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 Qin Gao · Jia Zhou (Eds.)

Human Aspects of IT
for the Aged Population
LNCS 12207

Technologies, Design
and User Experience
6th International Conference, ITAP 2020
Held as Part of the 22nd HCI International Conference, HCII 2020
Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19–24, 2020, Proceedings, Part I
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12207

Founding Editors
Gerhard Goos
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Juris Hartmanis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Editorial Board Members

Elisa Bertino
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Wen Gao
Peking University, Beijing, China
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Gerhard Woeginger
RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Moti Yung
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7409
Qin Gao Jia Zhou (Eds.)
•

Human Aspects of IT
for the Aged Population
Technologies, Design
and User Experience
6th International Conference, ITAP 2020
Held as Part of the 22nd HCI International Conference, HCII 2020
Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19–24, 2020
Proceedings, Part I

123
Editors
Qin Gao Jia Zhou
Tsinghua University Chongqing University
Beijing, China Chongqing, China

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-030-50251-5 ISBN 978-3-030-50252-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50252-2
LNCS Sublibrary: SL3 – Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI

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 Foreword

The 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCI International

2020 (HCII 2020), was planned to be held at the AC Bella Sky Hotel and Bella Center,
Copenhagen, Denmark, during July 19–24, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 coronavirus
pandemic and the resolution of the Danish government not to allow events larger than
500 people to be hosted until September 1, 2020, HCII 2020 had to be held virtually. It
incorporated the 21 thematic areas and affiliated conferences listed on the following
page.
A total of 6,326 individuals from academia, research institutes, industry, and gov-
ernmental agencies from 97 countries submitted contributions, and 1,439 papers and
238 posters were included in the conference proceedings. These contributions address
the latest research and development efforts and highlight the human aspects of design
and use of computing systems. The contributions thoroughly cover the entire field of
human-computer interaction, addressing major advances in knowledge and effective
use of computers in a variety of application areas. The volumes constituting the full set
of the conference proceedings are listed in the following pages.
Τhe HCI International (HCII) conference also offers the option of “late-breaking
work” which applies both for papers and posters and the corresponding volume(s)
of the proceedings will be published just after the conference. Full papers will be
included in the “HCII 2020 - Late Breaking Papers” volume of the proceedings to be
published in the Springer LNCS series, while poster extended abstracts will be included
as short papers in the “HCII 2020 - Late Breaking Posters” volume to be published in
the Springer CCIS series.
I would like to thank the program board chairs and the members of the program
boards of all thematic areas and affiliated conferences for their contribution to the
highest scientific quality and the overall success of the HCI International 2020
conference.
This conference would not have been possible without the continuous and unwa-
vering support and advice of the founder, Conference General Chair Emeritus and
Conference Scientific Advisor Prof. Gavriel Salvendy. For his outstanding efforts,
I would like to express my appreciation to the communications chair and editor of
HCI International News, Dr. Abbas Moallem.

July 2020 Constantine Stephanidis

 HCI International 2020 Thematic Areas
and Affiliated Conferences

Thematic areas:
• HCI 2020: Human-Computer Interaction
• HIMI 2020: Human Interface and the Management of Information
Affiliated conferences:
• EPCE: 17th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive
Ergonomics
• UAHCI: 14th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer
Interaction
• VAMR: 12th International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality
• CCD: 12th International Conference on Cross-Cultural Design
• SCSM: 12th International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media
• AC: 14th International Conference on Augmented Cognition
• DHM: 11th International Conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications
in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management
• DUXU: 9th International Conference on Design, User Experience and Usability
• DAPI: 8th International Conference on Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive
Interactions
• HCIBGO: 7th International Conference on HCI in Business, Government and
Organizations
• LCT: 7th International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies
• ITAP: 6th International Conference on Human Aspects of IT for the Aged
Population
• HCI-CPT: Second International Conference on HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and
Trust
• HCI-Games: Second International Conference on HCI in Games
• MobiTAS: Second International Conference on HCI in Mobility, Transport and
Automotive Systems
• AIS: Second International Conference on Adaptive Instructional Systems
• C&C: 8th International Conference on Culture and Computing
• MOBILE: First International Conference on Design, Operation and Evaluation of
Mobile Communications
• AI-HCI: First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in HCI
 Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

1. LNCS 12181, Human-Computer Interaction: Design and User Experience (Part I),
edited by Masaaki Kurosu
2. LNCS 12182, Human-Computer Interaction: Multimodal and Natural Interaction
(Part II), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
3. LNCS 12183, Human-Computer Interaction: Human Values and Quality of Life
(Part III), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
4. LNCS 12184, Human Interface and the Management of Information: Designing
Information (Part I), edited by Sakae Yamamoto and Hirohiko Mori
5. LNCS 12185, Human Interface and the Management of Information: Interacting
with Information (Part II), edited by Sakae Yamamoto and Hirohiko Mori
6. LNAI 12186, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Mental
Workload, Human Physiology, and Human Energy (Part I), edited by Don Harris
and Wen-Chin Li
7. LNAI 12187, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Cognition and
Design (Part II), edited by Don Harris and Wen-Chin Li
8. LNCS 12188, Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Design
Approaches and Supporting Technologies (Part I), edited by Margherita Antona
and Constantine Stephanidis
9. LNCS 12189, Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Applications and
Practice (Part II), edited by Margherita Antona and Constantine Stephanidis
10. LNCS 12190, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Design and Interaction
(Part I), edited by Jessie Y. C. Chen and Gino Fragomeni
11. LNCS 12191, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Industrial and Everyday
Life Applications (Part II), edited by Jessie Y. C. Chen and Gino Fragomeni
12. LNCS 12192, Cross-Cultural Design: User Experience of Products, Services, and
Intelligent Environments (Part I), edited by P. L. Patrick Rau
13. LNCS 12193, Cross-Cultural Design: Applications in Health, Learning,
Communication, and Creativity (Part II), edited by P. L. Patrick Rau
14. LNCS 12194, Social Computing and Social Media: Design, Ethics, User Behavior,
and Social Network Analysis (Part I), edited by Gabriele Meiselwitz
15. LNCS 12195, Social Computing and Social Media: Participation, User Experience,
Consumer Experience, and Applications of Social Computing (Part II), edited by
Gabriele Meiselwitz
16. LNAI 12196, Augmented Cognition: Theoretical and Technological Approaches
(Part I), edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis
17. LNAI 12197, Augmented Cognition: Human Cognition and Behaviour (Part II),
edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis
x Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

18. LNCS 12198, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,
Ergonomics and Risk Management: Posture, Motion and Health (Part I), edited
by Vincent G. Duffy
19. LNCS 12199, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,
Ergonomics and Risk Management: Human Communication, Organization and
Work (Part II), edited by Vincent G. Duffy
20. LNCS 12200, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Interaction Design (Part I),
edited by Aaron Marcus and Elizabeth Rosenzweig
21. LNCS 12201, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Design for Contemporary
Interactive Environments (Part II), edited by Aaron Marcus and Elizabeth
Rosenzweig
22. LNCS 12202, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Case Studies in Public and
Personal Interactive Systems (Part III), edited by Aaron Marcus and Elizabeth
Rosenzweig
23. LNCS 12203, Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions, edited by Norbert
Streitz and Shin’ichi Konomi
24. LNCS 12204, HCI in Business, Government and Organizations, edited by Fiona
Fui-Hoon Nah and Keng Siau
25. LNCS 12205, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Designing, Developing
and Deploying Learning Experiences (Part I), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and
Andri Ioannou
26. LNCS 12206, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Human and Technology
Ecosystems (Part II), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou
27. LNCS 12207, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Technologies,
Design and User Experience (Part I), edited by Qin Gao and Jia Zhou
28. LNCS 12208, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Healthy and Active
Aging (Part II), edited by Qin Gao and Jia Zhou
29. LNCS 12209, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Technology and
Society (Part III), edited by Qin Gao and Jia Zhou
30. LNCS 12210, HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust, edited by Abbas Moallem
31. LNCS 12211, HCI in Games, edited by Xiaowen Fang
32. LNCS 12212, HCI in Mobility, Transport and Automotive Systems: Automated
Driving and In-Vehicle Experience Design (Part I), edited by Heidi Krömker
33. LNCS 12213, HCI in Mobility, Transport and Automotive Systems: Driving
Behavior, Urban and Smart Mobility (Part II), edited by Heidi Krömker
34. LNCS 12214, Adaptive Instructional Systems, edited by Robert A. Sottilare and
Jessica Schwarz
35. LNCS 12215, Culture and Computing, edited by Matthias Rauterberg
36. LNCS 12216, Design, Operation and Evaluation of Mobile Communications,
edited by Gavriel Salvendy and June Wei
37. LNCS 12217, Artificial Intelligence in HCI, edited by Helmut Degen and Lauren
Reinerman-Jones
 Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List xi

