Saint Theresa College of Tandag Inc.

Graduate School
Tandag City, Surigao Del Sur

LOWELLA TECSON
MAED I

1. Define the term “Research and explain its primary goals. Provide an example to
illustrate your answer.

The general definition of research is the methodical examination and analysis of

information and sources with the goal of establishing facts and drawing novel conclusions.
Additionally, research is "a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the obs
erved phenomenon," according to American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie.It is methodical si
nce conducting research should adhere to established protocols. Generally speaking,
research seeks to, (1) Expand Knowledge: The main purpose of research is to contribute new
information and insights to the existing body of knowledge. By conducting research, scientists
and researchers seek to uncover new facts, theories, or explanations that can enhance our
understanding of a particular subject. For example, in the field of medicine, researchers may
conduct studies to explore the effectiveness of a new drug in treating a specific disease,
through rigorous experimentation and data analysis, they aim to generate new knowledge that
can potentially improve patient outcomes and contribute to medical advancements. (2) Solve
Problems: Research often aims to address real-world problems or challenges. By
investigating these issues, researchers seek to find practical solutions or develop innovative
approaches. For example, in the field of environmental science, researchers may conduct
studies to understand the impact of human activities on ecosystems and identify strategies to
mitigate environmental degradation. The goal here is to develop sustainable practices that
can help protect the environment and preserve natural resources. (3) Improve existing
practices: Research can also focus on improving existing practices, methods, or technologies.
By examining current approaches and identifying areas for improvement, researchers aim to
enhance efficiency, effectiveness, and overall outcomes. For example, in the field of
education, researchers may conduct studies to evaluate the impact of different teaching
methodologies on students learning. By identifying the most effective instructional techniques,
educators can adapt their teaching methods to better engage students and facilitate their
academic growth. These are just a few examples of the primary goals of research.
Researchers should always bear in mind that research should be realistic in order for it to
become reliable and achievable. Researchers tend to conduct studies in order to answer
some of the concerns and can be useful in the society.

2. Discuss the significance of formulating clear research objectives. How do well-

defined objectives contribute to the overall research process?

Formulating clear research objectives is crucial for several reasons. First and foremost,
well-defined objectives provide a clear direction and purpose for the research. They help
researchers focus on specific areas of interest and avoid getting sidetracked by irrelevant
information. By setting clear objectives, researchers can structure their study and make
informed decisions about the research design, methodology, and data collection techniques.
Clear research objectives also help in setting realistic expectations and determining the scope
of the study. They enable researchers to identify the necessary resources, including time,
budget, and personnel, required to carry out the research effectively. Furthermore, well-
defined research objectives contribute to the overall research process by guiding the literature
review. They help identify relevant theories, concepts, and prior research that can inform the
study. This ensures that the research builds on existing knowledge and addresses gaps or
 Saint Theresa College of Tandag Inc.
Graduate School
Tandag City, Surigao Del Sur

unanswered questions in the field. Additionally, clear research objectives facilitate the
development of research questions and hypotheses. They provide a framework for creating
specific and measurable research questions that can be answered through data analysis. This
helps ensure that the research outcomes are relevant, useful, and contribute to the
advancement of knowledge in the field. Moreover, well-defined research objectives enhance
the credibility and validity of the research. They enable researchers to clearly communicate
the purpose and rationale of their study, making it easier for others to evaluate the research
design, methodology, and outcomes. This transparency increases the reliability of the findings
and allows for replication and further investigation. In summary, formulating clear research
objectives is essential as they provide direction, focus, and purpose to the research process.
They contribute to the efficient allocation of resources, guide the literature review, facilitate the
development of research questions and hypotheses, and enhance the credibility and validity
of the research.

3. Differentiate between exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research. Provide a

scenario for each type to elaborate their distinct purposes.

