ELECTRICAL

VEHICLE TRAINING
MODULE 2024

JAYAGOPI CHELLAPPAN
PEGAWAI PEGAJAR
 Electric Vehicle (EV) Definition
An EV is defined as a vehicle that can be powered by an electric motor that
draws electricity from a battery and is capable of being charged from an external
source. An EV includes both a vehicle that can only be powered by an electric
motor that draws electricity from a battery (all-electric vehicle) and a vehicle that
can be powered by an electric motor that draws electricity from a battery and by
an internal combustion engine (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle).
An EV is defined as a vehicle that can be powered by an electric motor that
draws electricity from a battery and is capable of being charged from an external
source.

What is EV and the function

An electric vehicle uses a battery to store electrical energy that is ready to use. A
battery pack is made up of a number of cells that are grouped into modules.
Once the battery has sufficient energy stored, the vehicle is ready to use. Battery
technology has improved hugely in recent years.
What is in an EV car?

They are cars with an electric motor powered by a battery instead of a

combustion engine powered by gasoline. One of the reasons EVs have gained in
popularity is improvements to newer battery technology

1
EV better than petrol?

And, according to the research electric cars are better for the environment.
Whereas, the fuel vehicle emits harmful gases like carbon due to petrol or diesel.
But, electric What is the difference between EV and normal cars?
One significant advantage of electric cars is that they produce zero emissions
while driving. This means that they don't contribute to air pollution, which can be
harmful to human health and the environment. In contrast, conventional cars emit
harmful gases like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.
Why is EV so powerful?

Because EVs' electric motors generate instant linear torque, they have more
horsepower. As soon as the accelerator is pushed, the motor instantly delivers
power to the wheels.

2
vehicles produceDo EV cars have
engines

“Electric cars do not have conventional engines. As alternatives to conventional

engines, electric motors which are fueled by rechargeable batteries, power
electric cars.”
When thinking about what an Electric Vehicle (EV) is, people might think they are
new inventions. Yet EVs have been around since the invention of the motor car.
Technology shortcomings limited the idea until recent advances made them
commercially viable – even desirable.

What is an EV?
EV is an acronym for electric vehicle. What are EVs? They are cars with an
electric motor powered by a battery instead of a combustion engine powered by
gasoline.

One of the reasons EVs have gained in popularity is improvements to newer

battery technology. Old lead-acid batteries were very heavy, had a range of less
than 100 miles and only functioned through several hundred deep cycles. New
lithium-ion batteries have a range of up to 300 miles and 10 times the life,
remaining functional through about 2,000 deep cycles.

with increasingly affordable, simpler, quieter engines that don’t emit toxic
exhaust, more people are asking what an electric vehicle is and why it’s
beneficial to own one.
Benefits of electric cars
Various types of electric vehicles are gaining consumer acceptance because of
the benefits they provide. These include:

 Clean air. They don’t burn fossil fuel, so they are not spewing toxins on the
streets and in neighborhoods where you live.


 Quiet. Electric engines make much less noise than combustion engines.


 Low maintenance. The engines have fewer moving parts to wear out,
meaning you may spend less money and effort on engine maintenance.


 Save money on gas. Though initially more expensive, you won’t be paying
at the pump to keep your EV running.


 Fast acceleration. Electric motors produce amazing torque the instant you
step on the accelerator.


 Advanced technology. Most models feature sleek styling and a variety of

onboard features that make them a tech showcase.

4
What types of electric cars are there?

When asking: What is an EV? The answer will include several types of electric
vehicles that are commercially available.
1. Plug-in all-electric vehicles
(battery electric vehicles or BEVs)
These EVs are powered by a rechargeable battery. They have a range
limited battery capacity. The speed of travel and terrain influence how far
these cars can go between charges. Driving faster and climbing hills reduces
their range.

2. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

(PHEVs)
Hybrid vehicles run on either battery power or fossil fuels. Plug them in to
charge or run them on gasoline or diesel. They have a longer range than
battery-only BEVs, as you can switch between power sources. Because they
have two sources of power, they require more maintenance. They also emit
pollution when running on fossil fuels.
3. Hybrid-electric vehicles
You might ask: Do electric cars use gas? The answer is yes, when talking
about hybrid electric vehicles. These types of EVs have a combustion engine
that both powers the car and charges the battery. Instead of plugging it in, the
battery gets power from the combustion engine, so it is an electric car that
uses gas.

