Human Computer Interaction Design

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International Conference HCII 2020
Copenhagen Denmark July 19 24 2020
Proceedings Part I Masaaki Kurosu
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 Masaaki Kurosu (Ed.)

Human-Computer
LNCS 12181

Interaction
Design and User Experience
Thematic Area, HCI 2020
Held as Part of the 22nd International Conference, HCII 2020
Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19–24, 2020, Proceedings, Part I
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12181

Founding Editors
Gerhard Goos
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Juris Hartmanis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Editorial Board Members

Elisa Bertino
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Wen Gao
Peking University, Beijing, China
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Gerhard Woeginger
RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Moti Yung
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7409
Masaaki Kurosu (Ed.)

Human-Computer
Interaction
Design and User Experience
Thematic Area, HCI 2020
Held as Part of the 22nd International Conference, HCII 2020
Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19–24, 2020
Proceedings, Part I

123
Editor
Masaaki Kurosu
The Open University of Japan
Chiba, Japan

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-030-49058-4 ISBN 978-3-030-49059-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49059-1
LNCS Sublibrary: SL3 – Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI

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 Foreword

The 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCI International

2020 (HCII 2020), was planned to be held at the AC Bella Sky Hotel and Bella Center,
Copenhagen, Denmark, during July 19–24, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 coronavirus
pandemic and the resolution of the Danish government not to allow events larger than
500 people to be hosted until September 1, 2020, HCII 2020 had to be held virtually. It
incorporated the 21 thematic areas and affiliated conferences listed on the following
page.
A total of 6,326 individuals from academia, research institutes, industry, and gov-
ernmental agencies from 97 countries submitted contributions, and 1,439 papers and
238 posters were included in the conference proceedings. These contributions address
the latest research and development efforts and highlight the human aspects of design
and use of computing systems. The contributions thoroughly cover the entire field of
human-computer interaction, addressing major advances in knowledge and effective
use of computers in a variety of application areas. The volumes constituting the full set
of the conference proceedings are listed in the following pages.
Τhe HCI International (HCII) conference also offers the option of “late-breaking
work” which applies both for papers and posters and the corresponding volume(s)
of the proceedings will be published just after the conference. Full papers will be
included in the “HCII 2020 - Late Breaking Papers” volume of the proceedings to be
published in the Springer LNCS series, while poster extended abstracts will be included
as short papers in the “HCII 2020 - Late Breaking Posters” volume to be published in
the Springer CCIS series.
I would like to thank the program board chairs and the members of the program
boards of all thematic areas and affiliated conferences for their contribution to the
highest scientific quality and the overall success of the HCI International 2020
conference.
This conference would not have been possible without the continuous and unwa-
vering support and advice of the founder, Conference General Chair Emeritus and
Conference Scientific Advisor Prof. Gavriel Salvendy. For his outstanding efforts,
I would like to express my appreciation to the communications chair and editor of
HCI International News, Dr. Abbas Moallem.

July 2020 Constantine Stephanidis

 HCI International 2020 Thematic Areas
and Affiliated Conferences

Thematic areas:
• HCI 2020: Human-Computer Interaction
• HIMI 2020: Human Interface and the Management of Information
Affiliated conferences:
• EPCE: 17th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive
Ergonomics
• UAHCI: 14th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer
Interaction
• VAMR: 12th International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality
• CCD: 12th International Conference on Cross-Cultural Design
• SCSM: 12th International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media
• AC: 14th International Conference on Augmented Cognition
• DHM: 11th International Conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications
in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management
• DUXU: 9th International Conference on Design, User Experience and Usability
• DAPI: 8th International Conference on Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive
Interactions
• HCIBGO: 7th International Conference on HCI in Business, Government and
Organizations
• LCT: 7th International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies
• ITAP: 6th International Conference on Human Aspects of IT for the Aged
Population
• HCI-CPT: Second International Conference on HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and
Trust
• HCI-Games: Second International Conference on HCI in Games
• MobiTAS: Second International Conference on HCI in Mobility, Transport and
Automotive Systems
• AIS: Second International Conference on Adaptive Instructional Systems
• C&C: 8th International Conference on Culture and Computing
• MOBILE: First International Conference on Design, Operation and Evaluation of
Mobile Communications
• AI-HCI: First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in HCI
 Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

1. LNCS 12181, Human-Computer Interaction: Design and User Experience (Part I),
edited by Masaaki Kurosu
2. LNCS 12182, Human-Computer Interaction: Multimodal and Natural Interaction
(Part II), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
3. LNCS 12183, Human-Computer Interaction: Human Values and Quality of Life
(Part III), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
4. LNCS 12184, Human Interface and the Management of Information: Designing
Information (Part I), edited by Sakae Yamamoto and Hirohiko Mori
5. LNCS 12185, Human Interface and the Management of Information: Interacting
with Information (Part II), edited by Sakae Yamamoto and Hirohiko Mori
6. LNAI 12186, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Mental
Workload, Human Physiology, and Human Energy (Part I), edited by Don Harris
and Wen-Chin Li
7. LNAI 12187, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Cognition and
Design (Part II), edited by Don Harris and Wen-Chin Li
8. LNCS 12188, Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Design
Approaches and Supporting Technologies (Part I), edited by Margherita Antona
and Constantine Stephanidis
9. LNCS 12189, Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Applications and
Practice (Part II), edited by Margherita Antona and Constantine Stephanidis
10. LNCS 12190, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Design and Interaction
(Part I), edited by Jessie Y. C. Chen and Gino Fragomeni
11. LNCS 12191, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Industrial and Everyday
Life Applications (Part II), edited by Jessie Y. C. Chen and Gino Fragomeni
12. LNCS 12192, Cross-Cultural Design: User Experience of Products, Services, and
Intelligent Environments (Part I), edited by P. L. Patrick Rau
13. LNCS 12193, Cross-Cultural Design: Applications in Health, Learning,
Communication, and Creativity (Part II), edited by P. L. Patrick Rau
14. LNCS 12194, Social Computing and Social Media: Design, Ethics, User Behavior,
and Social Network Analysis (Part I), edited by Gabriele Meiselwitz
15. LNCS 12195, Social Computing and Social Media: Participation, User Experience,
Consumer Experience, and Applications of Social Computing (Part II), edited by
Gabriele Meiselwitz
16. LNAI 12196, Augmented Cognition: Theoretical and Technological Approaches
(Part I), edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis
17. LNAI 12197, Augmented Cognition: Human Cognition and Behaviour (Part II),
edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis
x Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

18. LNCS 12198, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,
Ergonomics and Risk Management: Posture, Motion and Health (Part I), edited
by Vincent G. Duffy
19. LNCS 12199, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,
Ergonomics and Risk Management: Human Communication, Organization and
Work (Part II), edited by Vincent G. Duffy
20. LNCS 12200, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Interaction Design (Part I),
edited by Aaron Marcus and Elizabeth Rosenzweig
21. LNCS 12201, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Design for Contemporary
Interactive Environments (Part II), edited by Aaron Marcus and Elizabeth
Rosenzweig
22. LNCS 12202, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Case Studies in Public and
Personal Interactive Systems (Part III), edited by Aaron Marcus and Elizabeth
Rosenzweig
23. LNCS 12203, Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions, edited by Norbert
Streitz and Shin’ichi Konomi
24. LNCS 12204, HCI in Business, Government and Organizations, edited by Fiona
Fui-Hoon Nah and Keng Siau
25. LNCS 12205, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Designing, Developing
and Deploying Learning Experiences (Part I), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and
Andri Ioannou
26. LNCS 12206, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Human and Technology
Ecosystems (Part II), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou
27. LNCS 12207, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Technologies,
Design and User Experience (Part I), edited by Qin Gao and Jia Zhou
28. LNCS 12208, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Healthy and Active
Aging (Part II), edited by Qin Gao and Jia Zhou
29. LNCS 12209, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Technology and
Society (Part III), edited by Qin Gao and Jia Zhou
30. LNCS 12210, HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust, edited by Abbas Moallem
31. LNCS 12211, HCI in Games, edited by Xiaowen Fang
32. LNCS 12212, HCI in Mobility, Transport and Automotive Systems: Automated
Driving and In-Vehicle Experience Design (Part I), edited by Heidi Krömker
33. LNCS 12213, HCI in Mobility, Transport and Automotive Systems: Driving
Behavior, Urban and Smart Mobility (Part II), edited by Heidi Krömker
34. LNCS 12214, Adaptive Instructional Systems, edited by Robert A. Sottilare and
Jessica Schwarz
35. LNCS 12215, Culture and Computing, edited by Matthias Rauterberg
36. LNCS 12216, Design, Operation and Evaluation of Mobile Communications,
edited by Gavriel Salvendy and June Wei
37. LNCS 12217, Artificial Intelligence in HCI, edited by Helmut Degen and Lauren
Reinerman-Jones
 Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List xi

