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SPRINGER BRIEFS IN EDUC ATION
Fabiola Cabra-Torres
Gloria Patricia Marciales Vivas
Harold Castañeda-Peña
Jorge Winston Barbosa-Chacón
Leonardo Melo González · Oscar Gilberto Hernández Salamanca
Information
Literacy
in Higher
Education
A Sociocultural
Perspective
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Information Literacy
in Higher Education
A Sociocultural Perspective
Fabiola Cabra-Torres Gloria Patricia Marciales Vivas
Facultad de Educación Facultad de Psicología
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
Bogotá, Colombia Bogotá, Colombia
Harold Castañeda-Peña Jorge Winston Barbosa-Chacón
Doctorado Interinstitucional en Educación Instituto de Proyección Regional y
Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Educación a Distancia
Caldas Universidad Industrial de Santander
Bogotá, Colombia Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
Leonardo Melo González Oscar Gilberto Hernández Salamanca
Facultad de Comunicación y Lenguaje Facultad de Educación
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Universidad Pedagógica Nacional
Bogotá, Colombia Bogotá, Colombia
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2016, 2020
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Preface
The present volume is a theoretical and empirical contribution to the study of infor-
mation literacy (IL) in higher education. As such, it offers a sociocultural approach
to studies of IL in higher education, where personal accounts, skills, and
performance(s) in learning situations and intersubjective relationships are examined
and resignified for a more profound understanding of IL.
The volume reassesses the technical paradigm of IL, reifying information as a
social category to inform pathways to university teaching. Research-based chapters
include new methodologies to conduct studies about skills from the standpoint of
information users so that they may characterize their information profiles. The
careers of some university teachers are also included and analyzed, considering
their own methods for developing their IL to improve their teaching practices. In a
nutshell, this volume offers an interesting view of IL, whose current changes are
transforming teaching in university contexts as well as in the information society.
The book is organized into six chapters. The first chapter “The study of informa-
tion literacy in university education” reviews international research on IL in educa-
tional contexts. There is a focus on Latin American research and its influence on
pedagogical practices. The chapter asserts the importance of supporting information-
literacy-situated research in educational contexts, including local knowledge(s)
coming from schools and universities.
The second chapter “The concept of information in the documentation and infor-
mation science fields” provides a theoretical background to the concept of informa-
tion as discussed in documentation and information science, in order to place the
research in the following chapters in an established tradition. A historical review is
offered of the theories proposed since the middle of the twentieth century, grouped
into three paradigms, which are labeled as physical or objective, cognitive or sub-
jective, and sociocultural. The chapter closes with the acknowledgment that, at the
present time, it is the sociocultural paradigm that best frames the discussion of the
research described in the remaining chapters of the book.
The next chapter “Methodological proposal for the observation of information
literacies” (Chap. 3) introduces conceptual frameworks and methodological proce-
dures that support a sociocultural approach to researching IL. The concept of IL is
v
vi Preface
ix
Contents
xi
xii Contents
Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 107
List of Figures
xv
List of Tables
xvii
About the Authors
xix
xx About the Authors
Abstract Some features and trends of the study of information literacy (IL) over
the past 5 years are presented. Both the conceptual trends and research topics in this
field already reflect the concerns or problems involving the introduction of informa-
tion and communication technologies (ICTs) into classrooms. The methods used to
study them also show a specific way of understanding them, and ideas about appro-
priation processes can be inferred from them. Access to knowledge in digital for-
mats has sparked many discussions in the social sciences.
IL is a concept which refers to a set of skills through which students gain access to
knowledge within the framework of contemporary socio-educational conditions. In
addition to undertaking purely psychological analyses, it is worth delving into the
most important questions of pedagogy, understood as a specialized reflection on
education. A pedagogical approach to IL entails thinking about its impact on the
practices of educational institutions, as well as the representations and imaginaries
related to the roles of teachers and students.
Pedagogy may be defined as a specialized knowledge of educational methods.
Through it, the details implicit in the underlying subjective meanings of these prac-
tices are analyzed. The emergence of ICT in education has gradually led to targeted
analyses of their use in teaching. This has also required a specific conceptual and
epistemological framework for understanding and explaining them, which, in strict
terms, is still under construction. The pedagogy of IL facilitates an in-depth exami-
nation of its impact on education.
A number of recent studies have made progress in this field (Aguaded, 2017;
How, Meeks, Robinson, et al., 2019; Jarosz & Kutay, 2017; Makarova & Makarova,
2018; Nupairoj, 2016; Paneru, 2018; Pinto, Fernández-Pascual, & Marco, 2019;
Rivera-Rogel, Zuluaga-Arias, Ramírez, et al., 2017). They propose that analyses of
these questions should give a priority to the objectives of using ICT in education.
