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STUDY ON ASPIRATIONS OF RURAL YOUTH AND
THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT

ACTIVITIES IN DHARWAD DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA
STATE
Thesis submitted to the

University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE)
In
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION
By
BHANU V.L.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DHARWAD
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
DHARWAD – 580 005
AUGUST, 2006
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
DHARWAD (K.V. NATIKAR)

AUGUST, 2006 MAJOR ADVISOR
Approved by :
Chairman : _________________________
(K.V. NATIKAR)
Members : 1. ________________________
(S.N. HANCHINAL)
2. ________________________
(JAVEED MULLA)
3. ________________________
(Y.N. HAWALDAR)
4. ________________________
(GANGA YENAGI
CONTENTS
Chapter
Title
No.
I. INTRODUCTION
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
III. METHODOLOGY
IV. RESULTS
V. DISCUSSION
VI. SUMMARY
VII. REFERENCES
VIII. APPENDICES
IX. ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title
No.
1. Educational aspirations of rural youth
2. Occupational aspirations of rural youth
3. Enterprise aspirations of rural youth
4. General aspirations of rural youth
5. Attitude of rural youth towards rural developmental activities
6. Extent of participation of rural youth in various rural developmental activities
7. Personal, psychological and socio-economic characteristics of rural youth
8. Mass media utilization
9. Extension contact
10. Extension participation
11. Relationship between personal, psychological and socio-economic

characteristics of rural youth with their aspirations
12. Constraints as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural

developmental activities
13. Suggestions as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Title
No.
1. Graphical representation of the study area
2. Educational aspirations of rural youth
3. Occupational aspirations of rural youth
4. General aspirations of rural youth
6. Rural developmental activities taken up in the village
7. Extent of participation of rural youth in various rural developmental

activities
8. Personal, psychological and socio-economic characteristics of rural

youth
12. Relationship between personal, psychological and socio-economic

characteristics of rural youth with their aspirations
13. Constraints as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural

14. Suggestions as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural

APPENDIX
Appendix
Title
No.
I. Interview schedule
I. INTRODUCTION
Among human resources of any nation, the vital chunk happens to be its youth. India
is a land of youth. According to 2001 census, India had a total youth population of 347
millions, that is 35.2 per cent of the total population. Out of this population, about 70 per cent
were rural youth and the remaining 30 per cent were urban youth. As, majority of the youth
comes from rural areas, they are considered as the nation builders of tomorrow. This
important section of the rural population can respond to the needs of country only if they are
offered fruitful opportunities for growing up as useful citizens.
Youth have been playing quite a significant role in almost every country of the world
as they possess the zeal and vigour necessary to create opportunities for national
development. Youths shoulder responsibility for the future development of the country.
Therefore, the development and harnessing of the talents and energies of youth towards
constructive channels has always engaged the attention of a country’s planners and policy
markers. One of the most effective ways of development and channeling the potentials of
youth towards creative purpose is through the youth clubs. They help young people to
develop themselves physically, mentally, socially and economically and prepare them to meet
effectively the future challenges of life.
The socio-economic development and prosperity of the rural areas depend upon the
type of youths the country own. Because the rural youth have abilities to orient themselves to
go along with the main stream of the development process. The youths form the bulk of total
population of the country. They are the national cream and the future crown with full
possession of physical built and mental tenacity and power. They are the precious human
assets who can play an important role in nation building activities, if opportunities are
provided. If a country can harness a creative and pervasive force like youth, it can
substantially and quickly advance towards modernization.
Singh (1985) reported that the participation of rural youth in the development process
is essential in order to bring change in socio-economic structure and improving the quality of
life of an individual. Hence, much attention is needed to mould the personality of rural youth.
At present, youth are too frustrated and could not find suitable ways of adjustment and lack
appropriate guidance and counseling. So, there is a possibility of developing many
disintegrated and abnormal personality in the society. Therefore, the primary need is to
develop healthy and strong youth for the welfare of the country.
In our country youth constitute a numerically dominant potential, resourceful and also
adventurous segment of the population. According to 1991 census, youth population in India
with the age group of 15 to 35 years was around 31 per cent (246 millions) of the total
population, Out of this total youth population, 20 per cent (53 millions) were urban youth,
while the remaining 80 per cent (211 million) were rural (Shivalingaiah, 1995). In Karnataka
youth population constitutes around 34 per cent of the total population. Out of this total youth
population, 66 per cent were rural youth, while the remaining 34 per cent were urban youth
(Anonymous, 1994).
The 2001 census indicated that the youth population of India was 35,59,28,000.
Among them, male were 18,45,78,000 and the female were 17,16,50,000. The total youth
population constitute about 35.2 per cent of the total population, which includes 35.2 per cent
and 35.1 per cent of male and female youth population from the total male and female
population respectively.
The urban youth are mostly educated, organized in many forms and have access to
facilities and institution meant for youth services. Whereas, rural youth are mostly illiterate,
burdened with the needs of their own families, lack of opportunities for organizing themselves
to engage in constructive work and also lack guidance for participation in development
activities. Though rural youth have different fields of activities, they have not been involved
and motivated to contribute to the development process. This is due to several reasons, such
as, lack of nation wide youth programmes, lack of an appropriate network for youth
organizations, lack of training and guidance, lack of inter-departmental or sectorial
coordination.
All these factors largely contribute to rather unplanned and forced migration of youth
from rural areas to urban centers. So, to stop this trend of migration and to make them to
participate in the general prosperity of the rural community, it is inevitable to develop different
income generating activities to ensure their participation.
At present, the youths are having different needs, aspirations, attitudes, habits and
values of life. The development of personal, social, economical and spiritual aspects of rural
youth are possible, only when their needs, aspirations, attitudes, habits and values of life are
recognized early and guided properly. Therefore, in this study some of these aspects were
considered and which would be useful to the agencies involved in the development of rural
youth.
There are less number of studies in this area of research in Karnataka. Hence, an
attempt was made in this study to know the aspirations of rural youth and their attitude
towards rural developmental activities.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. To analyze the aspirations of rural youth
2. To study the attitude of rural youth towards rural developmental activities
3. To find out the extent of participation of rural youth in rural developmental activities
4. To study the relationship between aspirations and personal, psychological and socio-
economic characteristics of rural youth
5. To list the constraints and suggestions as expressed by the rural youth for
participation in rural developmental activities.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Rural youth are the very important section of the rural society and they play a vital
role in development of rural areas. As rural youth participate enthusiastically and with interest
in various developmental activities of the village, selected as respondents in the present
study.
Youth reflect the national potentiality and represent the life blood of a nation.
Development of youth determines the development of community and country. Hence, there
is need to study aspirations, attitude, personal, psychological and socio-economic
characteristics of rural youth for their progress and development, which inturn ensures the
development of a country.
Today unemployment is a major problem among the rural youth and now they are
trying to come out of this problem by migrating from rural areas to urban areas, as
employment opportunities are more in urban areas. Hence occupational aspirations of rural
youth has been taken as one of the objectives in the present study
As school dropouts are very much high in rural areas among youth, educational
aspirations of rural youths is also taken as an important objective of this study.
This study on rural youth will be useful for the policy makers for better planning and
implementation of the schemes in rural areas.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study was confined to only four taluks of Dharwad district of Karnataka state. So
the generalization made based on the findings of the study may not be directly applicable to
other areas. Since, the study has adopted the expost-facto design memory basis on the part
of the respondents cannot be ruled out.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A brief review of previous studies conducted on rural youth and their aspirations have
been chronologically arranged in this chapter. Since, limited reviews are available, similar
reviews in line with the present study were also included. The reviews are presented below
under various headings in accordance with the objectives of the study.
2.1 Concept of rural youth
2.2 Aspirations of rural youth
2.3 Attitude of rural youth towards rural developmental activities
2.4 Extent of participation of rural youth in rural developmental activities
2.5 Personal, psychological and socio-economic characteristics of rural youth
2.6 Relationship between personal, psychological and socio-economic characteristics of
rural youth with their aspirations
2.7 Constraints as expressed by the rural youth for participation in rural developmental
activities
2.1 CONCEPT OF RURAL YOUTH

Planck (1960) defined, rural youth as a person between 17 to 28 years of age
living in a community with less than 5,000 inhabitants.
Thakre (1961) defined rural youth as one who owns land as a member of the joint-
family aged between 10 to 30 years and derives major income from land.
Rao (1964) included rural boys in the age group of 12 to 24 years for his research
studies on rural youth.
Singh and Haque (1966) included the person in the age group of 12 to 24 years as
youth in their study.
Lakshmanan (1972) included the person's in the age group of 12 to 24 years in his
research study on rural youth.
Prasad (1973) classified the rural boys into early adolescent (10 to 14 years),
middle-ado1escent (15-20 years) and late-adolescent (21-30 years).
Sagane (1978) considered the individuals in the age group of 15 to 35 years as
youth in his research on rural youth.
Joshi (1979) considered the individuals in the age group of 12 to 24 years for his
study on rural youth.
Kulkarni (1979) considered any female person in the age group of 12-24 years for
her study on rural youth (girls).
Doddahanumaiah (1990) considered any male person in the age group of 18 to 35
years as rural youth, who was born and brought up in the rural environment with a population
of less than 8,000, other than city, district and taluk headquarters.
Prasad (2002) defined rural youth as a person (male) in the age group of 18 to 30
years live in the village and engaged in farming.
2.2 ASPIRATIONS OF RURAL YOUTH

2.2.1 Educational aspirations
Middleton and Grigg (1959) observed that, youths in rural areas had lower
educational as well as occupational aspirations than those in cities.
Rao (1964) showed that most of the school going rural boys wanted to be either
Doctors, Scientists, Engineers, Teachers or Army Officers. Only one per cent of the boys
aspired to be farmers. There was no significant difference between the vocational aspirations
of farming and non-farming groups, while significant differences were noticed between the
aspirations of the different age and educational groups of boys.
Sewell (1964) reported that, as the rural areas modernize youngsters reared in
relatively more isolated environments were less likely to go to a college education than those
from urban settings.
Singh and Rao (1965) indicated that, 50 per cent of boys desired to go for college
education. Forty four per cent of the boys were undecided about their future educational plans
and six per cent of the boys did not like to join college. The boys of both farming and non-
farming group evidenced an almost equal desire to enter college and to pursue higher
education.
Sewell and Shah (1968) reported that, higher the socio-economic status, higher will
be the level of educational aspirations.
Devi (1970) concluded that, lower class boys tend to restrict their aspiration more
than the higher class boys.
Muthaiah (1971) pointed out that, a greater percentage of the farmers aspired for high
school education followed closely by middle school level of education for their sons. The
study also indicated that with an increase in socio-economic status there was an increase in
aspiration for education to their sons. He further indicated that majority of the farmers wanted
their sons to take up agricultural work as their vocations. A few farmers wanted government
jobs for their sons. Their aspiration in respect of occupation for sons being restricted to
agriculture was realistic and was in accordance with their aspiration in respect of educational
level.
Sagane (1978) reported that, one of the important aspirations of rural youth was the
higher education for their children.
Nagarajaiah (1978) found that, majority of members aspired for a degree (63%) less
than half of the non-members (44%) aspired for a degree and only 18 per cent of other youth
aspired for the degree. In general, 44 per cent of rural youth aspired for SSLC and the same
per cent of youth aspired for a degree. The remaining rural youth (12%) aspired for master’s
degree.
Joshi (1979) indicated that, there were more number of rural youths in high
educational aspiration category and less number of youths in the low educational aspiration
category. The mean educational aspiration score for youth with high educational aspiration
was higher by 1.8 than that of youths with low educational aspiration.
Narendran (2000) revealed that, 26 per cent of the non-school going rural youth
aspired to study up to PUC, 22 per cent aspired to study diploma, 22 per cent aspired to study
degree, 18 per cent aspired to study SSLC and 12 per cent aspired to study upto the level of
post-graduate education. Whereas, 86 per cent of the school going rural youth aspired to join
PUC but only 14 per cent aspired to join diploma. Out of 86 per cent who aspired to join PUC,
58 per cent aspired to join science group, 33 per cent aspired to join arts group but only 9 per
cent aspired for vocational courses.
2.2.2 Occupational aspirations of rural youth
Singh and Haque (1966) found that, social service was ranked first and agriculture
second by all the non-school going rural youth.
Kuvlesky and Bealer (1967) reported that, 29 per cent of the school going rural youth
aspired for Professional occupation, 22 per cent for farming, 20 per cent for skilled work, 9
per cent for unskilled work, 8 per cent for glamourous occupation, 7 per cent for white collar
jobs and 5 per cent for managerial occupation.
Santhamani and Hafeez (1970) observed that, Engineer was the most preferred
occupation among the first and second preferences and Doctor was the most preferred
among the third preference of the high school students.
Pandey (1974) in his study found that, teaching was the most aspired occupation-for
both rural and urban youth. Service, farming, medicine follows in the order of preference of
the rural youth, whereas in the case of urban youth, medicine, business and service in the
order of preference.
Satapathy and Ganeshwar (1974) the youth of village Pipli, N.E.S block of Orissa
showed interest in improved agriculture, followed by poultry keeping and bee keeping. It was
interesting to note that eight respondents out of 125 had expressed their aspiration for taking
part in politics.
Lakshmanan et al. (1975) found that, business was the most preferred occupation
followed by supervisory work, skilled jobs, agriculture, social work and politics in the order of
preference of the non-school going rural youth.
Shinge et al. (1977) reported that, school going rural youth indicated service either in
the government or in the Private sector as their first choice followed by agriculture,
professional job and business or technical job.
Nagarajaiah (1978) from his study concluded that, a majority of the rural youth
aspired for farming occupations.
Jha and Jain (1979) in their study found that, non-school going rural youth showed
more interest towards agriculture.
Ranganathan (1984) reported that, farm youth of full time and part time farm families
ranked farming as their first aspired occupation.
Halakatti and Ravi (1987) in their study on job preference of the agricultural
graduates found that, 44 per cent preferred State department, 38 per cent private companies,
33 per cent civil/state service, 31 per cent banks, 29 per cent own farming and 28 per cent
State agriculture university service.
Doddahanuilliah (1990) found that, dairy was ranked first by the literate youth
followed by crop production, sericulture, poultry, business, salaried job, small scale industry
and the least preferred occupation was piggery, whereas crop production was ranked first by
the illiterate youth followed by dairy, sericulture, poultry, piggery, business, small scale
industry and the least preferred occupation was salaried job.
Madhu Asthana and Srivastava (1992) found that, level of aspirations of art students
is higher than that of science students.
Pradeep Kumar (1993) observed that, vegetable production was the most aspired
occupation of the educated unemployed rural youth in Tirvananthapuram district of Kerala
state followed by plant nursery management. poultry, dairy, sericulture, mushroom cultivation
and fisheries in the order of preference.
Narendran (2000) reported that, in occupational aspirations of the rural youth,
professional occupation was the first aspired occupation of the school going rural youth
followed by glamour occupation, management occupation, agriculture, white-collar jobs and
skilled jobs. None of the school going rural youths aspired for unskilled occupation, whereas,
in the case of non-school going rural youth, management occupation was the first aspired
occupation followed by agriculture, glamour occupation, white-collar jobs, professional
occupation, skilled jobs and unskilled jobs based on their level of aspiration.
2.2.3 Enterprise aspirations of rural youth
Burchinal (1961) reported that, in general farm boys at both the grade levels had
lowest levels of occupational aspirations.
Singh and Rao (1965) reported that, the projects liked by rural school going youth
were village sanitation, planting seedlings, repair of wells, tanks and roads, village library,
kitchen gardening, calf rearing, rope making, poultry keeping and pest control etc.
Hanumappa (1966) in his case study on young farmers’ club of Rampura indicated
that, individual and group economic activity were given more returns and taught some
occupational skills.
Kuvlesky and Bealer (1967) in their first survey of rural young people and found that,
majority of them had professional aspirations (29.00) per cent need for farming (22.00) skilled
worker (20.00%) unskilled worker (90.00%) glamour occupation (8.00%), white collar (7.00%),
and managerial (5.00%).
Lakshmanan and Vijay Mohan (1968) in their study on rural youth stated that, youth
concentrated more on activities like Shramadan and festivals etc., but no individual or group
economic projects were taken up by the youth.
Rade (1971) reported that, most of the youth followed father’s occupation. Two out
of every three youth were engaged in agriculture alone, while the remaining youth were either
engaged entirely in other job or doing other job in addition to agriculture.
Muthaiah (1971) stated that, majority of rural youth of both farming community (83
per cent) and non-farming community (65 per cent) aspired to do farming. This was due to
lack of training and experience to take up other occupations.
Siddaramaiah and Dudhani (1972) indicated that, the non-school going rural youth
had high occupational aspiration as against educational aspiration of school going youth.
Rural youth belonging to farming category were high in occupational aspirations.
Chowbey (1973) concluded that, better farming, vegetable growing, planting fruit
trees, and keeping livestock were the most individuals economic projects most liked by
youth club members.
Pandey (1974) reported that, majority of rural youth aspired for White Collar jobs,
followed by independent profession and professional or technical (more or less equal) and
few for social service.
Nagarajaiah (1978) from his study concluded that, the greater majority of rural
youth aspired for farming occupation.
Sagane (1978) reported that, majority of rural youth aspired for cultivating their
own land with the use of modern technology and science.
Joshi (1979) reported that, rural youth belonging to non-school going category
were having high occupational aspiration.
Saini and Pawar (1982) reported that, 87.32 per cent of respondents (boys)
undertaken Kitchen gardening, 28.73 per cent poultry, 27.6 per cent calf rearing, 14.00 per-
cent fruit plant growing and in girls it was found that 55.9 percent undertaken learning
cutting, 46.45 per cent sewing of clothes, and 18.89 per cent kitchen gardening knitting,
flower making and poultry were adopted by 14.96 per cent, 9.44 per cent and 7.87 per cent
respectively.
Doddahanumaiah (1990) revealed that, all eight enterprises selected are
important to rural youth, but rural youth had shown preference for dairy, crop production,
sericulture, poultry and business enterprises which got I, II, III, IV and V rank, respectively.
Salaried appointment of any kind, piggery and small scale industry received VI, VII and VIII
ranks, respectively.
Narendran (2000) reported that, in occupational aspirations of the rural youth.
Professional occupation was the first aspired occupation of the school going rural youth
followed by glamour occupation, management occupation, agriculture, white-collar jobs and
skilled jobs. None of the school going rural youth aspired for unskilled occupation. Whereas,
in the case of non-school going rural youth, management occupation was the first aspired
occupation followed by agriculture, glamour occupation, white-collar jobs, professional
occupation, skilled jobs and unskilled jobs based on their level of aspiration.
2.2.4 General aspiration
Chauhan et al. (1978) found that, level of aspiration of the farmers significantly
increased due to farm telecast, but the extent of increase in the levels of aspiration varies
from village to village.
Nagarajaiah (1978) from his study concluded that, greater majority of the rural youth
aspired for farming occupations.
Jha and Jain (1979) in their study found that, non-school going rural youth showed
more interest towards agriculture.
Palaniswamy (1984) reported that, more or less three-fourth of the farmers (82%)
had medium level of aspirations.
Ranganathan (1984) reported that, farm youth of full time and part time farm
families ranked farming as their first aspired occupation.
Seema (1986) revealed that, more than 50.00 per cent of the respondents were
found to have higher level of aspiration.
Kantharaju (1989) reported that, farmers were more or less equally distributed in
high, medium and low aspiration categories.
Shailaja (1990) revealed that, marginal farm women had a high level of aspirations
and were superior to large and small farm women.
Madhu et al. (1992) found that, level of aspiration of arts students was higher than
science students.
Shivalingaiah (1995) reported that, a majority of small farm rural youth (62%) had
medium aspiration compared to only 46 per cent of big farm rural youth. And, about 34 per
cent of small farm rural youth had high aspirations as against 30 per cent in case of big farm
rural youth who had low aspiration.
Bheemappa (2001) reported that, 19.17 per cent migrant and 10.00 per cent of non-
migrant farmers had high level of aspiration and medium and low level of aspiration was
noticed by 67.50 per cent and 13.33 per cent of migrant farmers respectively as compared
to non-migrant farmers (72.50% and 17.50%, respectively).
2.3 ATTITUDE OF RURAL YOUTH TOWARDS RURAL

DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIES
Sing and Rao (1965) found that, majority of rural school going boys had a favourable
attitude towards youth clubs. There was no significant difference between the attitude of boys,
belonging to different age, parental occupation and educational groups.
Singh and Singh (1968) observed that, young people had more favourable attitude
towards fertilizers than old age groups.
Singh and Singh (1971) in their study conducted in Delhi territory reported that, the
farmers had mean attitude scores for all three improved agricultural practices i.e., chemical
fertilizers, improved farm implements and green manuring were much above the
corresponding neutral scores which indicated quite favourable attitude.
Makkar and Sohal (1974) reported that, young farmers who had higher education and
operating medium sized land holding carry more favourable attitude towards soil testing than
others.
Nagarajaiah (1978) reported that, members had favourable attitude towards
community development programme, whereas both non-members and others had
unfavourable attitude towards community development programme.
Lakshminarayan and Radhakrishna Menon (1980) implied that, attitude of agricultural
students towards agriculture is more favourable than the non-agricultural students.
Dixit et al. (1990) in their study conducted in Hissar district of Haryana revealed that,
mean attitude score in the adopted village was higher than that of non-adopted village and
farmers of the adopted village had reacted more favourable towards management practices
of buffaloes.
Khan and Choudhary (1990) in their study conducted in Kohima district of Nagaland
revealed that, 55.65 per cent of farmers had moderately favourable attitude towards chemical
fertilizers and 44.75 per cent had more favourable attitude towards chemical fertilizers.
Digaskar and Wanglikar (1991) in their study conducted in Parbhani district of
Maharashtra reported that, 52.50 per cent of farmers had favourable attitude towards biogas
plant, 17.50 per cent that is nearly one-fifth of the total farmers had unfavourable attitude
towards biogas plant.
Ingole and Ingle (1992) in their study conducted in Nagpur district of Maharashtra on
attitude of rural tele-viewers towards farm telecast and reported that, programmes namely,
Gramagatha, Amachimatimance sponsored once are preferred by large majority (65.83%)
news and games stood next in preference (47.50%) and advertisement. However, was least
preferred by respondents.
Vekaria et al. (1993) in their study conducted in Jalna district of Maharashtra reported
that, 91.18 per cent of farmers had favourable attitude, 5.39 per cent had unfavourable
attitude and 3.43 per cent had neutral attitude towards modern agricultural technology.
Raju et al. (1993) in their study conducted in Dharwad district of Karnataka revealed
that, 83 per cent of farmers had favourable attitude towards seed supplying agencies,
whereas 13 and 14 per cent had more and less favourable attitude towards seed supplying
agencies, respectively.
Manjula and Belli (1994) in their study conducted in Kolar rlistrict of Karnataka on
attitude of farm woman towards watershed management programme revealed that, 53.33 per
cent of women were having favourable attitude and 46.67 per cent were having unfavourable
attitude towards watershed management programme.
Annamalai et al. (1994) in their study conducted in Kanyakumari district of Tamil
Nadu reported that, 30 per cent of agricultural farm youth had less favourable attitude
towards agriculture. 36.67 per cent had favourable attitude and 33.33 per cent had more
favourable attitude towards agriculture.
Lakshmi and Manoharan (1995) in their study conducted in Rangareddy district of
Andhra Pradesh reported that, 37.50 per cent of the respondents had low level of attitude,
followed by 30.00 per cent had medium and 32.00 per cent had high level of attitude towards
dryland agricultural technology.
Shivalingaiah (1995) indicated that a majority of small and big farm rural youth (male)
had low to medium attitude towards agriculture. Whereas, a majority of small and big farm
rural youth (female) had medium to high level of attitude towards agriculture.
Sharma and Khan (1997) revealed that majority (55.00%) of trained farmers had
more favourable attitude, while majority (58.33%)' of the untrained farmers had less
favourable attitude towards modern agriculture.
Sundaraswamy et al. (1997) in their study conducted in College of Agriculture
Dharwad reported that, 72.30 per cent of the agricultural students belonged to favourable
attitude category, followed by more favourable (16.28%) and less favourable (11.42%)
attitude categories towards agriculture.
Surekha et al. (1997) in their study conducted in Dharwad district of Karnataka
reported that, more than half of the total farmers had favourable attitude towards watershed
development and 37 to 45 per cent of them had unfavourable attitude.
Rameshkumar Reddy and Shivashanka Rao (1998) in their study conducted in
Mahaboobnagar district of Andhra Pradesh reported that, 56.33 per cent showed favourable
attitude, 27.67 per cent showed highly favourable attitude and 16 per cent showed
unfavourable attitude towards improved practices in agriculture.
Yogesh Chandra and Pandey (1999) reported that farmers attitude towards soil
testing was generally conservative.
Prasad and Sundaraswamy (2000) in their study conducted In Rangareddy district of
Andhra Pradesh reported that, majority of the farmers in general, favourably disposed
towards dryland agricultural technologies and this result was attributed by significant
relationship of attitude with socio-economic variables, education, social participation, farm
power etc. Hiremath (2000) in their study conducted in Dharwad district of Karnataka state
reported that, 61.67 per cent of the youth had unfavourable attitude, followed by 36.67 per
cent with favourable attitude and only 1.66 per cent had neutral attitude towards agriculture
and there was no significant difference between the attitude scores of youth involved in farm
activities and youth involved both in farm and non-farm activities.
Manohari (2001) in her study conducted in Hyderabad reported that, a majority 58.75
per cent of the primitive tribal groups possessed favourable attitude towards improved
agricultural technology followed by highly favourable attitude (26.25%). Only 10 per cent
were neutral category and 5 per cent had unfavourab1e attitude.
Prasad (2002) reported that, 51.33 per cent of the respondents had less favourable
attitude towards agriculture. About 33 per cent of the respondents had more favourable
attitude towards agriculture and only 15.33 per cent of them had favourable attitude towards
agriculture.
From the above quoted research findings, it could be concluded that, majority of the
respondents had favourable attitude towards agriculture, seed supplying agencies, watershed
management porgramme, dryland technology and improved agriculture technology. It could
be revealed that, majority of the respondents belonged to favourable attitude category.
2.4 EXTENT OF PARTICIPATION OF RURAL YOUTH IN

RURAL DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIES
Singh and Rao (1965) reported that, youth participated in programmes like village
sanitation, repairing wells and tanks, running a library, planting seedlings and calf rearing
project through youth clubs.
Lakshmanan and Vijaya Mohan (1968) observed that, members of youth clubs had
concentrated more on the activities like shramadana, collection of funds to meet the
community needs, education about the agricultural practices, games and cultural activities
and also participated in the village festivals.
Chowbey (1973) concluded that, better farming, vegetable growing, planting fruit
trees and keeping livestock were the most popular individual projects. In general, the
construction of village road, panchayat ghar, school buildings and sanitation were the most
popular group projects. Playing games like volley ball recreation like bajan and keerten were
some of the other activities carried out by the rural youth.
Nagarajaiah (1978) revealed that, members of the youth clubs participated in rural
developmental activities like construction of approach road, construction of youth club
building, release of bonded labourers, village sanitation and such others.
Soni and Nandapurkar (1990) reported that, majority of the respondents participated
in tree plantation followed by motivating the farmers to adopt gobar gas plants, village
cleanliness and construction of approach road.
Suresh (1990) conducted a study in Kerala, the results revealed that, only 32 per cent
of beneficiaries had satisfactory level of participation, whereas 68 per cent of the beneficiaries
had low level of participation in development programmes by an NGO.
Chandregowda et al. (1991) found that, tree planting was attended by most of the
youth club members (81.25%), followed by village sanitation activities (77.41%) and
construction of roads. The youth also participated in adult education, vaccination
programmes, desilting of tanks and raising community nursery.
Shivalingaiah (1991) reported that, majority of the senior youth club members
(60.00%) always participated in agricultural operations like ploughing, sowing, manures and
fertilizer application, intercultivation, plant protection measures, harvesting, irrigation and
transplanting as compared to junior members (50.00%) of the youth clubs.
Padmaiah (1995) reported that, peoples participation in different stages of watershed
development programme such as, bench mark survey, planning, execution and monitoring
and evaluation stages were very poor.
Shivasharanappa (1995) conducted a study on watershed in Bijapur district of
Karnataka. The results revealed that, the negligible percentage of localities, rural leaders and
village institutions have participated in the activities of the watershed project planning process
such as i) creation of awareness, ii) problem identification and iii) formation of local
management committees.
Hiremath (2000) in his study conducted in Dharwad district reported that, a majority of
rural youth (50.83%) were involved in farm activities, whereas 36.67 per cent involved in non-
farm activities and 12.50 per cent were involved both in farm and non-farm activities.
Arvind et al. (2000) conducted a study on rural youth in Madhya Pradesh, reported
that, 67 per cent of the youth accepted that training is an essential component for extension of
agricultural technology and 40 per cent were engaged in rural development activities
organized by “Nehru Yuvak Kendra” programme.
Furtado et al. (2004) reported that, the rural youth had a relatively low participation in
village meetings and with regard to Kurhadbandhi (prohibition of cutting of forest trees),
Charaibandi (discouraging grazing cattle on public land) and Nashabandi (adoption of family
planning measures) was found to be satisfactory. While, participation in Sharmadan (one-day
voluntary labour force for every 15 days) was largely confined to the activities of their interest.
2.5 PERSONAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC

CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL YOUTH
Age
Singh and Haque (1966) found that, majority of the respondents of the non-school
going rural youth belong to the age group of 21-24 years.
Mangat et al. (1989) conducted a study on rural youth in Ludhiana district and
reported that majority of the rural youth were in the age group of 18-23 years.
Shivalingaiah (1995) reported that majority of the big farm rural youth belonged to 22
to 30 years age group, whereas, majority of the small farm youth were in the age group of 22-
30 years.
Perumathiyalagan et al. (1998) revealed that, almost equal per cent of poultry farmers
belonged to young, middle and old aged groups.
Puthiraprathap et al. (1999) in their study conducted in Myrada Talavadi Project found
that, majority of the respondents belonged to young age group.
Narendran (2000) revealed that, 50 per cent of the school going rural youth belonged
to the age group of 14 to 15 years and another 50 per cent belonged to the age group of 16 to
17 years. Whereas, in the case of non-school going rural youth, 74 per cent of the
respondents belonged to the age group of 16 to 17 and 26 per cent belonged to the age
group of 14 to 15 years.
Education
Lakshmanan and Vijaya Mohan (1968) found that, only educated youth were enrolled
as members of the youth clubs.
Rade (1971) reported that nearly 25 per cent of the youth had not received formal
education and sixty per cent received education below IV standard.
Satpathy and Ganeswar (1974) pointed out that, 10 per cent of the rural youth were
illiterate, 22 per cent were studied upto primary, 41 per cent were studied upto middle school
and 27 per cent of them studied upto high school and above.
Hiremath (2000) in his study conducted in Dharwad district of Karnataka reported
that, more than 27 per cent of the youth had education upto primary school level, 16.67 per
cent had education upto SSLC and PUC and 6.67 per cent had education upto degree level.
Prasad (2002) majority of (70.00%) of the youths studied upto higher level i.e., SSLC
to degree, followed by middle school (15.33%), primary chool (2.67) while 4.67 per cent of the
respondents were illiterates and only one person (0.67%) was educated upto PG level.
Annual income
Shivamurthy (1994) reported that, majority of the big farm youth had higher family
income and economic status. Whereas, majority of the small farm youth had low to medium
family income and economic status.
Sakharkar (1995) in their study conducted in Nagpur district of Maharashtra state
reported that, 33.33 per cent of soybean growers had income upto Rs. 11,000, 28.67 per cent
had income ranging between Rs. 11,000 to Rs. 22,000, 20.33 per cent had income ranging
between Rs. 22,000, Rs. 33,000 and 17.67 per cent had income more than Rs. 33,000.
Thangavel et al. (1996) found that 62 per cent and 60 per cent of the respondents in
both dry and wet areas belonged to low income group, 26 per cent in dry area and 34 per
cent in wet area belonged to high income category and the rest belonged to medium income
category.
Shailaja et al. (1997) reported that 67.92 per cent were having annual income below
Rs. 5000, 18.87 per cent had their annual income ranging between Rs. 4801 – Rs. 7200. A
few of the respondents had income of Rs. 12,000. It could be inferred that majority (86.79%)
were still below poverty line.
Shakuntala and Chaman (2000) reported that average monthly income of the rural
families was Rs, 1,604.
Hiremath (2000) reported that 43.53 per cent of the respondents had annual income
of Rs. 11,001 to 25,000 around 25 per cent had annual income of more than Rs. 25,000.
Prasad (2002) reported that, 38 per cent of the respondent families had annual
income above Rs. 25,000 followed by 31.33 per cent of the respondents had annual income
of Rs. 11,001 to Rs. 25,000 and 30.67 per cent of the families of the rural youth had annual
income more than Rs. 11,000.
Mass media utilization
Kantharaju (1989) in his study conducted in Shimoga and Mysore districts of
Karnataka reported that, news paper and radio were regularly used by small farmers and
most of them owned radio (97.00%) and subscribed to news paper (70.00%).
Prameelamma (1990) found that 65 per cent of rural women had medium mass
media use whereas 35 per cent had high mass media use.
Shetty (1991) in his study conducted in Dharwad district of Karnataka found that, 11 and 9
per cent of male youth listened regularly, to general and Agricultural Programmes and 26
per cent read news paper regularly.
Vinayaka Reddy (1991) concluded that 64 per cent of registered cotton seed growers
had low mass media use.
Srinivasa Reddy (1995) stated that 53 per cent of mango growers had low level of
mass media participation, followed by 36 per cent had high and 11 per cent had medium
level of mass media participation.
Krishnamurhy et al. (1998) found that mass media participation was relatively higher
(83%) in case of adopters as compared to the non adopters.
Perumathiyalagan et al. (1998) found that 69.33 per cent of respondents had
medium level of mass media exposure.
Nagoor Meeran and Jayasheelan (1999) revealed that, 72 per cent of respondents
were found to have medium to high degree of exposure to mass media channels like news
paper, Television, journals on shrimp farming, meetings and exhibitions organized by
government agencies and Private Companies.
Puthiraprathap et al. (1999) found that, a majority of the respondents belonged to low
level category for mass media exposure.
Shakuntala and Chaman (2000) found that, radio and television were possessed by
59 per cent of rural families.
Hiremath (2000) reported that 80.83 per cent of Youth's families were possessing
radio and 55 per cent possessing television, 59.17 per cent of youth listened to all other
programmes in radio and 42.50 per cent viewed all other programmes in television regularly,
whereas only 4.17 and 1.67 per cent were listened and viewed Agricultural Programmes
broadcasted through radio and television, respectively.
Extension contact
Ganokar (1978) revealed that, the rural youth club members differed significantly from
the non-members and were found more in contact with the extension agents than the non-
members.
Nagarajaiah (1978) reported that, 46 per cent of the youth club members as against
73 per cent of non-members had low extension contact and 46 per cent of the members had
high extension contact.
Dipali (1979) revealed that, rural women who had contact with extension agency were
found to have participated less in agricultural operations in comparison with non-contacted
group.
Shivalingaiah (1995) reported that, 40 per cent of big farm rural youth had high mass
media use. While, only 18 per cent of the small farm rural youth had high mass media use.
Slightly less than half of the (48.00%) small farm rural youth had low mass media use
compared to 22 per cent in case of big farm rural youth.
Narendran (2000) reported that, 58 per cent of the school going rural youth had
higher mass media exposure, whereas, in case of non-school going rural youth 64 per cent of
the respondents had lower mass media exposure and 36 per cent had higher mass media
exposure.
Hiremath (2000) revealed that, a negligible per cent (2.50) of the rural youth had
regular contact with agricultural assistant for seeking information and 19.67 per cent had
occasional contact with AAs. None of the respondents had contact with AAO regularly and
only 1.67 per cent had contact with AAO’s occasionally for getting information.
Prasad (2002) reported that, majority (66.67%) of the rural youth had occasional
contact with agricultural assistants for seeking agricultural information and 13.30 per cent had
regular contact with agricultural assistants. Whereas, 4 per cent of the respondents had
regular contacts with ADAs and none of the respondents had contacts with ADA’s.
Shridhara (2002) in his study reported that, majority of the respondents contacted
AO’s regularly.
Deepak (2003) reported that mainly 60.00 per cent of beneficiaries and 45.33 per
cent of non-beneficiaries contacted ‘Agriculture assistant’, ‘once in a month’ followed by
‘whenever problem occurs’ (38.33% and 54.67%) once in 15 days (2.67%) so on and so forth.
Extension participation
Sakharkar (1995) found that, 36 per cent of the respondents had participated in one
or more extension activities, whereas, two third (64%) of the respondents did not participate in
any extension activities.
Shivalingaiah (1995) conducted a study in Bangalore and Kolar districts of Karnataka
and reported that, 80 per cent of the small farm youth had low to medium extension
participation. Whereas, 70 per cent of big farm rural youth had medium to high extension
participation.
Prameelamma (1990) in her study revealed that, majority of the rural women had low
extension participation (81%) and 19 per cent of women had high extension participation.
Vinayaka Reddy (1991) found that, majority of farmers (86%) belonged to low
extension participation.
Hardikar (1998) from his study revealed that, majority of farm women had low level
extension participation.
Gupta (1999) reported that, 74 per cent of the respondents were aware of training
programmes of which only 36 per cent of the respondents had participated in training
programmes, whereas, 56 per cent of the respondents were aware of demonstrations and
only 4.66 per cent of the respondents had participated, but none of the respondents had
participated in field days or field visits.
Prasad (2002) reported that, 8.00 per cent of the rural youth were participated
occasionally in training programmes whereas, 37 per cent of the respondents had participated
regularly and 9.33 per cent of the respondents participated occasionally in agricultural
exhibitions.
Achievement motivation
Palaniswamy (1984) revealed that, about three fourth of the farmers had medium
level of achievement motivation.
Ajay Kumar (1989) found that, about 30 per cent of the farmers had high achievement
motivation and around 34 per cent had low achievement motivation.
Kantharaju (1989) observed that, 42 per cent of the farmers had high achievement
motivation, 25 per cent had low achievement motivation and 33 per cent had medium
achievement motivation.
Shailaja (1990) revealed that, larger farm women had high level of achievement
motivation and differed significantly with that of other groups.
Vinayaka Reddy (1991) reported that, majority of the farmers had low achievement
motivation.
Shivalingaiah (1995) reported that, majority of the small farm rural youth (72%) and
big farm rural youth (78%) had medium to high achievement motivation.
Ahamad (1998) found that, eldest adolescent had higher achievement motivation
than middle or youngest one.
Hardikar (1998) from the results of his study, reported that, majority of farm women
belonged to medium level achievement motivation category.
Usharani (1999) revealed that, majority of the respondents belonged to medium level
achievement motivation category.
Narendran (2000) reported that, 54 per cent of the school going rural youth had
higher achievement motivation and 46 per cent had lower achievement motivation. Whereas,
in case of non-school going rural youth 84 per cent had lower achievement motivation while
only 16 per cent had higher achievement motivation.
Birajdar (2002) reported that, majority of the respondents belonged to medium level
achievement motivation category.
Deepak (2003) reported from his study that, majority of the beneficiaries and non-
beneficiaries of WYTEP belong to medium achievement motivation category.
Economic motivation
Renukaradhya (1983) found a significant relationship between economic motivation
of trained farm youths and their level of economic performance.
Ashwathanarayana (1989) revealed that, majority of the farmers had high economic
motivation, while 28 per cent had low economic motivation.
Chandrashekhar (1989) reported that, economic motivation was high in more active
rural youth club members than among less active youth club members.
Shailaja (1990) reported that, the large and small farm women were on par with
respect to economic motivation.
Shivalingaiah (1995) reported that, nearly two thirds (64%) of small farm rural youth
had medium economic motivation, while exactly 50 per cent of the big farm rural youth had
medium economic motivation. About 42 per cent of big farm rural youth had high economic
motivation, where as 28 per cent of small farm rural youth belonged to high economic
motivation category.
Hanchinal (1999) reported that, majority of the farmers belonged to medium level
economic motivation category.
2.6 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-
ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL YOUTH AND THEIR ASPIRATIONS
2.6.1 Educational aspirations
Variables, author and

Respondents Dependent variables Nature of relationship
year
Age
Rao (1964) School going rural boys Educational aspirations Undecided response
of school going rural
boys
Joshi (1979) Junior and senior Educational aspirations Non-significant
category rural youth of rural youth
Nagarajaiah (1978) Rural youth Educational aspirations Negatively significant

Narendran (2000) School and non-school Educational aspirations Non-significant
going rural youth
Education
Nagarajaiah (1978) School going rural youth Educational aspirations Positively significant
youth
Joshi (1979) Rural youth Educational aspirations Significant
of rural youth in low and
high education category
Narendran (2000) School and non-school Educational aspiration of Positive and significant
going rural youth rural youth
Annual income
Nagarajaiah (1978) School going rural youth Educational aspirations Significant
youth
Ramananda (1988) Rural youth Aspirations of rural youth Significant
Narendran (2000) School and non-school Educational aspirations Significant
going rural youth of shool and non-school
going rural youth
Joshi (1978) Rural youths Educational aspirations Significant
of rural youths
Ramananda (1988) Rural youths Aspirations of rural youth Significant
Contd……
Narendran (2000) School and non-school Occupational aspirations Significant
going rural youth of rural youth
Extension contact
Doddahanumaiah (1990) Literate and illiterate rural Enterprise aspirations Significant
youth
Doddahanumaiah (1990) Literate and illiterate rural Enterprise aspirations Positively significant
youth
Achievement
motivation
Surendra and Srivastava SC and non-SC boys and Socio-economic status of Non-significant
(1992) girls SC and non-SC boys and
girls
Economic motivation
Shivalingaiah (1995) Small and big farm rural Participation in farm Significant
youth activities
Innovativeness
Shivalingaiah (1995) Small and big farm rural Participation in farm Positively significant
youth activities
2.6.2 Occupational aspirations

year
Age
Rao (1964) School going rural youth Occupational aspirations Significant

youth
Lakshmanan et al. (1975) Non-school going rural Occupational aspirations Non-significant
youth of non-school going rural
youth
Nagarajaiah (1978) Rural youth Occupational aspirations Non-significant

of rural youth
Narendran (2000) School going and non- Occupational aspirations Positively significant
school going rural youth of school-going and non-
school going rural youth
Education
Rao (1964) School going rural boys Occupational aspirations Significant

boys
Haller (1966) Rural youth Occupational aspirations Highly significant
of rural youth
Muthaiah (1971) Farmers Occupational aspirations Significant

of farmers
Lakshmanan et al. (1975) Rural youth Higher aspiration towards Positively significant
agriculture
Nagarajaiah (1978) Rural youth Occupational aspirations Significantly and
of rural youth positively correlated
Joshi (1979) Rural youth Occupational aspirations of Significant
educated rural youth
Ramananda (1988) Rural youth Aspirations of rural youth Significant

Narendran (2000) School and non-school Occupational aspirations of Significant
going rural youth school and non-school
going rural youth
Doddahanumaiah (1990) Literate and illiterate rural Occupational aspirations of Significant

youth literate and illiterate rural
youth
Annual income
Nagarajaiah (1978) Rural youth Occupational aspirations of Non-significant

rural youth
Joshi (1979) Rural youth Occupational aspirations of Significant
Doddahanumaiah (1990) Literate and illiterate rural Occupational aspirations of Significant

youth
Narendran (2000) School and non-school Occupational aspirations of Positively significant
going rural youth school and non-school
going rural youth
Haller (1966) Rural youth Farm and non-farm Highly significant
occupational aspirations of
rural youth
Joshi (1979) Rural youth Occupational aspirations of Non-significant
Ramananda (1988) Rural youth Aspirations of rural youth Positively significant
Doddahanumaiah (1990) Literate and illiterate rural Occupational aspirations of Positively significant
youth
Narendran (2000) School and non-school Occupational aspirations of Significant in case of
going rural youth school and non-school school going rural
going rural youth youth and non-
significant in case of
non-school going rural
youth
Extension contact
Doddahanumaiah (1990) Literate and illiterate rural Enterprise aspirations of Significant
youth
Doddahanumaiah (1990) Literate and illiterate rural Enterprise aspirations of Positively significant
youth
Shivalingaiah (1995) Small and high farm rural Participation in farm Significant
youth (male) activities
Achievement
motivation
Sinha (1971) Farm rural youth Occupational aspirations of Significant
farm rural youth
Krishna and Ansari School going rural youth Occupational aspirations of Positively significant
(1975) school going rural youth
Kureshi and Khan (1981) Muslim people Socio-economic status of Non-significant
muslim people
girls
Narendran (2000) School and non-school Occupational aspirations of Significant
going rural youth both school and non-school
going rural youth
Economic motivation
youth activities
Innovativeness
youth activities
2.6.3 Enterprise aspirations

year
Age
Rao (1964) School going rural boys Enterprise aspirations Significant

Lakshmanan (1972) Rural youth Occupational aspirations Non-significant
of rural youth
Nagarajaiah (1978) Rural youth Occupational aspirations Non-significant

of rural youth
Joshi (1979) Rural youth Occupational aspirations Significant with junior or
of rural youth youth and non-significant
with senior rural youth
Doddahanumaiah (1990) Illiterate and literate rural Enterprise aspirations of Significant

youth rural youth
Narendran (2000) School and non-school Educational aspirations Significant
going rural youth of school and non-school
going rural youth
Education
Rao (1964) School going rural boys Vocational aspirations of Significant

school going boys
Windham (1970) Secondary school Enterprise aspirations of Significant
students of serrolone secondary school
students
Lakshmanan et al. (1975) Rural youth Occupational aspirations Significant
Nagarajaiah (1978) Rural youth Occupational aspirations Significant
of rural youth
Joshi (1979) Rural youth Occupational aspirations Significant
Narendran (2000) School going and non- Occupational aspirations Positively significant
Annual income
Nagarajaiah (1978) Rural youth Occupational aspiration Significant

Doddahanumaoah Literate and illiterate rural Enterprise aspirations Significant
(1990) youth
Narendran (2000) School gong and non- Occupational aspirations Positively significant
Mass media
participation
Joshi (1979) Rural youth Occupational aspirations Non-significant

of rural youth
Doddahanumaiah (1990) Literate and illiterate rural Enterprise aspirations of Positively significant
youth
Narendran (2000) School and non-school Occupational aspirations School going rural youth
going rural youth significant and non-
non-significant
Extension contact

youth
youth
Achievement
motivation
Narendran (2000) Literate and illiterate rural Occupational aspirations Significant

youth
Economic motivation
youth activities
Innovativeness
Shivalingaiah (1995) Small and big farm rural Participation in farm Positive and significant
youth activities
2.6.4 General aspirations

year
Age
Singh and Singh (1968) Youths Aspiration towards Non-significant

education level of youth
Ramananda (1988) Rural youth General aspirations of Non-significant
rural youth
Shivalingaiah (1995) Small and big farm rural Aspiration level of rural Non-significant
youth youth
Education
Nagarajaiah (1978) Rural youth Educational aspirations Positively significant

of rural youth
Lakshmanan et al. (1975) Rural youth Higher aspiration towards Positively significant
agriculture
Ramananda (1988) Rural youth General aspirations of Significant

rural youth
Annual income
Nagarajaiah (1978) Rural youth Educational aspirations Significant

of rural youth
Ramananda (1988) Rural youth General aspirations of Significant
rural youth
Nagarajaiah (1978) Rural youth Aspirations towards mass Significant

media utilization
Ramananda (1988) Rural youth General aspirations of Non-significant
rural youth
Extension contact

youth
youth
Achievement
motivation
girls
Economic motivation
youth activities
Innovativeness
Shivalingaiah (1995) Small and big farm rural Participation in farm Positive and significant
youth activities
Gogoi and Barman (2000) reported that, majority of farmers had medium followed by
high economic motivation.
Bheemappa (2001) from his study indicated that, majority of farmers had medium
level economic motivation.
Prasad (2002) reported that, majority of rural farm youth belonged to medium level
Deepak (2003), findings of his study reported that, majority of beneficiaries and non-
beneficiaries belonged to medium economic motivation category.
Innovativeness
Ganokar (1978) found that, rural youth club members were more innovation proned
and significantly differed from the non-members.
Palaniswamy (1984) reported that, about three fourth of the farm youth belonged to
medium level of innovativeness category.
Ajaykumar (1989) revealed that, 39 per cent of the farm youth had medium level of
innovativeness. About 33 per cent of them belonged to high innovativeness category and only
28 per cent of them belonged to low innovativeness category.
Chandrashekar (1989) revealed that, mean score of innovation proneness of active
youth club members was high as compared to less active youth club members.
Vinayak Reddy (1991) reported that, the majority of the farm youth had low innovation
proneness.
Shivalingaiah (1995) reported that, 46 per cent of small farm rural youth had medium
innovation proneness. About 40 per cent of small farm rural youth had low innovation
proneness while 34 per cent of big farm rural youth had medium innovation proneness.
2.7 CONSTRAINTS AS EXPRESSED BY THE RURAL YOUTH

FOR PARTICIPATION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENTAL
ACTIVITIES
Constraints
According to Singh (1983) the main reasons for non-participation of the club
members in developmental projects in Iraq, were lack of motivation and training to members.
Setty (1985) opined that, group rivalry, conflicts within the community, vested
interests, conflicts in values, opposition to the programmes, resistance to change and poor
local leadership were the factors as to why people fail to participate in the rural development
programmes.
Jindhal et al. (1989) reported that majority (52.79%) did not participated in integrated
child development services in Ludhiana due to lack of their community participation followed
by lack of interest (33.33%) and also locational disadvantage (19.44%).
Mahajan (1990) revealed that, i) non-availability of ICDS benefits (75%) ii) people
economic issues (71%) iii) non availability of voluntary agencies in planning and implementing
of ICDS activity (63%) and ineffective of co-ordination committees (60%) were the major
reasons for community non-participation in integrated child development programmes.
Parthasaradhi (1992) quoted three main reasons for non-participation of the people
in development programme viz., i) people were not aware about the programme ii) the
bureaucracy at village and iii) rural poor have to spend their time in earning their livelihood.
Rannorey (1994) indicated different constraints that come in the way of mass
participation which includes i) Social constraints ii) Economic and political constraints iii)
Ignorance of the people about the benefits iv) Lack of information among people v) Lack of
initative and ability to execute vi) Hindrance to vested interest and vii) Erroneous impressions
about the programme.
Dhillon and Hansara (1995) indicated the constraints in way of securing peoples
participation viz., i) Lack of awareness ii) Non-involvement of community and local leader iii)
Village factionalism, rural power structure and vested interest of people iv) Apathy of the
bureaucracy at low levels v) Illiterate and poverty of local people and vi) Lack of inhibition
and motivation.
Ramanna (1999) reported the constraints faced by majority of the beneficiaries in
watershed development programme implemented by Go and NGO. They were lack of
knowledge, lack of interest, unfavorable attitude of extension personnel, lack of time and
groupism and politics.
Madhava Reddy (2001) reported that, more than two thirds (80%) of the government
organizations watershed beneficiaries expressed that lack of knowledge about the
programme as their constraint. This was followed by uneven distribution of incentives
(68.30%) and poor quality work (63.33%) with respect to NGO beneficiaries as high as 60 per
cent of the respondents expressed that lack of knowledge about the programme followed by
lack of motivation from the village leader (41.66%) and 30 per cent of the beneficiaries
expressed poor quality of work as their main constraint in participation in watershed
development programme.
From the above studies, it could be generalized that lack of awareness about the
programme, lack of encouragement by the implementing agency and village leaders, other
social and cultural factors of participants are some of the factors hindered the participation of
the people in the programme.
III. METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted during the year of 2005-06 in the Dharwad district of
Karnataka state, The research methods and the procedures followed in the study are
presented under the following headings.
3.1 Locale of the study
3.1.1 Selection of the district
3.1.2 Selection of the taluk
3.1.3 Selection of villages
3.1.4 Population of the study
3.1.5 Selection of respondents
3.2 Description of the study area
3.3 Variables of the study and their measurements
3.4 Instrument for data collection
3.5 Statistical tools
3.1 LOCALE OF THE STUDY