38. CCIS 1224, HCI International 2020 Posters - Part I, edited by Constantine
Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
39. CCIS 1225, HCI International 2020 Posters - Part II, edited by Constantine
Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
40. CCIS 1226, HCI International 2020 Posters - Part III, edited by Constantine
Stephanidis and Margherita Antona

http://2020.hci.international/proceedings
 Human-Computer Interaction Thematic
Area (HCI 2020)

Program Board Chair: Masaaki Kurosu, The Open University

of Japan, Japan

• Salah Uddin Ahmed, Norway • Yi Ji, P.R. China

• Zohreh Baniasadi, Luxembourg
• Valdecir Becker, Brazil
• Nimish Biloria, Australia
• Scott Cadzow, UK
• Maurizio Caon, Switzerland
• Zhigang Chen, P.R. China
• Ulla Geisel, Germany
• Tor-Morten Groenli, Norway
• Jonathan Gurary, USA
• Kristy Hamilton, USA
• Yu-Hsiu Hung, Taiwan
• Lawrence Lam, USA
• Alexandros Liapis, Greece
• Bingjie Liu, USA
• Hiroshi Noborio, Japan
• Denise Pilar, Brazil
• Farzana Rahman, USA
• Manuel Rudolph, Germany
• Emmanuelle Savarit, UK
• Damian Schofield, USA
• Vinícius Segura, Brazil
• Charlotte Wiberg, Sweden

The full list with the Program Board Chairs and the members of the Program Boards of
all thematic areas and affiliated conferences is available online at:

http://www.hci.international/board-members-2020.php
 HCI International 2021
The 23rd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCI International
2021 (HCII 2021), will be held jointly with the affiliated conferences in
Washington DC, USA, at the Washington Hilton Hotel, July 24–29, 2021. It will
cover a broad spectrum of themes related to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI),
including theoretical issues, methods, tools, processes, and case studies in HCI design,
as well as novel interaction techniques, interfaces, and applications. The proceedings
will be published by Springer. More information will be available on the conference
website: http://2021.hci.international/.

General Chair
Prof. Constantine Stephanidis
University of Crete and ICS-FORTH
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Email: general_chair@hcii2021.org

http://2021.hci.international/
 Contents – Part I

Design Theory, Methods and Practice in HCI

Applying Designing Lines to Develop Audiovisual Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Valdecir Becker, Daniel Gambaro, Rafael M. Toscano,
Helder Bruno A. M. de Souza, Thayná dos S. Gomes, Maria C. D. Silva,
and Ed Porto Bezerra

“Boundaries Do Not Sit Still” from Interaction to Agential Intra-action

in HCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Claude Draude

Contextual Research: Why We Need to Research in Context to Deliver

Great Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Sabrina Duda, Carolyn Warburton, and Nissa Black

Development of an Assessment Model for the Human Centered Design

Processes Specified in ISO 9241-220. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Rüdiger Heimgärtner

Modeling and Runtime Generation of Situation-Aware Adaptations . . . . . . . . 71

Christian Herdin and Christian Märtin

Ethnographic Practice and the Problem of Context in Interaction

Design Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Michael Lahey

Design Interface and Modeling Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Julia C. Lee and Lawrence J. Henschen

Spreading Awareness About Quality in Interaction and UX

to Young Generations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Antonio Opromolla, Valentina Volpi, and Carlo Maria Medaglia

Ask Me No Questions: Increasing Empirical Evidence for a Qualitative

Approach to Technology Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Brian Pickering, Rachael Bartholomew, Mariet Nouri Janian,
Borja López Moreno, and Michael Surridge

Anthropomorphic Design for Everyday Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Shi Qiu

UX in IxD - User Experience in Interaction Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Miroslav Sili, Johannes Kropf, and Sten Hanke
xviii Contents – Part I

Human Computer Interfaces Reconsidered: A Conceptual Model

for Understanding User Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Susanne Koch Stigberg

Wizardry in Distributed Participatory Design: From Design

to Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Malin Wik and Akhona Khumalo

Research on Information Interface Interaction Design Based

on Unconscious Cognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Wenwen Yang

Understanding Users

Player Needs First: Understanding Player Needs Before Designing a K-pop

Themed Mobile Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Juan Oreste Braga de Oliveira and Antonio Felipe Cumaru Inhamuns

Yayy! You Have a New Notification: Co-designing Multi-device

Locative Media Experiences with Young People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Dan Fitton, Keith Cheverst, and Janet C. Read

Observations and Categorisations of Art Practices Associated with AI . . . . . . 234

Tim Gruchy

DICT and Seniors: How Can Research Experience Help Us Map Digital
Competencies? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Cecília Henriques and Denise Pilar

A Successful Transformation of Work? An Exploratory Analysis

on Requirements and Evaluation Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Julian Hildebrandt, Johanna Kluge, and Martina Ziefle

Insights into the Work of Editors of Digital Scholarly Editions

for Correspondences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Tobias Holstein and Uta Störl

The Behaviour Observations of Using Rearview Mirror

with Distance Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Cheng-Yong Huang

Research on Method of Acquiring and Screening of Personalized

Functional Requirements of Smart Watches for the Elderly
Based on Kano Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Shengqing Huang, Quan Gu, Jie Zhang, and Chaoxiang Yang
 Contents – Part I xix

Human Factors Engineering Development Process in Civil Aircraft Flight

Deck Design and Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Fei Li, Xianchao Ma, Yuan Wang, Yao Zhu, Jing Zhang, and Pu Hong

Documentation Tasks with Tablet or Smartphone in the Workplace:

A Study with Respect to OSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Patricia Tegtmeier, Christiane Adomeit, and Sascha Wischniewski

Research on the Design of Interactive Waiting Interface Based

on the Elderly User Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Haoyu Xu

Usability, User Experience and Quality

Evaluating the Usability and the Accessibility of Saudi

E-Government Websites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Nourah Aloboud, Raghad Alotaibi, and Amani Alqahtani

Research on Evaluation Index System of Artificial Intelligence Design

Based on User Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Qianwen Chen and Haowei Wang

Ecological Momentary Assessment Tools: Lessons Learned

from an HCI Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Pietro Crovari, Fabio Catania, Micol Spitale, and Franca Garzotto

Research on Interactive Usability Evaluation of Mobile Map Navigation

Based on User Behavior Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Licheng Deng and Zhicheng Ren

The Problems with Usability Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

Peter Gregory Dunn and Alice Hayes

Proposal of Quality in Use in Software Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Shin’ichi Fukuzumi, Nowky Hirasawa, Noriko Wada,
Toshihiro Komiyama, and Motoei Azuma

Accuracy Assessment of ARKit 2 Based Gaze Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

Robert Greinacher and Jan-Niklas Voigt-Antons

Usability of Software–Intensive Systems from Developers’ Point of View:

