eo ard, See A GRAMMAR OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE, ACCORDING TO THE PRINCIPLES TAUGHT AND MAINTAINED IN THE SCHOOLS OF ARABIA; EXHIBITING ‘4 COMPLETE BODY OF ELEMENTARY INFORMATION; SELECTED FROM THE WORKS OF THE MOST EMINENT GRAMMARIANS; —, TocETHER witH . DEFINITIONS OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH, AND OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE LANGUAGE. “TBiow ig QindosoClas v3 dv eis odncts Euss Baegiv Berber Ti) Korweviay, wad vd by rote wonnade Exner xowuviay Berar _— PHILOPONUS. Iris THe PRorER BUSINESS OF PaitosormicaL GRAMMAR, TO SHEW, IN MANY THINGS WHICH HAVE DIFFERENCE, WHAT IS THEIR COMMON CHARACTERS AND IN MANY THINGS WHICH HAVE A COMMON CHARACTER, THROUGH WHAT iT Is THEY DIFFER. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOLUME FIRST: COMPRISING THE SYSTEM OF INFLEXION. By M. LUMSDEN, PROFESSOR OF ARABIC AND PERSIAN, IN THE COLLEGE OF FORT WILLIAM, IN BENGAL. CALCUTTA: TRINTED BY F. DISSENT, UNDER THE INSPECTION OF T. WATLEY, AT THE HONORABLE COMPANY'S PRESS. 1813,Fd ba en 1 gS bo, Span uasulded SW ARUAR aos ao a ot 25 SU et WT be oe “ SS 9 Sauls sled 2G ? ? CA Cg ht Gleb LAY CNIS ay Ing? 2 A py y Lust BA 6 oe gor G cr BE 865 US pd a a ar usd we BLY DLS Seo pce awe CI fe keADVERTISEMENT. ——cveveease ——_ Taovex it will be some time before the Second Volume of the following Work ean be issued from the Press, I see no reason to delay the publication of the First Volume, which forms a com- plete treatise in itself, since it exhausts the Science of Arabie Ivrxexion, leaving the Syntax, as another branch of the subject, to be fully considered in the Second Volume. On the publication of the latter, it is my intention to furnish a Preface to both; and, in the mean time, it will suffice to offer a very few observations on the nature of the plan whtich I propose to accomplish, F proven in a former publication that the Science which we call Gunsuat Grammar, treats merely of the Nature aod Cha- racter of the Pants or Srazcu; and consequently forms part of the subject which every Grammarian professes to discuss: But ‘ the same Parts of Speech which are common to the structure of one Language, are not unfrequently unknown to another; and those which are common to all Lauguages, have not the same character in'each. Thus it happens that there are no apvgnss in the Arabic Language, and though vsaus and other ATTRIBUTIVES are- ADVERTISEMENT. are probably common to every Tongue, it is, nevertheless, indise putably true, that the character of an Arabic attributive differs essentially froin that of the English attributive with which, in Translation, it seems to correspond. Bor the admission of these facts, (and 1 know not how they can be controverted,) seems to me to strike at the root of Gene- ral Grammar, and to reduce that Science, as nearly as possible, toa mere nonentity. For, in the first place, it is not easy to de termine what Parts of Speech are necessarily common to every Tongue, though it is quite certain that such, only, can fall within the range of the Science. And, in the second place, though that question were already determined, the definitions of the Scienee must yet continue to be equally imperfect and unsatisfactory ; first, because it treats merely of principles common te every Tongue, and for that very reason of no great importance; and, secondly, because it will not condesoend 2o farnish any informa= tion on the subject of those more important principles which die finguish the character of ‘the same Parts of Speech, as they are found to exist in tio or more Languages. To‘explain by an example. It.is by no means clear to my ‘understanding, that adjectives are theoretically necessary to any Eanguage, though in fact they ‘are probably common ‘to all. For every adjective may be resolved into the genitive oase of the corresponding substantive, as A WISE MAN, OT -A MAN OF Wis pom;ADYERTISEMENT. Ese vom; &o, and does it not follow as a consequence of this prine ciple, that adjectives, though very cenvenient to the expression of our thoughts, are not, however, of necessary use? Apurr this fact, and adjectives will cease to be the subject of General Grammar, because that Science disdains to furnish any information relating to the Nature of those Parts of Speech which are merely convenient, but not necessary. And, on the other hand, if we deny the fact, and affirm the necessary use of adjec- tives, it will still be true that they must be considered, in General Grammar, with reference, merely, to their common Properties; and, consequently, that the specific difference between the adjectives of one Language and those of another, though often a subject of the highest importance, (See Page 266 