These authors generally insist on overcoming the instrumentalization of these
tools in educational practice, understood as the uncritical and unreflective use of
technology in educational processes, which they believe, reduces the benefits of the
use of ICTs in education.
Although their use has been strongly promoted, further studies of their impact on
the culture of schools and universities need to be done. Information technologies
should not be seen as an end in themselves, but as means to an end, because, unless
they are correctly applied, they do not improve teaching and learning.
The ways in which knowledge is transmitted, constructed, and consumed in con-
temporary universities is mediated by cultural factors which, as we know, influence
the specific abilities of students and teachers. This problem is likely to challenge the
very foundations of education, as we traditionally know it. The traditional roles of
both students and teachers are beginning to be changed by the use of ICT.
Thus, there is a need for theoretical models which analyze the introduction of
ICT into education. These models should investigate concepts, like instruction,
teaching, transmission, facilitation, and didactics, which are key to understanding
the correct use of ICT. In turn, specific ideas about education and the image of
teachers and students can be inferred from them. The meaning of being a teacher or
student today is far different from what they were half a century ago.
This also involves analyzing the cultural and historical circumstances that have
promoted the use of ICT in education. The social environment of the university
system has had an impact on its academic purpose and the training of students and
teachers. It has transformed them to such an extent that some have chosen to focus
on training students for their professions, while others have turned into technologi-
cal centers dedicated to innovation.
A pedagogical analysis of IL means discussing such trends in order to examine
their implicit concepts of education, and in general, the sociocultural environment
in which universities operate. This is a way to maintain a consensus about the proper
application of ICT and improving its framework for learning.
1.2 Trends and Core Concepts 3
The concepts of teaching ICT at the university level may be grouped into five cores:
(a) skills, (b) specific sciences, (c) perception, (d) transference, and (e) social envi-
ronment. Each reveals a specific aspect of studying this phenomenon, which in turn
follows a pattern interlace. The specific use of ICT in education may be inferred
from the respective core.
A study of the concepts throws light on the skills required for an interaction with
ICT in education and ways to develop those skills (Esparza-Morales, Tarango, &
Machin-Mastromatteo, 2017; Macmillan, 2015; Marzal, Prado, & Burgoa, 2015;
Phuapan, Viriyavejakul, & Pimdee, 2016; Rapchak, Nolfi, Turk, et al., 2018; Singh
& Kumar, 2019). These studies also discuss the impact of these skills on people’s
attitudes toward ICT.
IL, in turn, is associated with the ethical use of information. This is important
because there is an increasing need to raise awareness about the responsible use of
data. In a sense, this is a way of taking the human dimension into account in the
midst of the avalanche of contemporary technology. Since education involves
human interactions, this question is fundamental.
Nevertheless, this core also raises the need to develop skills which meet the high
academic and professional standards of a competitive field, which means, for exam-
ple, analyzing the impact of IL on academic performance and ways to improve that
performance. The basic challenge is to find the most efficient way for people to
acquire the IL needed for their university education.
The second core refers to research focused on a specific discipline. The main
argument is that professional practice should be complemented by ICT and
IL. Depending on the discipline, this complement requires a specific set of skills.
For example, nurses can improve healthcare, occupational therapists can strengthen
their interventions, and meteorologists can avoid errors in predictions, etc.
This can be incorporated into university education. Studies of this subject stress
the urgent need for courses on the use of IL (Fleming-Castaldy, 2018; Frank &
Pharo, 2016; Jo & Ha, 2019; Manso-Perea, Cuevas-Cerveró, & González-Cervantes,
2019; O’Doherty, Lougheed, Hannigan, et al., 2019; Pinto & Pascual, 2016;
Whittaker, Hodge, Mares, et al., 2015). However, these authors tend to relegate its
impact on the activities of teachers and students to the background.
While the abovementioned need is reasonable, it is essential that it be accompa-
nied by pedagogical analyses. It is not only a question of requiring university teach-
ers and students to use ICT and IL, but we also need to think about their impact on
the content of the subjects being taught. In this way, these disciplines would not be
reduced to an exclusive reliance on such technologies. Perhaps it would also make
more sense to examine the link between the specific knowledge of each profession
and the use of ICT.
Perception is the third core. It brings together research into the ideas, attitudes,
opinions, etc., of those who use ICT and their IL (Díaz, 2015; Pinto & Guerrero-
Quesada, 2017; Pinto & Pascual, 2016; Podgornik, Dolničar, & Glažar, 2017;
4 1 The Study of Information Literacy in University Education
Yearwood, Foasberg, & Rosenberg, 2015). Those investigators also defend the
importance of understanding the subjective factors which shape the use of IL in
certain people and situations.
