Explained Simply: Coproducts are the combination of two terms, without the loss of data communicated

by each term individually. In traditional mathematics, to combine two terms (such as 2 and 3) you would
need to arithmetically manipulate them (i.e 3 + 2, or 3 * 2). The issue with these methods is the original
data communicated previously is lost. While starting with 2 + 3 = 5 is perfectly reasonable, starting with 5
now makes it impossible to know the previous terms, or interpret any data associated with them. 5 can be
made with 2 + 3, 1 + 4, 5 + 0, -1 + 6, etc. It is impossible to know the initial data. This can be represented
with: A⨿B, where dataset A and B are combined. Additionally it is common to write i∈I underneath ⨿.
This signifies that the combined data is unique until isomorphisms (when each value returns the same
dataset), you would not do this if the two datasets never have the same values. Instead specify i∉I. This
would make the full notation:

𝐴 ∐ 𝐵𝑖 OR 𝐴 ∐ 𝐵𝑖
𝑖∈𝐼 𝑖∉𝐼
An example of coproduct notation vs arithmetic, would be combining 2 functions for creating parabolas.
In this example, we will skip the complex mathematics:

Traditional:
2 2
𝑥 −𝑥 = 0
Coproduct:
∀ℝ 2
2 2 3 𝑦 3
𝑥 ∐− 𝑥𝑖 → 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝐼 = 0, ≡ lim 𝑥 = 0
3
𝑥 → 0
0
𝑖∈𝐼
∀R is written here to specify that this answer is accurate within the full range from -∞ to ∞. I = 0 because
that is where the two normal functions intersect assuming 0y/0x has the limit (0), since higher values of x
and y approach 0.
Combining Constants as a co-product can be given by a simple re-engineering of quadratic vertex form
functions, assume A⨿B where A and B are both real numbers:

∀ℝ
𝐴 ∐ 𝐵 → 𝑥 = ∞(𝑥 − 𝐴)(𝑥 − 𝐵) lim
𝑖∉𝐼 𝑥→∞
Here is an example of the coproduct of -1 and 1, where the limit of infinity is U=1,000,000,000:
∀ℝ
− 1 ∐ 1 → 𝑥 = 𝑈(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑖∉𝐼
If we assume the previous set, U(x+1)(x-1), can be written as the set x1, we can additionally add other
terms to the set. Here is an example where the set x1 will have 0 added to it:
∀ℝ
𝑥1 ∐ 0 → 𝑥 = 𝑈(𝑥 ± 𝑥1)(𝑥 − 0) ** (x-0) would be written as (x) normally.
𝑖∉𝐼
Stacking terms can be done exponentially, this example combines set x1 with set x2 where x2={0, 2, -8}:
∀ℝ
𝑥1 ∐ 0, 2, (− 8) → 𝑥 = 𝑈(𝑥 ± 𝑥1)(𝑥)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 8)
𝑖∉𝐼
Graphing coproducts will always order them ascending numerically, so the combined set x1⨿x2 would be
{-8, -1, 0, 1, 2}. The final step in finding the coproduct of constants is algebraic simplification:
∀ℝ
5 4 3 2
𝑥1 ∐ 𝑥2 → 𝑥̂ = [𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 17𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 16𝑥 = 0]
𝑖∉𝐼
The Utility of the coproduct lies in simplifying abstract datasets and equations that would normally be
impossible to solve naturally. Much like how algebra is an abstraction of arithmetic – that generalizes
numbers into terms to allow for the solving of extremely complex equations – coproduct notation and
category theory is an abstraction of functions and datasets. Rather than solve for a very specific equation,
such as a bifurcation diagram, that would normally be impossible to compute, coproduct notation allows
the connection of much simpler datasets and functions, to form more complex ones. Here is an example of
a complex function (a bifurcation) that the traditional function would be impossible to solve for:

𝑥 1 𝑥 1 ∀𝑥≽−0.812 𝑥 1 1
− −6+𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ( 2 )+ 𝑒 − −6+𝑒 6𝑥+ 𝑒
± 2
⨿ ± 2
∐ ± 2
⨿± 2
→𝑋
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖∈𝐼 𝑖 𝑖
***NOTE: ≽ symbol is often used to indicate “greater than or equal to” when dealing with
datasets.
The end result of this coproduct amalgam (dataset X) is:
Where BLUE represents the positive alternate of the roots, and PURPLE is the negative.

Using and solving coproducts can be done with imaginary numbers, and with imaginary
alternates (EX: -2i, √i, √-i, dix, xi, i1/6, …), however it is not advised, since complexities already
present in standard category mathematics will be amplified significantly.

In summary, much like how algebra is the abstraction of arithmetic, and graphing is the
abstraction of relations, coproducts/categories in mathematics are the abstraction of functions
and datasets. It allows for the mathematical representation of very complex datasets, and how
they interact and relate to each other. It is integral for both advanced and simple mathematics,
and can allow complicated problems to be simplified easily.

Additional notes for solving Cubics and higher degree polynomials: all cubic/polynomial +/-
amalgams can be solved with the following formula:
∀ℝ 𝑧 2
𝑛 𝑧 𝑛 𝑧 2𝑛+1 (𝑦−𝑏𝑥 −𝑐)
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ∐− 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 → 𝑥 = 2
𝑖∈𝐼 (𝑎 )𝑥

𝐼=𝑐
Additional exponents can be expanded forever. For example:
∀ℝ 3 2 2
12 3 2 12 3 2 23 (𝑦−𝑥 −2𝑥 −3)
𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 ∐− 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 → 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑖∈𝐼
𝐼=3
Linear equations that follow +/- dynamic can be solved with:
∀ℝ 2
⎡ 𝑚𝑥 ⎤
𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 ∐− 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 → 𝑦 = ( )
⎣ 𝑦−𝑏 ⎦
+ 𝑏 𝐼= 𝑏
𝑖∈𝐼