Current Status and Future Perspectives of International Standardization
of Usability Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Toshihiro Komiyama, Shin’ichi Fukuzumi, Motoei Azuma,
Hironori Washizaki, and Naohiko Tsuda
xx Contents – Part I

An Experimental Study of Typography Using EEG Signal Parameters . . . . . . 464

Ana Rita Teixeira and Anabela Gomes

Research on Evaluation of Perceptual Experience Quality of Web-Based

Panoramic Navigation System Based on Cognitive Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Haowei Wang, Bin Jiang, and Qianwen Chen

User Loyalty Analysis of Knowledge Payment Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Xin Wang and Bin Jiang

A Quantitative Method to Measure Noticeability of Animations

in Mobile Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Qianyao Xu, Yiding Liu, and Yingqing Xu

Using Reinforcement Learning Agents to Analyze Player Experience . . . . . . 510

Tian Zhu, Powen Yao, and Michael Zyda

Images, Visualization and Aesthetics in HCI

Generating Graphic Representations of Spoken Interactions Revisited:

The Tension Factor and Information Not Uttered in Journalistic Data . . . . . . 523
Christina Alexandris, Dimitrios Mourouzidis, and Vasilios Floros

Reflections on Data Visualization Design by Professionals

in the Tourism Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Caroline M. Barroso, Caroline Q. Santos, Luciana S. Espindola,
and Milene S. Silveira

The Image of Presence and the Presence of the Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

Kenneth Feinstein

Applying Holo360 Video and Image Super-Resolution Generative

Adversarial Networks to Virtual Reality Immersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Chia-Hui Feng, Yu-Hsiu Hung, Chao-Kuang Yang, Liang-Chi Chen,
Wen-Cheng Hsu, and Shih-Hao Lin

Single Image Contrast Enhancement by Training the HDR Camera Data . . . . 585
Kenji Iwata, Ryota Suzuki, Yue Qiu, and Yutaka Satoh

Baguamarsh: An Immersive Narrative Visualization for Conveying

Subjective Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Fei Jiang, Don Derek Haddad, and Joseph Paradiso

Information Visualization-Based Study on Interactive Design of Elderly

Health Management Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Yuzhao Liu
 Contents – Part I xxi

A Hashing Algorithm of Depth Image Matching for Liver Surgery . . . . . . . . 625

Satoshi Numata, Masanao Koeda, Katsuhiko Onishi, Kaoru Watanabe,
and Hiroshi Noborio

Automatic Deformation Detection and Analysis Visualization of 3D Steel

Structures in As-Built Point Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Rogério Pinheiro de Souza, César A. Sierra-Franco,
Paulo Ivson Netto Santos, Marina Polonia Rios,
Daniel Luiz de Mattos Nascimento, and Alberto Barbosa Raposo

Revisiting Visualization Task Taxonomies: Specifying Functions

for the Data Transformations Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Ariane Moraes Bueno Rodrigues, Gabriel Diniz Junqueira Barbosa,
Raul de Araújo Lima, Dieinison Jack Freire Braga,
Hélio Côrtes Vieira Lopes, and Simone Diniz Junqueira Barbosa

Semi-automatic Annotation of OCT Images for CNN Training . . . . . . . . . . . 672

Sebastian Schleier, Noah Stolz, Holger Langner, Rama Hasan,
Christian Roschke, and Marc Ritter

The Impact of Increasing and Decreasing the Professionalism

of News Webpage Aesthetics on the Perception of Bias in News Articles . . . 686
Brendan Spillane, Séamus Lawless, and Vincent Wade

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

 Contents – Part II

Gesture-Based Interaction

A Human-Centered Approach to Designing Gestures for Natural

User Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Shannon K. T. Bailey and Cheryl I. Johnson

Comparing a Mouse and a Free Hand Gesture Interaction Technique for 3D

Object Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Joao Bernardes

Research on Gesture Interaction Design for Home Control

Intelligent Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Bin Jiang, Xuewei Wang, and Yue Wu

A Comparative Study of Hand-Gesture Recognition Devices for Games. . . . . 57

Ahmed S. Khalaf, Sultan A. Alharthi, Ali Alshehri, Igor Dolgov,
and Z. O. Toups

The Social Acceptability of Peripheral Interaction with 3D Gestures

in a Simulated Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Sara Nielsen, Lucca Julie Nellemann, Lars Bo Larsen,
and Kashmiri Stec

Research of Interactive Gesture Usability of Navigation Application

Based on Intuitive Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Zhicheng Ren, Bin Jiang, and Licheng Deng

Gesture-Based Ιnteraction: Visual Gesture Mapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Kasper Rise and Ole Andreas Alsos

The Potential of Gesture-Based Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Kasper Rise and Ole Andreas Alsos

Detecting Gestures Through a Gesture-Based Interface to Teach

Introductory Programming Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Lora Streeter and John Gauch

A Mouth Gesture Interface Featuring a Mutual-Capacitance Sensor

Embedded in a Surgical Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Yutaro Suzuki, Kodai Sekimori, Yuki Yamato, Yusuke Yamasaki,
Buntarou Shizuki, and Shin Takahashi
xxiv Contents – Part II

Speech, Voice, Conversation and Emotions

The Effects of Body Gestures and Gender on Viewer’s Perception

of Animated Pedagogical Agent’s Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Justin Cheng, Wenbin Zhou, Xingyu Lei, Nicoletta Adamo,
and Bedrich Benes

Integrating Language and Emotion Features for Multilingual Speech

Emotion Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Panikos Heracleous, Yasser Mohammad, and Akio Yoneyama

A New Approach to Measure User Experience with Voice-Controlled

Intelligent Assistants: A Pilot Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Félix Le Pailleur, Bo Huang, Pierre-Majorique Léger,
and Sylvain Sénécal

Comparing the User Preferences Towards Emotional Voice Interaction

Applied on Different Devices: An Empirical Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Qinglin Liao, Shanshan Zhang, Mei Wang, Jia Li, Xinrong Wang,
and Xuemei Deng

Research on Interaction Design of Artificial Intelligence Mock Interview

Application Based on Goal-Directed Design Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Yingying Miao, Wenqian Huang, and Bin Jiang

The Effect of Personal Pronouns on Users’ Emotional Experience

in Voice Interaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Jianhong Qu, Ronggang Zhou, Liming Zou, Yanyan Sun, and Min Zhao

The Effect of Naturalness of Voice and Empathic Responses on Enjoyment,

Attitudes and Motivation for Interacting with a Voice User Interface . . . . . . . 244
Jacqueline Urakami, Sujitra Sutthithatip, and Billie Akwa Moore

Impression Detection and Management Using an Embodied

Conversational Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Chen Wang, Beatrice Biancardi, Maurizio Mancini, Angelo Cafaro,
Catherine Pelachaud, Thierry Pun, and Guillaume Chanel

Expectation and Reaction as Intention for Conversation System . . . . . . . . . . 279

Qiang Zhang

Augmented Tension Detection in Communication:

Insights from Prosodic and Content Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Bo Zhang and Lu Xiao
 Contents – Part II xxv

How to Design the Expression Ways of Conversational Agents

Based on Affective Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Chenyang Zhang, Ronggang Zhou, Yaping Zhang, Yanyan Sun,
Liming Zou, and Min Zhao

Deep Learning-Based Emotion Recognition from Real-Time Videos . . . . . . . 321

Wenbin Zhou, Justin Cheng, Xingyu Lei, Bedrich Benes,
and Nicoletta Adamo

Multimodal Interaction

Designing an AI-Companion to Support the Driver in Highly

Autonomous Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Emmanuel de Salis, Marine Capallera, Quentin Meteier,
Leonardo Angelini, Omar Abou Khaled, Elena Mugellini,
Marino Widmer, and Stefano Carrino

SilverCodes: Thin, Flexible, and Single-Line Connected Identifiers Inputted

by Swiping with a Finger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Minto Funakoshi, Shun Fujita, Kaori Minawa, and Buntarou Shizuki

