(DoIT) (DoIT)

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 cfOl;6L kmfp08]zgsf] cfof]hgf tyf ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno, g]kfn b'/;~rf/ k|flws/0f, x\jfj],
OGkmf]8]enk;{ nufot ;/sf/L tyf lghL ;+F:yfx?;Ufsf] ;xsfo{df ut c;f/ $ / % ut] b ;f]N6L sf7df8f}+df
cfof]hgf ePsf] x\jfj] l8lh6n g]kfn sGSn]e Og P;f]l;P;g ljy OGkmf] 8]enk;{, kfj8{ jfO{ Pg;]n sfo{qmd
eAo ?kdf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . l8lh6n g]kfnsf Ph]08fx? :yflkt ug]{ / l8lh6n ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu ;/sf/L /
lghL If]q Ps7fFpdf a;]/ j[xt 5nkmnsf] jftfj/0f agfpg ;kmn o; sfo{qmdn] cfufdL of]hgf / sfof{Gjogdf
dfu{lgb]{z ug]{ ljZjf; lnPsf 5f} .
cfOl;6L kmfpG8];gn] sGSn]e cfof]hgf ug'{cl3 ;ftj6} k|b]zdf l8lh6n k|b]z ;+jfb sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf
ub}{ l8lh6n ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu ePsf k|of; / cEof;x?nfO{ phfu/ ug]{ / ;lx 9+un] of]hgfj4 sfof{Gjogdf
hf]8 lbg] k|of; u/]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmd kZrft kmfp08]zgn] …l8lh6n k|b]z kl/b[ZoÚ k':ts klg ;fj{hlgs
k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . ;ft} k|b]zsf] sfo{qmd kZrft b'O lbg ;Dd ;/f]sf/jfnf / ;/sf/L pRr clwsf/Lx?;Fu
ePsf] j[xt 5nkmn sfo{qmd cfkm}df Pltxfl;s xf] l8lh6n g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df .
o; sfo{qmd ;kmn agfpg dxTjk'0f{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] g]kfn ;/sf/ ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno,
g]kfn b'/;~rf/ k|flws/0fnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb tyf s[t1tf JoQm ub{5f} . o;}u/L sfo{qmdsf] ljz]if ;xof]uL
tyf ;xsfo{sf] nflu x\jfj] tyf x\jfj] g]kfnnfO{ xlb{s cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f} . OGkmf]8]enk;{, Pg;]n, b Pl;of
kmfp08]zg, PgcfO;L Pl;of a}+s, g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8, Pgl;PrPn, g]kfn 6]lnsd, k|]l;8]lG;on ljhg]z
:s'n, /f/f NofA;nfO{ ;xof]u tyf ;xsfo{sf] nflu ljz]if wGojfb 1fkg ub{5f} . g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, gfi6,
PkmPgl;l;cfO{ / lkPnlhP;kL k|lt klg ljz]if s[t1tf JoQm ub{5f} .
sfo{qmdsf] nflu xfd|f] lgdGq0ff l:jsf/ ub}{ ljleGg b]zx?af6 g]kfn cfpg'ePsf ljlzi6 lj1x? 8f= kNna
zfx, Kofl6«s nf], s]g Pgx6{nfO{ wGojfb 1fkg ub{5f} . sfo{qmddf pkl:yt x'g'ePsf] ;Ddfglgo pk /fi6«klt
gGb axfb'/ k'g, dfglgo ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqL 1fg]Gb« axfb'/ sfsL{, ;lrjHo"'x? 8f= a}s'07 cof{n,
s]jn k|;fb e08f/L, ch'{g k|;fb kf]v/]n nufot ljlzi6 JolQx? k|lt s[t1tf JoQm ub{5f} . @ lbg] sfo{qmddf
% j6f ls gf]6 lk|h]G6]zg, * j6f ;+jfb ;];g / cGo * al9 sfo{kq k|:t'tL ug'{x'g] ls gf]6 l:ks/, Kofgln:6
/ k|:t'tstf{ lj1x?k|lt cToGt} s[t1 /x]sf 5f} . &) eGBf al9 ;|f]t JolQx?k|lt xflb{s wGojfb / cfef/
k|s6 ub{5f} . ;a} ;];gsf df]8]/]6/ -dWo:tstf{{_x? k|lt klg xflb{s s[t1tf JoQm ub{5f} .
l8lh6n ?kfGt/0fsf] k|of; :j?k cfof]hgf ePsf] j[xt sGSn]e sfo{qmddf ljleGg tj/n] ;xof]u ug]{,
pT;fx eg]{ / uxlsnf Ph]08fx? k|:t't ug]{ ljz]if ;xof]u ug]{ xfd|f cu|h Kof6«G;x? k'j{dGqL u0f]z zfx,
dgf]x/ e§/fO{, k|f=8f= ;'j0f{ zfSo, k|f=8f= dlgif kf]v/]n, lj/]Gb« ld>, ljj]s /fgf k|lt ;b}j s[t1 5f} . Oe]G6
Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u ug]{ ;Dk'0f{ ;d'x / ljleGg sDkgLx?, o; sfo{qmd / l8lh6n g]kfnsf Ph]08fx?nfO{
k|:t't ug'{x'g] ldl8of tyf ;~rf/sdL{x?, of] l/kf]]6{ n]vgdf ;xof]u ug]{ l;cf/cfO{ ;d'x, lnleª ljy cfOl;6L,
cfOl;6L ;dfrf/ / 6]Sgf]l/of] ;d'x k|lt wGojfb 1fkg ub{5f} .
o; sfo{qmd dfkm{t jQfx?n] g]kfn ;/sf/, lghL If]q / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] nflu ljleGg ;'emfjx? lbPsf
5g . x/]s ljifosf] 5nkmndf dxTjk'0f{ ljrf/x? k|:km'6g ePsf 5g . l8lh6n g]kfn k|m]djs{ sfof{Gjogdf
hf]8 lbg, kmfp08]zgsf] ljsf;, l8lh6n l:sn / l8lh6n ln6«];LnfO{ a9fjf lbg'kg]{, cfjZos gLlt, Pg /
sfg'gx? agfpb} nfu' ug'{kg]{ s'/fx? dxTjk'0f{ k|fyldstfsf] ;fy p7]sf 5g . l8lh6n g]kfnsf] nflu casf]
af6f] lzif{sdf ljleGg dGqfnosf ;lrjHo"x?, k|wfgdGqLsf cfO6L ;Nnfxsf/ / gLlh If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{
l;PgcfOsf cWoIf;Fusf] ljz]if Kofgn ;];gaf6 klg s]lx dxTjk'0f{ sfo{lbzfx? klxNofpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
lo ljleGg ;Gbe{, ljifo / ;'emfjx? dgg ub}{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf dxTjk'0f{ lgsfodf /xg'ePsf JolQx?n] o;tkm{
ulDe/ eP/ ;f]Rg] sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg] a]nf cfPsf] 5 . xfdL cfzf u5f}{, o; l/kf]6{af6 k|fKt dxTjk'0f{
;'emfjx?nfO{ dGqfno / ;DjlGwt lgsfox?n] cWoog ub}{ To;sf] sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg] k|of; ug'{x'g]5 .
gLlh If]q;Fusf] ;xsfo{ cem k|uf9?kdf cl3 a9\g]5 eGg] ck]Iff ;]dt ub{5f} . l8lh6n Osf]l;:6dsf] ljsf;
ub}{ ;/sf/ / gLlh If]qsf] ;xsfo{df l8lh6n ?kfGt/0fsf] af6f]df cu|;/ /xg'kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZoQmf xf] .
wGojfb .