Exploratory research, descriptive research, and explanatory research are three distinct
types of research that serve different purposes within the research process. Here are the
differences and scenarios for each type: 1. Exploratory Research: Exploratory research aims
to explore a phenomenon, gain initial insights, and generate new ideas or hypotheses. It is
typically conducted when little is known about the research topic. This type of research is
flexible and allows researchers to investigate a wide range of factors that may influence the
topic of interest. Exploratory research often involves qualitative methods such as interviews,
focus groups, or observations. Scenario: A company wants to develop a new product. They
conduct exploratory research by conducting interviews and focus groups with potential
customers to understand their needs, preferences, and pain points. The purpose is to gather
initial insights and generate ideas for the product design and features. 2. Descriptive
Research: Descriptive research aims to describe and document the characteristics,
behaviors, or patterns of a specific population or phenomenon. It provides a comprehensive
overview of the research topic, without attempting to explain causality. Descriptive research
often involves quantitative methods such as surveys, questionnaires, or secondary data
analysis. Scenario: A government agency wants to understand the demographic profile of a
specific region. They conduct a survey to collect data on variables such as age, gender,
occupation, and income. The purpose is to describe and summarize the demographic
characteristics of the population for policy-making or resource allocation decisions. 3.
Explanatory Research: Explanatory research aims to identify causal relationships between
variables and explain why certain phenomena occur. It goes beyond description and seeks to
understand the underlying mechanisms or factors that influence the research topic.
Explanatory research often involves quantitative methods such as experiments, statistical
analysis, or modeling. Scenario: A researcher wants to investigate the impact of exercise on
mental health. They conduct an experimental study where participants are randomly assigned
to either an exercise group or a control group. By measuring the participants' mental health
before and after the intervention, the researcher can analyze the data to determine if exercise
has a causal effect on mental well-being. In summary, exploratory research focuses on
generating initial insights and ideas, descriptive research provides a comprehensive
description of a phenomenon, and explanatory research aims to identify causal relationships
and explain why certain phenomena occur. The choice of research type depends on the
research objectives, available knowledge, and the stage of the research process.
 Saint Theresa College of Tandag Inc.
Graduate School
Tandag City, Surigao Del Sur

LOWELLA TECSON
MAED I

1.Illustrate in your own perspective the use of ethics in research.

Research ethics govern the standards of conduct for scientific researchers. It is

important to adhere to ethical principles in order to protect the dignity, rights and welfare of
research participants. Ethics in research ensure the ethical treatment of participants and the
integrity of the research process. Here are a few examples of how ethics is applied in
research: 1. Informed Consent: Researchers must obtain voluntary and informed consent
from participants before they can take part in a study. This means providing clear and
understandable information about the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the
research, allowing participants to make an informed decision to participate or withdraw. 2.
Confidentiality and Privacy: Researchers must protect the confidentiality and privacy of
participants. This includes keeping their personal information secure, using anonymized data
whenever possible, and ensuring that participants cannot be identified in any published
results or reports. 3. Minimizing Harm: Researchers have a responsibility to minimize any
potential harm or discomfort to participants. They should carefully consider the risks and
benefits of the research and take necessary precautions to ensure the physical and
psychological well-being of participants. 4. Avoiding Deception: Researchers should avoid
deceiving participants unless absolutely necessary and justified. If deception is used,
researchers must fully debrief participants afterward, explaining the true nature of the study
and addressing any concerns or misunderstandings. 5. Reporting Findings Accurately:
Researchers have an ethical duty to accurately report their findings, regardless of whether the
results support their initial hypotheses or not. This ensures the integrity and transparency of
the research process and prevents the dissemination of misleading or biased information. As
researchers we need to adhere this research ethics to promote the aims of research such as
knowledge, truth and avoidance of error. For example, prohibitions against fabricating,
falsifying or misrepresenting research data promote the truth and minimize error. Since
research often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among many different
people in different disciplines and institutions, ethical standards promote the values that are
essential to collaborative work such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness.
Another one is many of the ethical norms help to ensure that researchers can be held
accountable to the public. Many of the norms of research promote a variety of other important
moral and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights, animal welfare,
compliance with the law and public health and safety. Overall, ethics in research serves to
protect the rights and well-being of participants, maintain the integrity of the research process,
and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in an ethical and responsible manner.
2. Describe risk and benefits in research ethics.
In research ethics, risk and benefits play a crucial role in assessing the ethical
implications of a study. Risk refers to the potential harm or negative consequences that
participants may experience as a result of their involvement in a research study. It can be
physical, psychological, social, or even legal in nature. Researchers have a responsibility to
 Saint Theresa College of Tandag Inc.
Graduate School
Tandag City, Surigao Del Sur