38. CCIS 1224, HCI International 2020 Posters - Part I, edited by Constantine
Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
39. CCIS 1225, HCI International 2020 Posters - Part II, edited by Constantine
Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
40. CCIS 1226, HCI International 2020 Posters - Part III, edited by Constantine
Stephanidis and Margherita Antona

http://2020.hci.international/proceedings
 6th International Conference on Human Aspects
of IT for the Aged Population (ITAP 2020)

Program Board Chairs: Qin Gao, Tsinghua University, China,

and Jia Zhou, Chongqing University, China

• Inês Amaral, Portugal • Chi-Hung Lo, Taiwan

• Ning An, China
• Venkatesh Balasubramanian, India
• Alex Chaparro, USA
• Honglin Chen, China
• Jessie Chin, USA
• José Coelho, Portugal
• Francesca Comunello, Italy
• Hua Dong, UK
• Katharine Hunter-Zaworski, USA
• Hirokazu Kato, Japan
• Jiunn-Woei Lian, Taiwan
• Eugène Loos, The Netherlands
• Brandon Pitts, USA
• Jing Qiu, China
• Peter Rasche, Germany
• Marie Sjölinder, Sweden
• Wang-Chin Tsai, Taiwan
• Ana Isabel Veloso, Portugal
• Konstantinos Votis, Greece
• Yuxiang (Chris) Zhao, China
• Junhong Zhou, USA
• Martina Ziefle, Germany

The full list with the Program Board Chairs and the members of the Program Boards of
all thematic areas and affiliated conferences is available online at:

http://www.hci.international/board-members-2020.php
 HCI International 2021
The 23rd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCI International
2021 (HCII 2021), will be held jointly with the affiliated conferences in
Washington DC, USA, at the Washington Hilton Hotel, July 24–29, 2021. It will
cover a broad spectrum of themes related to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI),
including theoretical issues, methods, tools, processes, and case studies in HCI design,
as well as novel interaction techniques, interfaces, and applications. The proceedings
will be published by Springer. More information will be available on the conference
website: http://2021.hci.international/.

General Chair
Prof. Constantine Stephanidis
University of Crete and ICS-FORTH
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Email: general_chair@hcii2021.org

http://2021.hci.international/
 Contents – Part I

Involving Older Adults in HCI Methodology

Older Adults’ Participation in VIAS’ Mobile App Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Cristina Azevedo Gomes, Sónia Ferreira, and Bárbara Sousa

Technology Development with Older People:

The Role of “Unfettered Design” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Björn Fischer and Britt Östlund

A Study of Green Printing Technology Application for Product

Value-Added Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Yu-Shi Huang, Jui-Hung Cheng, and An-Jen Yang

Using Academic Work Places to Involve Older People in the Design

of Digital Applications. Presentation of a Methodological Framework
to Advance Co-design in Later Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Britt Östlund, Björn Fischer, Barbara Marshall, Nicole Dalmer,
Mireia Fernandez-Ardévol, Andrea Garcia-Santesmases, Daniel Lopez,
Eugene Loos, Fangyuan Chang, Xin Chen, Louis Neven,
Alexander Peine, Andrea Rosales, and Sanna Kuoppamäki

Services for Cognitive Health Co-created with Older Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Mihoko Otake-Matsuura, Yoshie Taguchi, Katsutoshi Negishi,
Mitsuteru Matsumura, Kiyomi Shimizu, Eiko Nagata, Hideko Nagahisa,
Akane Uotani, Akira Suzuki, Mieko Yoshida, and Norihisa Miyake

Enhancing Self-efficacy as a Part of the Design Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Marie Sjölinder

Active Participation of Older Adults in the Development of Stimulus

Material in an Storytelling Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Torben Volkmann, Deniz Akyildiz, Nikolas Knickrehm, Fabian Vorholt,
and Nicole Jochems

A Study of the Rubber Mat Product Design for Electric Scooter . . . . . . . . . . 96

An-Jen Yang, Jui-Hung Cheng, and Yu-Shi Huang

Value and Values in Inclusive Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Haiou Zhu, Thorsten Gruber, and Hua Dong
xviii Contents – Part I

User Experience and Aging

Use of Augmented Reality by Older Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Jessyca L. Derby and Barbara S. Chaparro

Age-Related Differences in Takeover Request Modality Preferences

and Attention Allocation During Semi-autonomous Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Gaojian Huang and Brandon Pitts

Older People and Technology Use: The Importance of Using Video

Stimuli in Group Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Loredana Ivan and Florinela Mocanu

Embodied Interaction Design to Promote Creative Social Engagement

for Older Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Lina Lee, Johanna Okerlund, Mary Lou Maher, and Thomas Farina

The Effect of Sensory Feedback on Time Perception of Interface Indicator

from Age Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Shuo-Fang Liu, Yu-Wei Tseng, and Ching-Fen Chang

Multimodal Coexistence Environment Design to Assist User Testing

and Iterative Design of HiGame Emotional Interaction Design for Elderly . . . 197
Ji-Rong Rachel Lu, Teng-Wen Chang, Yi-Sin Wu, and Chun-Yen Chen

Visual Attention of Young and Older Drivers in Takeover Tasks of Highly

Automated Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Qijia Peng and Sunao Iwaki

Practical Evaluation of the Emergency Usability Lab for Testing

the Usability of Medical Devices in Emergency Situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Peter Rasche, Moritz Richter, Katharina Schäfer, Sabine Theis,
Verena Nitsch, and Alexander Mertens

“Just Because You’re Older…”: Seniors Respond to Telecom Sales

Practices in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Kim Sawchuk and Constance Lafontaine

A Contextual Usability Exploration of Cash and Ticket Machines . . . . . . . . . 245

Karolina Uggla and Yvonne Eriksson

Aging and Mobile and Wearable Devices

Assessing Alternative Text Presentation and Tablet Device Usage for Low
Vision Leisure Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Erin Gannon, Laura Walker, Alex Chaparro, and Barbara S. Chaparro
 Contents – Part I xix

Understanding Continuous Wearable Technology Use Behavior for Fitness

and Self–health Management Among Middle-Aged and Elderly People . . . . . 280
Wen-Tsung Ku, Hui-Min Lai, and Pi-Jung Hsieh

Digital Mobile Technology Enhancing Social Connectedness Among Older

Adults in Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Sanna Kuoppamäki and Britt Östlund

Wearable Technologies: Acceptance Model for Smartwatch Adoption

Among Older Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
May Jorella S. Lazaro, Jaeseo Lim, Sung Ho Kim,
and Myung Hwan Yun

Exploring the Feasibility of the Elderly in the Space Guidance of Tactile

Feedback Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Shuo-Fang Liu, Shi-Yu Wang, and Ching-Fen Chang

Attitudinal and Behavioral Differences Between Older and Younger

Adults Using Mobile Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Elizabeth Nichols, Erica Olmsted-Hawala, Andrew Raim, and Lin Wang

Identification Issues Associated with the Use of Wearable Accelerometers

in Lifelogging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Angelica Poli, Annachiara Strazza, Stefania Cecchi,
and Susanna Spinsante

Older Women Living in Unfavorable Contexts and Tablets in Uruguay:

A Design for Access and Use of Inclusive Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Martha Sabelli

Smartwatch Use Among Older Adults: Findings from Two Large Surveys . . . 372
Alexander Seifert

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

 Contents – Part II

Health and Rehabilitation Technologies

Agent-Based Simulation of Medical Care Processes in Rural Areas

with the Aid of Current Data on ICT Usage Readiness Among
Elderly Patients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Christina Büsing, Sabrina Schmitz, Mariia Anapolska, Sabine Theis,
Matthias Wille, Christopher Brandl, Verena Nitsch,
and Alexander Mertens

Research on the Standing Movement of the Elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Mengjing Cai, Yinxia Li, and Huimin Hu

Integrating Personal Emergency Response Systems (PERS) into Healthcare

Professional Practices: A Scoping Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Fangyuan Chang, Sanna Kuoppamäki, and Britt Östlund

Combining Motivating Strategies with Design Concepts for Mobile

Apps to Increase Usability for the Elderly and Alzheimer Patients. . . . . . . . . 47
Christian Eichhorn, David A. Plecher, Martin Lurz, Nadja Leipold,
Markus Böhm, Helmut Krcmar, Angela Ott, Dorothee Volkert,
Atsushi Hiyama, and Gudrun Klinker

Defining User Requirements of a eHealth Mobile App for Elderly:

The HomeCare4All Project Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Roberta Grimaldi, Eliseo Sciarretta, and Giovanni Andrea Parente

Effect of Display Location on Finger Motor Skill Training

with Music-Based Gamification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Naoki Inoue, Yuichiro Fujimoto, Alexander Plopski, Sayaka Okahashi,
Masayuki Kanbara, Hsiu-Yun Hsu, Li-Chieh Kuo, Fong-Chin Su,
and Hirokazu Kato

Comparison of Gaze Skills Between Expert and Novice in Elderly Care . . . . 91

Miyuki Iwamoto and Atsushi Nakazawa

Application of Fuzzy Decision Model Selection of Product

in Human Factors Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Hsin-Hung Lin and Jui-Hung Cheng