/fhg nD;fn
cWoIf, cfOl;6L kmfp08]zg g]kfn

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kl/ro v08 ====================================================================================================================================================================================== !!

:jfut tyf sGSn]eaf/] hfgsf/L ================================================================================================================================= !@

k|d'v cltly dGtJo =================================================================================================================================================================== !@
ljlzi6 cltly dGtJo =============================================================================================================================================================== !#
cltly dGtJo ================================================================================================================================================================================== !$
ljlzi6 cltly dGtJo ============================================================================================================================================================== !%

8f= j}s'07 cof{n ========================================================================================================================================================================== !^

dgf]x/ e§/fO{ =================================================================================================================================================================================== !^
kNnj zfx ========================================================================================================================================================================================== !&
k]l6«S; nf] =========================================================================================================================================================================================== !*

pd]z /3'j+zL ===================================================================================================================================================================================== !(

P;]lG;ª lb s/]G6 :6] ckm l8lh6n g]kfn Kn; Kn; ============================================================== @)–@(

Odlh{ª 6]s PG8 Ogf]e];g km/ l8lh6n 6«fG;kmd{];g -8LP gKn; Kn;_ ================ #!–##

kmf]:6l/ª l8lh6n OG6/k|]g/l;k PG8 RoflkDkog km/ l8lh6n g]kfn ========================= #$–#^

:6«]Gylgª 6«:6 ;]So'l/6L PG8 k|fOe];L /]lhd km/ l8lh6n ===================================================== #&–$)

l8lh6n lkmgf]e];g PG8 laof]G8 km/ l8lh6n ;f];fO6L ============================================================ $#–$%

cglnlhª lb kf]6]lG;oN; km/ Ao"lN8ª l8lh6n ln8/l;k 6' :6«]ª\y]g ue{g]G;

cglnlhª lb kf]6]lG;oN; 6' :6«]y]g ue{g]G;
l8lh6n g]kfn PS;]n]/];g k|f]h]S6 =================================================================================================================== $^–$(

l8lh6n lkmgf]e];g PG8 laof]G8 km/ l8lh6n ;f];fO6L ========================================================= %)–%@

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 PROGRAM AGENDA

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 ‘x\jfj] l8lh6n g]kfn
sGSn]e @)@@’

www.digitalconclave.org

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 kl/ro v08

cfO{;L6L kmfpG8];g g]kfnn] @)&( ;fn c;f/ $ / % ut] ;+3Lo /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+df …x\jfj] l8lh6n g]kfn
l8lh6n sGs]n]e–@)@@Ú cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] cfO{;L6L If]qdf ePsf gjLgtd cljisf/ / gofF
k|ljlwaf/] a[xt\ cGt/lqmofTds tyf hfgsf/L ug{] p2]Zon] ;f] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
…l8lh6n ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu l8lh6n g]kfn sGSn]eÚ gf/f;lxt cfof]hgf ul/Psf] sfo{qmdsf] zLif{ k|fof]hs x\jfj],
;x k|fof]hs OGkmf]8]enk;{ / sg]S6]8 afO{df Pg;]n /x]sf] lyof] . To:t} sfo{qmdnfO{ ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw
dGqfno, g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, gf:6, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 .
8]enkd]G6 kf6{g/sf ?kdf b Pl;of kmfpG8];g /x]sf] sGSn]esf] a}+lsª kf6{g/df PgcfO{;L Pl;of, l8lh6n k]d]G6
kf6{g/df g]kfn lSnol/ª xfp;, gn]h kf6{g/ k|]l;8]lG;on ljhg]; :s'n, clkml;on kf6{g/ g]kfn 6]lnsd /x]sf]
lyof] . sfo{qmddf g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8, /f/f NofA;, k|m:6 PG8 ;'n]leog, ;Lcf/cfO{ g]kfnnufotsf ;+:yfx?n] ;xsfo{
u/]sf lyP .
cfO{;L6L kmfpG8];gn] sGs]n]e ug{'cl3 d'n'ssf ;ftj6} k|b]zdf l8lh6n g]kfn k|m]djs{sf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogdf

k|ltj]bg
b]lvPsf r'gf}tL / cj;/ / casf] af6f]af/] @)&* r}tb]lv @)&( h]7;Dd ;ft} k|b]zdf l8lh6n ;+jfb eJotfk"j{s
;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] . kmfpG8];gn] sDo'lgs];g PG8 l/;r{ Olgl;ol6e g]kfn -;Lcf/cfO{ g]kfn_;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf
;ftj6} k|b]zdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] cj:yf / r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf ;d]l6Psf] …l8lh6n k|b]z kl/b[ZoÚd"ns k':ts klg
;fj{hlgs ePsf] lyof] .
;+3Lo /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+sf] xf]6n ;f]N6Ldf eJo sfo{qmdaLr ;DkGg ePsf] sGSn]edf kfFr d'n'saf6 cfO{;L6L
If]qsf;Fu ;+j4 ^) jQmfx? pkl:yt lyP eg] ljleGg !) ljifodf ;+jfb ;q / !& cf]6f sfo{kq k|:t't ul/Psf lyP .
b'O{ lbg rn]sf] sGSn]edf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf lqmofzLn ;/sf/L / lghL If]qsf k|ltlglwsf ;fy} /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o
If]qdf lj1;lxt ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] k|ltlglwsf] ;xeflutf lyof] .
pk/fi6«klt gGbaxfb'/ k'gåf/f pb\3f6g ul/Psf] sSSn]edf ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqL 1fg]Gb|axfb'/
sfsL{nufotsf] pkl:ylt lyof] . sGSn]edf cfof]hgf ePsf ;qdf ePsf 5nkmn / p7]sf ljifonfO{ ;d]6]/ of] k|ltj]bg
tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . k|ltj]bgsf lgisif{ / ;'emfjnfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfo;dIf cfjZos gLltut tyf sfg'gL ;'wf/ Pj+
cGo cfjZos kxnsf nflu nflu k]; ul/g]5 .

pb\3f6g ;q M ;]l6ª lb :6]h km/ l8lh6n g]kfn sGSn]e–@)@@

;+jfb cf/De M ;]l6ª lb :6]h km/ l8lh6n g]kfn sGSn]e–@)@@ lyd;lxt @)&( ;fn c;f/ $ ut] ePsf]
pb\3f6g ;qsf] qmddf ;ft} k|b]zsf] l8lh6n ;+jfb ljifos cl8of] lel8of] k|:t't ul/Psf]
lyof] . sGSn]esf qmddf x'jfj]n] …nfOl6ª ck b km\o'r/Ú k|bz{gL ;d]t cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] .

j]nsd 6' l8lh6n g]kfn ljifos sljtf clzd b+ufnn] k|:t't u/]sf] pb\3f6g ;qdf sfo{qmdsf] ;'ef/De pk/fi6«klt
gGbaxfb'/ k'gn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pb\3f6gdf ePsf] ;+jfbsf] xf]:6df ;'ufl/sf s];L x'g'x'GYof] . pb\3f6g ;qdf
pk/fi6«klt gGbaxfb'/ k'g;lxt ;/sf/L lgsfo / lghL If]qsf k|ltlglwsf ;fy} lj1x?n] dGtJo /fVg'ePsf] lyof] .

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 !=! :jfut tyf sGSn]eaf/] hfgsf/L

b'O{ lbgdf !) j6f Kofgn ;];gx? cyf{t ;+jfb ;];gx? ;~rfng ug{]5f}+ .
lsgf]6 :kLr;lxt !^ j6f ;];gx? ;dfj]z u/]sf 5f}+ . l8lh6n g]kfnsf
ljleGg kIfx? ÷8f]d]gx? of] l8lh6n sGs]e s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . l8lh6n g]kfn
k|m]djs{ @)!(df * j6f 8f]d]g l8lh6n ?kfGt/0fsf] af6f] vf]hL /x]sf 5f}+ .
;/sf/n] cl3 ;f/]sf of]hgfnfO{ s;/L d"t{?k lbg] nufotsf kIfnfO{ ax;
tyf 5nkmnsf] dfWodaf6 6'+ufpg vf]lh/x]sf 5f}+ .
of]hgfnfO{ dfu{lgb{]z ub{} oxfF cfPsf ;Nnfx ;'emfjnfO{ lnP/ of]hgfa4
?kdf sfd ug{ ;S5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg of] sfo{qmd s]Gb|Lt /x]sf] 5 .
xfdLn] of] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug{sf nflu d'n'ssf ;ftj6} k|b]zdf l8lh6n
;+jfb sfo{qmd u/]sf 5f}+ . ;ftj6} k|b]zsf d'VodGqL ,dGqL k|b]zsf of]hgf
cfof]usf pkfWoIf nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;Fu 5nkmn u/]sf
/fhg nD;fn 5f}+ . ;ftj6} k|b]zdf l8lh6n ?kfGt/0fsf] k|of; / cj:yfsf] ljifodf vf]Hg]
cWoIf, k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . l8lh6nfOg];gsf gLlt lgodsf] ;dfj]z ul/Psf] …l8lh6n
cfO{;L6L kmfpG8];g k|b]z kl/b[ZoÚ gfds k':ts ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ub{} 5f}+ .b'O{ lbg] sfo{qmddf
g]kfn x'g] ;'emfj / lgisif{nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/]/ ;DalGwt lgsfodf k|ltj]bg ;d]t
a'emfOg]5 . ;/sf/n] ub{} cfO/x]sf] sfddf gLlh If]qsf] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{sf]
cfjZostf . lgh If]q, ;/sf/ / cGt/fli6«o lgsfo;Fu ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo
u/]/ cl3 a9]sf] v08df kSs} klg cfOl;6L If]qdf d'n'sn] cem} k|ult ub{}
1 dGtJo