minimize and manage the potential risks to participants. This includes ensuring informed
consent, maintaining confidentiality, and implementing appropriate safeguards. On the other
hand, benefits refer to the potential positive outcomes or advantages that participant may gain
from their involvement in a research study. These benefits can be direct or indirect, and may
include improved health outcomes, access to new treatments or interventions, increased
knowledge, or personal satisfaction. Researchers should strive to maximize the benefits for
participants while maintaining ethical standards. Evaluating the balance between risk and
benefits is essential in research ethics. The potential benefits should outweigh the potential
risks to ensure that the study is ethically justified. This requires careful consideration of factors
such as the importance of the research question, the likelihood of achieving meaningful
results, and the availability of alternative approaches with lower risks. In summary, risk and
benefits are integral components of research ethics. Researchers must carefully assess and
manage the potential risks to participants while striving to maximize the benefits. This ensures
that the rights, welfare, and well-being of participants are protected throughout the research
process. Here are some ways to minimize the risk of research: (1) Provide complete
information in the protocol regarding the experimental design and the scientific rationale
underlying the proposed research, including the results of previous animal and human
studies. (2) Assemble a research team with sufficient expertise and experience to conduct the
research. (3) Ensure that the projected sample size is sufficient to yield useful results. (4)
Collect data from standard-of-care procedures to avoid unnecessary risk, particularly for
invasive or risky procedures. (5) incorporate adequate safeguards into the research design
such as an appropriate data safety monitoring plan, the presence of trained personnel who
can respond to emergencies and procedures to protect the confidentiality of the data. It is the
researcher responsibility to secure the important data of the respondents as well as the
confidentiality for data privacy.
 Saint Theresa College of Tandag Inc.
Graduate School
Tandag City, Surigao Del Sur

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

Title of the Study: Effects of Bullying on Students’ Academic Performance

Principal Investigator: Lowella Tecson

Introduction:
This research explored school bullying amongst high school students, their
perspectives and their effects on academic performance. You are invited to participate
in a research. Before deciding whether or not to participate, it is important that you
understand the purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits of the study. Please
read this form carefully and feel free to ask any questions you may have.

Purpose of the Study:

The main purpose of this study is to examine and explore the effects of bullying
on students’ academic performance in public schools. The unprovoked use of power
by some students on others and how these experiences shape the learning of
performance of other students is what this study intends to examine. Another purpose
is to bring to light the concept of bullying in schools as directed towards students’
academic performance and to ascertain the extent to which bullying affects students’
performance.

Procedures:
If you agree to participate in this research, you will be asked in an interview,
where few questions will be directly asked. Afterwards you will be given a survey
questionnaire regarding bullying. The estimated time commitment required for your
participation is approximately 15 minutes.

Risks and Benefits:

There are certain risks associated with participating in this study including
emotional risks and information risks. But, rest assured that the researcher will
immediately attend to any risks and discomforts may appear during interview or in
answering the survey questionnaires.
Your participation may contribute to help the students who are bully to alleviate
their wrongful doings and be motivated to just focus on studies, for a good academic
performance as well to not harm others.

Confidentiality:
Your identity and personal information will be kept strictly confidential. All data
collected will be stored securely and used only for research purposes. Any published
results will be presented in a way that ensures your anonymity.
 Saint Theresa College of Tandag Inc.
Graduate School
Tandag City, Surigao Del Sur

Voluntary Participation:
Participation in this study is entirely voluntary. You have the right to refuse to
participate or withdraw your consent at any time, without any negative consequences.
Your decision to participate or not will in no way affect your relationship to researchers,
teachers and students in this institution.

Contact Information:
If you have any questions, concerns or wish to obtain additional information
about this study, please feel free to contact the research, Lowella Tecson at her gmail
account: lowella.tecson@gmail.com or contact number 09434984332.

Consent:
By signing below, you acknowledge that you have read and understood the
information provided in this consent form. You voluntarily agree to participate in this
study and consent to the use of your data for research purposes.

Participant’s Name: ______________________________

Participant’s Signatue: ____________________________

 Saint Theresa College of Tandag Inc.
Graduate School
Tandag City, Surigao Del Sur

LOWELLA TECSON
MAED – I

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Mixed Methods Research Design?