of this Volume,) can never fall within the range of the Science. In truth, the question, “ What is necessary to the expression of our thoughts?” plainly admits of no solution ; for, though simple thoughts may be expressed by simple means, the case is very much altered when we have occasion to connect our ideas by a chain of reasoning, because, then, the most perfect Language on Earth, will be found to furnish an imperfect instru= ment for the communication of thought. The Essay on tHe Human Unpersranpine, for example, exhibits a train of thought which cannot be translated into the Language of the Nursery ; or,ADVERTISEMENT. or, generally speaking, into any Language of which the progress to maturity is inconsiderable ; yet it does not follow that it would be impossible, (no doubt it would be very difficult,) to translate it into the Language of New Zealand, because Language may attain a very high degree of perfection, while the state of Society is yet very rude. ‘Tux reason is, that long and connected trains of thought are inseparable from the condition of Man’s nature, at every period of the social career; and thus, the arts of fishing, hunting and warfare, for example, the necessary concomitants of Savage Lifes in its rudest state; will furnish abundant materials for thought, Those materials, shaped into Speech in the necessary intercourse of Human Society, will inevitably give birth to a great deal of eloquent, and perhaps, even, of abstract discussion ; and thus the necessary wants of the Savage, though they may not furnish a very copious vocabulary, are yet sufficient to account for all that is excellent (qnd there is often, I believe, a great deal of excellence,) in the structure of his Language; such as the intro= duction of a comprehensive dnd uniform System of Inflexion; the distinctions of moods and tenses ; the variations of cas¢, nums ber, and gender; and the inyention: of particles ; &e. &o*, © T merce the reader to the Ausx Mozina’s account of the excclleat structure fof the Language of the Anaucaxtans in South America, coinprised in bis work od the Natural History of Cust; and the Manners of its People; &e, TusADVERTISEMENT. Tun copiousness of Language probably depends on other cause es, more immediately connected with the state of Society ; yet the civilization of Man must be more ancient than the records of History, if it be indeed anterior to the maturity of Speech, The Greek Language was certainly copious in the days of Home, and had already acquired that excellence ‘of structure, which enables it, even in our times, to furnish terms for every modern Science ; such as we cannot find in our own Language, though the Seience may have been invented by ourselves. Bur whatever may be thought of those causes to which we owe the maturity of Speech, I am of opinion, first, that we know very little of what is necessary or common to all Languages ; secondly, that the Science which we call. General Grams mar, treats merely of the nature and character of the Parts of Speech employed in our own and some other Tongues; and, finally, that this Science ought to be abolished, as a usurpation on the province of the common Grammariany whose duty it is, to define the nature of his own Parts of Speech, shewing where they agree, and where they differ from those of the Language familiar to his readers. Tne following work will be found, accordingly, to comprise definitions of the Parts of Speech employed by the Arabs; and though I have purposely waved all controversial arguments, it will be obvious to those conversant in the subject, first, that I haveADVERTISEMENT. have been often, nay generally, compelled to embrace opinions at variance with those commonly maintained in Europe ; and, secondly, that the structure of the Arabic Language, as explained by me, is not consistent (or at least not apparently consistent,) with some of the most popular theories of Speech. In other respects, it will be found to comprise a very ample body of rules, founded on the authority of the best writers, and easily eonsulted by means of the Table of Contents prefixed to the Volume, which supercedes the necessity of committing them to memory. Ir only remains to add, that though on a more extensive scale, the work has been written nearly on the same plan with that of my friend and predecessor Major Batis, the British Resi« dent at the Court of Lucnow*. Both are supported by the aus thority of the best writers on Arabic Grammar, and if his work had been completed, I should have thought it unnecessary to un= dertake mine. His removal from the Couixce prevented its com= pletion, and his employment in the high offices which he has since held under the InpiaN Govsaxment, however honorable to his own Character, has yet withdrawn from the field of Oriental ‘Literature, one of those men to whose talents and extensive know- ledge, it would have been indebted for the most important Sixty Tastes, recvsreative oF Tue Painciries of Anapic Inriexioy,” Published by Major Batcaie shortly after the Tustitution of the College. improvements.ADVERTISEMENT improvements. To Major Bai.uig, therefore, I desire to inscribe the following Work, in testimony of the esteem which I entertain for his acquirements, and as a mark of respect for his general character, the more grateful to my feelings, because, on this oc- casion, it is offered to a friend.