hfg]5 . o; sfo{qmdn] cfufdL lbgdf l8lh6n g]kfn sfo{qmdsf] / l8lh6n

k|m]djs{ sfof{Gjogdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng]5 .

!=@ k|d'v cltly dGtJo

@)@* ;fndf lelqPsf] 7"nf] sDKo'6/ cyf{t 3/h:tf] sDKo'6/ lyof] . t/

clxn] g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qdf w]/} kl/jt{g b]vfkl/;s]sf] 5 . :df6{
l8efO;x? Ps lSns s} e/df ljZjel/ If0fe/df k7fpg ;Sg] cj:yfdf
cfO;s]sf 5f}+ . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlw / df]jfOn k|of]u ;g\ !((# df lelqPsf]
lyof] . y|LhL k|of]u ug{] blIf0f Pl;ofs} klxnf] d'n's xf] g]kfn . lg;Gb]x
clxn]sf] jt{dfg o'u ;"rgf / k|ljlw / l8lh6nsf] o'u xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlw
b}lgs hLjgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ cleGg c+u h:t} eO;s]sf] 5 . ljleGg pd]/
;d"xsf dfG5]x? ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ;xefuL 5f}+ . pd]/;d"x h] h:tf] eP klg xfd|f]
afNosfnsf] :d/0f ubf{{ cfhsf] o'u ;kgf h:t} nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . olt l5§}
;"rgf k|ljlwdf km8\sf] dfl/Pnf / ;"rgf k|ljlwd}qL xf]nf eg]/ cfzf klg u/]sf]
lyOg\ . a}lsª sf/f]af/ klg 3/d} a;]/ x'g yfn]sf] 5 . ljleGg sfof{nosf]
gGbaxfb'/ k'g /fh:j / e'QmfgL lzIff / :jf:Yo ;]jf klg l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af6 k|fKt
;Ddfglgo, pk/fi6«klt pknlAw x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
xfdLn] pTkfbg tyf cljisf/nfO{ cl3 a9fpg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . h;n]
b}lgs hLjgnfO{ ;/n / ;xh / ;/n agfpF5 . tTsfn ljZjdf ePsf gofF
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ub{} gofF cljisf/nfO{ ;d]t k|f]T;fxg ug{' h?/L 5 . ef}uf]lns
hgtfnfO{ klg ;x/L If]qdf tLj| ?kdf ;Dk"0f{ ;]jf lbg l9nf ug{' x'b}+g . ;+3,
k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] Wofg lbg'kg{] x'G5 . xfdL cfkm}+n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; gu/L d'n'ssf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsb}g . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfPsf] qmflGtn]
;Dej u/fpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .

12
 !=# ljlzi6 cltly dGtJo

of] sGSn]en] l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]

cfzf u/]sf] 5' . b'Ol{ bg] of] sGSn]en] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf If]qdf cfO{;L6L of]ubfg
lbg] 5 eGg] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o lj1sf] ;xeflutfdf x'g] of]
sGSn]e cfufdL lbgdf l8lh6n g]kfnsf] ;kgf ;fsf/ kfg{ cfO{;L6L x'g5 ] eGg]
ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' . ;/sf/n] l8lh6n g]kfn k|md] js{ @)&^ ;fj{hlgs ul/;s]sf]
5 . o;sf nflu b]zsf] l8lh6n cfly{s /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogsf] cjwf/0ff klg
cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu l8lh6n cfly{s /0fgLlts
of]hgf;d]t tof/ kf/L sfof{Gjogdf nluPsf] 5 . k|md] js{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu
cfjZos gLltut sfg'gL k|ljlws / ;+/rgfut Joj:yf ub{} nluPsf] 5 . g]kfn
;/sf/n] b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;
x'g cfjZos 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'r F j[l4 ;"rgf k|ljlwo'Qm /fi6« agfpg
1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{ ;/sf/ cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qn] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg
dfglgo dGqL, -hL8LkL_df )=* k|ltzt dfq} e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . cfufdL b'O{ jif{leq bf]Aa/
;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw agfpg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 .
cfufdL jif{ tLgcf]6} ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;/n / ;/nLs[t u/fpg
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]unfO{ a9fjf lbg] vfnsf ljleGg of]hgf cl3
a9fpFb} 5 . ;/sf/n] l8lh6n g]kfnsf] km|d] js{ lgdf{0f dfq u/]sf] 5}g, o;sf]
sfof{Gjogsf nflu klg sfd cl3 a9fpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos

1 dGtJo
gLltut / sfg'gL Joj:yf ub}{ nluPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]rdf t
b]zsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ?kfGt/0fsf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw / ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf]
ljsf;;Fu} zf;sLo ;'wf/ / ;'zf;gsf] clej[l4nfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
xfn} cfufdL jif{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] ah]6df ;d]t l8lh6n g]kfn
km|d] js{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+3Lo dGqfnonfO{ l8lh6n sfof{nosf ?kdf
?kfGt/0f ug]b{ l] v :yfgLo tx;Dd ;"rgf k|ljlw dxfdfu{ lgdf{0f ug]{ pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . s]xL lbgcl3 k|bz ] ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddf
klg l8lh6n k|bz ] sf] cjwf/0ff cl3 a9fpg ljz]if k|fyldstf lbPsf 5g\ .
egfOsf] cy{ ;a} ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg o; If]qnfO{
ljz]if k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf 5g\ .
;fj{hlgs ;]jf;Fu} ;/sf/n] lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, jg, ko{6g, k"jf{wf/,
pBf]unufotsf ;a} If]qdf klg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd pkof]unfO{ a9fjf lbg
ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddf dfq xf]Og,
gLltut tyf sfg'gL ?kdf l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff ;fsf/ kfg{sf nflu
w]/} sbd cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . /fli6«o ;fOa/ ;'/Iff /0fgLlt @)&*, /fli6«o
;"rgf k|ljlw ljsf; ;ldlt u7g -t];f| ] ;+;f]wg @)&* / ;/sf/L sfof{nosf]
j]j;fO6 lgdf{0f tyf Joj:yfkg lgb]l{ zsf @)&* lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] 5 . o;}u/L
gful/s Pk ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg lgb]l{ zsf, @)&* tyf kmfOe–hLnufot
gofF k|ljlw;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)&* hf/L eO{ ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\ . @)&!
;fnd} /fli6«o a|f8] AofG8 gLlt cfO;s]sf] 5 eg] ljB'tLo sf/f]af/ P]g klg
cfO;s]sf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo :t/sf sfof{nodf cfufdL cfjb]lv l8lh6nfOh];g ug{]
sfo{qmd cl3 ;fl/g]5 . cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] b|t' ljsf;n] gful/snfO{ Gofo
/ ;dfgtf lbg g]kfndf b"t| ultd} ;"rgf tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tNnf] tx;Dd
b|t" ultdf ljsf; ug'k{ g]{ cfjZostf 5 . t/, clxn]sf] cj:yfdf l8lh6n l8efO8
wgL / ul/aaLr nId0f /]vf x'g k'us ] f] 5 . o;n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts
/ ;f+:s[lts;Fu} 1fg, l;k / k|ljlwdf klg wgL / ul/aaLr 7"nf] vf8n a9fPsf]
5 . l8lh6n l8efO8 g36fP;Dd ul/aL Go"gLs/0f gx'g] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf]
5 t/ klg cem} w]/} g]kfnLn] l8lh6n l8efO8sf] cj:yf ef]Ug'k/]sf] 5 .

13
 !=$ cltly dGtJo
k|m]djs{ cfPsf] tLg jif{ eO;s]sf] 5 . k|m]djs{df cf7cf]6f If]q / *)
cf]6f Olg;]l6E;\ 5g\ . cf7 ;]S6/sf] leGbfleGb} / 5'§f5'§} 5nkmn / ax;
eO/x]sf] 5 . cf7 ;]S6/sf] Ps} 7fpFdf OG6/;]S6/sf ?kdf 5nkmn tyf
ax;sf] cefj eO/x]sf] dx;'; u/]sf] 5' . o;nfO{ ;dli6?kdf g} 5nkmn
x'g'kg{] cfjZostf 5 .
clxn] 8f6f Joj:yfkgdf w]/} r'gf}tL cfPsf] 5 . To;nfO{ Joj:yfkg
ug{]tkm{ Wofg lbg'kg{] a]nf ePsf] 5 . clxn] l8lh6n ;]So'l/6Lsf] kIfnfO{
klg Wofg lbg'k5{ . l8lh6n ;]So'l/6LnfO{ Wofg lbFb} l8lh6n Kn]6kmd{df
hfg'kg{] cj:yfdf xfdL /x]sf 5f}+ . clxn] xfdLn] cToflws dfqfdf l8lh6n
l8efO; k|of]u ul//x]sf 5f}+ . l8lh6n l8efO;af6 pTkfbg x'g] l8hl6n
kmf]xf]/d}nf cyf{t\ -j]:6_ Dofg]hd]G6 s;/L ug{] < o;tkm{ klg Wofg lbg'kg{]
8f= ;'lgnafa' >]i7 a]nf eO;s]sf] 5 .
pks'nklt, gf:6

!=% cltly dGtJo

g]kfndf l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] ljsf; cfzftLt ?kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . oBlk,
1 dGtJo

xfdL ;/f]sf/jfnf o;sf] bf}8df xf]ldPsf 5f}+ . kl5Nnf] ;do kfPsf] pknlAwsf
sf/0fn] xtf]T;fxL x'g] cj:yf klg 5}g . k|flws/0fsf] p2]Zo ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLnfO{
o;sf] ;~hfndf hf]8\g] g} xf] . s'g} klg gful/s o;sf] pkef]uaf6 jl~rt
gx"g\ eGgs} nflu xf] . !) jif{cl3 EjfO; / P;PdP; ;]jfsf nflu dfq} lyof] .
t/, clxn] df]afOn / OG6/g]6 af]8AofG8 ;]jfsf ?kdf 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] OG6/g]6nfO{ cTofjZos ;]jfsf ?kdf /fv]sf] 5 . t/,
OG6/g]6nfO{ df}lns clwsf/sf] ?kdf cl3 a9fpg'kg{] cfjZostf b]lvG5 .
l8lh6n ;]jf / dfu ;]jfsf] ;]jf k|bfos, lgofds lgsfo gLltlgdf{tf ;a}
k'?iff]Qd vgfn Psh'6 eP/ cfjZos P]gsfg'g th{'df ug{'kg{] cfjZostf eO;s]sf] 5 .
cWoIf,
g]kfn b'/;~rf/ k|flws/0f