3.1.1 Selection of the district
Dharwad district of Karnataka state was purposively selected as it is having the
highest number of youth clubs and having regional head office of Nehru Yuvak Kendra for
North Karnataka region.
3.1.2 Selection of the taluk
The erstwhile Dharwad district which constituted of 17 taluks, was bifurcated into 3
districts namely Dharwad, Gadag and Haveri. From 1.1.1998 Dharwad district consists of
only 5 taluks. Among 5 taluks, Dharwad, Hubli, Kalaghatagi and Kundagol were selected for
the study based on the larger number of youth clubs.
3.1.3 Selection of villages
The list of villages belong to the four taluks was obtained from Nehru Yuvak Kendra,
Dharwad. Based on the presence of Active Youth Club in the village, three villages from each
taluk were selected. Hence, 12 villages spread over four taluks were selected for the study.
3.1.4 Population of the study
The rural youth (male) with the age group of 15-35 years who must have been the
member in youth club were considered as the population of the study.
3.1.5 Selection of respondents
After getting the list of active youth clubs in different villages, 10 respondents from
each youth club were selected randomly from 12 selected villages to make the total sample
size of 120 respondents.
3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

Location
0 ’
Dharwad district is situated in Northern part of Karnataka state at 74 28 North latitude
0 ’
and 14 31 Eastern latitude. The district comes under the Northern transitional zone. It is
bounded by the Belgaum in the North, Haveri in the South, from North east to South east
bounded by Uttar Kannada district and North west to south west it is bounded by Gadag
district.
Fig. 1: Graphical representation of the study area
Demographic study
Dharwad district was bifurcated in to three districts viz., Dharwad, Gadag and Haveri
on 01-01-1998. Further, the Dharwad district consists of five taluks. Viz., Dharwad, Hubli,
Kalaghatagi, Kundagol and Navalagund. The total population of this district was 1,603,794
with 823,415 males and 780,379 females (2001 census).
Climate
The district has healthy and conducive climate. The monsoon varies from April – May
to September – October with two peaks, one in July and other in September creating two
cropping seasons. The temperature ranges from a maximum of 390C to the minimum of 130C.
Soil
The types of soils range from shallow to medium black and red sandy loam soils.
Rainfall
The annual rainfall ranging from 838.5 mm to 1235 mm, which is fairly well distributed
from April – May to September-October.
Irrigation facilities
Only 11.16 per cent of the total cultivable area is under irrigation in the district. The
major irrigation sources are canal (23312 ha). Ponds (3412 ha), wells (570 ha), bore wells
(8424 ha) and other sources (2398 ha).
Land utilization
The total geographical area of the district is (427329 ha) and about 77.06 per cent
area under cultivation (480732 ha), 8.24 per cent area under forest (35235 ha), around 3 per
cent under grazing land (3571 ha) and about 22.46 per cent of the area is sown more than
once (149261 ha).
Major crops
The principal crops of the district are cotton, jowar, potato, groundnut, paddy and
vegetables in kharif season. In rabi season, major crops grown are rabi jowar, bengalgram
and wheat.
Literacy rate
According to 2001 census, literacy rate of Dharwad district was 71.87 per cent. Male
literacy per cent was 81.04 and female literacy percentage was 62.20.
Transportation
All the villages of Dharwad, Hubli, kalaghatagi and Kundagol taluks enjoy bus service
facilities. The KSRTC bus runs from important towns and cities within and outside the taluk.
Apart from KSRTC, private transport services are also available.
Education
Dharwad district has been considered as the centre for education. It has two
universities, University of Agricultural Sciences and Karnataka University, Dharwad. It has
896 primary schools, 174 high schools and 45 PU colleges. It has 55 degree colleges and 8
polytechnic colleges, 3 engineering colleges, 1 medical college, 1 dental college, 3 pharmacy
colleges, 7 Ayurvedic colleges, 4 Homeopathic colleges, 29 ITI colleges, 5 B. Ed colleges and
1 physical education centre are located here.
Industries
The main industries are related to clothing (77), chemical (40), engineering (108) and
others (220). About 33,694 people are working in these industries.
3.3 VARIABLES OF THE STUDY AND THEIR
MEASUREMENTS
Dependent variables
The dependent variables of the study were
1. Aspirations of rural youth
The procedures followed to quantify the variables are detailed below.
1. Aspirations of rural youth
An aspiration refers to a person or a group of person’s orientation towards a particular
social status or status attribute like occupation, education, income and so on (Haller, 1968).
In the present study aspiration refers to rural youth’s orientation towards education,
occupation, enterprise, and general aspiration
Educational aspirations
The rural youth were grouped into 4 categories based on their level of educational
aspiration namely SSLC, PUC, degree and masters degree.
First frequencies and percentages for different items were calculated to find out the
degree of aspiration among rural youth towards education. Then the score of 1, 2, 3 and 4
was given to SSLC, PUC, Degree and Master’s degree, respectively for correlation analysis.
The procedure followed by Nagarajaiah (1978) and as followed by Narendran (2000) was
used with slight modifications.
Occupational aspirations
The youth were grouped into five categories based on their occupational aspirations,
they were as follows.
1. Farming 2. Office work

3. Factory work 4. Business
5. Others
First the frequencies for different items mentioned above were calculated and then
the percentages were worked out to know the degree of aspirations of rural youth towards
different occupations. To carry out correlation analysis, score of 1, 2, 3 and 4 was given for
farming, factory work, office work and business, respectively. The procedure followed by
Nagarajaiah (1978) and as followed by Narendran (2002) was used with slight modifications.
Enterprise aspiration
Eight agro based enterprises were included to know the enterprise aspirations of rural
youth. They were as follows.
1. Agriculture (crop production) 2. Dairy
3. Poultry 4. Sericulture
5. Bee keeping 6. Rabbit rearing
7. Piggery 8. Small scale industry
A three point response continuum with most interested, moderately interested and
least interested with a score of 3, 2 and 1 respectively was used to quantify the enterprise
aspiration of rural youth. The procedure followed by Joshi (1979) and as followed by
Doddahanumaiah (1990) was used with slight modification. Based on the total scores
obtained on each enterprises they have been ranked.
General aspirations
It was measured with the help of aspiration scale used by Sagar (1983) and as
followed by Bheemappa (2001). To facilitate, obtaining clear responses from the rural youths,
the items were provided with 5 point response categories from 0 to 4 scores. Finally, the
scores of all the items were added to get the aspiration score. The maximum score that one
could get was 52 and the minimum was zero. Later the respondents were grouped into three
categories by using the mean and standard deviation as a measure of check.
Category Score
Low Less than (mean - SD)
Medium Between (mean + SD)
High More than (mean + SD)
Attitude of rural youth towards rural developmental activities
According to Thurstone (1946) attitude is the degree of positive or negative affect
associated with some psychological objects like symbol, phrase, slogan, person, institution,
idea towards which people can differ in varying degrees. From the point of view of
psychology, it is the preparedness of people to respond in certain way towards a social object
or phenomenon.
In the present study attitude was operationalized as positive or negative feeling of
rural youth towards rural developmental activities.
Attitude scale developed and followed by the Joy Mathews and Nagireddy (1989) and
as followed by Prasad (2002) was used with little modifications. The scale consisting of 12
positive and 10 negative statements was administered to 120 respondents. The responses
were collected on the five point continuum viz., strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree
and strongly disagree. With a scoring pattern of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1, respectively for positive
statements and reverse order of scoring for negative statements. The individual score of the
respondents was obtained by summing up the responses of all items.
Based on the total score, they were grouped into 3 categories.
Category Score
Less favourable attitude Less than (mean - SD)
Favourable attitude Between (mean + SD)
More favourable attitude More than (mean + SD)
Then frequencies and percentages were calculated under each category.

Extent of participation of rural youth in rural developmental activities
To find out the extent of participation of youth in rural developmental activities, the
following items were considered.
1. Road repair
2. Village sanitation
3. Adult literacy programme
4. Construction of school building
5. Construction of temple
6. Construction of youth club building
7. Construction of community building
8. Watershed programmes
9. Family planning campaign
10. Tank/well repair
11. Planting trees
12. Making drainages
13. Social and cultural programmes
14. Health campaign
First, the frequencies for different items mentioned above were calculated to know the
extent of participation of rural youth in different rural developmental activities. Then the
percentage was calculated for each of the rural developmental activities.
Constraints and suggestions
Ten possible constraints and ten possible suggestions were identified by reviewing
the literature. The responses of rural youth on these possible constraints and suggestions
were obtained on a two point continuum namely ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. The frequencies and
percentage were calculated to find out the degree of constraints and suggestions as
expressed by the rural youth for participation in rural developmental activities.
Independent variables
The independent variables included in this study were
1. Age
2. Education
3. Annual income
7. Achievement motivation
8. Economic motivation
9. Innovativeness
Age
It is referred to the chronological age of the respondents in completed years at the
time of investigation. The respondents have come under the category of 15-35 years.
Education
It is operationalized as the extent of formal education the rural youth had undergone.
The respondents were grouped into different categories based on frequencies. The procedure
followed by Hiremath (2000) was used with slight modifications.
Category Score
Illiterate 0
th
Primary school (1-4 std.) 1
th
Middle school (5-7 std.) 2
th
High school (8-10 std.) 3
Pre-university 4
Graduate and above 5
The scoring pattern was 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for illiterate, primary school, middle school,
high school, pre-university and graduate and above respectively was used for correlation
analysis.
Annual income
It is the total income of the family from all sources in a year. It is measured in terms of
rupees. The respondents were categorized in to 4 categories. The procedure followed by
Hanchinal (1999) with slight modifications was used.
Categories Score
Low (upto Rs.11,000) 1
Semi medium (Rs.11,001-22,000) 2
Medium (Rs. 22,001-33,000) 3
High (above Rs. 33,000) 4
The scoring pattern was 1, 2, 3 and 4 for low, semi medium, medium and high
respectively was used for correlation analysis.
Mass media utilization is defined as the extent to which rural youth is using different
mass media such as TV (agricultural programmes), radio (agricultural programmes),
Newspaper and farm magazines.
The response of the respondents to mass media utilization was obtained on a scale
of 3 point continuum namely regular, occasional and never. The frequencies and percentage
were calculated to find out the extent of mass media utilization by the rural youth. The
procedure followed by Ekanthappa (1987) and as followed by Shivalingaiah (1995) was used
with slight modifications.
Response Score
Regular 2
Occasional 1
Never 0
The scoring pattern was 2, 1 and 0 for regular, occasional and never responses
Extension contact
The scores of two, one and zero were given to regular, occasional and never
response of respondents towards contacts with extension workers, respectively for correlation
analysis. The procedure used by Byra Reddy (1971) and as followed by Shivalingaiah (1995)
was used with slight modifications.
The response of respondents on contacts with extension workers were obtained by
using a scale of 3 point continuum namely regular, occasional and never. The frequency and
percentage were calculated to find out the degree of extension contact of respondents with
the different extension workers.
Responses Score
Regular 2
Occasional 1
Never 0
It is the degree of participation by respondents in certain extension educational
activities.
The responses of respondents on extension participation were obtained on a 3 point
continuum namely regular, occasional and never. The frequencies and percentages were
worked out to find out the degree of participation in different extension activities by the
respondents. The procedure used by Byra Reddy (1971) and as followed by Shivalingaiah
(1995) was used with slight modification.
Response Score
Regular 2
Occasional 1
Never 0
The scoring pattern was 2, 1 and 0 for regular, occasional and never responses
Rogers and Svenning (1969) defined motivation as a special value that emphasis a
desire for excellence in order for an individual to attain a sense of personal accomplishment.
Achievement motivation in operationally defined as the degree of desire of the rural youth
towards the achievement oriented behaviour. This variable was measured by a scale
developed by Byra Reddy (1976) and as followed by Narendran (2000) was used with little
modifications. The modified scale consists of six items. All the statements were positive. The
response categories were on five point continuum, with strongly agree, agree, undecided,
disagree and strongly disagree with scores of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 were assigned respectively with
a maximum score of 30 and minimum of 6.
Depending on the total scores, the respondents were grouped into 3 categories by
using mean and standard deviation as a measure of check.
Category Score
Low Less than (mean – SD)
Economic motivation
Economic motivation refers to the extent to which individual is oriented towards
achievement of the maximum economic ends such as maximization of farm profits.
The variable was measured by using the procedure as followed by Shivalingaiah
(1995) was used with some modifications. The scale consists of six statements of which the
first five statements were positive, while the last one was negative. A score of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1
was assigned for strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strongly disagree
responses, respectively in case of positive statements. The scoring procedure was reversed
in case of negative statements. The score obtained on each statement were cumulated to
obtain the total score of a respondent on this variable. The maximum score obtained by a
respondent was 52 and a minimum of 1.
Based on the total score, the respondents were categorized into low, medium and
high groups using mean and standard deviation as a measure of check.
Category Score
Innovativeness
It is defined as a socio-psychological orientation of an individual to get linked or
closely associated with change, adopting innovative idea and practices.
This variable was quantified by using the innovativeness scale developed by Feaster
(1968) and as followed by Lalitha (1999) was used with slight modifications. In this scale,
statements were included with three response category as ‘Agree’, ‘undecided’ and
‘disagree’. For the positive first four statements, a score of 2 was assigned to ‘yes’ response,
a score of one for ‘undecided’ and zero score for ‘disagree’ response. The scoring procedure
was reversed in case of negative statements. The summation of the scores obtained by the
respondent for all the eight statements indicated his innovativeness score.
Based on the total scores, the respondents were grouped into three categories by
using mean and standard deviation as a measure of check.
Category Score
3.4 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION

An interview schedule was prepared keeping in view the objectives of the study and
also based on the information available in the review of literature. The structured schedule
was used for data collection by following personal interview method.
3.5 STATISTICAL TOOLS

Frequencies and percentages were calculated for occupational aspirations,
educational aspirations, extent of participation in rural developmental activities, constraints
and suggestions as expressed by the rural youth. Mean and standard deviation were
calculated to arrange the variables into categories. Correlation test was used to analyse the
relationship between personal, psychological and socio-economic characteristics of rural
youth with their aspirations.
IV. RESULTS
The results of the present investigation, in line with the objectives set forth are
presented under the following headings.
4.3 Extent of participation of rural youth in rural developmental activates
rural youth and their aspirations
4.6 Constraints and suggestions as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural

4.1.1 Educational aspirations of rural youth
Table 1 summarizes the data relating to educational aspirations of rural youth in the
order of priority were; rural youth aspired upto SSLC (26.67%), respondents aspired upto
degree (25.00%), respondents aspired upto PUC (20.83%), respondents aspired upto
Master’s degree (15.83%) and the remaining 11.67 per cent of the rural youth aspired for
other courses including Diploma, ITI and Ph. D.
Table 1: Educational aspirations of rural youth
(n = 120)
Category Frequency Percentage
SSLC 32 26.67
PUC 25 20.83
Degree 30 25.00
Master’s degree 19 15.83
Others 14 11.67
26.67
30 25.00
25 20.83
20 15.83
Percentage
15 11.67
10
0
SSLC PUC Degree Master’s degree Others
Category
Fig. 2: Educational aspirations of rural youth
Fig. 2: Educational aspiration of rural youth

Table 2: Occupational aspirations of rural youth
(n = 120)
Farming 73 60.83
Office work 21 17.50
Factory work 11 9.17
Business 8 6.67
Others 7 5.83
Table 3: Enterprise aspirations of rural youth
(n = 120)
Category Score Rank
Agriculture (crop production) 347 I
Dairy 222 II
Poultry 157 III
Sericulture 148 IV
Bee keeping 147 V
Rabbit rearing 146 VI
Small scale industry 135 VII
Piggery 120 VIII

70 60.83
60
50
Percentage
40
30
17.50
20 9.17
6.67 5.83
10
0
Farming Office work Factory work Business Others
Category
Fig. 3: Occupational aspirations of rural youth
Fig. 3: Occupation aspirations of rural youth