—_—_—_—_—_———_——— TABLE OF CONTENTS. VOLUME FIRST. CHAPTER FIRST. Page. §. 1st LETTERS of the Alphabet: - - - t §. 2d.—Combination of Letters : - - - 6 §. 3d.—Pronunciation of Letters : - - - 19 §. 4th.—Deviations in the pronunciation of certain Letters: 30 — Elegant Deviations : - - = - 31 —— Inelegant Deviations: 2 5 - 34 §. 5th.—Properties of the Letters : s = - 38 CHAPTER SECOND. §. Ist—General Observations on Grammatical Science: = 48 §. 2d.—Definition and Division of the Parts of Speech: - 51 §. 3d.—On the Structure of the Arabic Language: - 60 § 4th.—On the Use of Measures: - - - 80 CHAPTER THIRD. §. 1st-—Classification of Verbs: - - - - 98 §. 2d.—Inflexions of the Past Tense of Triliteral Radical Verbs: . - - - = 95 §. 3d,—Inflexions of the Aorist or Doubtful Tenses - 98 §. 4th.C ii ae oe Pages §. 4th.—Inflexions of the Aorist aceompanied by J % and UJ: - - D - = 100 §- 5th.—Inflexions of the Aerist accompanied by Noon Su- RELA: - = 5 = = 105 — _Inffexions of the Aorist accompanied by Noo Kuorsera: - - - - 108 §. 6th.—Inflexions of the Imperative and Prohibitive Modes: 109 CHAPTER FOURTH. §. Ist—Conjugations of Triliteral Radical Verbs: - 5 §. 2d.—Formation of the Aorist from the Measure 33: 117 §, 34.—Formation of the Aorist from the Measure hai: 128 §. 4th.—Formation of the Aorist fromthe Measure (hai: 129 CHAPTER FIFTH. §. Ist-—Quadriliteral Verbs, Radical or Augmented: + 131 —— Quadriliteral Radicals, as € 20 Measure JL5: 134 —— First Conjugation of Augmented Quadriliterals, as E> 55 Measure Kisii . —— Second Ditto Ditto, as 5 Measure (hi35 1: ibid, — Third Ditto Ditto, as cas Measure Sass: 136 §. 2d.—Augmented Triliterals of the Class termed 5ll¢: 137 - - - 135 —— First Conjugation of Augmented Triliterals, as (Fi Measure G31: =e = 139 — Second Ditto Ditto, as 3 io Measure jad: ibid. §. 2d,[ iii] . . Page. §. d.—Third Conjugation of Augmented Triliterals, as 5 us Measure de 6: - = 140 —— Fourth Ditto Ditto, as aii Measure adi: atid. —— Fifth Ditto Ditto, as Qj laf Measure JEG: 141 —— Sixth Ditto Ditto, as O03! Measure : Ma — Seventh Ditto Ditto, as Gps | Measure {333 1: 14s —— Eighth Ditto Ditto, as oa! Measure Ja: ibid. — NinthDitoDitoasZ 251 Measure AAE01: at —— Tenth Ditto Ditto, as sig J Measure J58 1s M5 —— Blerenth DittoDitto,as “85.21 Measure JE535 1: ibid —— Twelfth Ditto Ditto, as 9 Ge! Measure J a3 I: M6 —— - Conclusion ; treating of the insulated forms of cers - tain Verbs: oI <= wid, §. 3d.— Augmented Triliterals of the Class termed owt because they assume the Quadriliteral forms: 149 —— Form of the Verb & 3: - = 153 —— Dito of the Verh E> OS: . - 155 —— Ditto of the Verb aes Is - + ibid. — Dito of the Verb 52451: - = 156 —— Conclusion ; comprising Rules for the formation of the Imperative of all Verbs, and of the Aorist of all Verbs but those of the Triliteral Radical Class + - . - - - 157 CHAPTERCiv] CHAPTER SIXTH. §. Ist.Properties of the Conjugations : —— Properties of (a5 52) and — Ditto of ple: : —— _ Ditto of 7K . — Ditto of oe - —— The Property termed 4) (Aa) I or Superiority: §. 2d.—Properties of the form - - §. 7th.—The Soe ' ~ | or ** Noun of Time and Place,” derived from Verbs of the Triliteral Radical Class: - - : « - — The Noun of Time and Place derived from all Verbs but those of the Triliteral Radicat Class: —— Correlatives of the Noun of Time or Place: - §. 8th.—Formation of the Simple Attributive: - —— Ordinary Measures of the Simple Attributive: = —— Rarer Measures of the Simple Attributive: . —— Remarks on some of the rarer Measures + . — Conclusion ; comprising a few Remarks on the ad~ vantages and defects peculiar to a Language con« structed on a system of Epithets, as contradistin« guished from Adjective Nouns: - . CHAPTER NINTH. §. Ist-—Of Jamms: + - - - - § 2d.—Triliteral Jamups of the Radical Class: Pagei 303 309 310 312 317 318 319 324 325 332 338 314 §. 24.[ viit J §. 2d.—Convertibility of certain Measures whether of a Pate Jamu or of a Verb: . . - 348 §. 3d.—Augmented Triliteral Jamins . = 951 ——— Jams Augmented by one Servile: « - 355 <— Jamips Augmented by two Serviles+ - - 356 — Jams Augmented by three Serviless = = 359 §. 