4. Fuel cell electric vehicles

(FCEVs)
Instead of drawing energy from a battery, these electric vehicles use fuel
cells full of hydrogen gas. The fuel cell stack features electrodes that use
both hydrogen and oxygen to generate the electricity that then powers the
motor. FCEVs also don’t emit carbon dioxide or other forms of air pollution.
How does the electric car engine
work?
In place of cylinders and pistons, electric engines generate power by creating a
magnetic field that turns electrical energy from a battery into mechanical energy.

How does EV charging work?

You have choices for how you charge the battery for your EV. Level 1 chargers
run through a common 120V AC outlet. When charging your EV with a Level 1
charger, a range of 2 to 5 miles will be added to your car’s battery for every hour
it’s plugged in.

Most people buy a Level 2 charger for at-home charging on upgraded 240 V
service. These chargers will give you 40 miles of range for every hour they are
plugged in.

Some people find using a public charging station to be more convenient. These
use DC fast charging technology that gives you 10 miles or range per minute.
The fast-growing popularity of electric cars is driving demand for public EV car
charging stations. While not as common today as gas stations, that is changing.
In the meantime, you’ll have to put a little extra effort into planning your routes
and managing your energy consumption.

EVs and their ranges

The range or distance your EV can travel on a fully charged battery will vary
according to several factors. Each model of EV has different ranges. The size
and chemistry of the battery determines range, with lithium-ion batteries offering
the greatest distance.

Driving fast up steep hills drains the batteries faster than driving at moderate
speeds on level streets, like driving conditions that would cause vehicles with an
internal combustion engine to operate less efficiently. Deep cycles, drawing the
battery down below 45 percent of charge, will increase oxidation and slowly
cause the battery to decay. Age will do the same thing. Temperature extremes
and changes in humidity can speed up the battery decay process and limit the
range of your vehicle, too.
How long does it take to charge an
electric car?
Level 1 - typically rated less than 2kW
Most electric vehicles come with a 120 V charger you can plug into an
ordinary wall socket in your home. These easy and inexpensive chargers
have a cost, however. Because they are so slow to charge your vehicle, it
may take close to 50 hours to charge a BEV or 6 hours to fully charge a
PHEV.
Estimated electric range per hour of charging: 2 to 5 miles

Level 2 - typically rated from 7kW to 19kW

Vehicle chargers that run on 240 V are often available in parking garages,
some gas stations and near stores. If you have your own garage, you can
buy a Level 2 charger and install 240 V service to it. This option dramatically
cuts charging time. It takes between 4 and 10 hours to charge a BEV and 1
to 2 hours to charge a PHEV with a Level 2 device. You can find answers
here to the commonly asked questions about home chargers.
 Estimated electric range per hour of charging: 40 miles

Direct current fast charging (DCFC)

- typically rated from 50kW to
350kW
DC fast chargers are an option if your EV can accommodate rapid battery
charging. You can charge your EV to 80 percent in under an hour. PHEVs
cannot be charged with a DCFC charger.

Estimated electric range per hour of charging: 60 miles

Charging electric vehicles on the go

While charging at home may sometimes be an option, you will probably also
want to charge your EV while traveling–often in areas where you may not be
familiar with your options. Constellation has made finding public Level 2 and fast
chargers easy with our guide to finding charging stations.
 Charge electric vehicles at home with
Constellation
Charging at home is your most convenient option. To make the process smooth
and easy, Constellation is/will be releasing at-home EV charging solutions that
include upgrades to 240 V service. For safety, convenience and cost-
effectiveness, installing an electric vehicle charging point at home is worth
considering. Contact us to get an estimate for adding the latest home EV
charging technology.

fewer greenhouse gasAn electric vehicle uses a battery to store electrical energy
that is ready to use. A battery pack is made up of a number of cells that are
grouped into modules. Once the battery has sufficient energy stored, the vehicle
is ready to use. Battery technology has improved

3 core components of electric vehicles

 an electric motor.
 The core of electric vehicles is the three-electric technology, motor, battery, and
electronic control technology
 .
. What is EV and how it works?
Here's a basic rundown of how electric cars work: EVs receive energy from a
charging station and store the energy in its battery. The battery gives power to
the motor which moves the wheels. Many electrical parts work together in the
background to make this motion happen.