A Defocus Based Novel Keyboard Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

Priyanshu Gupta, Tushar Goswamy, Himanshu Kumar,
and K. S. Venkatesh

Affective Haptics and Multimodal Experiments Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

Yang Jiao and Yingqing Xu

Recent Multimodal Communication Methodologies in Phonology,

Vision, and Touch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Chutisant Kerdvibulvech

A Framework of Input Devices to Support Designing Composite

Wearable Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Ahmed S. Khalaf, Sultan A. Alharthi, Bill Hamilton, Igor Dolgov,
Son Tran, and Z. O. Toups

Introducing Mobile Device-Based Interactions to Users:

An Investigation of Onboarding Tutorials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Mandy Korzetz, Romina Kühn, Lukas Büschel,
Franz-Wilhelm Schumann, Uwe Aßmann, and Thomas Schlegel

Multimodal Analysis of Preschool Children’s Embodied Interaction

with a Tangible Programming Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Marleny Luque Carbajal and M. Cecília C. Baranauskas

Identification Method of Digits for Expanding Touchpad Input . . . . . . . . . . . 463

Takuto Nakamura and Buntarou Shizuki
xxvi Contents – Part II

FingerTalkie: Designing a Low-Cost Finger-Worn Device for Interactive

Audio Labeling of Tactile Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Arshad Nasser, Taizhou Chen, Can Liu, Kening Zhu, and PVM Rao

A Virtual Mouse Interface for Supporting Multi-user Interactions . . . . . . . . . 497

Matthew Peveler, Jeffery O. Kephart, Xiangyang Mou, Gordon Clement,
and Hui Su

Floating Hierarchical Menus for Swipe-Based Navigation on Touchscreen

Mobile Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Alen Salkanovic, Ivan Štajduhar, and Sandi Ljubic

Touch Position Detection on the Front of Face Using Passive

High-Functional RFID Tag with Magnetic Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Yuta Takayama, Yuu Ichikawa, Takumi Kitagawa, Song Shengmei,
Buntarou Shizuki, and Shin Takahashi

Human Robot Interaction

One-Hand Controller for Human-Drone Interaction – a Human-Centered

Prototype Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Sebastian Büttner, Rami Zaitoon, Mario Heinz, and Carsten Röcker

Sexual Robots: The Social-Relational Approach and the Concept

of Subjective Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Piercosma Bisconti Lucidi and Susanna Piermattei

Theses on the Future Design of Human-Robot Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

Hans-Jürgen Buxbaum, Sumona Sen, and Ruth Häusler

Trust on Service Robots: A Pilot Study on the Influence of Eyes

in Humanoid Robots During a VR Emergency Egress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
André Diogo, Hande Ayanoglu, Júlia Teles, and Emília Duarte

Modelling the Collaboration of a Patient and an Assisting Humanoid Robot

During Training Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
Peter Forbrig and Alexandru-Nicolae Bundea

Multi-human Management of Robotic Swarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

John R. Grosh and Michael A. Goodrich

The Current Status and Challenges in Augmented-Reality Navigation

System for Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Akihiro Hamada, Atsuro Sawada, Jin Kono, Masanao Koeda,
Katsuhiko Onishi, Takashi Kobayashi, Toshinari Yamasaki,
Takahiro Inoue, Hiroshi Noborio, and Osamu Ogawa
 Contents – Part II xxvii

Database Semantics for Talking Autonomous Robots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630

Roland Hausser

Emotion Synchronization Method for Robot Facial Expression . . . . . . . . . . . 644

Yushun Kajihara, Peeraya Sripian, Chen Feng, and Midori Sugaya

Human-Robot Interaction in Health Care: Focus on Human Factors. . . . . . . . 654

Lisanne Kremer, Sumona Sen, and Monika Eigenstetter

Evaluating a Mouse-Based and a Tangible Interface Used

for Operator Intervention on Two Autonomous Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Andreas Mallas, Michalis Xenos, and Maria Rigou

On Positive Effect on Humans by Poor Operability of Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . 679

Mitsuharu Matsumoto

Human-Drone Interaction: Using Pointing Gesture to Define

a Target Object. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Anna C. S. Medeiros, Photchara Ratsamee, Yuki Uranishi,
Tomohiro Mashita, and Haruo Takemura

Enhancing Drone Pilots’ Engagement Through a Brain-Computer Interface . . . . 706

Tracy Pham, Dante Tezza, and Marvin Andujar

The Effects of Different Robot Trajectories on Situational Awareness

in Human-Robot Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Sumona Sen, Hans-Jürgen Buxbaum, and Lisanne Kremer

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

 Contents – Part III

HCI for Well-Being and Eudaimonia

Deception of the “Elephant in the Room”: Invisible Auditing

Multi-party Conversations to Support Caregivers in Cognitive
Behavioral Group Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Eleonora Beccaluva, Antonio Chiappetta, Julian Cuellar Mangut,
Luca Molteni, Marco Mores, Daniele Occhiuto, and Franca Garzotto

An Embodied and Ubiquitous E-coach for Accompanying Older Adults

Towards a Better Lifestyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Mira El Kamali, Leonardo Angelini, Maurizio Caon, Denis Lalanne,
Omar Abou Khaled, and Elena Mugellini

Designing and Testing HomeCare4All: A eHealth Mobile App for Elderly. . . 36

Roberta Grimaldi, Eliseo Sciarretta, Giovanni Andrea Parente,
and Carlo Maria Medaglia

Exploring User Expectations of Brain-Training and Coaching Technologies

for Cognitive Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Kyle Harrington, Michael P. Craven, Max L. Wilson,
and Aleksandra Landowska

Emotional Responses to Health Data Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Chloé Lourdais, Emilie Poirson, and Liang Ma

Improving Dialogue Design and Control for Smartwatches

by Reinforcement Learning Based Behavioral Acceptance Patterns . . . . . . . . 75
Rainer Lutze and Klemens Waldhör

FaceForward – An AI-Based Interactive System for Exploring

the Personal Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Elisabeth Veronica Mess, Dennis Rockstein, and Christian Märtin

Designing an Assisted Self-help Mobile App to Cope with Panic Disorder:

Preliminary Results and Open Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Maria Teresa Paratore

Digital Overload Warnings - “The Right Amount of Shame”? . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Aarathi Prasad and Asia Quinones

Design of Digital Coaches for Health and Wellness in the Workplace . . . . . . 135
Alessandra Rinaldi and Kiana Kianfar
xxx Contents – Part III

The Influences of Media Naturalness and Mental Model Alignment

on Reducing Patient Uncertainty in Virtual Consultation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Yuxi Vania Shi, Sherrie Komiak, and Paul Komiak

Design and Research of Intelligent Products for the Management of Chronic

Diseases of the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Xinxin Sun, Zhenzhou Li, and Minlin Yang

The Efficacy of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Fear of Falling (FOF)
in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Morihiro Tsujishita, Hiroshi Noborio, Yashuhiro Masutani,
Masanao Koeda, and Katsuhiko Onishi

A New Analysis Method for User Reviews of Mobile Fitness Apps . . . . . . . 188
Peihan Wen and Mo Chen

How to Present Calorie Information on the Electronic Menu to Help People

Order More Healthily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Shiyuan Zhang, Liang Zhou, and Ying Zhao

Learning, Culture and Creativity

Development and Technical Experience of Plastic Injection Machine

for STEAM Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Jui-Hung Cheng and Hsin-Hung Lin

Bringing Digital Transformation into Museums: The Mu.SA MOOC

Case Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Massimiliano Dibitonto, Katarzyna Leszczynska, Elisa Cruciani,
and Carlo M. Medaglia

Pincello: An Affordable Electronics Kit for Prototyping Interactive

Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Emanuel Felipe Duarte and M. Cecília C. Baranauskas