High (>45.86) Low (<32.90)
16% 19%
Medium (<32.90 – 45.86>)

65%
Fig. 4: General aspirations of rural youth
Fig. 4: General aspirations of rural youth

Table 4: General aspirations of rural youth
(n = 120)
Low (<32.90) 23 19.17
Medium (<32.90 – 45.86>) 78 65.00
High (>45.86) 19 15.83
Mean (X) : 39.38 SD (σ) : 6.480
Table 5: Attitude of rural youth towards rural developmental activities
(n = 120)
Less favourable (<71.50) 18 15.00
Favourable (<71.50 – 77.59>) 87 72.50
More favourable (>77.59) 15 12.50
Mean : 74.55 SD : 3.043

More favourable (>77.59) Less favourable (<71.50)
13%
15%
Favourable (<71.50 – 77.59>)

72%
Fig. 5: Attitude of rural youth towards rural developmental activities
Fig. 5: Attitude of rural youth towards rural developmental activities

Table 6: Extent of participation of rural youth in various rural developmental activities
(n=120)
Extent of participation
Taken up in the village
Rural developmental Regular Occasional Never
Yes No
activities
Frequency Percentag Frequency Percentag Frequency Percentag Frequency Percentag Frequency Percentag
e e e e e
Road repair 110 91.67 10 8.33 1 0.83 7 5.83 112 93.34
Village sanitation 90 75.00 30 25.00 25 20.83 30 25.00 65 54.17
Adult literacy programme 120 100.00 0 0.00 7 5.83 6 5.00 107 89.17
Construction of school 120 100.00 0 0.00 1 0.83 7 5.83 112 93.34
building
Construction of temple 120 100.00 0 0.00 39 32.50 32 26.67 49 40.83
Construction of youth club 60 50.00 60 50.00 25 20.83 4 3.33 91 75.84
building
Construction of community 100 83.33 20 16.67 3 2.50 8 6.67 109 90.83
building
Watershed programmes 110 91.67 10 8.33 17 14.17 41 34.17 62 51.66
Family planning campaign 50 41.67 70 58.33 0 0.00 20 16.67 100 83.33
Tank/well repair 120 100.00 0 0.00 4 3.33 6 5.00 110 91.67
Planting trees 100 83.33 20 16.67 33 27.50 26 21.67 61 50.83
Making drainages 120 100.00 0 0.00 1 0.83 11 9.17 108 90.00
Social and cultural 120 100.00 0 0.00 56 46.67 30 25.00 34 28.33
programmes
Health campaign 110 91.67 10 8.33 26 21.67 29 24.16 65 54.17
100
100
100
100
100
100
91.67
91.67
91.67
100
Yes No
83.33
83.33
90
75
80
58.33
70
60
50.00
Percentage
50
41.67
50
40
25.00
30
16.67
16.67
20
8.33
8.33
8.33
10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
Road repair Adult literacy Construction Construction Family Planting Social and
programme of temple of planning trees cultural
community campaign programmes
building
Rural developmental activities
Fig. 6: Rural developmental activities taken up in the village
Fig. 6: Rural development activities taken up in the village

Regular Occasional Never
93.34
93.34
90.00
90.83
91.67
100
89.17
83.33
90
75.84
80
70
54.17
54.17
Percentage
51.66
60
50.83
46.67
40.83
50
34.17
32.50
40
28.33
26.67
25.00
24.16
25.00
27.50
21.67
30
20.83
20.83
21.67
16.67
14.17
9.17
20
5.83
5.00
6.67
5.83
5.00
5.83
3.33
10
2.50
3.33
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.00
0
Road repair Adult literacy Construction Construction Family Planting Social and
programme of temple of community planning trees cultural
building campaign programmes
Rural developmental activities
Fig. 7: Extent of participation of rural youth in various rural developmental activities
Fig. 7: Extent o participation of rural youth in various rural developmental activaties

4.1.2 Occupational aspirations of rural youth
The data presented in the Table 2 revealed that, majority of rural youth (60.83%)
aspired to take up farming, followed by rural youth aspired to take up office work (17.50%),
rural youth aspired to take up factory work (9.17%), respondents aspired to do business
(6.67%) and the remaining 5.83 per cent of the rural youth aspired to take up ‘others’ as their
occupation including driving, tailoring, carpentry and so on.
4.1.3 Enterprise aspirations of rural youth
Table 3 depicts the data about ranking of different enterprises as aspired by the rural
youth.
The data revealed that, all eight enterprises selected are important to rural youth, but
rural youth have shown preference for agriculture (crop production), dairy, poultry, sericulture
and bee keeping, as I, II, III, IV and V ranks respectively. Whereas, rabbit rearing, small scale
industry and piggery occupied VI, VII and VIII ranks respectively.
4.1.4 General aspirations of rural youth
The data in Table 4 shows that, a majority of rural youth (65.00%) had medium
general aspirations. And about 19.17 per cent of the rural youth had low general aspirations
while the remaining 15.83 per cent of the rural youth had high general aspirations.

Data regarding attitude of the respondents towards rural developmental activities are
depicted in Table 5.
The data indicated that, majority (72.50 %) of the respondents had favourable
attitude. About 15.00 per cent of them had less favourable attitude, while the remaining 12.50
per cent of the respondents had more favourable attitude towards rural developmental
activities.

VARIOUS RURAL DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIES
Table 6 presents the different rural developmental activities in which the youth had
participated. The results revealed that, nearly fifty per cent of the respondents were regularly
participated in social and cultural programmes (46.67%) followed by construction of temple
(32.50%), planting of trees (27.50%), health campaign (21.67%), village sanitation (20.83%)
and construction of youth club building (20.83%), respectively.
It was also observed that 34.17 per cent of the respondents occasionally participated
in watershed programmes followed by construction of temple (26.67%). An equal percentage
(25.00%) of respondents occasionally participated in village sanitation and social and cultural
programmes.
It was also seen that, more than 90 per cent of the respondents have never
participated in various rural developmental activities such as road repairs (93.34%),
construction of school building (93.34%), tank/well repair (91.57%), construction of community
building (90.83%) and making drainages (90.00%) and adult literacy programmes (89.17%)
etc. Further, majority of the respondents opined that almost all the rural developmental
activities like road repair, village sanitation, adult literacy programme, construction of school
building, construction of temple, construction of youth club building, construction of
community building, watershed programmes, family planning campaign, tank/well repair,
planting trees, making drainages, social and cultural programmes and health campaign were
implemented in their village.
An attempt was made in the present study to understand the personal, psychological
and socio-economic characteristics of rural youth. The results are presented in Table 7.
Education
A perusal of Table 7 reveals that, 32.50 per cent of the rural youth had education upto
PUC, whereas, 25.00 per cent of the respondents were educated upto high school followed
by 24.17 per cent of the respondents had education upto graduate and above level.
Then few of the respondents have their education upto middle school (10.83%) and
only 4.17 per cent respondents were illiterates.
Annual income
It could be seen from the Table 7, that 45.00 per cent of the respondents belonged to
low annual income category. One fourth of the respondents belonged to high income category
(23.34%) followed by semi medium income category (25.83%) and very few respondents
comes under medium income category (5.83%).
It could be seen from Table 8 that majority (70.00%) of the respondents listening
agricultural programmes broadcasted through radio occasionally followed by 16.67 per cent of
the respondents listening agricultural programmes regularly, whereas, only 13.33 per cent of
the respondents never listened agricultural programmes broadcasted through radio.
The results presented in Table 8 also reveal that, 79.17 per cent of the respondents
view agricultural programmes regularly and 15 per cent see occasionally, while 5.83 per cent
of the respondents never see agricultural programmes broadcasted through television.
It is interesting to note from the table that, 35.83 per cent of the respondents read
news paper regularly and occasionally 56.67 per cent whereas, never 7.5 per cent.
Further, the respondents are in the habit of reading farm magazines occasionally
(69.17%), and never (20.83%) followed by regularly (10.00%).
Extension contact
The data in Table 9 indicates that, 65.00 per cent of the respondents contacted
‘Agriculture Assistants’, occasionally, followed by 23.33 per cent of the respondents
contacted, ‘Agriculture Assistants’ regularly. About 90.00 per cent of the respondents never
contacted extension guide of University of Agricultural Sciences. But, only 9.17 per cent of
them contact occasionally.
The data in the table also reveals that, 71.67 per cent of the respondents contacted
bank officials and 20.83 per cent of the respondents contacted them regularly.
Majority of (91.67%) the respondents never contacted ‘block development officer’.
The data in the table also reveals that, more than half of the respondents contacted
‘KMF extension worker’ occasionally (56.67%) and 33.33 per cent of them never contacted
followed by 10 per cent of them contacted regularly.
Further, the data shows that, about 95.83 per cent of the respondents never
contacted ‘Assistant director of agriculture’ and only less than 5.00 per cent of them contacted
occasionally and none of them contacted regularly.
The data in Table 9 indicates that, about 45.00 per cent of the respondents contacted
‘officials of watershed’ occasionally, followed by41.67 per cent of them never contacted,
whereas only 13.33 per cent of the respondents contacted regularly. Further, the data
indicates that majority of the respondents meet the ‘officials of veterinary department’
occasionally (61.67%), regularly (21.67%) while the remaining 16.66 per cent of the
respondents never contacted.
Table 7: Personal, psychological and socio-economic characteristics of rural youth
(n=120)
Education
Illiterate 5 4.17
Primary school 4 3.33
Middle school 13 10.83
High school 30 25.00
Pre-university 39 32.50
Graduate and above 29 24.17
Annual income
Low (upto Rs. 11000) 54 45.00
Semi-medium (Rs. 11001 – 22000) 31 25.83
Medium (Rs. 22001 – 33000) 7 5.83
High (Above Rs. 33000) 28 23.34
Low (<25.49) 20 16.67
Medium (<25.48 – 27.48>) 89 74.16
High (>27.48) 11 9.17
Economic motivation
Low (<24.33) 24 20.00
Medium (<24.33 – 26.21>) 56 46.67
High (>26.21) 40 33.33
Innovativeness
Low (<13.65) 26 21.67
Medium (<13.65 – 16.37>) 79 65.83
High (>16.37) 15 12.50
Education Annual income Achievement mot ivat ion
41
. 7
3.3 3
2 4.1 7
9.17 16.67
1 08
. 3
23.34
45.00
5.83
2 5.00
3 2 .5 0 25.83 74.16
Illiterate Primary school

Low ( upt o Rs. 11000) Semi- medium ( Rs. 11001– 22000)
M iddle school High school Low ( <25.49) Medium ( <25.48 – 27.48>) High ( >27.48)
Pre-university Graduat e and above Medium ( Rs. 22001– 33000) High ( Above Rs. 33000)
Economic mot ivat ion Innovat iveness
12.50
20.00 21.67
33.33
46.67 65.83
Low ( <24.33) Medium (<24.33 – 26.21>) High (>26.21) Low ( <13.65) Medium (<13.65 – 16.37>) High (>16.37)
Fig. 8: Personal, psychological and socio-economic characteristics of rural youth

Table 8: Mass media utilization
(n=120)
Listening/viewing/reading
Mass media Regular Occasional Never
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Radio (Agril. Programmes) 20 16.67 84 70.00 16 13.33
Television (Agril. Programmes) 18 15.00 95 79.17 7 5.83
Newspaper 43 35.83 68 56.67 9 7.50
Farm magazines 12 10.0 83 69.17 25 20.83

79.17
80
70.00
69.17
70
56.67
60
50
Percentage
35.83
40
30
20.83
16.67 15.00
20 13.33
10.00
5.83 7.50
10
0
Radio (Agril. Programmes) Television (Agril. Programmes) Newspaper Farm magazines
Mass media
Fig. 9: Mass media utilization
Fig. 9: Mass media utilization

Table 9: Extension contact
(n=120)
Extension personnel
AA’s 28 23.33 78 65.00 14 11.67

Extension guide of University of 1 0.83 11 9.17 108 90.00
Agricultural Sciences,
Bank officials 25 20.83 86 71.67 9 7.50
BDO 0 0.00 10 8.33 110 91.67
KMF extension worker 12 10.00 68 56.67 40 33.33
ADA 0 0.00 5 4.17 115 95.83
Officials of watershed 16 13.33 54 45.00 50 41.67
Veterinary department officials 26 21.67 74 61.67 20 16.66
Assistant Horticulture Officer 0 0.00 14 11.67 106 88.33
100 95.83
90.00 91.67
88.33
90
80 71.67
70 65.00
61.67
56.67
60
Percentage
50 45.0041.67
40 33.33
30 23.33
20.83
21.67
20 13.33 16.66
11.67 10.00 11.67
9.17 7.50 8.33
10 4.17
0.83 0.00 0.00 0.00
0
AA’s Extension guide Bank officials BDO KMF extension ADA Officials of Veterinary Assistant
of University of w orker w atershed department Horticulture
Agricultural officials Officer
Sciences,
Extension personnel
Fig. 10: Extension contact
Fig. 10: Extension contact

Table 10: Extension participation
(n=120)
Extension activities
General meetings 22 18.33 75 62.50 23 19.17
Discussion meetings 4 3.33 16 13.33 100 83.34
Field days 0 0.00 12 10.00 108 90.00
Demonstrations 7 5.83 69 57.50 44 36.67
Krishimela 54 45.00 15 12.50 51 42.50
Film shows 18 15.00 68 56.67 34 28.33
Educational tours 0 0.00 15 12.50 105 87.50
Trainings 1 0.83 19 15.83 100 83.34

90.00
87.50
90 83.34 83.34
80
70 62.50
57.50 56.67
60
Percentage
50 45.00
42.50
36.67
40
28.33
30
18.33 19.17
20 13.33 15.00 15.83
12.50 12.50
10.00
10 5.83
3.33
0.00 0.00 0.83
0
General meetings Discussion meetings Field days Demonstrations Krishimela Film show s Educational tours Trainings
Extension activities
Fig. 11: Extension participation
Fig. 11: Extension participation

Table 11: Relationship between personal, psychological and socio-economic characteristics of rural youth with their
aspirations
(n=120)
Educational Occupational Enterprise General
Independent variables aspirations (‘r’ aspirations (‘r’ aspirations (‘r’ aspirations (‘r’
value) value) value) value)
Age -0.388** 0.077 0.048 0.101
Education 0.305** 0.306** 0.168 0.01
Annual income 0.163 0.101 0.271** 0.052
Mass media utilization 0.237** 0.256** 0.179 0.059
Extension contact -0.032 0.071 0.209* 0.188*
Extension participation -0.041 -0.051 0.127 0.118
Achievement motivation 0.082 0.009 0.127 0.194*
Economic motivation 0.037 0.022 0.239** 0.064
Innovativeness 0.129 0.174 0.160 0.081
* Significant at 5% level of probability

** Significant at 1% level of probability
Fig. 12: Relationship between personal, psychological and socio-economic characteristics of rural youth and their aspirations
Further, the data reveals that 88.33 per cent of the respondents never contacted
‘Assistant Horticulture officer’, while the remaining 11.67 per cent of them contacted
occasionally.
It can be seen from the Table 10 that, 45.00, 18.33 and 15.00 per cent of the
respondents have participated regularly in different extension activities like Krishimela,
general meetings and film shows respectively. Whereas, less than 5 per cent of the
respondents participated regularly in the remaining extension activities like demonstrations,
discussion meetings, training, educational tour and field days.
It can also observed that 62.50, 57.50 and 56.67 per cent of the respondents have
participated occasionally in the extension activities like general meetings, demonstrations and
film shows, respectively. While, 15.83, 13.33 and 12.50 per cent of the respondents
participated occasionally in training, discussion meetings, krishimela and educational tours,
respectively.
The data in Table 10 also indicates that, majority of 90.00 and 87.50 per cent of the
respondents have never participated in the extensions activities like field days and
educational tours, respectively. Whereas, an equal percentage of the respondents (83.34%)
never participated in trainings and discussion meetings.
From the Table 7, it is clear that, majority of 74.16 per cent of respondents comes
under medium level of achievement motivation category, followed by low level achievement
motivation (16.67%) and the remaining 9.17 per cent of the respondents belonged to high
level achievement motivation category (9.17%).
Economic motivation
The data in Table 7 reveals that, majority of 46.67 per cent of the respondents
belonged to medium economic motivation group, followed by high level of economic
motivation with 33.33 per cent, whereas, 20.00 per cent of the respondents belonged to low
Innovativeness
The data in Table 7 indicates that, majority of 65.83 per cent of the rural youth
belonged to medium innovativeness category followed by 21.67 per cent and 12.50 per cent
of the respondents belonged to low and high innovativeness category, respectively.
4.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONAL,