!=^ cltly dGtJo

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df klg ;"rgf k|ljlw ;ldlt 5 . dxf;+3
cfO{;L6L If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjZos kxn sbdL ug{
tof/ 5 . g]kfnnfO{ l8lh6n ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug{] rfxgf / cfs+fIffnfO{ xfdL
lghL If]q nufgL / sfd b'j} ug{ tof/ 5f}+ . gLltlgdf{tfn] sfd ug{] jftfj/0f
tof/ kfg{'kg{] a]nf eO;s]sf] 5 . clxn] pRr k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ dfq} nfut
36fpg ;lsG5 . JolQmut :jfy{sf nflu l8lh6n ?kfGt/0fsf kxnnfO{
sfof{Gjog x'g glbg] k|j[lQnfO{ lrg{ cfjZos 5 . l8lh6n g]kfnsf] ofqfdf
lghL If]q ;xsfo{sf nflu tof/ /x]sf] 5 . h] ug{ ;lsG5, Tof] dfq} sfd
u/]sf] v08df sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsG5 . ljb]zL nufgLsf cfof]hgfsf] nflu s]xL
xb;Dd dfq} Psåf/ k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . t/,:jb]zL pBf]uL Joj;foLsf
lbg]z >]i7 nflu eg] clxn];Dd Psåf/ k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf] 5}g . s'g} klg lgsfodf btf{
pkfWoIf, g]kfn pBf]u ePkl5 ;a} lgsfodf btf{ x'g] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; x'g cfjZos 5 .
jfl0fHo dxf;+3

14
!=& cltly dGtJo

cfO{;L6Lsf] ljsf;af6 lgb]{lzt csf]{ cf}Bf]lus qmflGt xfdLdfem cfO;s]sf] 5 .

t/, of] qmflGt …lu|Lg l/ef]n';gÚ cyf{t\ xl/t qmflGt x'g]5 . hxfF sfa{g8fOcS;fO8
pT;h{g 36fpg' xfd|f] x/]s sfdsf] s]Gb|laGb' x'g]5 . dxfdf/Lkl5 v:s]sf]
cy{tGqnfO{ l8lh6n cy{tGqn] ;'wfb}{ nUg]5 .
@)@) df ljZjsf] hL8LkL -s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg_ @=* k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] .
t/, cfO{;L6Lsf] nufgL kfFr k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)@% ;Dddf ljZjsf]
cy{tGqsf] %) k|ltzt l8lh6n cy{tGqdf kl/0ft x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
cfO{;L6L pBf]u;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] of] xfd|f nflu /f]df~rs ;do xf] .
g]kfndf x/]s JolQm, 3/ / ;+:yfdf l8lh6nfOh ug]{ nIosf ;fy cfO{;L6L
k"jf{wf/ / :df6{ l8efO;sf] d'Vo k|bfossf ¿kdf x\jfj] gjLgtd k|ljlw g]kfndf
Nofpg k|lta4 /x]sf] 5 . kmfOehL, PkmkmfOehL, cfO{cf]6L -OG6/g]6 ckm
ljlnod emfª lyª\;_, Snfp8 / PcfO{åf/f ;~rflnt x'g] sg]lS6le6L / sDKo'l6ª, l8lh6n
;LO{cf], x\jfj] g]kfn cy{tGqsf] hu x'g]5 .
xfdL g]kfnL ahf/df oL k|ult Nofpg ;lsg] ;Defjgfn] pT;flxt 5f}+ .
xfdLn] a|f]8AofG8 sg]lS6le6L, 8]6f ;]G6/, Snfp8 tyf sDKo'l6ª / xfd|f]
Unf]an zf]w tyf ljsf; -R&D_ 6f]nLn] ljZj;fd' k|:t't ub}{ cfPsf x/]s gofF
Ogf]e];gsf] dfWodaf6 g]kfnL l8lh6n cy{tGqsf] hu lgdf{0f ug{ ;a} cfO{;L6L
;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;fem]bf/L ug]{ nIo /fv]sf 5f}+ .