Research on Smart Care System for Elder Sojourners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Feng Liu
xxii Contents – Part II

A Prototype of Patient Decision Aid for Treating Obstructive

Sleep Apnea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Hsin-Chang Lo, Mei-Chen Yang, and Fu-Nien Lin

The Design of Electronic Tagging and Tracking Solutions to Improve

the Safety and Person-Centered Care for People with Dementia . . . . . . . . . . 138
Anders Kalsgaard Møller

Co-designing Strategies to Provide Telecare Through an Intelligent

Assistant for Caregivers of Elderly Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Mateus Monteiro, Luciana Salgado, Flávio Seixas,
and Rosimere Santana

Tablet-Based Comprehensive Cognitive Rehabilitation in Daily Life Using

Virtual and Augmented Reality Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Sayaka Okahashi, Saori Sawada, and Ayae Kinoshita

Technological Care: Health Professionals’ Discourses on Technology

in Home-Based Services Seen Through a Capability Approach . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Erik Thorstensen, Torhild Holthe, Liv Halvorsrud, Dag Karterud,
and Anne Lund

Active Aging AI Community Care Ecosystem Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Hsiao-Ting Tseng, Hsieh-Hong Huang, and Chen-Chiung Hsieh

A Study on the Preference of Elderly Diabetic Patients

to Blood Glucose Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Yixiang Wu

Well-Being, Persuasion, Health Education and Cognitive Support

Choice-Based User Interface Design of a Smart Healthy Food

Recommender System for Nudging Eating Behavior of Older
Adult Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type II Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Wen-Yu Chao and Zachary Hass

“Older and Younger People”: Towards a Cross-Generational Online

Peer Support About Cancer. The Example of Glioblastoma on French
Digital Platforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Juliette Charbonneaux and Karine Berthelot-Guiet

Are Digital Twins Becoming Our Personal (Predictive) Advisors?

‘Our Digital Mirror of Who We Were, Who We Are and Who
We Will Become’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Christel De Maeyer and Panos Markopoulos
 Contents – Part II xxiii

Persuasive Design Strategy of Online Health Education for Elderly Adults

Based on TAM Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Yongyan Guo

Supporting Information Recall for Elderly People in Hyper

Aged Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Tatsuya Ishigaki, Jingyi You, Hiroki Takimoto, and Manabu Okumura

Older Adults’ Motivation for Physical Activity Using Gamified

Technology: An Eight-Week Experimental Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Dennis L. Kappen, Pejman Mirza-Babaei, and Lennart E. Nacke

Implementing a Digital Wellness Application into Use – Challenges

and Solutions Among Aged People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Tuomas Kari, Anna Sell, Markus Makkonen, Stina Wallin,
Pirkko Walden, Christer Carlsson, Lauri Frank, and Joanna Carlsson

A Study on the Effect of Gamification on Alleviation Anxiety Levels

of the Elderly in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Fumie Muroi, Xinyi Tao, and Ting Han

ICF-Based Analysis of Barriers and Facilitators for Smartphone Usage

in an App-Supported Training Program for Health and Well-Being
of Older Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Anke Osterhoff, Liane Günther, Christian Thiel, Christian Grüneberg,
and Sascha Sommer

The Use of New Information and Communication Technology

for Health Information Among Older Icelanders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Ágústa Pálsdóttir

Chronic Health Problems of Older Workers and Their Occupational Safety:

A Meta-Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Lu Peng, Rita W. L. Yu, Alan H. S. Chan, and Hin Piu Yim

The Impact of User Diversity on the Acceptance of mHealth

for Aftercare - Identifying the User Types ‘Assistance Seekers’
and ‘Privacy Supporters’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Eva-Maria Schomakers, Luisa Vervier, and Martina Ziefle

Create Video Games to Promote Well-Being of Elderly People –

A Practice-Driven Guideline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Marco Soldati, Carmen Zahn, Doruk Bildibay, Tabea Iseli,
David Leisner, Mario Niederhauser, and Markus Recher

Stealth-Adaptive Exergame Design Framework for Elderly

and Rehabilitative Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Ramin Tadayon, Wataru Sakoda, and Yuichi Kurita
xxiv Contents – Part II

Aging in Place

Hermes: A Digital Assistant for Coordinating Invisible Work in Family

Elderly Caregiving Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Andrea Benavides, Francisco J. Gutierrez, and Sergio F. Ochoa

Home as a Platform: Levels of Automation for Connected Home Services . . . 451

Shabnam FakhrHosseini, Chaiwoo Lee, and Joseph F. Coughlin

The Influence of Privacy on the Acceptance of Technologies

for Assisted Living . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Christina Jaschinski, Somaya Ben Allouch, Oscar Peters,
and Jan van Dijk

Home as Experience: The Challenge and Opportunity of Care

Home Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Ying Jiang and Hua Dong

Towards Lively Surveillance? The Domestication of Companion Robots . . . . 486

Constance Lafontaine

Explore the Demands of the Elderly by Integrating QFD

and Scenario-Based Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Shuo-Fang Liu, Chun-Han Tsai, and Ching-Fen Chang

How to Handle Data Management of Assisting Lifelogging Technologies

from a User’s Point of View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Julia Offermann-van Heek, Wiktoria Wilkowska, and Martina Ziefle

Contextual Design of Intergenerational Innovative Service

for Aging in Place. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Suphichaya Suppipat, Wei-Ming Cheng, and Sheng-Ming Wang

Two Faces of Privacy: Legal and Human-Centered Perspectives

of Lifelogging Applications in Home Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Wiktoria Wilkowska, Julia Offermann-van Heek, Liane Colonna,
and Martina Ziefle

Cultural and Entertainment Experiences for Older Adults

Media, Generations, and the Platform Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

Piermarco Aroldi and Fausto Colombo

Intergenerational Perspectives on Audiences Studies: From Youth

to Senior Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Maria José Brites, Inês Amaral, and Sofia José Santos
 Contents – Part II xxv

Designing an Online Escape Game for Older Adults: The Implications

of Playability Testing Sessions with a Variety of Dutch Players . . . . . . . . . . 589
Amir Doroudian, Eugène Loos, Anne Ter Vrugt, and David Kaufman

Evaluating Seniors’ Virtual Reality Experience Performed

at a Local Community Event in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Kenichiro Ito, Ryogo Ogino, Atsushi Hiyama, and Michitaka Hirose

Computer-Based Foreign Language Learning Programs for the Elderly –

A Review Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Blanka Klimova

Virtual Kayaking: A Local Culture-Based Virtual Reality

Paddling Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
Kao-Hua Liu, Tomoya Sasaki, Hiroyuki Kajihara, Atsushi Hiyama,
Masahiko Inami, and Chien-Hsu Chen

Online Cultural Participation in Italy. The Role of Digital Media

Across Generations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Paola Panarese and Vittoria Azzarita

Gameful Tale-Telling and Place-Making from Tourists’ Generation

to Generation: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Liliana Vale Costa and Ana Isabel Veloso

Footour: Designing and Developing a Location-Based Game for Senior

Tourism in the miOne Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Ana Isabel Veloso, Diogo Carvalho, João Sampaio, Sofia Ribeiro,
and Liliana Vale Costa

Communicating a Scattered Cultural Urban Event: A Survey on User Needs

Across Generations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Valentina Volpi, Antonio Opromolla, and Carlo Maria Medaglia

Acceptance Level of Older Chinese People Towards Video

Shooting Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Rita W. L. Yu, Wai Hung Yuen, Lu Peng, and Alan H. S. Chan

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719

 Contents – Part III

Aging and Social Media

Mapping Intergenerational Masculinities on Instagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Inês Amaral, Sofia José Santos, and Maria José Brites

Ageism and Media Generations in the Croatian Post-socialist Context . . . . . . 17

Antonija Čuvalo

“You Don’t Need Instagram, It’s for Young People”:

Intergenerational Relationships and ICTs Learning Among Older Adults . . . . 29
Simone Carlo and Francesco Bonifacio

Young and Elderly Fashion Influencers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Manuela Farinosi and Leopoldina Fortunati

Methods Matter: Assessment of the Characteristics of a Sample

to Analyze Digital Practices and Social Connectedness in Later Life . . . . . . . 58
Mireia Fernández-Ardèvol, Andrea Rosales, and Francisca Morey

Consuming Fake News: A Matter of Age? The Perception of Political

Fake News Stories in Facebook Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Eugène Loos and Jordy Nijenhuis

Masculinities and Ageing: Deconstructing Online Representations Among

Portuguese Speaking Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Sofia José Santos, Inês Amaral, and Maria José Brites

Intergenerational Social Media Use: Expectations of Adults

and Elder Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Nicoletta Vittadini

Addressing Fear and Lack of Knowledge of Older Adults Regarding

Social Network Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Torben Volkmann, Isabella Miller, and Nicole Jochems

The Effect of Social Media Use on Older Adults’

Loneliness-The Moderating Role of Self-disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Xiaoting Xu, Yuxiang (Chris) Zhao, and Qinghua Zhu

How to Beautify the Elderly?: A Study on the Facial Preference

of Senior Citizens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Weiwei Zhang, Yuankun Li, and Jihong Jeung
xxviii Contents – Part III

Technology Acceptance and Societal Impact

Technologies and Images of Older Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

María Silveria Agulló-Tomás and Vanessa Zorrilla-Muñoz

Digital Inclusion or Digital Divide for Older Immigrants?

