CALCULUS

INTEGRAL
CALCULUS
INTEGRAL

METHODS OF
INTEGRATION
No ve m b e r 8 , 2 0 2 2
CALCULUS
INTEGRAL

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
ADDITIONAL STANDARD FORMULAS
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION
INTEGRATION OF QUADRATIC
EXPRESSIONS
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FRACTION
INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
INTEGRATION BY PARTS O ct o b e r 2 5 , 2 0 2 2
CALCULUS
INTEGRAL

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
ADDITIONAL STANDARD FORMULAS
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION
INTEGRATION OF QUADRATIC
EXPRESSIONS
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FRACTIONS
INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
INTEGRATION BY PARTS O ct o b e r 2 5 , 2 0 2 2
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FRACTIONS
By definition, a rational fraction is a quotient of two polynomials. Let N(x) and D(x) be
two polynomial having real coefficients and no common factor other than one. Then
a rational fraction may be generally represented by:

𝑁(𝑥)
𝐷(𝑥)

If the degree of the numerator N(x) is less than the degree of the denominator D(x),
𝑁(𝑥)
then 𝐷(𝑥) is called a proper rational fraction. Otherwise, it is an improper fraction. For
instance,

𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 2
Proper rational fraction
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2

𝑥3
Improper rational fraction
𝑥2 − 4 CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FRACTIONS
In evaluating the integral of a proper rational fraction, it is important that we know how to
represent the given fraction as the sum of the simpler fractions. These simpler fraction are
called partial fractions. For example, it can be shown that

𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 2 2 3 −4
= = + +
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 2

The three simple fractions at the right side of the equation are the partial fractions. Thus, to
integrate proper rational fraction, we simply integrate its equivalent partial fractions.

𝑁(𝑥)
Note: If is an improper rational fraction, it should be first be reduced by division into a
𝐷(𝑥)
polynomial and a proper rational fraction, that is:

𝑁(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
=𝑄 𝑥 +
𝐷(𝑥) 𝐷(𝑥)

𝑅(𝑥)
Where Q(x) is the quotient polynomial and 𝐷(𝑥) is a proper rational fraction.
CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FRACTIONS
CASE 1
When the factors of D(x) are all linear and none is repeated, then use the partial fraction form:
𝐴 𝑁
+ ⋯+
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

CASE 2
When the factors of D(x) are all linear and some are repeated, then use the partial fraction
form:
𝐴 𝐵 𝑁
+ + ⋯+
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 2 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑛
CASE 3
When D(x) contains irreducible quadratic factors and none is repeated, then use the partial
fraction form:
𝐴 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝐵
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑
Where 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
C
INTEGRAL
ALCULUS
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FRACTIONS
CASE 4
When the factors of D(x) are all linear and some are repeated, then use the partial fraction
form:
𝐴 𝐵 𝑁
+ + ⋯+
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 2 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑛

When D(x) contains irreducible quadratic factors and some are repeated, then use the partial
fraction form:
𝐴 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝐵 𝐴 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝐵
2
+ 2 2
+⋯
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑
Where 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
𝑑𝑥

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
 EXAMPLE 1
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐
Evaluate න 𝟑 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝟐

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
 EXAMPLE 2
𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐
Evaluate න 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏)

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Suppose u and v are differentiable functions of x, then:

𝑑 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣𝑑𝑢
Integrating both sides, we get:
න 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = න 𝑑 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣𝑑𝑢

න 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣𝑑𝑢

The above equation is known as formula for integrating by parts.

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

The method of integration by parts is specifically helpful when the integrand is

a product of two kinds of function such as the following:

න 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Algebraic and exponential

න 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 Algebraic and trigonometric

න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 Exponential and trigonometric

න 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 Algebraic and logarithmic

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
 EXAMPLE 1
Evaluate න 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
 EXAMPLE 2
Evaluate න 𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL
Thank you
and
Good luck!

CALCULUS
INTEGRAL