What is the main component of EV car?

The most significant component of an EV is the battery pack.

The battery pack is made up of a number of separate batteries that are linked
together, this can be anything from 5 to 25 batteries, which each consists of
hundreds of individual cells and usually come out of production electric vehicles.

What is the basic structure of an electric vehicle?

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), compared to classic internal combustion engine
(ICE) vehicles, are fairly simple and easy to operate. The simplest powertrain
architecture consists of a high voltage battery, an electric motor with a power
electronics controller and a single-speed gearbox.

What is the basic structure of an electric vehicle?

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), compared to classic internal combustion engine
(ICE) vehicles, are fairly simple and easy to operate. The simplest powertrain
architecture consists of a high voltage battery, an electric motor with a power
electronics controller and a single-speed gearbox.

what are the features of electric vehicles?

Electric cars are quieter, emit no exhaust, and have

fewer overall pollutants than combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Electric cars
have minimal expenditures since they have fewer parts to maintain, and they are
also very eco-friendly because they consume no carbon fuels (petrol or diesel).
How does a battery management system work?

It monitors each cell and leverages a transistor switch and an appropriately sized
discharge resistor in parallel with each cell. When the BMS senses a given cell is
approaching its charge limit, it will steer excess current around it to the next cell
below in a top-down fashion.
Electric Vehicles: Pros and Cons

Pros
Smooth and silent driving due the
absence of an engine
Tax concessions given by the
government
Lower maintenance and servicing
costs
Cons
High charging time
Only suitable for short
journeys
Batteries are expected to
have a low lifespan

Most battery electric vehicles (BEVs) on the market use a single-speed

transmission. These work by directly distributing the motor's output speed and
torque to the vehicle's wheels. When a driver presses the accelerator, electric
power is immediately sent from the vehicle's battery to the motor.
Using Simulink, engineers can exercise the battery management system over a
range of operating and fault conditions before committing to hardware testing.
You can generate C code from Simulink models to deploy your control algorithms
for rapid prototyping of systems or microcontrollers.

They are charged primarily by an external electricity source, which can be as

simple as a standard 120-volt outlet. The onboard charger takes the incoming
alternating current (AC) electricity and converts it to direct current (DC) power

Are EV motors AC or DC?

AC motors are the most commonly used in electric cars, as they offer better
efficiency and are easier to control. However, DC motors are still used in some
electric cars, especially in older models or smaller vehicles.2023 年 4 月 14 日
or charging the main battery.

Do electric vehicles have engines

 “Electric cars do not have conventional engines. As alternatives to conventional
engines, electric motors which are fueled by rechargeable batteries, power
electric cars.”
What is the biggest challenge with electric vehicles?

10 Biggest Challenges Facing the EV Industry Today

 Purchase Cost. The EV industry's biggest challenge is vehicle purchase
cost. ...
 Range Anxiety. Range anxiety is real. ...
 Limited Selection. ...
 Difficulty Finding a Technician. ...
 Charging Infrastructure. ...
 Charging Speeds. ...
 Charger Compatibility. ...
 Grid Capacity.
 How efficient are electric vehicles?
 EVs have several advantages over conventional vehicles: Energy
efficient. EVs convert over 77% of the electrical energy from the grid to
power at the wheels. Conventional gasoline vehicles only convert about
12%–30% of the energy stored in gasoline to power at the wheels.


 Are electric vehicles better for the environment?





 1. EVs are much better for the climate than gas-powered cars. It's not even
close. Over its lifetime, the average new electric vehicle produces about half
the greenhouse gas emissions of an equivalent vehicle burning gasoline or
diesel.