Mixed Methods Research Design defined as a procedure for collecting, analyzing and
mixing both quantitative and qualitative research and methods in a single study to understand
a research problem. The advantages of using Mixed Methods Research Design are: (1)“Best
of both worlds” analysis - Combining the two types of data means you benefit from both the
detailed, contextualized insights of qualitative data and the generalizable, externally valid
insights of quantitative data. The strengths of one type of data often mitigate the weaknesses
of the other. For example, solely quantitative studies often struggle to incorporate the lived
experiences of your participants, so adding qualitative data deepens and enriches your
quantitative results. Solely qualitative studies are often not very generalizable, only reflecting
the experiences of your participants, so adding quantitative data can validate your qualitative
findings. (2) Method Flexibility Mixed methods are less tied to disciplines and established
research paradigms. They offer more flexibility in designing your research, allowing you to
combine aspects of different types of studies to distill the most informative results. Mixed
methods research can also combine theory generation and hypothesis testing within a single
study, which is unusual for standalone qualitative or quantitative studies. On the other hand,
the disadvantages of using Mixed Methods Research Design are: (1) Workload - Mixed
methods research is very labor-intensive. Collecting, analyzing, and synthesizing two types of
data into one research product takes a lot of time and effort, and often involves
interdisciplinary teams of researchers rather than individuals. For this reason, mixed methods
research has the potential to cost much more than standalone studies. (2) Differing or
conflicting results - if your analysis yields conflicting results, it can be very challenging to know
how to interpret them in a mixed methods study. If the quantitative and qualitative results do
not agree or you are concerned you may have confounding variables, it can be unclear how to
proceed. Due to the fact that quantitative and qualitative data take two vastly different forms, it
can also be difficult to find ways to systematically compare the results, putting your data at
risk for bias in the interpretation stage. In conducting studies there were advantages and
disadvantages in incorporating Mixed Method Research Design but what makes it good in
utilizing quantitative and qualitative research method is that it can make your study more
clear, unbiased, and have the best result. It is encouraged to do incorporate Mixed Method
Research especially those who are doing their research for them to have beautiful and
reliable result of their study.

2. Why we use Mixed Methods Research Design?

Mixed methods research involves the use of more than one approach to or method of
design, data collection or data analysis within a single program of study, with integration of the
different approaches or methods occurring during the program of study, and not just at its
concluding point. According to the National Institutes of Health, Mixed Methods strategically
integrates pr combines rigorous quantitative and qualitative research methods to draw on the
strengths of each. Mixed methods approach allows researchers to use a diversity of methods,
combining inductive and deductive thinking, and offsetting limitations of exclusively
quantitative and qualitative research through a complementary approach that maximizes
 Saint Theresa College of Tandag Inc.
Graduate School
Tandag City, Surigao Del Sur

strengths of each data type and facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of health
issues and potential resolutions. Future researchers are encouraged to incorporate or employ
mixed methods research in their study to produce a robust description and interpretation of
the data, make quantitative results more understandable, or understand broader applicability
of small-sample qualitative findings. The integration of Mixed Methods research in a certain
study refers to the ways in which qualitative and quantitative research activities are brought
together to achieve greater insight. Mixed methods research design is not simply having
quantitative and qualitative data available or analyzing and presenting data findings
separately. The integration process can occur during data collection, analysis, or in the
presentation of results. Before utilizing the Mixed Methods Research design, researchers
need to be fully equipped about how it is done and how it is worked. Here are the rationale in
using mixed methods research: Obtain different, multiple perspectives; validation, build
comprehensive understanding, explain statistical results in more depth, have better
contextualized measures, track the process of program or intervention and study patient-
centered outcomes and stakeholders engagement. Here are also Keys to get started using
mixed methods research design: (1) What do you want to know (2) What will be the detailed
quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods research questions that you hope to address? (3)
What quantitative and qualitative data will you collect and analyze? (4) Which rigorous
methods will you use to collect data and/or engage stakeholders? (5) How will you integrate
the data in a way that allows you to address the first questions?. It is really important for the
researchers to utilize mixed methods research design to come up with the best result on their
study.

3. What is an example of grounded theory research question? Give at least 5.

1. How old are you when you started engaging sex?

2. How many years are you in this job?
3. What are your reasons in wanting to be a Sex-pleasure girl?

4. What is independent variable compared to dependent variable? Discuss and give

examples.

In making research study, it is important that we know the independent and dependent
variable especially in formulating and creating our research title. An independent is the
variable that is changed or controlled to test the effects on the dependent variable. On the
contrary, dependent variable defined as being tested and measured in a scientific experiment.
Here are tips in identifying independent variables: (1) Is the researcher manipulating or
controlling the variable as a subject for grouping the subjects in the study? (2) Does
the variable precede the other variable (in time)? (3) Is the researcher attempting to
study if or how the variable affects another variable?
Saint Theresa College of Tandag Inc.
Graduate School
Tandag City, Surigao Del Sur