A Scoping Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Xin Chen, Britt Östlund, and Susanne Frennert

Expectations and Sensemaking: Older People and Care Robots . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Susanne Frennert

The Impact of the Relationship and Family Status in Retirement

Age on Women’s Incorporation of Technical Devices
in Their Everyday Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Alina Gales and Eugène Loos

Understanding the Influence of AI Voice Technology on Visually Impaired

Elders’ Psychological Well-Being: An Affordance Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Jie Gu, Xiaolun Wang, Xinlin Yao, and Anan Hu

A Study on Technology Anxiety Among Different Ages and Genders . . . . . . 241

Yu-Chen Hsieh, Wang-Chin Tsai, and Yu-Chi Hsia

To Do or Not to Do: How Socio-demographic Characteristics

of Older Adults Are Associated with Online Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Joerg Leukel, Barbara Schehl, and Vijayan Sugumaran

Understanding the Exclusion Issues of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS):

The Potential Problems of Older Travellers’ Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Yuanjun Li, Sharon Cook, and Andrew May

Intergenerational Communication in Traditional and Virtual

Bulgarian Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Lilia Raycheva, Mariyan Tomov, and Neli Velinova

The Relationship Between Social Participation and Internet Addiction

in Older Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Javiera Rosell and Alvaro Vergés

Age and the City: The Case of Smart Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Maria Sourbati

The Effects of Increasing Degree of Unreliable Automation

on Older Adults’ Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Claire Textor and Richard Pak
 Contents – Part III xxix

Older People as Digital Newcomers: From Evidence

to Intervention Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Milica Vukelic, Svetlana Cizmic, Dunja Jankovic, Branislava Vidanovic,
and Ivana B. Petrovic

Understanding Older Adults’ Vulnerability and Reactions

to Telecommunication Fraud: The Effects of Personality and Cognition . . . . . 351
Honglian Xiang, Jia Zhou, and Bingjun Xie

Internet Use and Loneliness Among Older Adults: The Moderating Role
of Self-perceptions of Ageing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Wenqian Xu and Hanna Köttl

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

Involving Older Adults in HCI
Methodology
 Older Adults’ Participation in VIAS’ Mobile
App Design

Cristina Azevedo Gomes(B) , Sónia Ferreira , and Bárbara Sousa

Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal

{mcagomes,sonia.ferreira,barbarasousa}@esev.ipv.pt

Abstract. The literature is consensual when it tells us that the choice of the inter-
generational approach brings significant advantages, both for the youngest, the
oldest and even for the technological products under development. Given this
reality, this article describes some of the intergenerational workshops developed
within the ViseuInterAgeStories Project (VIAS), although with a special focus on
the participation of the elderly. VIAS promotes collaboration between children
and the elderly in the creation of georeferenced stories in a mobile application
while touring places of culture, heritage and a natural interest in the city of Viseu.
To do so, they can publish local images, texts or audios or access stories already
shared by other users, creating a city identity network. The project followed a
Participatory Design approach, involving children and older adults during inter-
generational dynamics and practices and to co-design the app. The results reveal
the appreciation of the city’s history by the seniors and the importance of thematic
categorization in the organization of the mobile application. Thus the App inte-
grates georeferenced historical information. Even assuming difficulties in using
the technology, participants built meaningful ideas of what they wanted and could
get from it. Intergenerational experience and the co-design process have revealed
positive implications for self-esteem and satisfaction among older people.

Keywords: Older adults · Mobile app · Participatory Design

1 Introduction

The known contribution of the economic, social and health evolution, as well as the
marked tendencies of the aging population [1, 2], contextualize the challenges that
increased longevity entails and justify the emergence of programs and studies aimed
at the promotion of active aging.
Focused on individual development, the concept of active aging was adopted by
the World Health Organization in the late 1990s and privileges the continued social,
economic, cultural, spiritual and civic participation of older adults within the community,
as opposed to the mere ability to be physically active or to participate vigorously in the
labor market [3].
In this sense, active aging appears not only as a challenge, but as an opportunity for
society as a whole. It demands accountability and the participation of all, fighting against

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

Q. Gao and J. Zhou (Eds.): HCII 2020, LNCS 12207, pp. 3–17, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50252-2_1
4 C. Azevedo Gomes et al.

exclusion and discrimination and, according to Carrilho and Craveiro [4], in promoting
solidarity between generations. Society has a responsibility to design different, safe
and accessible social spaces, as well as to ensure and promote civic participation of
the elderly. This promotion of social solidarity, voluntary life, and civic action is the
collective’s responsibility as well as the individual’s duty and right. In turn, social support
networks and the existence of meaningful relationships involve affective and solidary
investment and come as decisive capital throughout life and aging [5].
The increase in life expectancy will lead to greater opportunities for social interac-
tion between generations. This opens the way for the innovative creation of services and
products that respond to the new needs, by integrating the elderly population within soci-
ety and valuing their life experiences. Intergenerational practices emerge as beneficial
experiences, not only for the elderly, but also for children and young people, manifested
in the transmission of knowledge and greater social cohesion [6].
ViseuInterAgeStories (VIAS) Project, presented in this paper, is an example of an
initiative whose goal is to promote intergenerational practices, in order “to develop a
greater sense of belonging to a certain community and to support healthier and more
inclusive lifestyles” [7: 2]. Although we have used intergenerational workshops, this
paper focuses, specifically, on the results of older adults’ participation.

2 Technology and Intergenerational Initiatives

With this context in mind, increasing relevance is being given to intergenerational pro-
grams mediated by technology, as demographic trends go hand in hand with the rapid
introduction of technologies in the most diverse sectors of our society.
One example of practices, involving older and younger participants, is the “Engaging
Generations Program” [8], developed at a New England public university and inspired by
the documentary “Cyber-Seniors”. This documentary highlighted a program developed
in Canada, where high school students taught seniors how to use technology, and used
a number of interesting moments, such as seniors chatting via video calls or making
new friends online. Younger participants underlined how the program helped break
stereotypes, not only about older people, but also about their ability to learn to use
technology.
In the “Engaging Generations Program”, students worked closely with the elderly
in order to teach them how to use technology. In return, students got to acquire some
teaching skills. The analysis of the program showed that, in fact, there was an improve-
ment in the attitude of students towards aging and an increasing interest by the elderly on
technology. Results showed that the most effective intergenerational practices included
“multiple meetings with the same pair as means to deepen friendships, in-person train-
ing for student leaders, student responsibility for scheduling, tailoring sessions for each
participant, student documentation of meetings, and active involvement by community
partners” [8: 1].
“Nobits - Nostalgia Bits” is a particularly interesting initiative as it bears conceptual
similarities with the VIAS project. Nobits has developed and evaluated an online mem-
ory platform, by establishing a meeting place for different generations where users of
different ages share and (re)create personal narratives and memories [9]. Given all the
 Older Adults’ Participation in VIAS’ Mobile App Design 5

characteristics and peculiarities of the different audiences, the usability of the portal has
been a major concern since the beginning of its conceptualization.
The portal’s assessment was divided into two phases and involved 220 participants:
44 older adults and 176 children. In the first phase, the usability of the site was evaluated
in a sample of older adults’ participants. In the second phase, the effectiveness of online
reminiscence was tested against a control condition in which the elderly shared their
memories with children without the support of technology. The main dependent measures
included self-esteem, loneliness and pleasure/involvement with activities (flow).
During the phases in which reminiscence and usability effectiveness were evaluated,
usability showed positive results. However, the use of the platform did not significantly
improve the effects of intergenerational reminiscence.
Another example is the “Grandparents and Grandchildren Keep in Touch”
(GRANKIT), a European project co-funded by the EU Lifelong Learning Program under
Grundtvig Multilateral initiatives, which seeks to bridge the gap between older people
and the use of technology, by using intergenerational practices [10]. GRANKIT’s main
goal is to promote active citizenship, regardless of age, and to explore the relationship
of first and third generation reuniting seniors (grandparents) with their grandchildren
through basic Information and Communication Technologies’ (ICT) education courses.
This project involved participants from four countries: Cyprus, Germany, Greece and
Romania.
As a result, older participants acquired basic ICT skills - accessing the electronic
world for information, communication and lifelong learning opportunities - and found
more opportunities to spend time profitably with their children and grandchildren. In
turn, younger participants the opportunity to take on the teacher’s role and transfer their
ICT knowledge to their grandparents while simultaneously getting to know them better.
Mix@Age [11] is a European Project conducted in Austria, Belgium, Germany,
Scotland and Slovenia. The intergenerational workshops were developed in arts institu-
tions, museums and community settings and combined arts and new media such as iPod
movies, audio guides for a museum, art blogs, Tagtool performances, digital music and
photography. Regardless of educational background, the main goal was to explore the
potential of older people and to share their experiences and social skills, as well as to
recognize and learn about young people’s skills and perceptions.
Although these activities focused mainly on art and on the development and use
of creativity, participants have collaterally developed digital skills by using day-to-day
technology, such as mobile phones and tablets, as an artistic tool.
We can see some successful intergenerational programs using technology as process-
facilitating tools, but it is important to develop further studies that reflect on the roles of
technology in promoting daily intergenerational moments in older people’s lives.