 Are electric cars the best for the future

 These vehicles, which take their energy from electricity and do not emit
harmful gases because they have no exhaust, are one of the most important
steps taken to leave a cleaner and livable world to future generations.


 What comes after electric cars

 The next link in the chain of automobile evolution is with hydrogen fuel cell
technology. It still needs a few more years of development and infrastructure
before it will be ready for the public, but I believe it's the next best move in
producing environmentally friendly vehicles.


 Automatic


 Are Electric Cars Automatic or Manual? The majority of electric cars are
automatic, as they do not need a clutch or gears to power the vehicle. In
fact, most electric cars are single-speed and deliver constant and instant
 power. You will find just two pedals in an electric car: the accelerator and
brake.

 Do electric cars need gears?



 Electric cars don't require multi-speed transmissions because of the so-

called “engine” in an electric car, an electric motor. While internal
combustion engines require multiple gears with different ratios for power
output, electric motors produce a consistent amount of torque at any given
RPM within a specific range.
 What is BMS in electric vehicle?

 A Battery Management System (BMS), which manages the electronics of a
rechargeable battery, whether a cell or a battery pack, thus becomes a
crucial factor in ensuring electric vehicle safety. It safeguards both the user
and the battery by ensuring that the cell operates within its safe operating
parameters.


 How many amps is a BMS?

 100 amp
 When a BMS is spoken of in terms of amps, that's generally in regards to its
sustained current carrying capacity. So, a 100 amp BMS will be capable of
supplying at least 100 amps of current continuously. The rating is a
significant amount less than a BMS's burst or peak capability.2022 年 8 月 22
日
 How do electric cars work step by step?

  Here's a basic rundown of how electric cars work: EVs receive energy from a
charging station and store the energy in its battery. The battery gives power
to the motor which moves the wheels. Many electrical parts work together in
the background to make this motion happen.

Electric vehicles have other advantages over those powered by

combustion engines:
 No fuel required so you save money on gas. ...
 Environmental friendly as they do not emit pollutants. ...
 Lower maintenance due to an efficient electric motor. ...
 Better Performance.


 How long do EV batteries last?

 between 100,000 and 200,000 miles
 That means they'll potentially outlive the cars they're installed in. Many
experts peg the lifespan of an EV battery at between 100,000 and 200,000
miles. If your EV's battery fails before that, it will likely be covered by the
manufacturer's warranty.
 How long do EV batteries last?
 between 100,000 and 200,000 miles
 That means they'll potentially outlive the cars they're installed in. Many
experts peg the lifespan of an EV battery at between 100,000 and 200,000
miles. If your EV's battery fails before that, it will likely be covered by the
manufacturer's warranty.


 Does an EV have an inverter?


 Dual Traction Inverter Demo

The NXP EV traction inverter is a critical component in electric

vehicles which is responsible for converting DC power from the battery to AC
power to drive the traction motor. It must deliver high power levels (from 80
to over 200 kW), withstand high temperatures and be lightweight.

 How many motors does an electric car have?


 If you are asking about drive motors, at least one and usually not more than
four. Single motor vehicles will power either the front or rear axle. The usual
setup for a dual motor vehicle is to have one motor for the front wheels and
one for the rear. A four motor EV will have one motor driving each
wheel.2023 年 8 月 24 日

 Do electric cars use HP?

 In electric vehicles (EVs), power is measured in kilowatts (kW) and
horsepower (HP), similar to internal combustion engines. The power rating
of an electric motor in an EV is determined by multiplying the voltage (in
volts) by the current (in amps) it operates on.


 What are the weaknesses of EV car?

 These disadvantages include finding charging stations, charging times,
higher initial costs, limited driving range, and battery packs can be expensive
to replace.

 What is the basic EV technology?

 EVs run on electricity alone. They are powered by one or more electric
motors and a battery. The battery is charged by plugging the vehicle into an
electric power source and through regenerative braking.
 What is the latest EV technology?
 Developing solid-state and lithium-sulfur batteries can increase EV mileage,
and advancing fast-charging technologies reduces charging time. For
example, the Swiss-based technology company Morand has developed a
fast charger that can charge EVs to 80% in 72 seconds, although it is only
suited to small-range cars.2023 年 11 月 16 日

 What is the latest EV technology?