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL YOUTH AND THEIR
ASPIRATIONS
The Pearson’s correlation was calculated to find out the relationship between
personal, psychological and socio-economic variables and aspirations of rural youth. The
results depicted in table 11 reveals that, the independent variables like, education and mass
media utilization exhibited positive and significant association with the dependent variable
educational aspiration of rural youth at 1 per cent level of probability.
However, age had negatively significant association with educational aspirations at 1
per cent level of probability.
In case of occupational aspirations of rural youth the variables like education and
mass media utilization had positive and significant association with occupational aspiration at
1 per cent level of probability. The independent variables like annual income and economic
motivation had shown positive and significant association with enterprise aspiration of rural
youth at 1 per cent level of probability. Whereas, extension contact had significant association
with enterprise aspiration at 5 per cent level of probability.
Table 12: Constraints as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural
(n=120)
Sl.
Constraints Frequency Percentage
No.
1. As the rural developmental activities are risky 120 100.00

and time consuming
2. No recognition or awards for participation 120 100.00
3. As most of the rural developmental activities 99 82.50

are benefited to few people and not for all
4. Groups/conflicts among people in the village 99 82.50
5. No co-operation from village leader 88 73.33
6. No time to participate 36 30.00
7. Not interested 35 29.16
8. Simply waste of time 19 15.83
9. Not aware of the activities 17 14.16

100.00 100.00
100 a) As the rural developmental activities

are risky and time consuming
90 82.50 82.50 b) No recognition or aw ards for

participation
80 73.33
c) As most of the rural developmental
70 activities are benefited to few
people and not for all
60
d) Groups/conflicts among people in
Percentage
the village
50
e) No co-operation from village leader
40
30.00 29.16
f) No time to participate
30
g) Not interested
15.83
20 14.16
h) Simply w aste of time
10
i) Not aw are of the activities
0
a b c d e f g h I
Constraints
Fig. 13: Constraints as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural developmental activities
Fig. 13: Constraints as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural developmental activities
The independent variables like extension contact and achievement motivation
exhibited positive and significant relationship with general aspirations of rural youth at 5 per
cent level of probability.
4.6 CONSTRAINTS AND SUGGESTIONS AS EXPRESSED

BY THE RURAL YOUTH FOR PARTICIPATION IN RURAL
4.6.1 Constraints as expressed by the rural youth for participation in rural
It is evident from the Table 12 that, cent per cent of respondents (100%) expressed
that ‘As the rural developmental activities are risky and time consuming’ and ‘No recognition
or awards for participation’ as their constraints followed by ‘As most of RD activities are
benefited to few people and not for all’ (82.50%), ‘Groups or conflicts among people in the
village’ (82.50%), ‘No co-operation from village leader’ (73.33%), ‘No time to participate’
(30.00%). ‘Not interested’ (29.16%), ‘Simply waste of time’ (15.83%) and ‘Not aware of the
activities’ (14.16%) were also some of the constraints expressed by the rural youth, which
acted as obstacle in their particiaption.
4.6.2 Suggestions as expressed by the rural youth for participation in rural
develsopmental activities
It could be observed from Table 13 that, cent per cent of the respondents suggested
that ‘Daily wages have to be given to every individual who participate in the rural
developmental activities’. More than three-fourth of the respondents suggested that ‘Rural
developmental activities have to be taken up during off season/summer season’ (95.83%),
followed by ‘Leaders who are in front have to be faithful and true to their sole’ (90.82%),
‘Rural developmental activities taken up in the village are to be made known to every
individual’ (85.00%), ‘There should not be any conflicts among people in the village’ (85.00%),
‘Each individual in the village should be made known that, it is their work’ (79.16%) and
‘Leader should be co-operative and take the consensus of all sections of the society’
(78.33%). Followed by ‘Every one should be made known that, it is implemented for the
benefit of whole village and not for single person (73.33%) and ‘Make it compulsory for one
person from each family to participate’ (71.66%).
Table 13: Suggestions as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural
(n=120)
Sl.
Suggestions Frequency Percentage
No.
1. Daily wages have to be given to the every individual 120 100.00

who participate in the activity
2. Rural developmental activities have to be taken up 115 95.83

during off season/ summer season
3. Leaders who are in the front have to be faithful and 109 90.83
true to their sole
4. Rural developmental activities taken up in the village 102 85.00

are to be made known to every individual
5. There should not be any conflicts among people in the 102 85.00
village
6. Each individual in the village should be made know 95 79.16

that, it is their work
7. Leader should be co-operative and take the 94 78.33

consensus of all sections of the society
8. Every one should be made known that, it is 88 73.33

implemented for the benefit of whole village and not
for single person
9. Make it compulsory for one person from each family 86 71.66

to participate
100.00
95.83 a) Daily w ages have to be given to the
100 90.83
every individual w ho participate in the
85.00 85.00 activity
90
79.16 b) Rural developmental activities have
78.33
to be taken up during off season/
80 73.33 summer season
71.66
c) Leaders w ho are in the front have to
70 be faithful and true to their sole
d) Rural developmental activities taken
60 up in the village are to be made
know n to every individual
Percentage
e) There should not be any conflicts

50
among people in the village
f) Each individual in the village should
40 be made know that, it is their w ork
g) Leader should be co-operative and
30 take the consensus of all sections
of the society
20 h) Every one should be made know n
that, it is implemented for the benefit
of w hole village and not for single
10
person
i) Make it compulsory for one person
0 from each family to participate
a b c d e f g h I
Suggestions
Fig. 14: Suggestions as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural developmental activities
Fig. 14: Suggestions as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural developmental activities
V. DISCUSSION
The results of the study are discussed and interpreted under the following headings.
5.3 Extent of participation of rural youth in rural developmental activities
rural youth and their aspirations
5.6 Constraints and suggestions as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural

5.1.1 Educational aspirations of rural youth
Table 1 summarizes the data relating to educational aspirations of rural youth that,
about 72.50 per cent of the respondents aspired to study upto SSLC (26.67%) followed by
degree (25%) and PUC (20.83%).
The results shows that, majority of the respondents have aspired for higher
education. The possible reasons for higher educational aspirations might be that, in the recent
years it is experienced that, unemployment in rural areas is increasing and they are migrating
to urban areas for want of jobs which requires more and more educational qualifications. In
the context of ever increasing needs, demands and comforts, youths wants to change their
life style by comparing with others. Hence, this might have made them to aspire for higher
education.
Similar findings were reported by Devi (1970), Nagarajaiah (1978) and Joshi (1979).
5.1.2 Occupational aspirations
The data presented in Table 2 revealed that, majority of the rural youth (60.83%)
aspired to take up farming followed by office work (17.50%), factory work (9.17%), business
(6.67%) and the remaining 5.83 per cent of the respondents aspired to take up other
occupations such as driving, tailoring, carpentery and so on. The reasons for majority of
(60.83%) of rural youth aspired to take up farming as their occupation may be that,. Since
there is an unemployment problem, youth were not able to get jobs easily and as they hailed
from the farming family and having some piece of land and would like to continue their
father’s occupation apart from other occupational aspirations.
This finding is in agreement with that of the finding of Pandey (1974), Satapathy and
Ganeshwar (1974) and Nagarajah (1978).
5.1.3 Enterprise aspirations
Table 3 depicts the enterprises aspired by the rural youth. The data revealed that, all
eight enterprises selected are important to rural youth. But rural youth have shown preference
for agriculture (Crop production), as first preference followed by dairy, poultry, sericulture and
bee keepinjg as II, III, IV and V ranks, respectively, whereas, rabbit rearing, small scale
industry and piggery occupied VI, VII and VIII ranks, respectively. This is in accordance with
the earlier studies conducted by Muthaiah (1971) reported that, greater majority of rural youth
aspired to do farming due to lack of training to take up other enterprises. Rade (1971)
reported that, most of the rural youth followed their fathers occupation. Nagarajah (1978)
reported that, greater majority of rural youth aspired farming occupation. Doddahanamaiah
(1990) reported that, majority of rural ranked agriculture (crop production) as their first
preference.
The reason for ranking agriculture (crop prodcution) as their first preference among
different enterprises by the rural youth may be due to unemployment and they want to fulfill
their basic needs like food and fodder requirement. At the same time, the other enterprises
requires more investment, further due to lack of training and experience to take up other
enterprises which might have made them to give agriculture (crop production) as first
preference. This finding is in accordance with the findings of Hanumappa (1966), Chowbey
(1973) and Doddahanumaiah (1990).
5.1.4 General aspirations of rural youth
The data in Table 4 shows that, a majority of rural youth (65%) had medium level of
aspirations. About 19.17 per cent of the rural youth had low aspirations, followed by 15.83 per
cent of the respondents who had high aspirations.
It is possible that, the aspirations were generally the resultant of increased contact
with urban areas, more mass media participation and comparing themselves with other
people. However, majority of rural youth preferred farming as their occupation because of
unemployment. Therefore, they aspired for the things which were within their reach. As a
result, they belonged to medium aspiration category and hence, the results.
The finding of the study were in confirmity with the findings reported by Palaniswamy
(1984), Seema (1986), Shivalingaiah (1995) and Bheemappa (2001).

The results regarding attitude of the respondents towards rural developmental
activities revealed that, 72.50 per cent of the respondents had favourable attitude, whereas
15.00 and 12.50 per cent had less favourable to more favourable attitude towards rural
development activities, respectively.
The possible reason for this kind of result may be that, since majority of them are
aware of the various rural developmental activities like road repair, village sanitation, adult
literacy programme, construction of school building etc. as they are meant for the benefit of
community itself, the benefits are ultimately to them only. This kind of attitude might have
influenced to develop favourable attitude towards rural developmental activities. However,
some of the rural youth had less favourable attitude towards rural developmental activities.
The reasons for this kind of result may be that, as government is taking up rural
developmental activities in the villages. Hence, rural youth thought there is no need to
participate and think over it, as rural developmental activities are risky and time consuming,
as more politics is involved and as many of the parents don’t like their sons to involve in those
activities, many of them were not interested towards it and lack of availability of time for rural
youth to participate in it.
The findings of the study were supported by the findings of past research which
indicated that, the attitude of rural youth towards community development programmes
(Nagarajaiah, 1978) and attitude of small and big farm youth towards agriculture
(Shivalingaiah, 1995) was fovourable.

RURAL DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIES
Several rural developmental activities were taken up in the village to improve the
socio-economic condition of the rural people. An attempt in the study was made to find out the
extent of participation of rural youth in various rural developmental activities. The results of
Table 6 showed that, nearly fifty per cent of the respondents were regularly participated in
social and cultural programmes (46.67%) followed by construction of temple (32.50%) and
planting of trees (27.50%). The reason might be that, since, the social and cultural
programmes and planting of trees were the important activities taken up by the youth club
members oftenly in the village and as a result they might have participated enthusiastically
and with more interest.
Rural youth participated in the construction of a temple with more interest may be due
to the fact that, they are religious minded.
It was seen that, majority of the respondents had never participated in various rural
developmental activities such as road repairs (93.34%), construction of school building
(93.34%), tank/well repair (91.57%), construction of community building (90.82%) and making
drainages (90.00%).
The reason might be that, as these were the activities taken up by the state
government and gram panchayat in the village by using workers with daily wages. Hence,
rural youth thought that, it was not their work and they did not bother and as a result they did
not participate in those activities. Drainage making, road repair, construction activities were
done by particular section or religion of the society, and many of the youth might have thought
inferior to participate in these rural developmental activities.
It was also observed that 34.17 per cent of the respondents occasionally participated
in watershed programmes. This is because NGO’s like Sujala and others were working in
many of the villages. Further, the selected village is also implementing this programme. The
rural youths wanted to carry out such works in their lands. So, they contacted the officers and
participated in the activities.
The results of the study are in confirmity with the findings of Suresh (1990), who
reported that, low participation of respondents was observed in development programmes
implemented by an NGO.
Padmaiah (1995) reported that, people’s participation in different stages of watershed
developmental programmes was very poor.

The results in respect of personal, psychological and socio-economic
characteristics of rural youth are presented in Table 7.
The respondents were classified by following suitable statistical procedure in respect
to education and annual income. The variables such as achievement motivation, economic
motivation and innovativeness of the rural youth, classified into low, medium and high
categories by considering mean and standard deviation. The remaining variables such as
extension contact, extension participation and mass media utilization were quantified by
considering frequencies and percentages.
Education
The data presented in Table 7 revealed that, majority of the rural youth had education
upto PUC (32.50%) followed by one fourth of the respondents with their education upto SSLC
(25%) and nearly equal percentage of the respondents had their education upto graduate and
above (24.17%), while 10.83 per cent of the respondents had their education upto middle
school. The importance of formal and higher education for one’s development in today’s
competitive world as realized by the parents of rural youth might have induced them to send
their children to schools and colleges. And also presence of the good schools and colleges in
their vicinity and availability of good transportation facility might have encouraged the youth to
go for higher education.
The findings of the study are in line with the findings of Lakshmanan and
Vijayamohan (1968).
Annual income
Majority (45.00%) of the respondents had annual income upto Rs. 11,000. This is
because of the fact that, most of the youth’s families had small size land holding and they did
not have additional source of income. Further, it was experienced at the time of investigations
that, majority of them grow crops under rainfed conditions, so naturally the income is less.
About 23.34 per cent of the respondents had annual income of Rs. more than 33,000,
because of their large size land holdings with irrigation facility and non-farm occupations to
support their income.
The above findings were in line with the findings of Sakharkar (1995), who reported
that, majority of the respondents belonged to low annual income category.
The results depicted in Table 7 revealed that, majority of (70.00%) of the respondents
listen agricultural programmes in radio occasionally. The possible reason might be that most
of the respondents have less land holding and less income from the agriculture and also due
to the fact the most of the respondents like to listen the entertainment programmes in the
radios than agricultural programmes. Hence, this kind of result. A majority (79.17%) of the
respondents watch agricultural programmes in television occasionally. The possible reason
being their unfavourable attitude/less interest towards agriculture.
Majority of the respondents read newspaper (56.67%) and farm magazines (69.17%)
‘occasionally’ may be due to non-subscribing to those magazines. That’s why they don’t have
the habit of reading newspaper and farm magazines regularly or daily. Whenever they obtain
the newspaper or farm magazines from others, then only they read otherwise they do not
read. They read here and there in kirani stores, in others house or in youth clubs if available.
The financial problems might have acted as an obstacle in subscribing the newspapers and
farm magazines.
The findings of the study are in line with findings of Perumathiyalagan et al. (1998).
Extension contact
The results in Table 9 revealed that, 65.00 per cent of the respondents contacted
‘Agriculture Assistants’, occasionally followed by 23.33 per cent of the respondents contacted
regularly and 11.67 per cent never contacted.
These findings are in line with the findings of Prasad (2002) and Sridhara (2002).
This type of result might be due to the fact that, at present training and visit system of
programme is being implemented through department of agriculture, wherein the Agriculture
Assistants (AAs) are the grass root level workers with a definite schedule to visit to the
farming community of 6-8 villages at least once in a month to provide information on
agricultural operations. Hence, this might have encouraged the respondents to have more
contact with Agricultural Assistants.
Further, the data presented in the table revealed that, 71.67 per cent of the
respondents contacted ‘Bank Officials’ occasionally followed by 20.83 and 7.50 per cent of
respondents contacted bank officials regularly and never respectively.
This trend of results might be due to the fact that, the bank officials sanction loan to
rural youth on agriculture and related aspects. As a result the respondents might have had
more contact with them.
These findings are in line with the findings of Deepak (2003).
The data presented in Table also revealed that, majority (61.67%) of the respondents
occasionally contacted ‘veterinary department officials’. About 21.67 per cent of the
respondents contacted regularly and 16.66 per cent of them never contacted veterinary
department officials.
The reason might be that, almost every family in the rural area have livestock in their
house, whenever the livestock or animal being affected by any disease, then they go to the
nearby veterinary hospital to medicate their animals or sometimes veterinary officials come to
the village. Hence, they had more contact with veterinary department officials.
A majority of the respondents never contacted various extension personnel like
Assistant Director of Agriculture, Block Development Officer, Extension Guide of University of
Agricultural Sciences and Assistant Horticulture Officer. The reason may be that, these
officials have their offices at taluk level and the availability of Agricultural Assistants and
Assistant Agriculture Officer and Agricultural Assistants at the village level due to scheduled
visits and frequent visits by Agricultural Assistants itself might have induced such a type of
results.
The findings of the study are in line with the findings of Deepak (2003).
The data in indicated Table 10 revealed that, 45.00 per cent of the respondents
regularly participated in ‘krishimela’ conducted in University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
every year. The reason behind this might be that, as krishimela being conducted every year in
Dharwad is becoming popular year by year. During krishimela, all the agriculture related input
agencies display their products in exhibition. This might have motivated majority of the rural
youth to attend krishimela. And also the study area selected is nearer to the University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad campus and people can have direct exchange of information
with the scientists during krishimela. All these factors might have influenced the farmers to
take active participation in ‘Krishimela’.
Majority (56.67%) of the respondents participated occasionally, followed by 28.33 per
cent of them who never participated in film shows, while the remaining 15.00 per cent of the
respondents participated regularly. The reason might be that, as many as seeds, fertilizers
and pesticide companies for the advertisement of the product, go to the villages and show
some pictures on the screen thereby to motivate the farmers.
This finding is in line with the findings of Gupta (1999) and Prasad (2002).
Majority of the respondents never participated in the extension activities like field
days (90.00%), educational tours (87.50%), discussion meetings (83.34%) and trainings
(83.34%).
The reason might be that, as majority of the respondents have very less land holding
and less income from agriculture might have acted as an obstacle in participation of the
above activities.
The findings of the study are in agreement with the findings of Prameelamma (1990),
Reddy (1991) and Shivalingaiah (1995).
It can be observed from the Table 7 that, majority of (74.16%) of the respondents had
medium level of achievement motivation followed by low level of achievement motivation
category (16.67%) and the remaining 9.17 per cent of the respondents belonged to high
level of achievement motivation category.
This finding is in confirmity with the findings of Hardikar (1998), Birajedar (2002) and
Deepak (2003).
It is clear from the findings that, rural youth had medium to low achievement
motivation, may be due to their less extension contact, less extension participation, limited
resources and less opportunities to adopt the improved technologies in their field by the rural
youth.
Economic motivation
The results presented in Table 7 indicated that, majority of 46.67 per cent of the
respondents belonged to medium economic motivation group followed by high level of
economic motivation with 33.33 per cent whereas, 20.00 per cent of the respondents
belonged to low economic motivation category.
Similar findings were reported by Hanchinal (1999), Gogoi (2000), Bheemappa
(2001), Prasad (2002) and Deepak (2003).
The respondents under medium economic motivation category were more in number,
probably this category of respondents belonged to small, semi-medium and medium land
holding category and semi-medium, medium income group. These variables might have
motivated them to get more economic return, resulting in profit making behaviour. Hence,
these factors might have motivated the respondents to gain more economic returns.
Therefore, majority of the respondents belonged to medium to high economic motivation
category.
Innovativeness
The data presented in the Table 7 revealed that, majority of (65.83%) of the rural
youth belonged to medium innovativeness category followed by 21.67 per cent and 12.50 per
cent of the respondents belonged to low and high innovativeness category, respectively.
Similar findings were reported by Palaniswamy (1984), Ajay Kumar (1989) and
Shivalingaiah (1995).
Innovativeness of individual depends upon many factors like education level, land
holding, income, risk bearing capacity etc. In the present investigation, most of the
respondents belonged to medium to low innovativeness category since, the factors like less
land holding, less income, less risk bearing capacity, less extension contact, less participation
in extension activities might have exhibited this kind of result.
5.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONAL,