4th.—Quadriliteral Jamms of the Radical Class = SGI ——— Augmented Jaurs of the Quadriliteral Classt - 364 §. 5th—Quinqueliteral Jamms of the Radical Class! = 370 —— Augmented Jams of the Quinqueliteral Class: 375 —— Conclusion; comprising some observations on the difficulty of distinguishing the Radical from the Servile letters of aJamip: == : - 373 CHAPTER TENTH. §. Ist--On the Rules of Permutation, Coalescence and Rejection: - - . - 575 § 2d.—Clascification of words affected by the Rules of Permutation, Coalescence and Rejection: = 378 §. 3d.—On the Conjunetive Humza: = 5 = 383 §. 4th—Rules for the Permutation and Rejection of the Disjunctive Humza ; or more properly, of every Howaa not Conjuactiver = - = 385 . 9 2 G05 Oo Rule First, OF GotS Gay (243 otiginally 92. O25 Gy ° la oy at : : > 386 §. 4th.{ ix ] os - 9a sy §.4th—Rule 2d, OF F520; SabSs originally Qa ag- Sn a5 e, sabi: a oo — Rule 34. ‘Of de originally Jt & Is 6 Fotis ginally C195 &e. = = - —— Rule 4th, of ites ous &e, - — Role Sth Of Sj; 2 wen originally ose — Role 8th Ors; aan; originally alhs be. < . a — Rule sth. OF pails tot originally Pa a: peti rF5ts ae cae Yaee — Role 0m, or 5153 originally GSTS: 5 — Rate ith, Of YL originally ce (bk; &e. —— Conclusion ; treating of Imaginary Roots exhibite ing many Radical Huwass: + . §. 5th.—Inflexion of Verbs having a Primal Humza: §. 6th.—Ditto of Verbs having a Medial Humza: §. 7thh—Ditto of Verbs: having a Final Humza: CHAPTER ELEVENTH. §. Ist.—Permutations of nae wao and ¥A: - —_—_ Bule Ist. Of Sais OFT, originally 9 90 Y 3 is : - . . Gore 59> 35 Page. 387, 388 389° tide 391 392 ibid. 393 ibid, 394 396 398 ibid. 401 402 §. Isto“ {= 1] won ee yee Page. §.Ist—Rule’ 2d. Of hola; C5 ls” originally - ~ Set55; WY5ss he + = = 408 — Role. 34 Of pays originally asta Ol ps be - =» 408 —— Role 4th, OF (LSes 5 ote ginally (An5 ne OLE; Be. = ibid. i— Rule 5th, Of ue jes ce Ss originally Cabs bs ails &. = - = 405 —~ Rule 6th. ot ans pass originally as $iL des Se. - = ew tide —— Rule 7th, Of Say originally shi de = 406 — Rule sth, Of de originally de5!s $Se Q-ro originally ¥ n= . : - 407 — > Rule 9th, Of O35! pal, originally O35! pail ly be. - « ‘ - 408 — Rule 10th. oe éus & 409 i © Rule 1th. of Bays Ebs; Bdu; Ess 2il’s. originally oRe, eS fs Cogn; ESB; Byes & - 8 = 418 — Rule tan, Of Lis or 555 originally J Bs : gu ee E 5 originally ays &e z = ibid, — = Rate 15, OF GE originally es or criginally O2y3 he 2 st Ald §. Iste( xi] none Foie az, Past § ist Rule ath. OF J Pas A dates wok; bee eee $5 &*; originally 345s; dete, SIS; GLa a , Bags? 3 Ee. - - . - 415 Role 15th. OF 255» US 5 ule 2 23 5 333 originally 350 seth OFT FES ety 758 gles be . . ‘ - 419 - 6. 6 Role 16th, Of (Ws ys ees originally - o.- o- ° 05 1545 pods & - - + ibid, Rale 17th. Of KS o. nally 285 al 4 = 421 Rule 18th, Of GUL? 5 75 US® 5 originally: Alar, Sales ae 6 = «ibid Rule 19th, Of & 13t; 3 s5 originally. OIgis 7 TAS; be - . = 492 Rule 20th, OF die! 48 and ae Of oss Ss Corps origis nally 3 ys yes ea Ge: ibid Rule 22d. Of Ow for oe; ij BW; aes “ - Rule 23d, OF E55 Cos 745 originally 32043 423 Coty also 9555 VSS originally 15 5 95s Vptds also Ge OS ¢ Grails originally wr FOF; Gasti: “ = = ibid. oe or 4 oe Rule ata, Ot JO 1s bls 8) 5 Lis onigis 5 2 be ee rally", Bote cai, #55 6s &e. = 495 Role 25th. Of O28; Csi originally iS al Se oy[xii] be Page. 33 Se. ‘ - ae . = 437 §.Ist—Rule 26th, OFS gos C3205 criginally Bosne Fosor So 7h ae8 pee +o in — Role ath OF Le Os Cube originally ye Beds Svinte ts &e. - eae — Role 28h. oF Os 33 Cans originally s 33 p25 be . - - - 429 —— Rule 29. OF LIS; GUE; originally C6 953; & he; he. oe — Role Som. OF C5 gis & y Ri; originally U, Rule Bist. Of 5ais 5055 originally (seis (p55 bee - +4 = ibid. —. Rule 32d. Of 2 ads Ges originally 3 LAS os UE; be 5 - - + ibid. — Rule 33d. Of. 2 eS originally. G 2! yo: 432 Rule 34th, OF ys originally & ee: = ibid, —— Rules. -Of€ 31; EOS; originally ests Se Says ae ee = 433 §.2d.—Inflexion of Verbs having wae or ra for the Primal Radical: - : - - = 434 §. 3d.—Ditto-of Verbs having wao for the Medial Radical: 435 § Ath,—Ditto of Verbs having va for the Medial Radical: 442 §. 5th.—Ditto of Verbs having wao for the Final Radical: 443 §. 6th.— Ditto of Verbs having xa for the Final Radical: 453 §. 7th,[ xiii J Page. §. 7th.—Ditto of Verbs having an Infirm Primal and Final: 455 —— . Dittoof Verbs having an Infirm Medial and Final: 459 §. 8th,—On the Combination of Humza and the Letters of Infirmity: = - 5 - = 460 =—— Inffexion of verbs having a Primal Humza, and a Medial Infirm: - - - © ibid. —— Ditto of Ditto having a Primal Houmza, and a Final Infirm : - . « = 462 +— .. Ditto having a Primal Jofirm, anda Medial Homza: 463 — Ditto having a Medial Homza, and a Final Iofirm: 465 — Ditto baving a.Primal Infirm, and a Final Humza: 468 — Ditto having a Medial Infirm, and a Final Humza: 469 —— _ Ditto having Humza, accompanied by two Letters “of Infirmity ¢ . . . = 471 CHAPTER TWELFTH. §. 