2.1 Participatory Design and Active Citizen Participation

Technological development towards ubiquitous and transparent devices increasingly
immersed in our daily lives poses Human Computer Interaction (HCI) some impor-
tant challenges, widely recognized and discussed in the literature [12, 13]. Boundaries
between technology, human and the environment are rapidly reshaping and, in this
complex and diverse context, HCI needs to explore new design methods.
6 C. Azevedo Gomes et al.

Understanding users and user-centered designs has been the main goal since the
beginning of HCI. However, the panoply of interaction design approaches calls upon
different end-user roles, from simple testers or informants to full and engaged partners
in the process design [14–16]. Nowadays, the complex interaction design context clearly
calls for the active participation of end users throughout the design process. Contem-
porary HCI must acknowledge that technology is now embedded and used in our daily
lives, and, in this context, design activities in the laboratory and in controlled situations
are moving into the wild, valuing in-situ development and engagement in significant con-
texts with the end-users, seeking to understand new technology interventions in everyday
living [17].
Participatory Design approaches explicitly engage end-users in the design process,
and should be centered on mutual learning, fostering interaction practices for users and
developers to explore possible and useful technological solutions. Mutual learning is
supported by embedding the design process in participants’ practices, allowing them to
explore and experience how emerging designs can affect their lives, which gives them
the conditions to construct their own meanings about technology [18].
Participatory Designs value democratic practices as well as the idea of equal part-
nership between designers and users [19]. More recently, several authors have argued
about the need for rethinking how we conduct Participatory Design in order to fulfill
democratic issues. They advocate more attention to the values involved in Participa-
tory Design projects [20]. Focusing on participants’ values could be the key to support
them through the discovery of meaningful alternatives while they explicitly feel, their
influence over the design process, leading to products shaped to fulfill their visions and
values [8]. Several methods and techniques, such as workshops, design games, or paper
mockups, can help the participants see how emerging designs affect their lives, while
making the development of better digital products more noticeable.
When it comes to older adults there is a widespread tendency to underestimate their
abilities. This trend widens when dealing with technology. Undoubtedly older adults
experience more accessibility challenges in using technologies than younger people, in
consequence of their aging process, health constraints and digital exclusion [21]. It is
also true that technology is of great help to the elderly population with increasingly
sophisticated assistive, adaptive and rehabilitative devices.
However, the focus on health issues, whether physical or cognitive decline, leads to
an extremely reductive approach to technology and elderly relationships. Older adults are
a highly diverse demographic, and in HCI field one must consider not only their assistive
needs, but also the characteristics of their life stage, including the generational perspec-
tives about their social context and the experiences lived while facing technologies,
seizing what they can give back to society and their communities.
Societal challenges related to health, demographic change and wellbeing encourage
real Participatory Design approaches with older adults. For older adults to find value in
digital technologies they need to be designed in ways that support the full diversity of
their life experiences, bodies, and skill sets [22]. In this way, active participation and the
centrality of mutual learning are unavoidable ingredients for the design process.
 Older Adults’ Participation in VIAS’ Mobile App Design 7

3 Aims
VIAS’ main goal is to develop a mobile application that allows both children and the
elderly to create stories about the city of Viseu while walking and interacting with
historical, cultural, and natural places. Through this process, we intend to add multimedia
layers of georeferenced stories developing a greater sense of belonging to a certain
community and supporting healthier and more inclusive lifestyles for children and older
adults.
In this paper, we present and discuss the importance of elderly participation in the
design process and their real contribution to the app development. We also present and
discuss the possible impacts that this participation may have on the elderly, namely in
the appropriation on the use of technologies and in the value and importance of their
role in the process, affecting their self-esteem and fulfillment.

4 Methodology
VIAS | ViseuInterAgeStories project follows a Participatory Design approach. For over
a year we have invited a group of children and older adults to participate in exploratory
workshops destined to develop and co-design a collaborative intergenerational app that
helps to create stories about significant locals of their city (Viseu). Through these activ-
ities, urban spaces become “places”, while participants’ reminiscences, meanings and
re (meanings) are deposited in multimedia formats across the urban space.
We ran a total of six intergenerational workshops, counting with the participation
of children, older adults, facilitators and designers. Elder participants were recruited in
the Senior University of Viseu, which means they are active older adults, and children
through professional connections, namely family of workers from the IPV and word-of-
mouth.
The workshops took place in a significant context, some of them touring around the
Viseu city and others within a specific area. We valued intragenerational dialogues, while
participants explored a set of technological devices, such as mobile phones and tablets,
combined with bags filled with a wide variety of art craft materials used to represent
their ideas.
In the workshops, we mobilized several methods to collect data: participant observa-
tion; a questionnaire about the use of digital devices in participants’ daily routines and
about their digital skills; an open-ended questionnaire about what participants learned
and taught to the other generation during the activity; focus-group.

4.1 Previous Workshops. Participants and Procedure

To contextualize the process, we give a short overview of the workshops developed for
over half a year. For the purposes of this paper, we will focus our analysis on the last three
activities, exploring the perspective of the older participants. Table 1 summarizes, for
each workshop, the participants, the main goals and a short description of the activities.
Even though, it was difficult to count on the availability of all older adults and
children to spend one morning attending each workshop, it was still possible to create
dynamics of mutual recognition and collaboration amongst participants.
Another random document with
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 oligarchi. Fu assassinato nel 1832, da Sarah Jenkins, il cui marito era
stato ucciso trent’anni prima dai compagni di Farley, che impedivano gli
scioperi.

85. Le predizioni sociali di Everhard erano degne di nota. Con la stessa

chiarezza, come leggeva gli avvenimenti, prevedeva le defezioni dei
Sindacati privilegiati, la nascita e la lenta decadenza delle caste operaie,
come la lotta fra queste e l’oligarchia, per la direzione della macchina
del Governo.

86. Dobbiamo ammirare l’intuito di Everhard. Molto prima che la semplice

idea di città meravigliose, come Ardis e Asgard, nascesse nella mente
degli oligarchi, egli intravedeva queste città splendide e la necessità
della loro creazione.

87. Da quel giorno, sono passati tre secoli di dominio dell’Uomo, e oggi
calpestiamo le vie e abitiamo le città edificate dagli oligarchi. È vero che
abbiamo continuato a costruire, ma le città degli oligarchi sussistono; io
scrivo queste righe, in Ardis, una dalla più belle fra tutte.

88. Tutti i Sindacati delle ferrovie entrano in questa associazione. È

interessante osservare che la prima vera applicazione della politica delle
«parti dell’avanzo» era stata fatta nel Secolo XIX da un Sindacato di
ferrovieri, «l’Unione Fraterna del Meccanici delle locomotive», della
quale un certo P. M. Arthur era da vent’anni il capo. Dopo lo sciopero
della Pennsylvania Railroad nel 1877, egli sottopose ai meccanici delle
locomotive un disegno secondo il quale avrebbero dovuto intendersi
colla Direzione, staccandosi dagli altri Sindacati. Questo disegno
egoistico riuscì perfettamente; donde la parola «Arthurisation», per
significare la partecipazione dei Sindacati alla spoliazione. L’origine di
questa parola è stata per molto tempo dubbia per gli etimologi; ma mi
pare che tale origine sia ormai ben chiara.

89. Alberto Pocock, altro Farley, godeva, in quei lontani tempi, della stessa
notorietà; e fino alla morte riuscì a tenere soggetti tutti i minatori dal
Paese. Suo figlio, Levis Pocock, gli successe, e durante cinque
generazioni, il rinomato lignaggio del guardiaciurma ebbe la supremazia
sulle miniere di carbone. Pocock, il vecchio, conosciuto col nome di
Pocock Iº, è stato dipinto così: «Una testa lunga e sottile, mezzo
circondata da una frangia di capelli scuri e grigi, con zigomi salienti e un
grosso mento... Colorito pallido, occhi grigi senza splendore, voce
metallica, e un atteggiamento languido.» Era nato da genitori poveri e
aveva cominciato la sua carriera come garzone di bar. Divenne in
 seguito poliziotto privato al servizio di una corporazione di tranvieri e al
trasformò a poco a poco in crumiro di professione.
Pocock Vº, l’ultimo della casata, morì in una camera, per lo scoppio di
una bomba durante una rivolta di minatori sul territorio indiano. Questo
avvenimento ebbe luogo nel 2073 dopo Gesù Cristo.