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL YOUTH AND THEIR
ASPIRATIONS
The findings pertaining to degree of relationship between dependent and independent
variables, the extent of contribution of the independent variables on dependent variables, the
result in respect of the relationship between the selected personal, psychological and socio-
economic characteristics of the rural youth and their aspirations were presented in Table 9.
These results are discussed below.
5.5.1 Relationship between personal, psychological and socio-

economic characteristics of rural youth and their educational
aspirations
Age and educational aspirations of rural youth
It was found that, the relationship between age and educational aspirations of rural
youth was negatively significant at 1 per cent level of probability. The finding is similar to the
finding of Nagarajaiah (1978).
This type of trend might be due to the fact that, the educational aspirations of rural
youth mainly depends on achievement motivation, innovativeness, economic motivation and
mass media utilization certainly not with the age and hence, this trend of negative relationship
with educational aspirations of rural youth might have been exhibited.
Education and educational aspirations of rural
It can be observed from the Table 11 that, the relationship between education and
educational aspirations of rural youth was positive and significant at 1 per cent level of
probability. So, it can be concluded from this finding that, the educational level of rural youth
increased their educational aspirations significantly.
The findings of the study is in accordance with the findings of Nagarajaiah (1978) and
Joshi (1979).
The possible reasons for the above kind of result may be due the fact that, as the
rural youth proceed in their education, they are likely to understand the importance of
education and also it broadens the knowledge horizon of the individuals and hence aspire for
higher education. And another possible reason might be that, the youths in the high education
level might have been exposed to the benefits of high educational levels like professional
education and college education in contrast to the youths belonging to low education levels.
Hence, there was positive and significant association with their educational aspirations and
education level.
Mass media utilization and educational aspirations of rural youth
Table 11 indicated that, the mass media utilization of rural youth exhibited positive
and significant relationship with educational aspirations of rural youth at 1 per cent level of
probability. Conclusion can be drawn from the findings that, mass media utilization is a vital
factor in determining the educational aspirations. The possible reason might be that, as
youths get exposed to the outside world through different mass media like radio, TV,
newspaper and magazines are quite likely to become exposed to the importance of higher
education and also influenced by it due to the physiological bearing on them.
Another important reason might be that, easy accessibility and good net work
coverage of radio, television and newspaper, which might have created awareness and
thereby increased the educational aspirations in rural youth. The finding is in confirmity with
the findings of Joshi (1979)
5.5.2 Relationship between personal, psychological and socio-economic
characteristics and their occupational aspirations
Education and occupational aspirations of rural youth
It can be observed from the Table 11 that, the relationship between education and
occupational aspirations of the rural youth was positive and significant at 1 per cent level of
probability, so, it can be concluded from these findings that, the educational level of the rural
youth would increased their occupational aspirations significantly.
The possible reason for this kind of result may be due to the fact that, the rural youth
of higher educational levels were more urban oriented and want to earn more money by
taking up some occupations which pay them high reward. So, it can be concluded that, the
rural youth of higher education level give more emphasis to non-farming occupations than the
youth of lower education level.
Similar findings were reported by Rao (1964), Muthaiah (1971) Nagarajaiah (1978)
and Ramananda (1988).
Mass media utilization and occupational aspirations of rural youth
The mass media utilization of rural youth exhibited positive and significant
relationship with occupational aspirations at 1 per cent level of probability. Conclusion can be
drawn from the findings that, mass media utilization is a vital factor in determining the
occupational aspirations of rural youth. The possible reason for this findings might be that, the
youth get exposed to outside world through different mass media like radio, TV, printed media
like newspaper and magazines were quite likely to become exposed to different informations
regarding jobs and their importance. Therefore, they developed higher aspirations towards
various occupations like agriculture (crop production), office work, factory work, business etc.
Similar observations were recorded by Ramananda (1988) and Doddahanumaiah
(1990).
characteristics of rural youth and their enterprise aspiration
Annual income and enterprise aspirations of rural youth
It is observed from Table 11 that, annual income of the rural youth had positive and
significant association with the enterprise aspirations at 1 per cent level of probability.
st
Majority of rural youth assigned 1 rank to the crop production as their first
preference. This is because of the reason that, the rural youth were aware of the huge
investment required for other enterprises except crop production. Another striking reason may
be that, starting of any enterprise mainly depends upon his economic condition. One who had
more money might have aspired for better income generating enterprises than one who is
financially weak.
Similar observations were reported by Nagarajaiah (1978) and Doddahanumaiah
(1990).
Extension contact and enterprise aspirations
The results pointed out that, there was positive and significant relationship between
extension contact and their enterprise aspirations at 5 per cent level of probability. It means
that, extension contact of the rural youth had influence on the enterprise aspirations. Reason
might be that, rural youth with high extension contact might have been influenced by the
extension workers about the present situation of unemployment and system of farming which
could meet the need of youth and also could able to understand the economics of other
enterprises, their strengths and weaknesses which inturn help them in selection and starting
of the suitable enterprises. Hence, this kind of result.
This finding is in confirmity with the finding of Doddahanumaiah (1990).
Economic motivation and enterprise aspirations of rural youth
It is evident from Table 11 that, the relationship between the economic motivation and
enterprise aspirations of rural youth was positive and significant at 1 per cent level of
probability. It can be concluded from the findings that, the economic motivation is the vital
factor in determining the enterprise aspirations of rural youth.
The economic motivation of an individual again depends upon the education level,
exposure to mass media, achievement motivation and innovativeness which inturn increase
the knowledge horizon and develop a zeal in rural youths to earn more annual income.
Therefore, all these factors might have influenced the economic motivation behaviour to
exhibit such trend of result.
This finding has similarity with findings of Shivaligaiah (1995).
characteristics of rural youth and their general aspirations
Extension contact and general aspirations of rural youth
The data presented in Table 11 revealed that, there was a positive and significant
relationship between extension contact and general aspirations of rural youth at 5% level of
probability. It means that, extension contact of the rural youth had some influence on general
aspirations.
The reason for the above findings might be that, as majority of the rural youth
contacted Agriculture Assistants, Bank Officials, KMF extension workers, veterinary
department officials and officials of watershed. Their general aspirations like increasing of
land holding, increasing farm income, increasing livestock population, purchase of furniture to
house, construction of house, increased standard of living have been increased among the
rural youth by getting more information and exposure with the extension personnel. So, we
can conclude that, with increase of extension contact the general aspirations of rural youth
would also increase.
Achievement motivation and general aspirations of rural youth
It was evident from Table 11 that, relationship between the achievement motivation of
the rural youth and their general aspirations was positive and significant at 5 per cent level of
probability. Conclusion can be drawn from the findings that, achievement motivation is vital
factor in determining general aspirations of rural youth.
The rural youth aspiring to achieve something higher and better in their life generally
follow the paths that, are new and challenging, while moving on these paths, they learn
through trial and error to choose, right steps at right time and their experiences help them in
framing appropriate opinion about the particular activity. As an outcome of this, the rural youth
with higher achievement motivation might have more general aspirations and vice versa.
Similar findings were observed by Narendran (2000).
5.6 CONSTRAINTS AND SUGGESTIONS AS EXPRESSED BY

RURAL YOUTH FOR PARTICIPATION IN RURAL
5.6.1 Constraints as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural
It was evident from the Table 12 that, cent per cent of respondents (100.00%)
expressed that, the constraints, like rural developmental activities are risky and time
consuming’ ‘No recognition or awards for participation’ (100.00%) followed by most of RD
activities are benefited to few people and not for all’ (82.50%), ‘Groups/conflicts among
people in the village’ (82.50%), ‘No co-operation from village leader’ (73.33%), ‘No time to
participate’ (30.00%). ‘Not interested’ (29.16%), ‘Simply waste of time’ (15.83%) and ‘Not
aware of the activities’ (14.16%), which acted as obstacle for their participation in rural
developmental activities.
5.6.2 Suggestions as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural
From a close look on Table 13, it could be observed that, cent per cent of the
respondents suggested that, ‘Daily wages have to be given to the every individual who
participate in the rural developmental activities’. More than three fourth of the respondents
suggested that, ‘Rural developmental activities have to be taken up during off
season/summer season’ (95.83%), ‘Leaders who are in front have to be faithful and true to
their soul’ (90.80%), ‘Rural developmental activities taken up in the village are to be made
known to every individual’ (85.00%), ‘There should not be any conflicts among people in the
village’ (85.300%), ‘Each individual in the village should be made known that, it is their work
(79.16%) and ‘Leader should be co-operative and take the consensus of all sections of the
society’ (78.33%). About 73.33 per cent of the respondents suggested that, ‘Every one should
be made known that, it is implemented for the benefit of whole village and not for single
person (73.33%) followed by ‘Make it compulsory for one person from each family to
participate’ (71.66%).
VI. SUMMARY AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
Youth are the most potent segment of the population of a country. The socio-
economic development and prosperity of rural areas depends, to a considerable extent, on
the type of youth living in rural areas, because the rural youth have abilities to orient
themselves to go along the main stream of the development process. Development of youth
determines the development of community and country as a whole. Youth have been playing
quite a significant role in almost every country of the world, as they possess zeal and vigour,
necessary to create opportunities for the national development.
Youth of today are the adults of tomorrow, youth possess dynamic energy, creative
activity and adventurous spirit. So, Government of India introduced many programmes to
develop youth socio-economically since independence which has not been resulted to desired
level. Hence, this study is being conducted to know their various aspirations and attitude
towards rural developmental activities with the following objectives.
1. To analyze the aspirations of rural youth
2. To study the attitude of rural youth towards rural developmental activities
3. To find out the extent of participation of rural youth in rural developmental activities
4. To study the relationship between aspirations and personal, psychological and socio-
economic characteristics of rural youth
5. To list the constraints and suggestions as expressed by rural youth for participation in
rural developmental activities.
The study was conducted during 2005-06 in Dharwad district of Karnataka state.
Dharwad district was purposively selected as it is having highest number of youth clubs in
Northern Karnataka. And also it is having regional headquarter of Nehru Yuvaka Kendra for
North Karnataka region. Four taluks like Dharwad, Hubli, Kalaghatgi and Kundagol were
selected based on higher number of youth clubs and selection of village was done by taking
the list of villages belong to the four taluks was obtained from Nehru Yuvaka Kendra,
Dharwad. Based on the presence of active youth club in the village, three villages from each
taluk were selected. Totally 12 villages spread over four taluks were selected for the study.
From each village 12 youths were selected randomly making a sample size of 120.
In the light of objectives set for the study, the variables studied were aspirations of
rural youth, attitude of rural youth towards rural developmental activities, personal,
psychological and socio-economic characteristics like age, education, annual income, mass
media utilization, extension contact, extension participation, achievement motivation,
economic motivation and innovativeness.
The variables were quantified by developing appropriate scoring pattern or by using

scale developed by earlier researchers.
The statistical tools used for analysis of data were percentage, frequency, mean,
standard deviation and correlation.
Major findings of the study are as follows:

1. 26.67 per cent of the rural youth were aspired for education upto SSLC, followed by
25.00 per cent aspired for education upto degree, 20.83 per cent of the respondents
aspired for education upto PUC and 15.83 per cent of them aspired for education upto
master’s degree.
2. Majority of the rural youth (60.83%) aspired to take up farming followed by 17.50 per
cent of the rural youth aspired to take up office work as their occupation.
3. Majority of rural youth ranked agriculture (Crop production) as I dairy as II, poultry as III
and piggery had been ranked last in order of priority to different enterprises.
4. A large percentage (65.00%) of the respondents had medium level of general

aspirations. And about 19.17 per cent of the respondents had low general aspirations,
while the remaining 15.83 per cent had high general aspirations.
5. A majority of the rural youth (72.50%) had favourable attitude, while 15.00 and 12.50 per
cent of them had less and more favourable attitude respectively towards rural
6. Nearly fifty per cent of the respondents were regularly participated in social and cultural
programmes (46.67%) followed by construction of temple (32.50%) and planting of trees
(27.50%), while more than 90 per cent of the respondents have never participated in
various rural developmental activities like road repairs (93.34%), construction of school
building (93.34%), tank or well repair (91.57%), construction of community buildings
(90.83%) and making drainages (90%). However, majority of the respondents opined
that, almost all the rural developmental activities were implemented in their villages.
7. 32.50 per cent of the rural youth had education upto PUC followed by 25.00 per cent of
them had educated upto high school and 24.17 per cent educated upto graduate and
above level.
8. Majority (45.00%) of the respondents belonged to low income category (upto Rs. 11000)
followed by 25.83 per cent of them belonged to semi-medium income category (Rs.
11001-22000).
9. More than half of the respondents utilize, all the mass media like radio (agricultural
programmes) (70.00%), TV (agricultural programmes) (79.17%), newspaper (56.67%)
and farm magazines (69.17%) occasionally and 35.83 per cent of the respondents read
newspaper regularly.
10. Majority of the respondents contacted Bank officials (71.67%), Agriculture Assistants
(65.00%), veterinary department officials (61.67%), KMF extension worker (56.67%) and
officials of watershed (45.00%) occasionally.
11. More than 80.00 per cent of the respondents never participated in extension activities
like field days (90.00%), educational tours (87.50%), trainings (83.34%) and discussion
meetings (83.34%), but 62.50 per cent of them participated in general meetings followed
by demonstrations (57.50%) and film shows (56.67%) occasionally.
12. Majority of (74.16%) the respondents belonged to medium level of achievement

motivation category followed by 16.67 and 9.17 per cent belonged to low and high
achievement motivation category, respectively.
13. Majority of (46.67%) the respondents belonged to medium economic motivation category
followed by 33.33 and 20.00 per cent who belonged to high and low economic motivation
category, respectively.
14. Majority of (65.83%) the respondents belonged to medium innovativeness category

followed by 21.67 and 12.50 per cent belonged to low and high innovativeness category,
respectively.
15. Significant relationship was observed between dependent variables like educational
aspiration, occupational aspirations and enterprise aspirations of rural youth with
independent variables like education, mass media utilization, annual income, economic
motivation at one per cent level of probability.
16. Positive and significant relationship was also observed between dependent variable like
general aspirations of rural youth and independent variables like extension contact and
achievement motivation at 5 per cent level of probability.
17. Negative and significant relationship was observed between educational aspirations of
rural youth and age at one per cent level of probability.
18. There was positive and significant relationship between enterprise aspirations and
extension agency contact at 5 per cent level of probability.
19. Cent per cent of the respondents expressed the constraints for participation in rural
developmental activities like ‘rural developmental activities are risky and time consuming’
and ‘no recognition or awards for participation’ followed by ‘most of the rural
developmental activities are benefited to few people and not for all’ and ‘groups/conflicts
among people in the village’ are the other important constraints faced by them for
participating in rural developmental activities.
20. Majority of the respondents suggest ‘daily wages have to be given to every individual
who participate in the activities’, followed by ‘rural developmental activities have to be
taken up during off season/summer season’ and leaders who are in the front have to be
faithful and true to their sole’ for better participation of rural youth in rural developmental
activities.
IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In the light of the findings of the study and researchers observations, while personally
interviewing the respondents, following implications and recommendations are made and
detailed as below.
1. It was found that majority of rural youth aspired for higher education, hence, in order
to encourage the educational aspiration of rural youth more and more educational
programmes may be implemented in the rural areas.
2. Generally, the occupational aspiration level of rural youth was high towards farming.
The reason for this may be the non-availability of any other suitable occupation in the
area. On the basis of this fact it can be concluded that the rural youth prefer more of
localized job. And also this has been revealed the fact that, mostly they have
aspiration for independent profession i.e., farming. Hence, the youth could be trained
better on improved methods of farming to maximize the economic returns.
3. Majority of the rural youth aspired for agriculture (crop production) enterprise which
provides them economic benefit and incentives and hence efforts could be made by
the planners to mould the rural youth aspirations towards other agro-based
enterprises like dairy, poultry, sericulture, bee keeping, rabbit rearing, piggery and
small scale industry, as these will provide additional income along with agriculture for
stable financial status of the rural youth. And also efforts could be made by
government agencies to provide rural youth good projects with various infrastructural
facilities like knowledge, credit, marketing etc., to take up agriculture enterprise in a
better way.
4. A considerable percentage of rural youth had medium level of general aspirations.