1st.—The Coalescence ot Letters : . . = 474 i Go- — Rule it. Of A GAs originally 3 Oe Gabe ew Bits Role 2d OF FF; GIGS; originally 575, CL - - - = 475 — Rule 3d. oF oe originally OOet: hee = ATT toe — Rule 4th. Of Ron $ lu; eg; originally S545 SS; SR; bee «0 479 §. 34.<-Conditions and Obstaclesto the Rules of Coalescence: sbid, : §. 3a;[ xiv] Page. § 3d.—Codlescence of ino éuccestive Nothogen ows Letters dccuifrilig in t8 fuliowinig Words: = - 481 §,4thy—Chaleséenct 6f Pfoxiniate Lettes? “ = dg3 foe sore —— Rule Isth Of HOS 4 originally SAS 4: &e. 485 — Rue 34. of dbs; pies origitially ce, V5 &, - 2 486 — Rule 5 OFOVSIs GIF 1; originally S631; GES; 6 = = = aia, = Role 4h, OF LS originally HSI: Ges = 4e¥ — Rule Sth, OF Ga SiN 5551; originally oA: Sj; & =~ + = 488 —— The Pronominal G changed into tb after the Letters bind: 5 By ~ 990 “—~ Rule © 6th, Permutations of the Lamot Si: ibid. §. 5th,—Coalescence of Noon with the Letters comprised in Qjapi andothers: = # = 98 §. 6th.—Specification of those Proximate Letters which are most commonly observed to’coalesce ¢ - 494 4. 7th.—Obstacles to the Coalescence of Proximate-Letters: 496 §. 8th.—Inflexion of Verbs of the Class termed ‘as Ldc:' 499 CHAPTER THIRTEENTH. §. Ist—Formation of the Dual Number : - - 50F ‘§. 2d.—The Masculine form of the Perfect Plural: + = S12 4. 3d.—Phe Feminine forin of the Perfect Plurats ve ‘518 nt CHAPTERCx) > CHAPTER FOURTEENTH. , Page, § Ist.—On the Imperfect Plural: - . » 529 §. 2d,—Measures of the Plural of Paucity : D = 530 Measure Ist. pisstia - . = 531 ~ Measure 2d. 3G: - - » 53S Measure 3d, ais is = #536 - Measure 4th, Sis « - - » 539 |. —First Class of the Plurals of Multitude: - 540 Measure Ist, ads se SH - Measute 2d. juss. . - = 543 Measwre 3a, fas - e - 547 » Measure 4th. - Measure 5th, Measure 6th. La: - - « 55E * Measure 7th. - - = 552 Measure 8th. - - = 553 Measure 9th. - - ~ 554 Measure 10th. PEEP UEP PEPEEL EPP PEE rete Measure 11th. - : - 561 Measure 12th. | - - - 565 + Measure 13th, © - - = 568 - Measure ]4th. - - - 570 Measure 15th. - - = 571 Measure 16th. 3 S35 : - = = tid, Measure 17th. PIS: - - + .573[ xvi J Le Paget §. 3d.—Measure 18th. CJ La : 5 = 574 — Measure 19th, (' U3: - = & 5B — Conclusion, Are the preceding Rules Analogous or Prescriptive? - - * §. dth.-Second Class of the Plurals of Multitude + ~— Measure Ist. a Gs: 5 . —— Meastte 2d. ils: . . eI ——— Measure 3d, OS GS: rs Measure Ath, he 155s Ac —— Measure Sthe heel pit . 6 —— Measure 6th. ds Gis - . — Measure 7th, due Gis . . Measure 8th. de Us: 5 . —— Measure 9th. One Gas : . — Measure 10. he re — Measure 11h. Sue - os —— Measure 12th. de - 5 —— Measure 13th. ose (Ss “ . — Measure 14th. he BS: s - — Measure 15th. dae US - 5 — Measure 16th. () OSs - —— Measure 17s GUS: — Measure 18th, JU GS: - - —— Measure 19th, JG WS: So Measure 20th, boa We: « 577, - 579§. 4th.—Measure 21st. —— Measure 22d. Soe — Measure 234. : re — Measure 24th. - - - Measure 25h. Sp) Ws - - - — Of Letters to be rejected in the £ "yas | ¢ give: — Of the Penultimate ya considered asa mark of the or ey oz0 a Eye ie 2 we ; <= _ The Plural of the Plural: . - « e208 — Of the Annexation of Ta to the & pe 1 giles — Inegular Plurals: = — Conclusion, Are the preceding Rules Analogous or Prescriptive ? - « i - §. 5th—Forms of the Collective Plural: = 9? § 6th —On Generic Nouns; their True Nature, and why considered in’ the same Chapter that treats of the Plural : - - - a CHAPTER FIFTEENTH, §. Ist.—On the formation of Diminutive Nouns: - §. 2d.—On the. Abbreviated Diminutive: - : §. 3d.—Permutation and Rejection of Letters, in order to the formation of Diminutive Nouns: : §:4th,—Obstacles to the formation of Diminutive Noins: Page: 599 ibid, ibids ibid. 601 602 idids 603 604 605 thid. 606 609 614 620 62h 626 CHAPTER[ xviii] CHAPTER SIXTEENTH, §.4th.—On the formation of Relative Nouns: = 5 —— Conclusion; comprising the Rule for reducing all Par- ticiples and other Attributives to Substantive Nouns : CHAPTER SEVENTEENTH. On the Genders of Nouns: - - a - Conclusion ; comprising Tablesof Nouns irregularly femi. nine, or irregularly common to both Genders: ~ ei CHAPTER EIGHTEENTH. §. Ist—On Punctuation : - - « - §. 2d.—On the Junction of two Quiescent Letters: - §. 3d.—The Rules of Imana: - - - —— Obstacles to the Rules of Imaza: . - §. 4th.—On the Permutation of certain Letters: 5 — Table of Irregular Permutations: - - —— Conclusion; shewing the means by which the ori« ginal form of a Permuted Letter may be dis- covered : - - - - - §. 