑚
Interpretation: For this exercise we got that 𝑉𝑝 = 6.870𝑥107 𝑠 , this value
refers to the speed with which the wave travels along the line, also, we
have the value of 𝜆 = 345.229 𝑚 that is the measure of the wavelength
according to the applied signal frequency, and finally, we calculate 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 =
−0.1484 𝑑𝐵/𝑚, which is a value that represents the attenuation suffered by
the voltage and current along the line.
2. A 𝑍𝑜 = 50Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 35 − 𝑗45Ω. If it is 𝐺𝐺 𝑚 long
and the wavelength is 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑚𝑚, Calculate:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
c. VSWR.

Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

Exercise solution:
• Input impedance:

𝐿 = 74 𝑚
𝜆 = 199 𝑚𝑚 = 0.199 𝑚
2𝜋
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍𝑜 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( 𝐿)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍𝑜 𝜆
2𝜋
𝑍𝑜 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( 𝐿)
𝜆
2𝜋
(35 − 𝑗45)Ω + 𝑗50Ω ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 50Ω 0.199 𝑚 ∗ 74 𝑚) = 117.894 − 𝑗54.491Ω
2𝜋
50Ω + 𝑗(35 − 𝑗45)Ω ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛 (0.199 𝑚 ∗ 74 𝑚)

• Reflection coefficient:

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑜 (35 − 𝑗45)Ω − 50Ω

Γ= = = 0.0810 − 𝑗0.486
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑜 (35 − 𝑗45)Ω + 50Ω
|Γ| = |0.0810 − 𝑗0.486| = 0.4931
arg(Γ) = −80.537°

• VSWR:

1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.4931
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = = = 2.946
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.4931
 Interpretation: 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 117.894 − 𝑗54,491 is the entrance impedance and is the
ratio of total voltage to total current. Γ = 0.0810 − 𝑗0.486 is the reflection
coefficient and describes the amplitude of the reflected wave relative to the
incident wave. VSWR= 2.946 is called the standing wave ratio and is the
ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum voltage within the line.
3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the
transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software to check the results obtained
in point 2.
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ.
c. VSWR.
Determining the electrical length:
𝐿 74 𝑚
𝓁= = = 371.859
𝜆 0.199 𝑚
And entering the data in the software we obtain the parameter to compare
with the ones in point 2:
 As we note, the parameters of input impedance, reflection coefficient and
VSWR in the software are very similar to the parameters calculated with the
equation in point 2.

Social problem

Social problem: Salt ions in water

Solution method: In order to remove these salt ions present in the water, a
magnetic field must be applied, which is created by conditioners that act on
these dissolved ions in the water, generating forces that move them from their
equilibrium position, which causes certain conditions to be modified
physicochemical properties of water and these modifications are what make
possible the benefits that this water causes in agricultural, industrial, domestic
and transport facilities.
References

• Reference 1: Unit 3_ Paz, A. (2013). Electrodinámica y ondas.

Electromagnetismo para ingeniería electrónica. Capítulo 8. pp.311-400
• Reference 2: Impedance Matching Networks. (2001). Radio-Frequency &
Microwave Communication Circuits. (pp. 146-188)