 Developing solid-state and lithium-sulfur batteries can increase EV mileage,
and advancing fast-charging technologies reduces charging time. For
example, the Swiss-based technology company Morand has developed a
fast charger that can charge EVs to 80% in 72 seconds, although it is only
suited to small-range cars.2023 年 11 月 16 日

 Why BMS is used in battery?

 The task of battery management systems is to ensure the optimal use of the
residual energy present in a battery. In order to avoid loading the batteries,
BMS systems protect the batteries from deep discharge and over-voltage,
 which are results of extreme fast charge and extreme high discharge
current.

How is BMS connected to battery?

(1) Connect the C end of the protection plate; during discharge operation:
connect the positive pole (+) of the load input terminal to the total positive wire
(B+) of the battery pack, and connect the negative pole (I) of the load input
terminal to the P- terminal of the protection plate.2023 年 10 月 18 日

What type of inverter is used in EV?

The inverter in an EV is also what's called a VFD – Variable Frequency Drive.
The sine wave AC power can be generated in a wide range of different
frequencies. Or in other words, the rate at which the voltage cycles from positive
to negative and back again can be changed dramatically.2019 年 8 月 16 日

Are EV batteries AC or DC?

While EV batteries store DC energy, EV drivers can still use an AC charging
point to power up and get on the move. That's because a converter in the car will
convert AC electricity into DC—allowing it to be stored into the battery.2023 年 5
月 16 日
How does an EV motor work?

How does an electric car motor work? In an electric vehicle, when the driver
applies the accelerator, the battery in the car supplies electricity to the stator,
causing the rotor to turn, and subsequently provide mechanical energy to turn the
car's gears. Once the gears are rotating, the wheels turn too.2021 年 2 月 23 日

What is converter vs inverter in EV?

This is where the inverter vs. converter comparison comes in. Commonly, a
converter is adopted in converting AC to DC, while an inverter converts DC to
AC. This means that if you have an AC power source and need to power your
DC appliances, you need a converter to transform your AC power source to
DC.2023 年 7 月 24 日

What is the biggest problem with electric vehicles?

One key disadvantage of electric cars is the battery life. Like all batteries, the
capacity decreases over time. Researchers suggest battery capacity decreases
by approximately 2.3% every year. Battery longevity is highly dependent on
temperature.2024 年 2 月 3 日

What does BMS mean in EV?

Battery management system (BMS) is technology dedicated to the oversight of a
battery pack, which is an assembly of battery cells, electrically organized in a row
x column matrix configuration to enable delivery of targeted range of voltage and
current for a duration of time against expected load scenarios.

What does BMS mean in EV?

Battery management system (BMS) is technology dedicated to the oversight of a
battery pack, which is an assembly of battery cells, electrically organized in a row
x column matrix configuration to enable delivery of targeted range of voltage and
current for a duration of time against expected load scenarios.

What does BMS mean in EV?

Battery management system (BMS) is technology dedicated to the oversight of a
battery pack, which is an assembly of battery cells, electrically organized in a row
x column matrix configuration to enable delivery of targeted range of voltage and
current for a duration of time against expected load scenarios.
How Do All-Electric Cars Work?
All-electric vehicles, also referred to as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), have an
electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine. The vehicle uses a large
traction battery pack to power the electric motor and must be plugged in to a wall
outlet or charging equipment, also called electric vehicle supply equipment
(EVSE). Because it runs on electricity, the vehicle emits no exhaust from a
tailpipe and does not contain the typical liquid fuel components, such as a fuel
pump, fuel line, or fuel tank. Learn more about electric vehicles.
High-res image
Key Components of an All-Electric Car
Battery (all-electric auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the auxiliary battery
provides electricity to power vehicle accessories.
Charge port: The charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an external power
supply in order to charge the traction battery pack.
DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the
traction battery pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle
accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.
Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this motor
drives the vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform
both the drive and regeneration functions.
Onboard charger: Takes the incoming AC electricity supplied via the charge
port and converts it to DC power for charging the traction battery. It also
communicates with the charging equipment and monitors battery characteristics
such as voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge while charging the
pack.
Power electronics controller: This unit manages the flow of electrical energy
delivered by the traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction
motor and the torque it produces.
Thermal system (cooling): This system maintains a proper operating
temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other
components.
Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.
Transmission (electric): The transmission transfers mechanical power from the
electric traction motor to drive the wheels.