90. Quei gruppi di azione furono modellati in genere sul tipo delle
organizzazioni consimili della Rivoluzione Russa, e, nonostante gli sforzi
incessanti del Tallone di Ferro, durarono tre secoli, per tutto il periodo di
dominio del Tallone stesso. Composti di uomini e di donne ispirati da
propositi sublimi, e impavidi davanti alla morte, i Gruppi di
Combattimento esercitarono una prodigiosa influenza e moderarono la
brutalità dei governanti. La loro opera non si limitò a una guerra invisibile
contro gli agenti dell’oligarchìa. Gli oligarchi stessi e spesso, persino i
sottocapi degli oligarchi, ufficiali dell’esercito e capi delle caste operaie,
furono obbligati a prendere in considerazione i decreti dei Gruppi.
Le sentenze di questi rivendicatori organizzati erano conformi alla più
rigorosa giustizia; e soprattutto notevole era la loro procedura senza
passione e perfettamente giuridica. Non c’erano giudizi improvvisati.
Quando un uomo era preso, lo si giudicava lealmente e gli si lasciava la
possibilità di difendersi. Necessariamente, molti furono processati e
condannati per procura, come nel caso del generale Lampton, nel 2138
dopo G. C. Questi era forse il più sanguinario e il più crudele dei
mercenarii dell’oligarchia. Fu informato dai Gruppi di Combattimento che
era stato giudicato, riconosciuto colpevole e condannato a morte; e
questo avvertimento gli venne dato dopo di averlo tre volte esortato a
cessare dal trattare ferocemente il proletariato. Dopo questa condanna,
Lampton si circondò d’ogni mezzo di protezione, e, per anni ed anni i
Gruppi di Combattimento si sforzarono invano di eseguire la loro
sentenza. Molti compagni, uomini e donne, fallirono successivamente
nei loro tentativi e furono crudelmente condannati dall’oligarchia. Perciò
fu rimessa in vigore la crocifissione come mezzo di esecuzione legale.
Ma alla fine il condannato trovò il suo boia nella persona di una
giovinetta di diciassette anni, Maddalena Provence, che per ottenere il
suo scopo, serviva da due anni nel palazzo, come guardarobiera. Essa
morì dopo torture orribili e prolungate, in una cella. Ma oggi la sua statua
di bronzo sorge sul Pantheon della Fratellanza, nella meravigliosa Città
di Serles.
Noi che, per esperienza personale, non sappiamo che cosa sia un
omicidio, non dobbiamo giudicare troppo severamente gli eroi dei
Gruppi di Combattimento. Essi hanno dato la loro vita per l’umanità; per
la quale nessun sacrificio sembrava troppo grande. E, d’altra parte, una
 necessità inesorabile li obbligava a dare al loro sentimento una forma
sanguinosa, in un’epoca sanguinaria. I Gruppi di Combattimento furono
l’unica freccia nel fianco che il Tallone di Ferro non potè mai estirparsi. A
Everhard spetta la paternità di questo strano esercito. I suoi successi e
la sua resistenza, durante trecento anni, mostrano la saggezza con la
quale egli organizzò, e la solidarietà della fondazione legata da lui ai
costruttori avvenire. Da certi punti di vista, questa organizzazione può
essere considerata come la sua opera principale, a parte il grande
valore dei suoi lavori economici e sociali e le sue gesta di capo supremo
della Rivoluzione.

91. Condizioni simili si osservano in India, nel secolo XIX, sotto il dominio
britannico. Gli indigeni morivano di fame a milioni, mentre i loro padroni
li privavano del frutto del lavoro e lo spendevano in cerimonie e cortei
feticisti. Non possiamo non vergognarci, in questo secolo di lumi, della
condotta dei nostri antenati, e dobbiamo limitarci a pensare
filosoficamente che nell’evoluzione sociale lo stadio capitalistico sia,
pressa poco, come l’età scimmiesca all’epoca dell’evoluzione animale.
L’Umanità doveva superare quei periodi per uscire dal fango degli
organismi inferiori; e le era naturalmente difficile liberarsi interamente di
quella viscida feccia.

92. Questa espressione è una trovata dovuta al genio di H. G. Wells, che

viveva alla fine del Secolo XIX. Era un veggente, in fatto di sociologia,
uno spirito sano e normale, e nello stesso tempo un cuore veramente
umano. Numerosi frammenti delle sue opere sono giunti fino a noi, e
due delle sue opere migliori: «Anticipations» e «Mankind in the Making»,
ci sono state conservate intatte. Prima degli oligarchi, e prima di
Everhard, Wells aveva preveduto la costruzione di città meravigliose di
cui parla nel suoi libri chiamandole «pleasure cities», città del piacere.

93. Persuasa che le sue memorie sarebbero state lette, nel suo tempo, Avis
Everhard ha tralasciato il risultato del processo per alto tradimento. Ci
sono nel manoscritto molte altre lacune del genere. Cinquantadue
membri socialisti del Congresso, furono giudicati e ritenuti colpevoli.
Cosa strana, però: nessuno fu condannato a morte. Everhard e undici
altri, fra cui Teodoro Donnelson e Matthew Kent, furono condannati al
carcere a vita.
Gli altri quaranta furono condannati, chi a trenta, chi a quarantacinque
anni; e Arturo Simpton, che il manoscritto dice ammalato di tifoidea al
momento dell’esplosione, non ebbe che quindici anni di carcere.
Secondo la tradizione, fu lasciato morire di fame nella sua cella per
punirlo della sua intransigenza ostinata, e del suo odio ardente ed
 assoluto contro tutti i servi del dispotismo. Morì a Cabanas, nell’Isola di
Cuba, dove tre altri de’ suoi compagni erano detenuti. I cinquantadue
socialisti del Congresso furono rinchiusi nelle fortezze militari sparse sul
territorio degli Stati Uniti: così, Dubois e Woods furono rinchiusi a Porto
Rico; Everhard e Merryweather nell’isola di Alcatraz, nella baia di San
Francisco, che da molto tempo serviva da prigione militare.