It is very important because, as is well known educational changes not only
involve intellectual and technical factors but also a subjective one, which includes
the perception of a specific activity by teachers and students. In general, it means
understanding what university students and teachers think about the role of ICT in
their education and the extent to which they can acquire the relevant skills on their
own, which influences their management of ICT.
The abovementioned studies confirm the importance of designing participatory
strategies for incorporating ICT into education. It is not only a question of simply
proposing them to, or even imposing them on, teachers and students but also means
that their belief in and commitment to these initiatives should be taken into account.
This type of knowledge is likely to contain the reasons why ICTs are ineffective
teaching tools in certain contexts. In addition, this line of research group opens the
possibility of analyzing IL from a cultural standpoint.
The fourth trend or conceptual core is transference. This refers to the study of
how IL is spread from one context or group of people to others in higher education:
For example, the transference of such knowledge from groups focused on ICT to
other, non-specialized groups, or between groups in different disciplines, or between
teachers and students, and even between groups of immigrants in certain countries.
Through these analyses, it focuses on the impact of contextual factors on the forma-
tion of IL, as well as on their functioning.
The results of these investigations mention the need to understand IL as appropriate
to culture, by linking its meaning with the surrounding conditions (Gullbekk, Boyum,
& Byström, 2015; Kreps, 2017; Raish & Rimland, 2016; Román-García, Almansa-
Martínez, & Cruz-Díaz, 2016; Silva, Morales, Lázaro-Cantabrana, et al., 2019;
Testers, Gegenfurtner, van Geel, et al., 2019). Their main argument is that such com-
petences are related to the demands of the specific contexts where they are developed.
This is why the specific institutional character of a university is a problem. Not
all of these educational centers exhibit the same profile; some are more oriented
toward research than the future jobs of their students, and some are funded by the
state while others are official bodies; likewise, some have a much broader enroll-
ment than others, etc.; for those reasons, the use of both ICT and IL will differ. The
above means that a teaching strategy or particular activity which works in one aca-
demic environment will not necessarily work in another.
The fifth core has to do with the social environment. This has been the subject of
studies which analyze the use of general and educational IL in specific geographical
areas (Ercikan, Asil, & Grover, 2018; Glik, Massey, Gipson, et al., 2016; González-
Fernández, Ramírez-García, & Salcines-Talledo, 2018; Hewagamage &
Hewagamage, 2015; Pötzsch, 2016; Wang, Lavonen, & Tirri, 2018). They pay spe-
cial attention to the link between local aspects which eventually have an impact on
the use of ICT and the development of the corresponding skills.
How do ICT function in countries as different from each other as China, Finland,
Spain, Senegal, Sri Lanka, etc.? These studies discuss the universal nature of IL or
1.3 Study Topics 5
In addition to the trends or conceptual cores, which refer to the theoretical study of
IL in university teaching, three major concerns can be seen in the research which
has been done so far: (a) measurement, (b) use, and (c) teaching. The first refers to
finding reliable methods for determining the degree of information competency; the
second investigates practical procedures, and the third focuses on training.
Studying the measurement of IL involves designing tools and using them to
determine the degree of skills. In some cases, they establish the degree of digital
literacy of a group of university students, or look for correlations with other vari-
ables, such as the level of schooling, or the digital gaps between different institu-
tions or societies (Borges & García-Quismondo, 2017; Gerick, Eickelmann, & Bos,
2017; Holliday, Dance, Davis, et al., 2015; Marzal & Borges, 2017; Marzal &
Saurina, 2015; Sánchez & Maldonado-Radillo, 2015; Willson & Angell, 2017).
In addition to such psychometric analyses, these studies advance the implemen-
tation of IL and facilitate the design of methods for teaching it. As is well known, its
positivist epistemological foundation encourages these types of activities, and they
can maximize the use of IL. The most common criteria for creating measuring tools
are their practical use in education, their assessment of knowledge of ICT, and their
capacity to evaluate the information being transmitted.
The sense of measuring IL is to make comparisons of different types and obtain
reliable data about its use and the training of students. As usual, in the medium term,
this will entail the validation of the required scales and tools. Such measurements
6 1 The Study of Information Literacy in University Education
can be improved, and not just with respect to this field itself, but its definition
as well.
The second area of study is the use of ICT and their relationship to IL. This basi-
cally describes the variety of actions related to such use at different scopes and
levels. Behavior, cognition, and the institutional framework are the most common
concerns, that is, we need to understand what happens in their daily use and come
up with a theoretical framework for analyzing its application to certain conditions.