Research on Design of Intelligent Creeping Blanket for Infants Based

on Sustainable Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Han Gao

Extraction and Reuse of Pattern Configuration for Personalized

Customization of Cantonese Porcelain Based on Artificial Intelligence. . . . . . 276
Yi Ji, Xiaohong Sun, Xingyang Dai, Sean Clark, Yutong Liu,
and Tieming Fu

VR: Time Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Doros Polydorou, Oded Ben-Tal, Atser Damsma,
and Nadine Schlichting
 Contents – Part III xxxi

Read Ahoy: A Playful Digital-Physical Viking Experience to Engage

Children in Finding and Reading Books. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Andrea Resmini and Bertil Lindenfalk

Toward Inclusive Learning: Designing and Evaluating Tangible

Programming Blocks for Visually Impaired Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Zhiyi Rong, Ngo Fung Chan, Taizhou Chen, and Kening Zhu

Improvised Music for Computer and Augmented Guitar:

Performance with Gen* Plug-ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Scott L. Simon

Product Design Model for E-Commerce Cantonese Porcelain Based

on User Perceptual Image in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Shengyang Zhong, Peng Tan, Tieming Fu, and Yi Ji

Human Values, Ethics, Transparency and Trust

Effects of Reputation, Organization, and Readability on Trustworthiness

Perceptions of Computer Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Gene M. Alarcon, Anthony M. Gibson, Sarah A. Jessup, August Capiola,
Haider Raad, and Michael A. Lee

User Trust and Understanding of Explainable AI: Exploring Algorithm

Visualisations and User Biases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Dawn Branley-Bell, Rebecca Whitworth, and Lynne Coventry

Inclusive Design – Go Beyond Accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

Roland Buß

Relational Interaction: Challenges and Opportunities for Social Innovation

Through Service Co-production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Eun Ji Cho

An Examination of Dispositional Trust in Human and Autonomous

System Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Priscilla Ferronato and Masooda Bashir

Are All Perfect Automation Schemas Equal? Testing Differential Item

Functioning in Programmers Versus the General Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Anthony M. Gibson, Tyler J. Ryan, Gene M. Alarcon, Sarah A. Jessup,
Izz Aldin Hamdan, and August Capiola

Gaps in Neuroethics in Relation to Brain Computer Interfaces:

Systematic Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Negar Hosseini and Praveen Kumar
xxxii Contents – Part III

TRUE – Transparency of Recommended User Experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

Sparshad Kasote and Krishnan Vijayaraghavan

Ideal Election Method by Adopting the Interval Scale Instead

of the Ordinal Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Masaaki Kurosu and Ayako Hashizume

Using Blink Rate to Detect Deception: A Study to Validate an Automatic

Blink Detector and a New Dataset of Videos from Liars and Truth-Tellers. . . 494
Merylin Monaro, Pasquale Capuozzo, Federica Ragucci,
Antonio Maffei, Antonietta Curci, Cristina Scarpazza,
Alessandro Angrilli, and Giuseppe Sartori

Pathway to a Human-Values Based Approach to Tackle

Misinformation Online. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Lara S. G. Piccolo, Alisson Puska, Roberto Pereira, and Tracie Farrell

Using Inclusive Research to Promote Inclusive Design:

Possibilities and Limitations in a Corporate Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Gregory Weinstein

HCI in Complex Environments

Stability Maintenance of Depth-Depth Matching of Steepest Descent

Method Using an Incision Shape of an Occluded Organ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Miho Asano, Tomohiro Kuroda, Satoshi Numata, Tsuneo Jozen,
Tomoki Yoshikawa, and Hiroshi Noborio

BeaCON - A Research Framework Towards an Optimal Navigation . . . . . . . 556

Arun Balakrishna and Tom Gross

Computational Design for Complexity-Related Issues. Strategies to Foresee

Emergent Behavior and Social Conflict in the ‘Organic’ Tirana . . . . . . . . . . 575
Sotir Dhamo, Ledian Bregasi, and Valerio Perna

Research on Service Design of Real-Time Translation Based

on Scenario Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Yingying Miao, Shaolun Zhang, and Bin Jiang

Deadlock-Free and Collision-Free Liver Surgical Navigation by Switching

Potential-Based and Sensor-Based Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
Hiroshi Noborio, Kiyomi Kawai, Kaoru Watanabe,
Katsunori Tachibana, Takahiro Kunii, and Kiminori Mizushino

Study on the Development of Augmented-Reality Navigation System

for Transsphenoidal Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Katsuhiko Onishi, Seiyu Fumiyama, Yohei Miki, Masahiro Nonaka,
Masanao Koeda, and Hiroshi Noborio
 Contents – Part III xxxiii

Conception and Development of a Support System

for Assembly Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Bernhard Rupprecht, Emanuel Trunzer, Jozsef Kovac,
and Birgit Vogel-Heuser

A Gamified Mobility Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658

Andrea Vesco, Salvatore Di Dio, Enza Lissandrello,
and Domenico Schillaci

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Design Theory, Methods and Practice in
HCI
 Applying Designing Lines to Develop
Audiovisual Systems

Valdecir Becker(&), Daniel Gambaro, Rafael M. Toscano,

Helder Bruno A. M. de Souza, Thayná dos S. Gomes,
Maria C. D. Silva, and Ed Porto Bezerra

Audiovisual Design Research Group, Informatics Center,

Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
audiovisualdesign@lavid.ufpb.br

Abstract. This article describes the use of Designing Lines for the develop-
ment of an audiovisual system. The Designing Lines comprise a set of recom-
mendations for developing strategies related to content, identity, motivation and
experience, focusing on each of the four roles of Audiovisual Design model. To
test the concept of the Lines, an application was developed for a TV newscast,
including a web portal for viewing the data collected from the interaction of
individuals. In conclusion, this research points out that the Designing Lines are
important elements for the Producer to plan and execute content adapted to the
demands of individuals.

Keywords: Audiovisual Design
Designing Lines
Audiovisual systems

1 Introduction

This paper describes what are “Designing Lines” and their uses for development and
production of audiovisual content. Designing Lines are a part of Audiovisual Design
(AD), a theoretical-methodological model to assess the creation and analysis of
audiovisual systems, converging elements from Human-Computer Interaction
(HCI) and Media Studies. As the audiovisual industry continuously presents more
integration with software development, the AD model becomes necessary due to its
capability of addressing the converging chain of creation, production and consumption
[1]. Content, under such perspective, is defined as the textual, aural and visual com-
ponents, aligned with the graphical interfaces that allow interactions. A complex
audiovisual system is a configuration that includes the content, the hardware and
software that support the interfaces, as well as the infrastructure for storage, recovery
and transmission.
There are four Designing Lines: Line of Content, Line of Identity, Line of Moti-
vation and Line of Experience. These lines hold general orientations, serving as foci for
creators and producers when conceiving the different elements of an audiovisual sys-
tem. The AD also indicates that there are four main roles to be performed by people in
contact with the audiovisual system, each one representing a level of activity, from
passive fruition to creation of derivative pieces: 1) Audience, 2) Synthesizer, 3)
Modifier and 4) Producer. People in each role may reach an elevated level when they
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BLACKWOOD'S EDINBURGH MAGAZINE, VOL. 75, NO. 462,
APRIL 1854 ***
Transcriber’s Note:
New original cover art included with this eBook is
granted to the public domain.
 BLACKWOOD’S

EDINBURGH MAGAZINE.

No. CCCCLXII. APRIL, 1854. Vol.

LXXV.

CONTENTS.

The Commercial Results of a War with Russia, 381

The Puppets of all Nations, 392
The Quiet Heart.—Part V., 414
Chronological Curiosities: What shall we Collect? 426
The Reform Bills of 1852 and 1854, 441
The Blue Books and the Eastern Question, 461
Life in the Sahara, 479
The Cost of the Coalition Ministry, 492
 EDINBURGH:
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, 45 GEORGE STREET, AND 37
PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON;

To whom all communications (post paid) must be addressed.