5th.—On the Transposition of Letters: - - §. 6th.—On the rejection of certain Letters : - - §. 7th.—On the means by which Radicals are distinguished from Servile Letters : - - - §. 8th.—On the Nature of (5 = ! or Cox-rpsation: = Page. 629 ‘6410 Gi 645 619 654 657 659 661 663 671 680 §. Oth.{ xix ] §. 9th.—On the Measures common to more than one of the Parts of Speech : - - §. 10th. —The Trials - . « APPENDIX The Rules of Writing: « “ . * Rules for writing the Letter Homza: + : ‘Rules for writing the Letter Air: - o . “ ‘The means by which the original form of Aur may be known; = 3 - “ * Of Letters uttered but not written: = “ OF Letters written but not uttered ¢ - - The Junction of words in writing . a Page. 682 684 690° 692 695 697 698 TOL 702A GRAMMAR OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE. CHAPTER FIRST SECTION FIRST. we tae *5 5725] 4L HOOROOFOOL HUAEEY.A, ox ‘ LETTERS or tux ALPHABET, TT” Arabs are pre-eminent over all nations for the awsidus ous cultivation of their native tongue. They have discuss, ed and exhausted every imaginable question of Grammar, and have bestowed on the professors of that science, an eminence of literary Same and celebrity to which the Grammarians of Europe have ase Pired i in vain, : Tux simple structure of most of the European Tongues is uns ‘favorable to the general culture of Grammatical science: wé learh “its elements in early Youth, but: it seldom happens that we have ‘occasion or inclination to resume the hestudy i in maturer years, ae(2) superficial acquirements of the schoolboy are, among ts, éxperie Ynentally found to suffice for the purposes of practical accuracy3 and beyond the accomplishment of those purposes, there is nothing in the science to excite the ardor of general emulation. We theres fore study Grammar asa matter of necessity, and having acquired that common sgxt of proficiency whieh is expected from every man of liberal education, we generally, (and not without reason,) reline guish for ever an unprofitable pursuit, which no longer offers any thing to excite the curiasity, or gratify the taste, or supply the wants of the general reader. Tax professed votaries of Grammatical science, are necessarily excepted from these remarks; but their number in Europe is come paratively smgll, and with geference to the simple strucyure of most of the European tongues, it is not to be desired that they should be greatly augmented. ‘The necessary study of Grammar extends not beyond the point of practical utility, and as our ears are seldom offended -by any gross violation of Grammatical rule, it may bp justly inferred that our knowledge of that science is generally equal to the demands imposed by the Languages to which it relates. Taz intricate structure of the Arabic Language demands, however, 8 deeper attention to the rules of Grammar, than can be reasonably required from the student of any European Tongue. Those rules are exceedingly numerous and remote from the observation of uninformed practice. They cannot be acquired without much labour, and when acquired, they cannot be easily remembered, An Arab is unable to carry them in his memory, and has therefore continual oc easion to refer to his books, by means of which he decides every things and without them will seldom yeature to aifer an opinion. His Gram= mar isnot, as with us, merely the companion of his boyish days, but the faithful guide of his maturer years$ a VADE MBCUM, @ SINE QUA Xan, without which he would be constantly in.danger.of losing his way, It would be arrogance to imagine that the rules of Arabio Grammar(38) Grammar are less necessary to the foreign Student of that Language than they are found to be tothe Native Arabian. On the contra ry, we shall require (and it is my ambition to furnish) an ample cal= lection of Grammatical rules, such as may serve the double purpose of an elementary work for the use of beginners, and a book of re= ference to which the English proficient in the Arabic Language may refer for the solution of doubtful points. For this purpose, I shall extract whatever is useful, or even curious, in that ample mass of materials bequeathed to their country by the writers of Arabia and though my work will offer no encouragement to those who cons sider brevity as the soul of Grammar, I shall yet endeavour to pre« serve the advantage of aclear arrangement, such as may enable me to distinguish the parts that may be omitted with least disadvantage to the progress of the learner. By this means, } hope to escape the censure of prolixity otherwise due to the length of my work; or if destined to incuy that censure, the success of my undertaking, in other respects, will still have furnished the materials from which an abridgment may be easily formed hereafter. Tas twenty-nine Letters of the Arabic Alphabet are indifs 030" 25 J ferently termed SII 5s) | At Hoonooroon Hr 3azErA, bee cos i Ax Hoorcofoon ARUBEETA, wr oo pode ; Big G572)] AL Hooroorooz Moosoms, and Dest 1S ye Hoorooroot, Awup.