Lesson 1: NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF CONTROL/REGULATION

COMMUNICATION
It shows how communication is systemic. Both
Ryan and his cousin have different ways of
communication because they are relatives. They
have created a different "system" of how they
interact because of their familiarity with each
other.
Communication can be used to control the
behavior of human beings. It can be used to
regulate the nature and amount of activities
humans engage in.
SOCIAL INTERACTION

The way the message can be interpreted
differently in this scenario shows that the
meaning in communication is constructed. Thus,
it can be interpreted differently depending on
who is making sense of it.
The way the teacher stopped because they knew
people were not listening to her messages shows
that communication is proactive. We change our
way of sending/receiving a message if we know
that it is effective.
In our daily course of living, we develop and
maintain bonds, intimacy, relations and
associations towards other people.
MOTIVATION
As a function of communication, it refers to a
person using a language to express desires,
needs, wants, likes and dislikes, inclinations,
choices and aspirations.

The change in Jeanne's behavior as an effect of INFORMATION

a previous fight shows that communication is
irreversible. What we say can never be taken Communication can be used for giving
back because it will always leave an impact to
and getting information. Giving
the receiver of the message.
information usually comes in the form of
statements of facts (grammatically known
The common understanding of traffic lights
as declaratives).
among people shows that communication is
symbolic. We use symbols and signals like traffic
lights to send meaning
Emotional Expression

Speaker and listener, communication is with We need communication in order to express

communicators what we think about the things and people in
our world, what we feel about them, and what
Process Communication is DYNAMIC we feel about ourselves.
because it is not always fixed, but
always changing. As it deals with
change of behavior, it changes constantly.

Lesson : 2 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

INFORMATION
EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
SOCIAL INTERACTION
MOTIVATION
CONTROL/REGULATION
Lesson 3: MODELS OF COMMUNICATION 5 Main Elements
•Sender
Linear Model of Communication •Message
● Only look at one-way communication. •Receiver
THREE ELEMENTS •Feedback
● SENDER •Field of experience
He/she transmits and encodes the message
via a channel. Schramm’s Model
● CHANNEL ⮚ A circular model of communication,
The medium that changes the message into in which
speech, writing, or animation.
messages go in two directions.
● RECEIVER
The message then reaches the receiver, who
WHITE’S MODEL
decodes it.
⮚Eugene White’s model recognizes
feedback as a part of the communication
The most prominent linear
process.
models of communication are:
⮚He described the model as
✔ Aristotle’s Model sequential and cyclical following
⮚ No concept of feedback. the eight stages of oral
⮚ No concept of communication communication.
failure like noise
Transactional Model
and barriers.
● create relationships, form cross-
⮚ It can only be used in public
cultural bonds, and shape our
speaking. opinions.
6 key components
✔ Lasswell’s Model • Encoding
⮚ Communication is the transmission •Decoding
of a •Communicators
message with the effect as the result. •The message
•The channel
✔ Shannon Weaver Model •Noise
⮚ There is the role of noise in the
communication process. WOOD’S TRANSACTIONAL
MODEL
✔ Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model
Julia Wood’s model portrayed communication
⮚Gives a detailed account of the key
as dynamic process which continually
elements changes over time depending on previous
in each step. interactions.

SPEECH COMMUNICATION
Interactive Model of Communication TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
● Two-way communication with
feedback.
This model by Raymie E. McKerrow, Bruce E.
Gronbeck, Douglas Ehninger, and Alan H.
Monroe was designed primarily to represent
public communication.
LESSON 4: VERBAL COMMUNICATION
LANGUAGE IS RULES-GOVERNED
Each language system has its
own set of rules. Learning and
speaking a language requires