1 dGtJo
8]6f ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf d"Nojfg\ ;|f]t aGg] lalQs} :yfgLos/0f -s'g} s'/fnfO{
cfkm\g} :yfgcg';f/sf] agfpg] lqmofsnfk_ Ps gofF k|j[lQ ePsf] 5 . g]kfnn]
klg ;Ldfkf/ ;"rgf k|jfx tyf 8]6f ;'/Iff / 8]6f uf]kgLotfdf ljz]if Wofg
s]lGb|t ug]{ 8]6f pBf]u gLlt tyf /0fgLlt nfu" ug]{ s'/fdf xfdL cfzfjfbL 5f}F .
g]kfnsf nflu e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft ;fj{ef}d 8]6f ;]G6/ x'g' clxn]sf] cfjZostf
xf] . g]kfnL gful/ssf] tYof+s ;+ng / ;+/If0f ug{ dfq} geO{ l8lh6n g]kfnsf]
husf ¿kdf sfd ug{ / PsLs[t ;/sf/L ;]jf pknAw u/fpg klg of] lgs}
cfjZos 5 . cfO{;L6L pBf]unfO{ ckgfP/ To;nfO{ k"0f{¿kdf cFufn] dfq nf]–
sfa{g / lbuf] ;dfhsf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . ljb]zdf /x]sf cfkmGt;Fu lel8of]
sn ug{'xf];\, cgnfOgsf dfWodaf6 s]xL l;Sg'xf];\ jf df]afOn e'QmfgLsf nflu
xf];\, g]kfnsf b'u{d s'gfdf klg a|f]8AofG8 sg]lS6le6L cTofjZos eO;s]sf] 5 .
l8lh6n sg]lS6le6Ln] JolQm, ;fgf Joj;fo / pBf]unfO{ ;zQm agfpFb} 5 .
g]kfndf l8lh6n ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf 5 . t/, To;sf nflu g]kfnsf
x/]s b'u{d s'gf klg l8lh6n sg]lS6le6L hf]l8g'k5{ . ;fy} ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df
;Demf}tf ug{ ;lsFb}g . d g]kfnsf gLlt lgdf{tfsf] lehgdf ljZjf; u5{' . dnfO{
g]kfnsf o'jfsf] k|ltef / l;kdf 7"nf] ljZjf; 5 . cfh eO/x]sf] xfd|f] …nfOl6ª
ck b km\o'r/Ú k|bz{gLdf xfdL hLjgnfO{ cem /fd|f] agfpg, Joj;fonfO{ :df6{
/ ;dfhnfO{ yk ;dfj]zL agfpg d2t ug]{ ;dfwfg vf]lh/x]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f]
cfO{;L6L k|ljlwn] ;+;f/nfO{ cem xl/t / yk lbuf] :yfg agfpg s;/L d2t
ul//x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f v'nfpg kfpFbf xfdL w]/} v';L 5f}+ .

15
 @=! 8f= j}s'07 cof{n, ;lrj, ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno
lsgf]6 l:krsf] ljifo M …l8lh6n g]kfn lk|h]G6 :6f6; PG8 rfl6{ª lb sf];{ cx]8Ú
l8lh6n g]kfn ;/sf/ / lghL If]q b'j}sf] k|oTgn] dfq} ;kmn / ;fsf/ x'g]5 t/ cem} klg
Pp6f sfof{non] l8lh6n l;Ug]r/ u/]/ k7fpFbf cGo lgsfon] l8lh6n l;Ug]r/ kfngf gubf{
slxn]sfxL+ ;d:of cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . To;n] ;a} dGqfnodf of] sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf Ps?ktf
sfod ug{ cfjZos 5 . clxn] l8lh6n ;DalGwt dfgj;|f]t tyf bIf hgzlQm j[l4 ug{
cfjZos 5 . ;/sf/L sfo{k|0ffnLdf la:tf/} l8lh6n x'Fb} uO/x]sf 5g\ . ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf
k|ljlw dGqfnosf] () k|ltzt sfd l8lh6n x'g] u/]sf] 5 . clxn] d]/f] dGqfnodf lr7Lkqdf
tf]s klg l8lh6n ?kdf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . kmfOnsf] kl5 nfUg] k|j[lQsf] cGTo ul/Fb} 5 .
xfdLn] lr7L l8lh6n ?kdf tof/ kf/]/ cGo dGqfnodf k7fpg] u5f{}+ . cGo dGqfnon]
l8lh6n l;Ug]r/nfO{ dfGotf glbg] k|j[lQsf] cGTo x'g' cfjZos 5 .
;/sf/n] l8lh6n kmfpG8];g cfjZos kg{] xfOj] lgdf{0f u/]kl5 dfq} xf] lghL If]qn]
l8lh6nsf] uf8L u''8fpg] xf] . sf]le8sf] sf/0fn] O{–sd;{ / cgnfOg 8]lne/LnfO{ b|"t ultdf
cl3 n}hfg ;lsof] . of] cfly{s jif{leq s]lGb|o sfof{nosf ;]jf;'ljwf l8lh6nfOh];g ub{}
n}hfg]5f}+ . dGqfno dftxtsf cfwf bh{geGbf w]/} sfof{nosf] ;]jf l8lh6n ?kdf ljsf;
ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . cfufdL ;fpgleq} k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nonufotsf cGo
dGqfnodf klg l8lh6nfOh];gsf ?kdf cl3 a9fpg] 5f}+ .
2 lsgf]^ :kLr

l8lh6n g]kfn k|m]djs{ lgs} /fd|f] 5 . k|m]djs{nfO{ s]xL ck8]6 / l/Eo' ug{'kg{] dx;'; u/]sf
5f}+ . o;df klg s]xL ug{'k5{ eGg] nflu/x]sf] 5 . sltko s'/f kl/jt{g ug{'kg{] 5 . o;sf]
d'Vo eg] dv;b l8lh6n g]kfn u/fpg] g} xf] .