SOLD BY ALL THE BOOKSELLERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS, EDINBURGH.

 BLACKWOOD’S
EDINBURGH MAGAZINE.

No. CCCCLXII. APRIL, 1854. Vol. LXXV.

THE COMMERCIAL RESULTS OF A WAR

WITH RUSSIA.

After the enjoyment of nearly forty years of peace, during which

two generations of men, whose fate it was to live in more troublous
times, have passed to their account, we are entering upon a war
which will inevitably tax all the energies of the country to conduct it
to a successful and honourable conclusion. The enemy against whom
our arms are directed is not one whose prowess and power can with
safety be slighted. A colossal empire possessed of vast resources,
wielded by a sovereign of indomitable character and vast ambition,
who has for years been collecting strength for a gigantic effort to
sweep away every barrier by which the realisation of that ambition
has been impeded, is our opponent. The issue to him is most
momentous. It is to decide whether he is hereafter to be a controlling
power in Europe and Asia, to rule absolutely in the Baltic, to hold the
keys of the Euxine and the Mediterranean, and to push his conquests
eastwards, until he clutches Hindostan,—or to be driven back and
confined within the limits of the original empire which Peter the
Great bequeathed to his successors. Such a struggle will not be
conducted by Russia, without calling forth all the vigour of her arm.
An issue so far beyond her contemplation as defeat and extinction as
a first-rate power in the world, will not be yielded until she has
drained her last resources, and exhausted every available means of
defence and procrastination. Russia possesses too in this, the climax
of her fate and testing-point in her aggressive career, a mighty source
of strength in the enthusiasm of her people, whom she has taught to
regard the question at issue between herself and Europe as a
religious one, and the war into which she has entered as a crusade
against “the infidel” and his abettors. The result may be seen in the
personal popularity which the Emperor enjoys, and the ready
devotion with which his efforts are aided by the Christian portion of
the population of his empire.
On the other hand, Great Britain enters into the struggle with
every recognised prestige of success in her favour. She has, as her
active ally, the greatest military nation in the world, whose soldiers
and sailors are about, for the first time for many centuries, to fight
side by side against a common enemy. Little as we are disposed to
decry the strength of that navy which Russia, by her wonderful
energy, has succeeded in creating during the past few years, it would
be absurd to compare it with the magnificent fleets which England
and France combined have at present floating in the waters of the
Black Sea, and about to sail for the Baltic. A comparison of our
monetary resources with those of our opponent would be still more
absurd. Another feature in our position as a maritime country at
present, is the vast facilities which we possess, by means of our
mercantile ocean steamers, of transporting any required number of
troops to the locality where their services are required, with a
rapidity and comfort never dreamt of during the last European war.
A veteran of our Peninsular Campaigns, witnessing the splendid
accommodation provided in such noble vessels as the Oriental
Company’s steamer Himalaya at Southampton, the Cunard
Company’s steamer Cambria at Kingston Harbour, Dublin, and the
same Company’s steamer Niagara at Liverpool, and acquainted with
the fact that each of these vessels was capable of disembarking their
freight of armed men within five or six days of their departure hence
in any port of the Mediterranean, must have been struck by the
marked difference between such conveyances and the old troop ships
employed in former days. Moreover, there is scarcely a limit to the
extent of this new element of our power as a military nation. We
enter, too, upon the approaching struggle with Russia backed by the
enthusiastic support of all classes of our population. It is not
regarded with us as a religious war, or one into the incentives to
which religion enters at all. It is scarcely regarded by the mass as a
war of interest. With that sordid motive we cannot as a nation be
reproached. It is felt only that an unjust aggression has been
committed by a powerful state upon a weak one; that the tyranny of
the act has been aggravated by the gross breaches of faith, the glaring
hypocrisy, amounting to blasphemy, and the unparalleled atrocity,
by which it has been followed up; and that we should prove ourselves
recreant, and devoid of all manhood, were we to stand tamely by and
see a gallant people, differing though they do from us in religion,
overwhelmed by brute force, and exterminated from the face of
Europe by such butcheries as Russia has shown us, in the memorable
example of Sinope, that she is not ashamed to perpetrate in the face
of the civilised world, and in the name of Christianity.
There is one consideration, however, connected with the present
warlike temper of our population, which cannot with safety be
permitted to escape remark. We have already stated that two
generations of men have passed away since this country was in actual
war with an enemy in Europe. The bulk of the present race of
Englishmen have never experienced the inconveniences, and
occasional privations, which attend upon war even in countries, like
ours, which are happily free from the affliction of having an armed
enemy to combat upon its own soil. We believe most firmly that we
are not a degenerate people. We see evidence of this in the ready zeal
with which large numbers of our hardy and enterprising youth are
everywhere flocking to be enrolled under the flag of their country,
both for land and sea service. We trust that this feeling will endure,
and that we shall be found willing to bear up cheerfully under any
temporary sacrifices which we shall be called upon to make; but we
cannot blind ourselves to the fact that a great change has taken place
in our social condition, in our traditionary instincts, in our pursuits,
and in our institutions, during the forty years of peace which we have
enjoyed. We have become more essentially a manufacturing and
commercial people. A larger number of our population than formerly
are dependent for their daily bread upon the profitable employment
of capital in our foreign trade. The more extensive adaptation of
machinery to manufacturing processes of every kind has led to the
aggregation of large masses of our population in particular districts;
and such masses, ignorant as we have unfortunately allowed them to
grow up, are notoriously subject to the incendiary persuasions of
unprincipled and bad men, and have been sedulously taught that
cheapness of all the necessaries of life can only be secured by
unrestricted communication with foreign countries. Moreover, we
have had a large infusion of the democratic element into our
constitution. Our House of Commons no longer represents the
yeomanry and the property classes of the country; but, instead, must
obey the dictates of the shopkeeping and artisan classes of our large
towns. It is no longer the same body of educated English gentlemen,
whose enduring patriotism, during the last war, stood firm against
the clamours of the mobs of London, Manchester, and other large
centres of population, and turned a deaf ear to the persuasions of
faction within its own walls; but a mixed assemblage of a totally
opposite, or, at all events, a materially changed character, so far as
regards a considerable number of its members. We have in it now a
larger proportion of the capitalist class—men suspected of being
rather more sensitively alive to a rise or fall in the prices of funds,
stock, railway shares, &c., than to any gain or loss of national
honour; more wealthy manufacturers, who would be disposed to
regard the loss of a fleet as a minor calamity, compared with the loss
of a profitable market for their cottons, woollens, or hardwares; and,
lastly, more Irish representatives of the Maynooth priesthood, ready
to sell their country, or themselves, for a concession to Rome, or a
Government appointment. The honourable member for the West
Riding—Mr Cobden—showed a thorough appreciation of the
character and position of a portion of the House, and of his own
constituents, when he wound up his speech on the adjourned debate
upon the question of our relations with Russia and Turkey, on the
20th ult., with these words, which deserve to be remembered:—“He
would take upon himself all the unpopularity of opposing this war;
and, more than that, he would not give six months’ purchase for the
popularity of those who advocated it on its present basis.”
Under such circumstances it is material to examine what is the
amount of interruption to the commerce of the country, which may
be assumed as likely to occur, as the result of a state of war with
Russia. What, in other words, is the amount and the nature of the
pressure, to which the masses of our population may be called upon
to submit, to prepare them for the purposes of those persons—
happily few in number at present—whose voice is for peace at any
sacrifice of the national honour, and any sacrifice of the sacred duties
of humanity? We shall perhaps be excused if we examine first the
nature of the pressure which is relied upon by such persons; and we
cannot exemplify this better than by a quotation from the speech
already referred to by the same Mr Cobden—their first volunteer
champion in the expected agitation. The honourable gentleman
remarked:—