94. Avis Everhard avrebbe dovuto aspettare molte generazioni prima di

ottenere la rivelazione del mistero. Quasi cento anni fa, e quindi più di
seicento anni dopo la sua morte, fu scoperta negli archivi segreti del
Vaticano, la confessione di Pervaise. Non è forse inopportuno fare un
cenno di quest’oscuro documento sebbene esso non abbia per gli storici
più alcun valore, ormai.
Pervaise, un americano di origine francese, nel 1913 era prigioniero a
Nuova York, in attesa di essere processato per omicidio. Sappiamo,
dalla sua confessione, che senza essere un criminale indurito, aveva un
carattere impulsivo, impressionabile ed appassionato. In un impeto di
gelosia folle aveva ucciso la moglie, cosa abbastanza comune, a quel
tempo. Il terrore della morte si impadronì di lui, come raccontò egli
stesso; e per sfuggirle si sentì disposto a fare qualunque cosa. Gli
agenti segreti, per ridurlo alle loro mire, gli confermarono che si era reso
colpevole di omicidio di primo grado, delitto che era punito colla pena
capitale, giacchè il condannato veniva legato a una poltrona apposita, e
per cura di medici specialisti era ucciso dalla corrente elettrica. Questo
modo di esecuzione chiamato elettrocuzione, era molto in voga, a quel
tempo: solo tempo dopo, fu sostituito dall’anestesia. Quest’uomo, che
non aveva cuore cattivo, ma una natura superficiale improntata a
un’animalità violenta, a che aspettava in una cella l’inevitabile morte, si
lasciò facilmente convincere a gettare una bomba alla Camera.
Dichiara, anzi, nella sua confessione, che gli agenti del Tallone dì Ferro
gli affermarono che l’ordigno sarebbe stato inoffensivo, e che non
avrebbe ucciso nessuno. Egli fu introdotto di nascosto in un palco
ostentatamente chiuso col pretesto ch’era in riparazione, e, incaricato di
scegliere il momento opportuno per gettare la bomba, conferma
ingenuamente che tanto era l’interessamento pel discorso di Ernesto e
pel tumulto suscitato da questo, che per poco non dimenticò il compito
affidatogli.
Non soltanto Pervaise fu liberato, ma gli fu concessa una pensione per
tutta la vita. Ma non potè fruirne a lungo: nel settembre del 1914 fu
colpito da reumatismo al cuore e morì dopo tre giorni. Allora mandò a
chiamare un prete cattolico, al quale fece la confessione. Il Padre
Durban, considerandola molto grave, la scrisse e la firmò, come
testimonio. Noi possiamo soltanto fare delle congetture su quanto
avvenne dopo. Il documento era certo abbastanza importante per
trovare la via di Roma. Potenti influenze furono messe in movimento per
evitare la divulgazione. Soltanto nel secolo scorso, Lorbia, il celebre
scienziato italiano, durante le sue ricerche, lo scoprì. Oggi, dunque, non
rimane alcun dubbio che il Tallone di Ferro sia il responsabile
dell’esplosione del 1913. Ed anche se la confessione di Pervaise non
avesse mai veduto la luce non vi sarebbe potuto essere dubbio
ragionevole: quell’atto che mandò in prigione cinquantadue deputati, è
della stessa natura degli altri innumerevoli delitti commessi dagli
oligarchi, e, prima di essi, dai capitalisti.
Come esempio classico di massacri di innocenti, commessi con ferocia
e indifferenza, bisogna citare quello dei cosiddetti anarchici di
Haymarket, a Chicago, nella penultima decade del secolo XIX. Bisogna
considerare a parte l’incendio doloso e la distrazione dei possedimenti
capitalistici compiuti dai capitalisti medesimi. Per delitti di questo genere
furono puniti numerosi innocenti, messi in ferrovia, (railroaded) secondo
un’espressione usata allora, nel senso che i giudici si erano intesi prima,
per liquidare i conti.
Durante le rivolte del lavoro che scoppiarono nella prima decade del
secolo XX fra i capitalisti e la Federazione Occidentale dei Minatori, fu
adoperata una tattica simile, ma più sanguinosa. Gli agenti dei capitalisti
fecero saltare in aria la stazione della ferrovia a Indipendenza: tredici
uomini furono uccisi, e molti altri feriti. I capitalisti che guidavano il
meccanismo legislativo e giudiziario dello Stato del Colorado,
accusarono di questo delitto i minatori e per poco non li fecero
condannare. Romaines, uno degli strumenti di questo «affare», era in
prigione in un altro Stato, nel Kansas, quando gli agenti del capitalisti gli
proposero il colpo. Ma le confessioni di Romaines furono pubblicate
durante la sua vita, al contrario di quelle di Pervaise. Nello stesso
tempo, vi fu ancora il caso di Moyer e Haywood, due capi di lavoratori,
forti e risoluti: l’uno presidente e l’altro segretario della Federazione
Occidentale dei Minatori. L’ex Governatore dell’Idaho era stato
assassinato misteriosamente; i socialisti e i minatori avevano
apertamente incolpato di questo delitto i proprietarî delle miniere. Pure,
violando le norme costituzionali statali, in seguito a una intesa fra i
governatori dell’Idaho e del Colorado, Moyer e Haywood furono presi,
gettati in carcere e accusati dell’omicidio.
Questo fatto provocò la seguente protesta di Eugenio V. Deba, capo del
Socialismo americano: «I capi del lavoratori, che non si possono
corrompere, si arrestano o si assassinano. Moyer e Haywood, sono
 colpevoli soltanto del reato di fedeltà tenace e inconcussa alla classe
operaia. I capitalisti hanno spogliato il nostro paese, corrotto la nostra
politica, disonorato la nostra giustizia; ci hanno calpestato coi loro
scarponi ferrati, ed ora si propongono di ammazzare coloro che non
sono così abbietti da sottomettersi al loro brutale dominio. I governatori
del Colorado e dell’Idaho non fanno che eseguire gli ordini dei loro
padroni: i plutocrati. La lotta è incominciata fra i lavoratori e la
plutocrazia. Questa può, sì, assestare il primo colpo violento, ma noi
daremo l’ultimo».

95. Questa scena ridicola costituisce un documento tipico dell’epoca, e

dipinge bene la condotta di quel padroni senza cuore. Mentre il popolo
moriva di fame, i cagnolini di lusso avevano delle speciali cameriere. Il
travestimento dì Avis Everliard era una cosa ben pericolosa, ma era un
caso di vita o di morte ed era in gioco la causa, ed è perciò da
considerarsi veritiero.

96. Pullman, si chiamavano così le vetture più lussuose dei treni di quel
tempo, dal nome del loro inventore.

97. Nonostante i continui pericoli, quasi inimmaginabili, Anna Roylston

raggiunse la bella età di anni novantuno. Come i Pococks sfuggirono
agli esecutori del Gruppi di Combattimento, essa sfidò quelli del Tallone
di Ferro. Prospera in mezzo ai pericoli, la suo vita sembrava protetta da
un sortilegio. Essa stessa si era fatta giustiziera per conto di Gruppi di
Combattimento: la chiamavano la Vergine Rossa e diventò una delle
eroine della Rivoluzione. All’età di sessantanove anni, uccise Halcliffe «il
sanguinario», circondato da una scorta, e scappò, senza neppure una
scalfittura. Morì di vecchiaia nel suo letto, in un rifugio segreto e sicuro
di rivoluzionarî, sulle montagne di Ozark.

98. Socialista Labor Party.

99. Nonostante tutte le ricerche fra i documenti dell’epoca, non abbiamo

potuto trovare nessuna allusione al personaggio in questione. Non ne
parla che il manoscritto di Everhard.

100. Il viaggiatore curioso che si dirigesse verso il Sud, partendo da Glen-

Ellen, si troverebbe su un viale che segue precisamente l’antica strada
di sette secoli or sono. Un quarto di miglio da Glen-Ellen, dopo aver
passato il secondo ponte, vedrebbe a destra un botro che si estende
come una cicatrice, attraverso un gruppo di monticelli boscosi. Questo
botro rappresenta il posto dove si esercitava l’antico diritto di passaggio
che esisteva in quel tempo di proprietà individuale attraverso i terreni di
 un certo signor Chauvet, pioniere francese venuto in California all’epoca
del cercatori d’oro. I monticelli boscosi, sono quelli di cui parla Avis
Everhard. Il grande terremoto del 2368, staccò il fianco di uno di quei
rialzi che riempì il baratro ove gli Everhard avevano il loro rifugio. Ma
dopo la scoperta del manoscritto sono stati fatti degli scavi, ed è stata
trovata la casa con le due camere interne contenenti gli utensili
accumulati durante una lunga residenza. Fra le altre reliquie degne di
nota, è stato trovato l’apparecchio distruttore del fumo, di cui si parla in
questo racconto. Gli studiosi che si interessassero dell’argomento in
questione, potrebbero leggere il volume di Arnold Bentham, che uscirà
in questi giorni.
A un miglio a nord ovest dei monticelli, si trova l’area della Wake Robin
Lodge, alla confluenza della Wild Water e della Sonoma. Osserviamo di
sfuggita che la Wild Water si chiamava un tempo Graham Greek, come
si legge in alcune vecchie carte. Ma il nuovo nome perdura. A Wake
Robin Lodge, Avis Everhard dimorò, poi, a parecchie riprese, quando,
mutatasi in agente provocatore del Tallone di Ferro, potè rappresentare
impunemente la sua parte, in mezzo agli uomini e agli avvenimenti. Il
permesso ufficiale le fu concesso da un signorotto non meno autorevole
del signor Wickson, l’oligarca secondario di cui tratta il manoscritto.

101. In quest’epoca il travestimento diventò una vera arte. I rivoluzionarî

avevano delle scuole di attori in tutti i loro rifugi. Sdegnavano gli
accessorî degli artisti ordinari come false barbe e parrucche, ch’erano
una trappola. Il travestimento doveva essere fondamentale, intrinseco,
doveva costituire nell’individuo come una seconda natura. Si racconta
che la Vergine Rossa fosse diventata seguace di quest’arte, alla quale si
deve il successo della lunga carriera di lei.

102. Queste sparizioni erano uno degli orrori dell’epoca. Di esse si parla
continuamente, nelle canzoni e nelle storie. Erano un risultato inevitabile
della guerra insidiosa che infuriò durante quei tre secoli. La cosa era
però frequente anche presso gli oligarchi e le classi operaie. Senza
preavviso, senza chiasso, uomini, donne e bambini sparivano; non si
rivedevano più, e la loro fine rimaneva avvolta nel mistero.

103. Du Bois, attuale bibliotecario di Ardis, discende in linea diretta da quei

rivoluzionarî.

104. Oltre le caste operaie, vi era la casta militare formata da un esercito

regolare di soldati di professione, i cui ufficiali erano membri
dall’Oligarchia, conosciuti tutti col nome di Mercenarî. Questa istituzione
sostituiva la milizia, divenuta impossibile sotto il nuovo regime. Era stato
 istituito un servizio segreto di Mercenarî, oltre quello del Tallone di Ferro,
ch’era un che di mezzo fra l’esercito e la polizia.

105. Solo dopo la sconfitta della seconda rivolta, il gruppo dei Rossi di San
Francisco ricominciò a prosperare; e per due generazioni fu fiorente.
Allora un agente del Tallone di Ferro riuscì a farsi ammettere in esso e a
penetrarne tutti i segreti, conducendolo così alla fatale distruzione. Ciò
accadde nel 2002. I membri del Gruppo furono giustiziati, ad uno ad
uno, a tre settimane d’intervallo, e i loro cadaveri furono esposti nel
Ghetto del Lavoro di San Francisco.