This field of research focuses on studying the variety of possibilities for imple-
menting IL (Álvarez-Álvarez & Del Mar Boillos-Pereira, 2015; Beheshti, Bilal,
Mackey, et al., 2016; Chacón et al., 2015; Charles, 2015; Chiang & Tzou, 2018;
Kim & Huber, 2017; Marcos-Treceño, 2018; Pinto & Uribe-Tirado, 2017;
Siemensma, Ritchie, & Lewis, 2017; Warren, 2018; Yap & Manabat, 2018). In addi-
tion to describing the cognitive and behavioral aspects of this subject, these studies
have discussed programs to strengthen such skills in educational institutions and the
complementary use of the Internet or specialized libraries. Some of these investiga-
tions argue that there is a need to promote cultural skills that facilitate the use of ICT.
Studying the use of ICT is a way to understand how IL works. This makes sense
because while ICTs are not a completely new development, their incorporation into
general education does result in novel situations. The canons of scientific research
show that exploratory and descriptive inquiries are recommendable in a study of
these questions and provide an important source of socio-educational knowledge.
The third area of study has to do with teaching itself. The following studies have
analyzed different ways to strengthen training in IL (Baggett, Connell, & Thome,
2018; Bingham, Wirjapranata, & Bartley, 2017; Barbosa-Chacón, Marciales-Vivas,
& Castañeda-Peña, 2015; McKeever, Bates, & Reilly, 2017; Dempsey, Dalal,
Dokus, et al., 2015; Franzen & Bannon, 2016; Ghahari & Ebrahimi, 2018; Martín,
2018; Moreno-Pulido & Sánchez-Fernández, 2015; Preyones, Cabrera, Costoff,
et al., 2016; Wadson, 2019; Warren, 2018; Woodward, 2015). This is a very interest-
ing topic because it highlights the pedagogical aspect of this field and shows that
certain characteristics of teachers and students must be taken into account when
teaching IL.
These studies also emphasize the need for collaborative teaching methods and
the usefulness of comparing them, in order to find effective methods to achieve the
required objectives, which include the proper training of teachers, recursion in stu-
dents and importance of libraries as training centers in digital competences, due to
the current need to consult information.
What talents should a university teacher develop in order to teach IL? As is well
known, mastery of a subject in itself is not enough, the teacher also needs the skills
which are required to impart the specific type of knowledge. Finding the right bal-
ance between rigor and the way the subject is taught is a perennial debate in peda-
gogy and it has a direct influence on the progress of students. The pedagogy of ICT
and IL will require a serious analysis of these questions.
1.4 Information Literacy for Contemporary Universities 7
Although the definition of IL is still open, there are currently several aspects which
crosscut the different proposals. One is understood to be a set of skills for localizing,
evaluating, and using information in digital environments. Localization is defined as
the ability to place data in an increasingly dense framework; evaluation as an esti-
mate of the quality of that data and use as the effectiveness in linking different data
in practical situations.
These skills are not really new as they are usually fostered in educational set-
tings. What is the difference between locating, evaluating, and using non-digital
information, on the one hand, and doing the same with digital information, on the
other? In addition to the question of formats, for example, printed books compared
to computers, there is probably a greater cognitive demand on the user in the
interaction of digital information. The amount of data handled simultaneously is
much higher, as is the speed of access.
The ontological understanding of virtuality is a serious problem, as shown in the
methods for studying it. The validation of psychometric scales for IL which seek the
standardization, quasi-experimental studies (Fabbi, 2015; García Llorente, Martínez
Abad, & Rodríguez Conde, 2019; Sandercock, 2016; Yoshida, 2018) and qualitative
studies of the cultural and subjective factors which influence people’s interaction
with digital information all try to improve the ways of handling it (Bury, Craig, &
Shujah, 2017; Gómez-Hernández, Hernández-Pedreño, & Romero-Sánchez, 2017;
Keselman, Ahmed, Williamson, et al., 2015; Svensson, Carlzén, & Agardh, 2017).
Moreover, to make the challenge even more complex, such skills can only be
taught at universities, and they have gone through rapid changes in recent decades.
Recent international discussions of the relevance of the humanities have questioned
the social function and intellectual rigor of those field and in a certain way seek to
orient universities toward the corporate world. Ultimately, their aim is to justify the
reasons why a person should go to a university today. And it is in this context that
the teaching of IL lies.
Both the conceptual trends and study topics about IL reflect that approach. The
skills which IL require are now focused on certain sciences or disciplines, and pro-
vide an in-depth teaching of virtuality, the transfer of skills between dissimilar envi-
ronments and the impact of the social environment on those skills. For the same
reason, current research focuses on measuring implicit skills, their use or practical
applications, and suitable teaching methods.
In other words, what has happened in recent years is that researchers have been
trying to understand these new developments, not in the sense of the skills them-
selves, but the specific data which people have access to and interact with. The dif-
ficult thing is not to study the capabilities themselves, but how digital data impact,
transform, change, etc., those capabilities. In that dichotomy such concepts as per-
sonal identity and the nature of educational institutions are also being questioned.
8 1 The Study of Information Literacy in University Education
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