“He could not ignore the arguments by which they were called upon by
honourable and right honourable gentlemen to enter into a war with Russia. The
first argument was one which had been a dozen times repeated, relative to the
comparative value of the trade of the two countries. We were to go to war to
prevent Russia from possessing countries from which she would exclude our
commerce, as she did from her own territory. That argument was repeated by a
noble lord, who told the House how insignificant our trade with Russia was,
compared with that with Turkey. Now, that opinion was erroneous as well as
dangerous, for we had no pecuniary interest in going to war. Our interests were all
on the other side, as he was prepared to show. The official returns did not give him
the means of measuring the extent of our exports to Russia, but he had applied to
some of the most eminent merchants in the City, and he confessed he had been
astonished by the extent of our trade with Russia. He used to be told that our
exports to Russia amounted to less than £2,000,000. Now, Russia was still under
the Protectionist delusion, which had also prevailed in this country in his
recollection. (A laugh.) Russia still kept up her protective duties upon her
manufactures, but he would tell the House what we imported from Russia, and
they might depend on it that whatever we imported we paid for. (Hear, hear.) He
had estimated the imports from Russia as of much greater value than most people
thought, and he was under the impression that they might amount to from
£5,000,000 to £6,000,000 per annum. Now, here was a calculation of our imports
from Russia which he had obtained from sources that might be relied upon,—
 Estimated Value of Imports from Russia into the United Kingdom.
Tallow, £1,800,000
Linseed, 1,300,000
Flax and hemp, 3,200,000
Wheat, 4,000,000
Wool, 300,000
Oats, 500,000
Other grain, 500,000
Bristles, 450,000
Timber, deals, &c., 500,000
Iron, 70,000
Copper, 140,000
Hides, 60,000
Miscellaneous, 200,000

£13,020,000

Now, last year our imports from Russia were larger than usual, and another
house, taking an average year, had made them £11,000,000. In that calculation,
the imports of wheat were taken at £2,000,000 instead of £4,000,000, and that
made the difference. He was also credibly informed that Russian produce to the
value of about £1,000,000 came down the Vistula to the Prussian ports of the
Baltic, and was shipped thence to this country; so that our imports from Russia
averaged about £12,000,000 sterling per annum, and included among them
articles of primary importance to our manufactures. How was machinery to work,
and how were locomotives to travel, without tallow to grease their wheels? (A
laugh.) Look, too, at the imports of linseed to the value of £1,300,000. No persons
were more interested than honourable gentlemen opposite in the reduction of the
price of the food of cattle. Then take the articles of flax and hemp. There were
districts in the West Riding which would suffer very serious injury and great
distress if we should go to war and cut off our intercourse with Russia. (Hear.)
Even with regard to the article of Russian iron, which entered into consumption at
Sheffield, he was told it would be hardly possible to manufacture some of the finer
descriptions of cutlery if the supply of Russian iron were interfered with.”

We shall not here take the trouble of criticising Mr Cobden’s

figures, but take them as they stand, although they are exaggerated
enough. His argument is obviously, that we must submit to any
amount of aggression which Russia may choose to make upon
neutral countries, and even upon our own Indian possessions,
because that country supplies us yearly with thirteen millions’ worth
of raw materials and food! The same was the humiliating position
which the men of Tyre and Sidon, as recorded in Scripture, occupied
towards Herod, when “they came of one accord to him, and having
made Blastus, the king’s chamberlain, their friend, desired peace,
because their country was nourished by the king’s country.” How,
asks Mr Cobden, is machinery to work without tallow to grease the
wheels? We are to have an anti-war cry from the farmers for the lack
of Russian linseed; the West Riding of Yorkshire is to be stirred up
into insurrection by the want of flax and hemp; and the fine cutlers
of Sheffield cannot get on without the £70,000 worth of iron which
they import from Russia! The main reliance of the peace-at-any-price
party, we have no doubt, rests upon the probability of high prices of
food, and their hope of producing in the minds of the masses the
impression that the cause of those high prices is mainly the
interruption of our usual imports of grain from the Russian ports of
the Baltic and the Black Sea.
It is rather singular that it should not have struck so astute a man
as Mr Cobden, that Russia is very likely to feel the loss of so excellent
a customer as England appears to have been to her, quite as much as
we are likely to feel the want of her tallow, her flax and hemp, her
linseed, or even her wheat. The vendor of an article is generally the
party who feels most aggrieved when his stock is permitted to
accumulate upon his shelves. The Russian landowners cannot very
conveniently dispense with the annual thirteen millions sterling
which they draw from this country. Mr Cobden may depend upon it
that, if we want it, a portion of their growth of staple articles will find
its way to this country, through intermediate channels, although
Russian ships no longer gain the advantages derived from its
transport. The fact, however, of our absolute dependence upon
Russia for these articles is too palpably a bugbear, either of Mr
Cobden’s own creation, or palmed upon him by his friends, the
“eminent merchants of the City,” to be worthy of serious notice, did it
not betray the direction in which we are to look for the agitation, by
which that gentleman and his friends hope to paralyse the hands of
Government during the coming crisis of the country.
 In the effort to form a correct estimate of the extent of interruption
to our commerce to be anticipated from the existence of a state of
war between this country and Russia, we must have, in the first
place, reliable facts to depend upon, instead of the loose statements
of Russian merchants, who are, as a class, so peculiarly connected
with her as almost to be liable to the imputation of having Russian
rather than British interests nearest to their hearts. We have a right
also to look at the fact that, so far at least as present appearances go,
Russia is likely to be isolated on every side during the approaching
struggle, her principal seaports, both in the Baltic and the Black Sea,
to be commanded by the united British and French fleets; whilst that
produce, by the withholding of which she could doubtless for a time,
and to a certain extent, inconvenience our manufacturers and
consumers, may find its way to us either direct from Russian ports in
neutral vessels, or through those neighbouring countries which are
likely to occupy a neutral position in the quarrel. We have also to
bear in mind that, with respect to many of the articles which we have
lately been taking so largely from Russia, other sources of supply are
open to us. It is remarkable to observe the effect produced by even
temporarily enhanced prices in this country in extending the area on
every side from which foreign produce reaches us. A few shillings per
quarter on wheat, for example, will attract it from the far west States
of America, from which otherwise it would never have come, owing
to the inability of the grower to afford the extra cost of transport. All
these considerations have to be borne in mind; and although it will
perhaps have to be conceded that somewhat enhanced prices may
have to be paid for some of the articles with which Russia at present
supplies us, we think we shall be enabled to show that the
enhancement is not at all likely to be such as to amount to a calamity,
or cause serious pressure upon our people.
Before proceeding further, it may be desirable to explain the mode
in which our trade with Russia, both import and export, is carried
on. Russia is, commercially, a poor country. The description of her
given by M‘Culloch, in an early edition of his Dictionary of
Commerce, published two-and-twenty years ago, is as appropriate
and correct as if it had been written yesterday, notwithstanding the
vast territorial aggrandisement which has taken place in the interim.
Her nobles and great landowners hold their property burdened by
the pressure of many mortgages; and they are utterly unable to bring
their produce to market, or to raise their crops at all, without the
advances of European capitalists. These consist chiefly of a few
English Houses, who have branch establishments at St Petersburg,
Riga, and Memel on the Baltic, and Odessa on the Black Sea. The
mode of operation is the following. About the month of October the
cultivators and factors from the interior visit those ports, and receive
advances on the produce and crops to be delivered by them ready for
shipment at the opening of the navigation; and it is stated that the
engagements made between these parties and British capitalists have
rarely been broken. This process of drawing advances goes on until
May, by which month there are large stocks ready for shipment at all
the ports, the winter in many districts being the most favourable for
their transport. The import trade is carried on in a similar manner by
foreign capital; long credits, in many instances extending to twelve
months, being given to the factors in the interior. A well-known
statistical writer, the editor of the Economist, Mr John Wilson, in his
publication of the 25th ult., says, upon the subject of the amount of
British capital thus embarked in Russia at the period when her
battalions crossed the Pruth: “The most accurate calculations which
we have been able to make, with the assistance of persons largely
engaged in the trade, shows that at that moment the British capital
in Russia, and advanced to Russian subjects, was at least
£7,000,000, including the sums for which Houses in this country
were under acceptance to Russia.” We can perfectly believe this to
have been the fact, under such a system of trading as that which we
have described. We can believe, too, that a considerable number of
British ships and sailors were at the same time in Russian ports, and
would, in case we had treated the occupation of Moldavia and
Wallachia by Russian troops as a casus belli, very probably have been
laid under embargo. We could sympathise with those “persons
largely engaged in the trade,” in rejoicing that, as one effect of a
temporising policy, the whole of this capital, these ships, and these
sailors, had been released from all danger of loss or detention. But
we cannot bring ourselves to consider it decent in a gentleman
holding an important office in the Government, whilst admitting, as
he does, that we have been bamboozled by Russian diplomacy, to
point triumphantly to this saving of “certain monies”—the property
of private individuals, who made their ventures at their own risk and
for their own profit—as in any sort balancing the loss of the national
honour, which has been incurred by our tardiness in bringing
decisive succour to an oppressed ally. Ill-natured people might
suggest a suspicion that Mincing Lane and Mark Lane had been
exercising too great an influence in Downing Street. And the public
may hereafter ask of politicians, who thus ground their defence
against the charges of infirmness of purpose and blind credulity, or
“connivance,” as Mr Disraeli has, perhaps too correctly, termed it,
upon this alleged saving of a few millions of the money of private
adventurers—Will it balance the expenditure of the tens of millions
of the public money which the prosecution of this war will probably
cost, and which might have been saved by the adoption of a more
prompt and vigorous policy in the first instance? Will it balance the
loss of life—will it support the widows and orphans—will it lighten by
one feather the burden upon posterity, which may be the result of
this struggle? It would be a miserable thing should it have to be said
of England, that there was a period in her history when she hesitated
to strike a blow in a just cause until she had taken care that the
offender had paid her shopkeepers or her merchants their debts! We
pass over this part of the subject, however, as scarcely belonging to
the question which we have proposed to ourselves to discuss.
Our imports from Russia, upon the importance of which so much
stress has been laid, were in 1852 as given below, from official
documents. We have ourselves appended the value of the various
items upon a very liberal scale; and we may explain that we select
that year instead of 1853, for reasons which we shall hereafter
explain.
 Quantities of Russian Produce imported into Great Britain during
the year 1852.
Corn, wheat, and flour, qrs. 733,571 value £1,540,499
Oats, „ 305,738 366,855
Other grain, „ 262,348 327,935
Tallow, cwts. 609,197 1,187,700
Linseed, and flax seed, &c. qrs. 518,657 1,125,000
Bristles, lbs. 1,459,303 292,000
Flax, cwts. 948,523 1,897,046
Hemp, „ 543,965 861,277
Wool (undressed), lbs. 5,353,772 200,390
Iron (unwrought), tons 1,792 17,920
Copper (do.), „ 226 20,000
Do. (part wrought), „ 1,042 120,000
Timber (hewn), loads 28,299 94,800
Do. (sawn), „ 189,799 759,196