106. Il rifugio di Benton Harbour era una catacomba la cui entrata era
abilmente dissimulata da un pozzo. È stata conservata in buono stato;
così che i visitatori possono attualmente percorrere il labirinto dei
corridoi fino alla sala delle riunioni, dove certamente avvenne la scena
descritta da Avis Everhard. Più oltre, sono le celle dove erano tenuti i
prigionieri, e la camera mortuaria dove avevano lungo le esecuzioni; più
lontano ancora, il cimitero: un insieme di lunghe e tortuose gallerie
scavate nella roccia, aventi, a ogni lato, nicchie dove riposano i
Rivoluzionari ivi deposti dai loro compagni, da tanti anni ormai.

107. A quest’epoca vi era ancora la poligamia in Turchia.

108. Il fior fiore del mondo artistico e intellettuale era composto di

rivoluzionarî. Ad eccezione di pochi musicisti e cantanti e di qualche
oligarca, tutti i grandi creatori dell’epoca, tutti coloro i cui nomi sono
giunti sino a noi, appartenevano alla rivoluzione.

109. Anche in quest’epoca la panna e il burro si estraevano ancora dal latte

di vacca, con procedimenti grossolani. Non era incominciata la
preparazione chimica del cibi.

110. Nei documenti letterarî dell’epoca si parla costantemente dei poemi di

Rudolph Mendenhall, che i suoi compagni chiamavano «La Fiamma».
Era di grande ingegno, però, tranne qualche frammento fantastico, citato
da altri autori, di lui non ci è giunto altro. Fu giustiziato dal Tallone di
Ferro, nel 1928.

111. Il caso di questo giovanotto non è straordinario. Molti figli d’oligarchi,

moralmente o romanticamente, votarono la loro vita all’ideale
rivoluzionario, spinti da un sentimento di onestà o dal fatto che la loro
fantasia era stata sedotta dall’aspetto glorioso della rivoluzione. Già
prima molti figli di nobili russi avevano fatto lo stesso, durante la lunga
rivoluzione del loro paese.
112. I Mercenarî ebbero una parte importante, negli ultimi tempi del Tallone di
Ferro. Essi mantenevano l’equilibrio del potere nei conflitti fra Oligarchi e
caste operaie, gettando il peso della loro forza sull’uno o sull’altro
piattello, secondo il gioco degli intrighi e delle cospirazioni.

113. Dall’inconsistenza e incoerenza del capitalismo, trassero tuttavia gli

Oligarchi una nuova etica coerente e definita, decisa e rigida come
l’acciaio, la più assurda e la meno scientifica e nello stesso tempo la più
possente che abbia mai servito una classe di tiranni. Gli oligarchi
credevano nella loro morale, sebbene essa fosse smentita dalla biologia
e dall’evoluzione, e per tre secoli poterono arrestare il movimento
potente del progresso umano: esempio profondo, terribile, sconcertante
per il moralista metafisico, e che deve ispirare al materialista molti dubbi
e ritorni su se stesso.

114. Ardis fu terminata nel 1924, e Asgard nel 1984. La costruzione di

quest’ultima durò cinquantadue anni, e occorse un lavoro continuo di
mezzo milione di servi. In certi periodi, il loro numero superò il milione,
senza tener conto delle centinaia di migliaia di lavoratori privilegiati e di
artisti.

115. Fra i Rivoluzionarî, c’erano numerosi chirurghi che avevano acquistato

una grande abilità nella vivisezione. Secondo le parole stesse di Avis
Everhard, potevano letteralmente trasformare un uomo in un altro. Per
essi l’eliminazione di cicatrici e deformità era un gioco. Mutavano le
linee del volto con tale cura minuziosa, che non rimaneva traccia
dell’operazione. Il naso era uno degli organi preferiti per tali operazioni.
Innestare la pelle e trasportare i capelli era una cosa ordinaria per essi,
che ottenevano cambiamenti d’espressione, con un’abilità strana, e
modificavano radicalmente gli occhi, le sopracciglia, le labbra, la bocca,
le orecchie. Mediante speciali procedimenti, alla lingua, alla gola, alla
laringe, alle fosse nasali, poteva essere modificato persino il modo di
parlare. A quell’epoca di disperazione occorrevano rimedî disperati, e i
medici rivoluzionarî assurgevano all’altezza del tempi. Tra gli altri
prodigi, era la possibilità d’ingrandire un adulto di tre o quattro pollici o
rimpicciolirlo di uno o due. La loro arte oggi è perduta. Non ne abbiamo
più bisogno.

116. Chicago era il pandemonio industriale del XIX secolo.

Viene riferito in proposito un curioso aneddoto di John Burns, grande
capo socialista inglese, che fu per qualche tempo membro del
Gabinetto. Egli visitava gli Stati Uniti quando, a Chicago, un giornalista
gli domandò cosa pensasse di questa città: «Chicago! — rispose, — è
 un’edizione tascabile dell’inferno». Poco tempo dopo, mentre
s’imbarcava per ritornare in Inghilterra, un altro reporter lo avvicinò per
chiedergli se avevo modificato la sua opinione su Chicago: «Sì,
certamente! — rispose John Burns — La mia opinione attuale è che
l’inferno è un’edizione tascabile di Chicago».

117. Nome del treno reputato, a quell’epoca, il più rapido del mondo.

118. A quell’epoca la popolazione era così rada che pullulavano le bestie

selvatiche ed erano un vero flagello. In California si introdusse l’uso
delle cacce battute contro i conigli. A un dato giorno, tutti i fittavoli d’una
località si riunivano e percorrevano la contrada in linee convergenti,
spingendo i conigli a ventine di migliaia verso un recinto preparato
prima, dove uomini e ragazzi li uccidevano a colpi di randello.

119. Si è a lungo chiesto se il ghetto del sud fosse stato incendiato

incidentalmente o volontariamente dai Mercenarî. Ora è assodato che
furono questi ad appiccar l’incendio

120. Molte case resistettero più di una settimana: una di esse resistette
undici giorni. Ogni casa fu presa d’assalto come un forte, e i Mercenarî
furono obbligati ad attaccare piano per piano. Fu una lotta micidiale.
Non si chiedeva nè si concedeva tregua. In quel genere di
combattimento, i rivoluzionarii avevano il vantaggio di essere in alto.
Furono alla fine distrutti, ma a prezzo di forti perdite. Il fiero proletariato
di Chicago si mostrò degno della sua antica reputazione. Tanti morti
ebbe, altrettanti nemici uccise.

121. Gli annali di questo intermezzo di sconforto furono scritti col sangue. La
vendetta era il motivo dominante; i membri delle organizzazioni terroriste
non si preoccupavano punto della loro vita e non sapevano nulla
dell’avvenire. I Danites, ch’ebbero nome dagli angeli vendicatori della
Mitologia dei Mormoni, e origini nelle montagne del Great West, si
sparsero lungo tutta la costa del Pacifico, dal Panama all’Alaska. Le
Valchirie erano una organizzazione di donne, e la più terribile di tutte.
Non era ammessa nell’organizzazione se non colei che avesse avuto
parenti prossimi assassinati dall’Oligarchia. Avevano la crudeltà di
torturare i loro prigionieri fino alla morte. Un’altra famosa organizzazione
femminile era quella delle Vedove di Guerra. I Berserkers (guerrieri
invulnerabili della mitologia scandinava) formavano un gruppo affine a
quello delle Valchirie, composto di uomini che non davano importanza
alla vita. Furono essi a distruggere completamente la città dei Mercenarî
chiamata Bellona, con una popolazione di più di centomila anime. I
Bedlamiti e i Helldamiti erano associazioni gemelle di schiavi. Una
 nuova setta religiosa, che non prosperò a lungo, si chiamava «Lo
sdegno di Dio». Questi gruppi di gente terribilmente seria, avevano i
nomi più fantastici; fra gli altri: «I cuori sanguinanti»; «I figli dell’alba»;
«Le stelle mattutine»; «I fenicotteri»; «I tre triangoli»; «Le tre Barre»; «I
Rubonici»; «I Vendicatori»; «Gli Apaches» e gli «Erebusiti».

122. Qui è interrotto il manoscritto di Everhard. Fu interrotto bruscamente, a

mezzo d’una frase. Avis dovette essere avvisata dell’arrivo dei
Mercenarî, perchè ebbe tempo di mettere in salvo il manoscritto prima di
scappare o di essere fatta prigioniera. È doloroso che non sia vissuta
per finirlo, poichè avrebbe certamente fatta la luce sul mistero che, da
settecento anni, avvolge la condanna e la morte di Ernesto Everhard.
 Nota del Trascrittore

Ortografia e punteggiatura originali sono state

mantenute, correggendo senza annotazione minimi
errori tipografici.
Copertina creata dal trascrittore e posta nel pubblico
dominio.
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