Verbal communication is the use of language ➢ Hungry is me

to transfer information through speaking. ➢ The students are forda go to school
➢ roBiE Is OUR friend.
LANGUAGE IS SYMBOLIC I am hungry.
LANGUAGE IS AMBIGUOUS The students are going to the school.
LANGUAGE IS ARBITRARY Robie is my friend.
LANGUAGE IS ABSTRACT
LANGUAGE IS RULE -GOVERNED HOW TO USE EFFECTIVE VERBAL
COMMUNICATION?
LANGUAGE IS SYMBOLIC
CLARITY
Language is an example of a set of symbols ➔ Effective verbal communication
used to represent a concept or phenomenon. must use language that is
grammatically correct to avoid
LANGUAGE IS AMBIGUOUS confusion, also requires avoiding the
use of abstract words.
Language ambiguity happens when words or
statements have more than one meaning and DIRECTNESS
interpreted in different ways. ➔ Avoid long, complicated
sentences, passive instead
LANGUAGE IS ARBITRARY of active constructions, and
highfalutin vocabulary.
Language is said to be arbitrary because there
is no necessary or natural relationship APPROPRIATENESS
between the words of a given language and ➔ In communication, the language to
the concepts that they represent. be used must be appropriate to the
audience, the situational context, the
LANGUAGE IS ABSTRACT purpose of communication, and the
personality of the speaker.
Words do not always have to correspond to a
tangible or concrete object in the physical VIVIDNESS
world. ➔ Effective language makes use of
call vivid descriptions and helps the
listeners create a mental images
Swimming elbow and picture that you want to
Child sandwich express.
Freedom life
Tragedy manners LESSON 5: NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Happiness
Nonverbal communication is the use of body
language, gestures and facial expressions to
convey information to others. It can be used
both intentionally and unintentionally. For
example, you might smile unintentionally
when you hear a pleasing or enjoyable idea or
piece of information. Nonverbal
communication is helpful when trying to
understand others’ thoughts and feelings.
7 PRINCIPLES OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION G ACCORDING TO
JOSEPH DE VITO (1986)
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IS
CONTEXTUAL.
The meanings of nonverbal communication
are ambiguous, arbitrary, and abstract and
may vary across cultures and time.
NON-VERBAL BEHAVIORS OCCUR IN GROUP.
Nonverbal symbols may be used to
complement language or together with
other nonverbal symbols to
communicate the same thing.
NONVERBAL SYMBOLS ALWAYS
COMMUNICATE.
It is impossible not to communicate.
We normally say “Silence and actions speak
louder than words”
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION IS
RULE-GOVERNED AND IS CULTURE-BOUND.
Cultures require certain customs and
traditions. Nonverbal symbols,
therefore, are learned and not governed by
instincts.
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION IS
MOTIVATED.
Nonverbal behaviors are influenced by how
one feels or what one thinks of at a given
time.
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION APPEARS
TO HOLD CREDIBILITY THAN VERBAL
COMMUNICATION.
Most of the time, we focus on the nonverbal
cues. This gives us a hint of
what the other person is actually saying
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
REINFORCES OR CONTRADICTS OTHER
FORMS OF COMMUNICATION.
When somebody asks you how you are
feeling and you lie and you say you are
okay, your nonverbal behavior contradict your
words and reveal the truth.
CATEGORIES
OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
KINESICS This refers to body motions and
positions.
HAPTICS It involves the sense of touch to
convey emotions.
ARTIFACTS The material things
we wear or attach to our bodies to
express our identities.
PHYSICAL APPERANCE We judge or evaluate
others according to their physical
characteristics such as skin color, height,
weight, facial features, and attractiveness
among others.
PROXEMICS Refers to the use of space and
distance among communicators.
Intimate - 0 - 1.5ft
Personal - 1.5 - 4ft
Social - 4 - 12ft
Public - 12ft+
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS This refer to the
elements of a surrounding or setting.
SILENCE This is also a nonverbal
symbol associated with
different meanings, including
anger, awkwardness, or
contentment.
PARALANGUAGE It involves the vocal
elements of communication such as pitch,
vocal quality, volume, intonation, accent,
pronunciation,rhythm, pace, and sounds
produced by clearing the throat, murmuring, or
sighing.
CHRONEMICS This is the use of time to
reflect personal and cultural identities.
LESSON 6 SPEECH CONTEXT AND SPEECH
STYLES
SPEECH CONTEXT
It is the situation or environment and the
circumstances in which the communication
occurs
it dictates how should a person talk to
someone on a given situation
Distinguishing characteristics
Number of communicator one or more
Physical proximity close or distant
Immediacy of the exchange live, real time, or
delayed
Sensory channel visual or auditory
Context of communication face-to-face or
mediated
How many speech contexts do we have?
Intrapersonal communication involves one
person; It is often called self-talk (Wood,
1997)
● Where the speaker acts as both the
sender and the receiver of the
message, thoughts and feelings.
● The channel is our brain.
● Talking to yourself in the mirror
Interpersonal communication normally
involves two people or more and can range
from intimate and very personal to formal and
impersonal.
● Talking with other person is an
examples of dyadic communication
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
Dyadic communication involves only two
participants forming the DYAD
Small group communication requires 3 to 15
people to study and discuss a problem and
come up with a solution or plan.
Public communication one person speaks to
a group of people; the same is true of public
written communication.
● Only the speaker does the talking
● While listener had no feedback at all
● The speech was well prepared; and
the speaker was dressed properly.
● Example seminar.
● A minister talking to his audience.
Mass communication: This involves human
verbal interaction carried out with the aid of
mass media technology.
● Example: social media, television, and
radio
● Sharing of information to the masses.
Without even talking to them face to
face.
● A huge billboard
Intercultural communication: takes place
when people draw from their cultural identity
to understand values, prejudice, language
attitudes, and relationships. ( Gudykunst &
Kim, 2003).
● Exchange of values and practices
among people of different
nationalities and ways of life.
● Sharing the concept of belief
● Olympics
SPEECH STYLE
Speech style refers to a form of language that
the speaker uses characterized by the degree
of familiarity or intimacy between the
communicators.
According to Martin Joos (1965) ● There is a free and easy participation
of both speaker and listener.
● Intimate ● Example: colleagues talking to each
● Frozen other.
● Consultative ● Old friends
● Formal
● Casual

Frozen speech style

● Also known as fixed style/speech
● The highest form of communicative
style which is often used in respectful
situations or formal ceremonies.
● For example: priests having masses,

Formal speech style

● It has the least amount of shared
background and the communication
in this style is largely one way with
little or no feedback from the
audience.
● SONA, Graduation speech, etc.

Intimate speech style

● News in communication between
people in intimate or close
relationships who share the same
meaning generally unknown to the
public.
● Talking to your best friends and your
family and siblings.

Consultative speech style

● Happen in two way participation
The most operational among the other style
● Use in negotiating with strangers or
work colleagues, small groups,
● discussion in school and in
companies.
● Example: Doctor giving prescriptions.

Casual speech style

● It is also known as informal style
● Usually used between friends or even
insider's who have things to share.