£8,810,618

We have taken for the above estimate the prices which prevailed in
the first six months of 1852, after which they were raised above an
average by peculiar circumstances. The year selected, moreover, was
one of larger imports than usual of many articles. For example, our
imports of Russian grain in 1852 amounted, in round numbers, to
£2,235,300 sterling, against only £952,924 in 1850. Yet we have less
than nine millions as the amount of this vaunted import trade from
Russia, the interruption of which is to be fraught with such serious
consequences to our internal peace, and to the “popularity” of the
liberal representatives of our large towns.
But fortunately for the country, and rather mal apropos for those
who would fain convert any diminution of our supplies of produce
from Russia into the ground of an anti-war agitation, we have
succeeded in procuring from that country during the past year
supplies unprecedented in quantity. The following have been our
imports from Russia in 1853, as compared with the previous year:—
 Corn, wheat, and flour, qrs. 1,070,909 against 733,571 in 1852.
Oats, „ 379,059 305,738
Other grain, „ 263,653 262,238
Tallow, cwts. 847,267 609,197
Seeds, qrs. 785,015 518,657
Bristles, lbs. 2,477,789 1,459,303
Flax, cwts. 1,287,988 948,523
Hemp, „ 836,373 543,965
Wool, lbs. 9,054,443 5,353,772
Iron, tons 5,079 1,792
Copper (unwrought), „ 974 226
Copper (part wrought), „ 656 1,042
Timber (hewn), loads 45,421 28,299
Timber (sawn), „ 245,532 189,799

If mercantile opinions are at all to be relied upon, these extra

supplies ought to have a tendency to bring down prices, which the
prospect of war has enhanced beyond what existing circumstances
seem to warrant, even presuming that we had no other dependence
than upon Russia for the articles with which she has heretofore
supplied us. For example, we have paid during the past year, if we
take present prices, for our imports of wheat alone from Russia,
about £6,470,000 sterling, whereas, at the prices of the early part of
1852, we should have paid for the same quantity of wheat just half
the money. And at the present moment, and since war has been
regarded as inevitable, we have had a downward tendency in all our
principal markets. It has been discovered that we hold more home-
grown wheat than was anticipated; and, with a favourable seed-time
and a propitious spring, hopes are entertained that we shall not in
the present year be so dependent upon the foreigner as we have been
during that which has passed. Tallow also is an article for which we
have been lately paying the extravagant prices of 62s. to 63s. per cwt.
In the early part of 1852, the article was worth about 37s. 6d. for the
St Petersburg quality. No English grazier, however, ever knew
butcher’s meat or fat at their present prices; and a propitious year for
the agriculturist will most probably bring matters to a more
favourable state for the consumer.
 It is not, however, true that a state of war with Russia can shut us
out from our supply of the produce of that country. It will come to us
from her ports, unless we avail ourselves of our right to blockade
them strictly, in the ships of neutral countries. A portion of it—and
no inconsiderable portion—will reach us overland, Russia herself
being the greatest sufferer, from the extra cost of transit. There can
be no doubt of every effort being made by her great landowners to
make market of their produce, and convert it at any sacrifice into
money; for it must be borne in mind that they are at the present
moment minus some seven or eight millions sterling of British and
other money, usually advanced upon the forthcoming crops. We
need scarcely point at the difficulty in which this want must place
Russia in such a struggle as that in which she is at present engaged.
The paper issues of her government may for a time be forced upon
her slavish population as money. But that population requires large
imports of tea, coffee, sugar, spices, fruits, wines, and other foreign
products; and it is not difficult to predict that there will be found few
capitalists in Europe or Asia, willing to accommodate her with a loan
wherewith to pay even for these necessaries, much less to feed her
grasping ambition by an advance of money for the purchase of
additional arms and military stores. Moreover, we are not by any
means so absolutely dependent upon Russia for many of the
principal articles with which she has heretofore supplied us, as
certain parties would wish us to believe. We could have an almost
unlimited supply of flax and hemp from our own colonies, if we
chose to encourage the cultivation of them there. In the mean time,
Egypt furnishes us with the former article; and Manilla supplies us
with a very superior quality of both. Belgium and Prussia are also
producers, and with a little encouragement would no doubt extend
their cultivation. Our own colonies, however, are our surest
dependence for a supply of these and similar articles. An advance of
seeds and money to the extent of less than one quarter of the sums
which we have been in the habit of advancing to the Russian
cultivator, would bring forward to this country a supply of the raw
materials of flax and hemp, which would be quite in time, with our
present stock, to relieve us from any danger of deficiency for at least
a season to come. With respect to tallow, we have a right to depend
upon America, both North and South, for a supply. Australia can
send us an aid, at all events, to such supply; and we may probably