Reason might be the mass media utilization, economic motivation and achievement
motivation of the rural youth. Hence, their aspirations should be moulded properly by
giving special attention by the government agencies to increase their mass media
utilization, economic motivation and achievement motivation.
5. The attitude of the rural youth towards rural developmental activities was favourable
inferring that, the members of youth clubs have been able to develop favourable
attitude towards rural developmental activities. Therefore, efforts should be made by
the concerned to enroll as many rural youth as possible, as members of the youth
club so that they develop favourable attitude and participate more in rural
6. It could be stated on the basis of the findings of the study that, the rural youth had low
psychological and socio-economic characteristics. Therefore, the planners and other
technical personnel connected with agricultural and rural development are required to
take note on these differences while introducing any new technologies in rural areas.
7. The relationship established in the study between the selected independent variables
and dependent variables would serve as a guideline for the extension personnel in
manipulating the extension related variables, characteristics of rural youth for their
involvement in agriculture and rural development activities.
8. ‘As the rural developmental activities are risky and time consuming’ and expressed as
one of the serious constraints by the rural youth. The reason might be that, very
complex procedures followed in sanctioning of the project and carrying out of the
activities itself is difficult and time consuming. Hence, proper measures have to be
taken by the concerned agency or authority to solve the above mentioned problem for
better participation of rural youth in rural developmental activities.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

A research study covering all aspects of rural youth in all districts of the state need to
be carried out to make due recommendations for policy makers, planners to formulate
effective strategies and training programmes.
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APPENDIX I
STUDY ON ASPIRATIONS OF RURAL YOUTH AND THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARDS
RURAL DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIES IN DHARWAD DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA
STATE
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE Respondent No:
PART - I
A. General information
1. Name of the youth :
2. Village :
3. Taluk :
4. District :
B. Personal, psychological and socio-economic characteristics
1. Age :
2. Education :
a) Illiterate
b) Primary school (1 – 4th std)
c) Middle school (5 – 7th std)
d) High school (8 – 10th std)
e) PUC (10 + 2)
f) Graduate and above
3. Annual income :
a) From agriculture : Rs. _____________
b) From business : Rs. _____________
c) From agro-based subsidiary enterprises : Rs. _____________
(like dairy, poultry etc.)
d) From others (specify) : Rs. _____________
Total : Rs. ______________

4. Mass media utilization:
State your extent of use of various mass media.
Frequency of use
Sl. No. Type of mass media use
1. News paper reading
2. Radio listening (Agri. programmes)
3. Watching TV (Agri. programmes)
4. Reading farm magazines
5. Other (specify)
5. Extension contact :
Indicate the extent of contact with different extension personnel.
Sl. Frequency of contact

Name of the extension personnel
No. Regular Occasional Never
1. Agricultural Assistant
2. Extension Guide of UAS
3. Bank Officials
4. Block Development Officer

5. KMF Extension Worker
6. Assistant Director of Agriculture
7. Officials of watershed programme

8. Veterinary Dept. officials
9. Assistant Horticulture Officer
10. Any other (specify)

6. Extension participation :
State your participation in various extension activities
Sl. Extent of participation

Activities
1. General meetings
2. Discussion meetings
3. Field days
4. Demonstrations
5. Krishimela
6. Film shows
7. Campaign
8. Educational tour
9. Training programmes
7. Achievement motivation :
You are requested to indicate your agreement as strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided,
Disagree, strongly Disagree to the following statements.
Sl.
Statements SA A UD DA SDA
No.
1. Youth should enjoy his work as much as play
2. Hard working youth has a good chances of

success
3. Even if a youth gets no rest, he should give first
priority to his work
4. A youth should concentrate more on his work

and forget his obligations to others
5. A youth should perceive that no obstracle can

stop him to perform his work better
6. Youth should work till he satisfies
SA – Strongly agree : A – Agree

UD – Undecided : DA – Disagree : SDA – Strongly disagree
8. Economic motivation :
You are requested to indicate your agreement as strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided,
Disagree, strongly Disagree to the following statements.
Sl.
No.
1. A rural youth should work towards large yields

and economic profit
2. The most successful rural youth is one who
makes the most profit
3. A rural youth should not only grow cash crops

but should take up agrobased subsidiary
enterprises to increase monitory profit in
comparison to growing only food crops for
home consumption
4. A rural youth should try new enterprises which

may earn more money
5. It is difficult for the rural youth children to make
good start unless he provides them with
economic assistance
6. Rural youth must earn their living but the most
important thing in life cannot be defined in
economic terms

9. Innovativeness :
You are requested to indicate whether you Agree, Disagree and Undecided to the
following statements.
Sl.
Statements Agree Undecided Disagree
No.
1. Do you want to learn new ways of
farming
2. If the agricultural extension worker
gives a talk on improved aspects of
agriculture would you attend?
3. If the government would help you to
establish a farm elsewhere, would you
move?
4. Do you want a change in your way of
life?
5. A rural youth should try to farm the way
his parents did?
6. Do you want your sons to be farmers?
7. It is better to enjoy today and let
tomorrow take care of itself
8. A man’s fortune is in the hands of god
PART - II
Aspirations of rural youth :
a) Enterprise aspirations
State the enterprises in which you are most/moderately/least interested
Most Moderately Least

Sl. No. Enterprises
interested interested interested
1. Agriculture (crop
production)
2. Dairy
3. Poultry
4. Piggery
5. Sericulture
6. Rabbit rearing
7. Bee keeping
8. Small scale industry

b) Occupational aspirations
Indicate which of the following occupations you would like to take up in future? (Tick
(√) the appropriate ones)
1. Farming
2. Factory work
3. Office work
4. Business
5. Others (specify)
c) Educational aspirations
1. Are you still continuing your studies? Yes/No
2. If yes, up to what level you want to study (Tick (√ ) the appropriate ones)
i) SSLC
ii) PUC
iii) Degree
iv) Master’s degree
v) Others (specify)
3. If no, what are the reasons? (Tick (√) the appropriate ones)
i) Not interested
ii) No money to pursue further studies
iii) No proper facilities near by
iv) Too much work in the house
v) Others (specify)
d) General aspirations
Following are the statements to measure the level of individual aspiration, please
indicate the appropriate response among the responses provided against each statement.
1. What is your aspiration in respect to increase your land holding in next three years?
Increasing by : 1-2 acres/ 2-4 acres/ 4-6 acres/ 6-8 acres/ >8 acres
2. What level you expect to increase your crop production in next three years?
Increasing by : 1.5 times/ 2 times/ 2.5 times/ 3 times/ > 3 times
3. What is your aspirations in respect to purchase of agril. implements/ machines in next three
years?
None/ wheel hoe or Paddy weeder or mould board plough/ seed drill or power tiller/
thresher or sprayer/ tractor or pumpset
4. What is your aspirations in respect to increase farm animals in next three years?
None/ poultry/ goat or sheep/ cows or buffaloes/ bullocks
5. What is your expectation to provide shelter for farm animals in the next three years?
None/ thatched shed/ mud walled and thatched/ full mud walled and tiled/ brick walled
and tiled with doors
6. What is your aspiration in respect to increase your income in the next three years?
None/less than 25%/ 25 to 50%/ 50 to 75%/ more than 75%
7. What is your aspiration in respect to house alteration or construction in the three years
None/ minor repairs in the existing house/ construction of one kaccha house/
construction of one pucca house/ construction of 2 more houses.
8. What is your aspiration in respect to purchase of furniture in the next three years?
None/ bench or stool/ easy chair or chair/ cot/ almirah

9. What is your expectation to have more material possession in the next three years?
None/ silk or woolen clothing/ radio or cycle/ brass or stainless vessels/ silver or gold
ornaments
10. What level you expect your general contentments (satisfaction) to reach in the next three
years?
None/ some what better/ better/ mostly better/ certainly better
11. What level you expect your sons to reach in their education?
No education/ primary/ Middle/ High school/ College or more
12. What level you expect your daughters to reach in their education?
No education/ primary/ Middle/ High school/ College or more
13. What level you expect your sons to reach in their occupation?
Labour/ Caste occupation/ Independent/ Improved cultivation/ Government service

PART - III
Attitude of rural youth towards rural development and agriculture related

programmes/activities
Following are the statements to measure the attitude of rural youth towards rural
development and agriculture related programmes/activities, please indicate your agreement
as Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided and Strongly Disagree.
Sl.
No.
1. The profit earned from farming by following the
recommendations of the agricultural extension
officer is less in relation to the cost involved
2. Because of the rural development
programmes/activities agriculture production has
considerably increased during last few years
3. Agriculture facilities from these rural developmental
programmes are not available in time
4. The rural developmental programmes/ activities
have brought about quite good changes in methods
of agriculture
5. To derive benefits of rural developmental
programmes one has to face lot of difficulties
6. Rural developmental activities added to the farmers
and rural youths knowledge about new and
improved methods of farming
7. Agricultural facilities and the benefits of rural
developmental programmes are available only to the
selected few people in the village
8. Because of the facilities provided by the rural
developmental activities and agriculture related
programmes the farmers farm income has increased
9. The farmers get all sorts of help from the agriculture
related programmes
10. The rural youth will not be adversely affected if the
rural developmental programmes are stopped
11. The extension personnel are quite sympathetic to
the village people and help the farmers a great deal
12. The extension personnel have only bookish
knowledge of agriculture and no experience of
practical agriculture
13. Agriculture is the only way for the growing
population in India
14. Top priority should be given by the government for
the development of agriculture
15. To me, agriculture will be the last resort as a
profession
16. Only people who are unable to go for any other work
will take agriculture
17. One should be proud of being a member of farm
family
18. Agriculture meant for uneducated and poor people
19. I will take agriculture and prosper
20. Promoting scientific agriculture is the way for India’s
prosperity
21. Even if a handsome return is guaranteed from
agriculture, I will not take agriculture as a profession
22. Today’s need is to promote industry than agriculture

PART – IV
Extent of participation of rural youth in rural developmental activities
a) Some of the rural developmental activities are given below please mention which of them
have been taken up in your village and at what extent you have participated
Taken up in Extent of participation

Sl.
Rural developmental activities the village
(Yes/No)
1. Road repair
2. Village sanitation
3. Adult literacy programme
4. Construction of school building
5. Construction of temple
6. Construction of youth club
building
7. Construction of community
buildings
8. Watershed programmes
9. Family planning campaign

10. Tank/well repair
11 Planting trees
12 Making drainages
13 Social and cultural programmes
14 Health campaign
15 Others (specify)
b) If you have not participated in any of the rural developmental activities, please indicate the
appropriate ones of the following mentioned reasons tick (√).
i) No such activities are being taken up in the village

ii) Not interested
iii) No time to participate
iv) Not aware of the activities
v) Others (specify)
PART - V
Constraints and suggestions
Following are the listed constraints in participation of rural developmental activities
please tick (√) the appropriate one and also indicate any other constraints experienced by
you.
Sl.
Constraints Yes No
No.
1 No time to participate
2 Not aware of the activities

3 Not interested
4 Groups/conflicts among the people in the village
5 As the village leader is not cooperative

6 Simply waste of time
7 No recognition or awards from it
8 As rural developmental activities are risky and time consuming

9 As most of the rural developmental activities are benefited to few
people and not for all the people
10 Any other specify
Following are the possible suggestions for effective participation in rural

developmental activities please tick (√) the appropriate one and also indicate any other
suggestions as experienced by you.
Sl.
Suggestions Yes No
No.
1 Rural developmental activities have to be taken up during summer

seasons
2 Rural developmental activities taken up in the village have to be
known to every individuals in the village
3 Make it compulsory for one person from each family to participate

4 Daily wages have to be given to the every individual who participate
in that activity
5 Each individual in the village should know it is their work

6 Every one should know that it is implemented for the benefit of whole
village not for single person
7 Leaders who are in the front have to be faithful and true to their sole
8 There should not be any conflicts among people in the society
9 Leader should be cooperative and should take the consensus of all

sections of the society
10 Any other specify

STUDY ON ASPIRATIONS OF RURAL YOUTH AND
THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARDS RURAL
DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIES IN DHARWAD
DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA STATE
BHANU V. L. 2006 DR. K. V. NATIKAR
MAJOR ADVISOR
ABSTRACT
Youth are the most potent segment of the population of a country. They have been
playing quite a significant role in almost every country of the world as they possess the zeal
and vigour necessary to create opportunities for national development.
The study was conducted in Dharwad, Hubli, Khalaghatagi and Kundagol taluks of
Dharwad district during 2005-06. Three villages from each taluk were selected based on the
presence of active youth club. From each village 10 respondents were selected based on
their membership in the youth club to make the sample size of 120 respondents.
The important findings of the study were 26.67 per cent of rural youth aspired for
education upto SSLC followed by 25.00 per cent aspired for education upto degree. Majority
of the rural youth (60.83%) aspired to take up farming as their occupation. Further majority of
st
rural youth ranked agriculture (crop production) as I in the order of preference to different
enterprises. And a large percentage (65.00%) of the respondents had medium general
aspirations. A majority of the rural youth (72.50%) had favourable attitude towards rural
Positive and significant relationship was observed between dependent variables like
educational aspirations, occupational aspirations, enterprise aspiration and general
aspirations of rural youth with independent variables like education, mass media utilization,
annual income, extension contact, economic motivation and achievement motivation.
Whereas, negative and significant relationship was observed between educational aspirations
of rural youth and age.
Cent per cent of the respondents expressed that rural developmental activities are ‘Risky and
time consuming’ and ‘No reorganization or awards for participation’ as the important
constraints and ‘Daily wages have to be given to the every individual, who participate in the
activity’ as their suggestion for better participation of rural youth in rural developmental
activities.

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STUDY ON ASPIRATIONS OF RURAL YOUTH AND

THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Thesis submitted to the

MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE)

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION

DHARWAD (K.V. NATIKAR)

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1. Educational aspirations of rural youth

2. Occupational aspirations of rural youth

3. Enterprise aspirations of rural youth

4. General aspirations of rural youth

5. Attitude of rural youth towards rural developmental activities

6. Extent of participation of rural youth in various rural developmental activities

7. Personal, psychological and socio-economic characteristics of rural youth

8. Mass media utilization

10. Extension participation

11. Relationship between personal, psychological and socio-economic

12. Constraints as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural

13. Suggestions as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural

2. Educational aspirations of rural youth

3. Occupational aspirations of rural youth

4. General aspirations of rural youth

5. Attitude of rural youth towards rural developmental activities

6. Rural developmental activities taken up in the village

7. Extent of participation of rural youth in various rural developmental

8. Personal, psychological and socio-economic characteristics of rural

9. Mass media utilization

10. Extension contact

11. Extension participation

12. Relationship between personal, psychological and socio-economic

13. Constraints as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural

14. Suggestions as expressed by rural youth for participation in rural

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

2.1 CONCEPT OF RURAL YOUTH

2.2 ASPIRATIONS OF RURAL YOUTH

2.3 ATTITUDE OF RURAL YOUTH TOWARDS RURAL

2.4 EXTENT OF PARTICIPATION OF RURAL YOUTH IN

2.5 PERSONAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC

2.6.1 Educational aspirations

Variables, author and

Nagarajaiah (1978) Rural youth Educational aspirations Negatively significant

Variables, author and

Rao (1964) School going rural youth Occupational aspirations Significant

Nagarajaiah (1978) Rural youth Occupational aspirations Non-significant

Rao (1964) School going rural boys Occupational aspirations Significant

Muthaiah (1971) Farmers Occupational aspirations Significant

Ramananda (1988) Rural youth Aspirations of rural youth Significant

Doddahanumaiah (1990) Literate and illiterate rural Occupational aspirations of Significant

Nagarajaiah (1978) Rural youth Occupational aspirations of Non-significant

Doddahanumaiah (1990) Literate and illiterate rural Occupational aspirations of Significant

Variables, author and

Rao (1964) School going rural boys Enterprise aspirations Significant

Nagarajaiah (1978) Rural youth Occupational aspirations Non-significant

Doddahanumaiah (1990) Illiterate and literate rural Enterprise aspirations of Significant

Rao (1964) School going rural boys Vocational aspirations of Significant