EV batteries
The lithium ion-battery is the most important component of an electric vehicle, as
it is the energy source. The battery size is demonstrative of the vehicle’s driving
range and charging capabilities. Battery size will also affect the cost of the
vehicle.
It is important to consider how to manage your electric vehicle battery, as its
condition can impact residual values and vehicle efficiency.
 An electric vehicle battery
The most common type of electric vehicle battery is made of lithium-ion. This is
due to their specific energy (Wh/kg), cycle life and high efficiency. The battery is
made up of two electrodes in an electrolyte.
The electrolyte is where the exchange of ions takes place to produce electricity.
The lithium ions act as the charge carrier, allowing for the simultaneous
exchange of positive and negative ions in the electrolyte. There are many options
for the materials of the electrodes and electrolytes, hence there are different
possible battery chemistries, each with their own advantages and disadvantages.
These include:
 Cobalt Oxide (LCO)
 Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)
 Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)
 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA)
 Lithium Titanate (LTO). [1]
Comparisons of different types of Li-ion batteries used in EVs from the following
perspectives:
 specific energy (capacity)
 specific power, safety
 performance, lifespan and cost.

Source: Miao Y. et. al, Energies, 2019

Battery life

Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries do not need to be replaced as frequently as a

battery in an ICEV. Car manufacturers offer battery warranty to provide comfort
for consumers, though it is not intended to be demonstrative of a battery’s life.
A BEV may need a battery replacement after 10-20 years, just like parts in an
ICEV will need to be replaced over its lifetime. In an ICEV there are more moving
parts, so there are more things to be replaced.
Battery charging

pElectric vehicles now include Battery Management Systems (BMS) that limit
charging capacity to prolong battery life. They control the temperature of the
battery to reduce degradation and capacity loss. [2]
As electric vehicle batteries are lithium-ion it means that certain conditions
degrade the battery over time. It is important to charge the battery according to
the guidelines to get the most out of the technology.
Australian driving habits indicate an average drive distance of less than 50km per
day, [3] so most drivers wouldn’t have to recharge daily given that the average
BEV range for 2018/2019 Battery Electric Vehicles is 379km at 100% charge. [4]
There are different ways to charge an EV, all with different capacities and time
frames to suit the situation. There are currently four levels of chargers. For more
information, refer to the All about chargers article.
Battery conditions
Heat can affect battery life, so automakers are continuously innovating and
investing in thermal management systems which protect the battery in harsh
conditions.
Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) form part of the battery cells to
protect EV batteries by warming them up or cooling them down as required. A
BTMS consists of systems that may be either active (external or internal sources
of heating and/or cooling) or passive (natural convection). [5]
Climate has not shown to be a barrier to uptake in warm or cold regions.
California, which has a similar climate to the highly populated areas of Australia,
has reached EV market penetration of 9% EV uptake in June 2021. [6] India, with
a comparative temperature to the northern regions of Australia, has committed to
EV policies to build India ‘as a driver in electric vehicles. [7] Norway, with an
average winter temperature of -6.8°C [8] has the highest global EV uptake and a
54.3% market share of BEVs as of December, 2020.

Battery technology: cost and range

Battery prices

Battery technology is constantly evolving, and as battery technology develops,

the kWh cost of the battery drops. The price of a lithium battery has dropped
significantly since 2010. In China the minimum reported price for batteries in e-
buses is below $100/kWh. [9] On average, it is expected that the battery cost will
reach $100/kWh by 2023.[10]

Source: Union of Concerned Scientists

Technological advancements are increasing Lithium-ion battery capacity, and
innovation in the chemical make-up of lithium-ion batteries is driving the price of
vehicles and end-of-EV-life replacement down. New developments include NCM