—The sounds of many ‘are peculiar to the Arabs, and of the most difficult acquirement by foreign nations; insomuch that the system of pronunciation commonly established among the learned in India is nearly unintelligible to the ear of an Arab. I have determined, ne~ vertheless, to adhere to that system, because the English Alphabet does not furnish the means of establishing any other that would Rot be liable to many exceptions; and as I intend to describe, as«4) as nearly as ‘péssible, the true” Arabian pronunciation of. every _ letter, the’ system of Orthography that may be adopted by me, is, in fact, a mattet of very little importance. ‘Tue letters of the alphabet are written from the right hand to the left, and are variously formed, according to their position at the begin= ning, or the middle, or the end of a word. Some of the va- riations to which they are liable appear in the following scheme of the Alphabet, and the rest will be sooner acquired in the course of practice, than they can be by the use of any other means. SCHEME OF THE ALPHABET. Alif Ba Ta Sa Seen Names’ of the i Letters, ——— wi “uy ali Finals, 3 t § toe mis Bf \ ‘Mediats. Initials Forms of th Letters. A a © @ ¢ Si. | K. * D. R.. SheenNames of 7 Frods, | Median, | Tite ferme “| 7 Sheen o* | Sh. Sad al Jad 6 | 2 Te bt = bla ‘Ain é} Ae Ghain & |S ta o |e ar ‘3 Ki Kaf 8] Ri — ofl Meem ym Noon oh Wao ay PA o (i = Vy ag Ya Se J | ” SECTION(6) SECTION SECOND. COMBINATION OF LETTERS. Tam letters of the Alphabet apparently consist of vowels and consonants, yet they cannot be combined into words and ‘syls lables, otherwise than by the aid of certain :warks, or. short vows els, or vowel points, that have been invented for that purpose, Those vowel -points are generally omitted in Arabic books, but they may, nevertheless, be optionally expressed in every sword witha out exception; and if not expressed, they myst be understood, bes cause it is impossible otherwise to form-a word ora syllable. ‘To explain by examples. The letters rs and © 5) in the word Mux, aye connected by the intervention of the short vowel 3a Fur-wa3 and the same short vowel is applicable to 6 Ys when combined with wT in the word x ay It is obvious, therefore, that whether a ‘ord shall. consist of two :consonunts,. as to Mow 5 or of 9 vowel anda consonant, as J. La; the interven tion of a short vowel will be equally necessary in either case: The short yowels are known by ; the term. 5 Hoemvar or QUALITIES OF MOTION and they ure three:in number, namely, $45 Furpa, or the mark (-) placed over the letter to which ‘it appertains, as 45 Kur, suavcntens 5 722, Kuen, or the mark (-) placed under the letter to. which it appertains, as ps Fixe, taovenrs and 552 Zowewa, or the mark (+) ;placed over the ‘letter to which it appertains, as js ZooLm, TyRanny. They dave nearly the short soundsof vu, 1, and.0o, in the ae Bor, Bry: and Boox; which would be thus written by an Arab: 3 Bor ey Ber x) Boox, , : Ti(7) “Tux absence ofa Yowel-poitit isktidvin bythe “shark (ot o je ‘Soo-koon, placed over the ‘Iétter to "whieh it! appertains, (or often’omitted, if the letter be als) as 36 and +12 '5n' thie word A “Fun; 3 and nm in the word és Zooums "Sc. Ibis obvious, therefore, that if'an Arab had occasion to write the English word Bunt, (25 3 ) he would render the letter BY i Moo-ru-HuR-nik, or MovgaRLE (by the vowel 5a Fur-wa,) and would apply the mark cy ps Soo-Koon to each of the other three letters, because these are or bn Sa-Kin or qossscent, or not -moyeable 3” that is to say, they are -not fol- lowed by any short vowel, iur two Tollowing ‘quiescenié letters are seldom admissible in an Arabic werd, and never, except in ‘¢ertain cases, to which the at- tention of the reader will be called hereafter. An Arab would therefore pronounce with difficulty the word Burnt, in which there are ‘three following quiescent Jetterss but as the word begins with a moveable letter, the difficulty of utterance would not be wholly in= superable inhis-estiiation. ‘But ifwe'substitute the word Buustfor the word: Bugnt, an Arab would despair of attaining the accuratepronun- ciation-of that word ; jirst, because the letter is hete-quicscorit, that is to say, it isnot followed by a short vowels and, ‘secondly, -beeause he is firmly petsuaded that a quiescent letter, becurring at the beginning of a word br a syliable, cannot be uttered By the organs of human speech. “He would therefore prefix or subjomn' te Fur-wa, or eS Kosena, or ata Zoumema,s and would thus inevitably ‘corrupt the letter B, the sound of the vowels 3: tha word into Gi j Amtusiy or Saiyt Tete, o Gal] Oos-nist §,8) “3 oe - ove Dosrusn; or (fly Bo-vsH, or oy Brwwsi or ¢ st) Boom tusn. This principle is common to the Arabs with many other Oriental Nations, and hence it happens that the natives of India ‘are constatitly observed to change the name of Smrra into IswrrH, ‘Span into Isrzan, &c. because they are unable otherwise to pros nounce these words: Bur though every Arabic word or syllable must begin with a ‘moveable letter, the necessity is not therefore universally appli« table to other tongues; and the English reader will easily recal to his memory the occurrence of =. quiescent letter at the begin= ning of many words or syllables, such as B, in the words BLusH, BLEAK, BREAK and EMBRASURE3 &c: The proposition of the Aras pian Grammarians, namely, that a quiescent letter cannot be uttered at the beginning of a word or a syllable, is therefore true with reference to themselves and their own Language 3 but cannot be received as a general principle, indifferently applica ble to every other tongue, ‘Tux sound of a vowel point invariably follows that of the letter to which it appertains ; and hence it happens that the letter 5 moveable by the three vowel points, ‘will represent the short sounds of (Bu w Brand C Boo, in the words But, Bit, and Boox ¢ but never on represent those expressed by reversing the same let< ters in the syllables up, 1m and oo, In order, therefore, to prefix the sound of a vowel point to any given letter in the alphabet, the letter il'I must be employed as avehicle, having no sound of its own, but merely the sound of the vowel point by which it may, happen to be moveable; as oi 43, or vB, wo! In, and ot oon; TusCoy + Tax long vowels are formed by means of the letters wai ‘gg al, X, and perhaps wats but cyst is a consonant in the opinion of many, and 3 as we shall see in thé sequel, is mere= Jy another name for U1 { a Ui is anothername for #58 Hom-za. I shall therefore pass over these letters for the’ pre~ sent, and will proceed to consider the nature of those long vowels that are formed by means of the letters Aur, Waoy and Ya. In order to form the long vowels, these letters must be quiescent, or not moveable by a vowel point; and like all the other letters of the alphabet, they must be connected ‘with those which precede them by means of the W'S /< Hu-avexct, or Suorr vowsis. Their combination with W in the’ sjllables G42 Got» is therefore imperfect, and requires the inter vention of a short vowel, by which ‘the Ictter .» must be rendered moveable, It is obvious, therefore, that three long vowels might be formed from each of the letters Aur, Wao and Ya quiescent, following each of the vowel points; as UU Uy Re ie oe + But Ci i quiescent follows ine variably the vowel $=, and will therefore furnish but one long vowel, corresponding with av in the English word Haut, or J.l. And. 414 quiescent, following the vowel %u% mauit be everywhere changed into y as ql jo Manzavy, for y ae Miv-zaun, A aarayce; and will therefore furnish but two long vowels, namely, ow in the English word COWL ( dss) and oo in the word yg Foom, or room, with a final x mute, to lengthen the sound of oo. And \y quies- c cent‘(10 ) cent never ‘follows the vowel’ 445 Zusewa, and will theres fore furnish but two long vowels; namely, x4, in the word Mes Hea or Haars, with a final s mute, to lengthen the sound of za; and 1s, in the word Lig (J deliberately pronoun- ced, so as not to run into a short vowel; like the letter 1 in.the word Licuts Tux long vowels amount, therefore, to the number of five 3 ate ut z expressed in the words .)U Kata, Ho sroxes Ons Kene a4 ia, Ir nab ween sas 82) glas Ky-too-tur, Suesrine at : w-parj Jp) Kowt, spescu. And they are everywhere Jormed, as already stated, by combining the letters Aur, Wao, and Ya quiescent; with the short vowels to which they are here subjoineds Bur I have already.had occasion to remark that the sound bf-a:short vowel, occurring .at the beginning of a word or.a csyllable, 4s invariably represented .by.a moveable Wii 5 as hen We reverse the eyllables «> Bo, WO Br and Boo, into <2 1-Us, ot In, and OT Oos, And hence it heps pens that the long vowels, occurring at the beginning of a word or a syllable, will require the aid of moveable “UT's as TT Aw, Siew: 54.00, C51 Be, and GI Ai, vor. ts in the English words J Vi Awz, J.5i - Ows,_) 51 Oozss ” ' “Eva, and 1] las. The two Ali, in the’ word ou ‘Aw, and other similar examples, ares howerer, commonly contracted: into -one Alif, surmounted.. by the mark % Ns ‘Memo (Co)? as 31 for gS) Avoosy 4 maroks . ols