@=@ dgf]x/ e§/fO{, cfO{;L6L lj1

lsgf]6 l:krsf] ljifo M

…l/ofnfOlhª lb ldl;ª M ls On]d]G6«; ckm :6f6«]hL km/ l8lh6nÚ

l8lh6nfOh];gsf nflu lgDg s'/f x'g'k5{

!= hgtfsf] cfsf+Iff / rfxgf
@= l:k8 ckm r]Gh
#= 6]Sgf]nf]hL l8«eg kf]6]lG;Pn 6]Sgf]nf]hL M
$ ;f];n ldl8of PG8 klAns cf]k]lgª
%= kf]ln;L Uofksf] ;Daf]wg
M clxn] hgtfsf] rfxgf / cfs+fIff w]/} a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . To;}n]
hgtfsf] ;le{; 8]lne/Lsf] cfjZostf cToflws dfqfdf xF'b}
uO/x]sf] 5 . of] g]kfndf dfq} xf]Og, Unf]an ?kdf g} eO/x]sf] 5 .
M clxn] w]/} s'/fdf kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 . hlt ultzLn ;dfh 5 .
k'/ftg 9+un] sfd u5{' eg]/ xF'b}g .
o;n] r'gf}tL / cj;/ b'j} lbPsf] 5 . r'gf}tLnfO{ cj;/sf ?kdf
abNb} cl3 a9\g'kg{] a]nf ePsf] 5 .
M clxn] ;f];n ldl8ofn] klnAs l8;{sf];{ / wf/0ff ljsf; ub{}
cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ xfdLn] gh/cfGbfh ug{ ;lsFb}g . To;}n]
;f];n ldl8ofn] p7fPsf] dfu jf ljrf/nfO{ dWogh/ ub{} cl3
a9\g'kg{] 5 . Incremental change eGbf klg xfdL 6«fG;kmd{/
kl/jt{gs} cj:yfdf hfg'kg{] a]nf eO;s]sf] 5 .
M kf]ln;L Uofkdf b]lvPsf] ;d:ofnfO{ kf]ln;Lut ?kdf ;Daf]wg
ug{'kg{] x'G5 .

16
 @=# sfo{kq k|:t'lt M …PS;lkl/oG; ckm l8lh6n OG6/k|fOh cfls{6]Sr/Ú
k|:tf]tf
kNnj zfx
dxfk|aGws, bL cf]kg u|'k OlG8of
jt{dfg cj:yf
l8lh6n ueg{/d]G6 cfls{6]Sr/ eGgfn] l8lh6n k|ljlwsf]
k|of]u u/L ;dlGjt, k|efjsf/L / ;dtfd"ns ¿kdf ;]jf k|bfg
ug{ ckgfOg] ljlw xf] . o;df ;/sf/n] ckgfpg] ljleGg
lsl;dsf Osf]l;:6dx? Kf5{g\ . ;/sf/n] k|jfx ug{] ;]jfnfO{
l56f], ;lhnf] / cem} Jojl:yt ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;"rgf
k|ljlwn] ;3fpg] sfd u5{g\ .
;f9] b'O{ jif{sf] cjlwdf sf]/f]gf dxfdf/Ln] cfO{;L6L
If]qn] & b]lv !) jif{kl5 cFufNg] gofF k|ljlw ;f]xL
cjlwdf cufNg ;kmn eof] . t/, oxL cjlwdf *)
k|ltzt gofF l8lh6n cfljisf/ x'g eg] ;s]g .
k|ljlw g} c;fGble{s x'g k'Uof] . t/, clxn] xfdLn]
lrGtf ug{'kg{] cj:yf 5}g . cfl6{lkml;Pn, d]l;g
nlg{ª OG6]lnh]G;s, cfO{cf]6L, Ans r]g, Snfp8
kmfOe–hLnufotsf] lj:tf/ a9\bf] qmddf 5 .
g]kfndf dlN6«kn ;/sf/L ;+oGqx? /x]sf 5g\ . t/,
l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] ;xfotfn] PsLs[t 9+un] ;/sf/L
;+oGq rnfpg ;lsGYof] . t/, Tof] PsLs[t 9+un] x'g
;s]sf] b]lvPg .
;/sf/n] gofF vfnsf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] s;/L cufNg
;S5g\ eg]/ dnfO{ w]/} k|Zg ;f]Wg] sfd ul/G5 .
clxn] d"ntM ;/sf/n] ljleGg tl/sfaf6 ;]jfk|jfx
ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . xfdL kl5Nnf] ;do Pgfnu
ued]{G6af6 O{–ued{]G6 / clxn] l8lh6n ued{]G6sf]
cj:yfdf cfOk'u]sf 5f}+ .
!= Pgfnu ued]{G6df o;df k'/fg} 9/f{af6 ;]jfk|jfx ug{]
ul/G5 .
@= O{–ued]{G6 o;df ;]G6/ Pk|f]raf6 sfd ul/G5 . of]
;]jf PstkmL{ x'g]u5{ . o;df cfO{;L6Lsf] k|of]u
ul/G5 . t/, sfd eg] k'/fg} 9/f{af6 x'g]u5{ .
#= l8lh6n ued]{G6 ;/sf/L sfd tyf ;]jfk|jfx l8lh6n
?kdf ug{] ul/G5 . of] hgtf s]lGb|t cjwf/0ffaf6
NofOPsf] xf] . o;df 8f6f klAnssf] rfxgfcg';f/
ul/G5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n]] l8lh6n k|m]djs{ NofP/ /fd|f] sfd
u/]sf] 5 . t/, To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos
5 .
2 lsgf]^ :kLr
cfO{;L6L ;]S6/sf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?
dGqfno, ljefu / ;/sf/L sfof{no 5'§f5'§} ;+oGqdf
rn]sfn] klg ;]jfk|jfx r':tb'?:t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g
l8lh6n 6«fG; ld;gsf klg Go"gtd dfkb08 /
cfwf/e"t ?kdf kfngf ul/Psf] 5}g
g]kfndf O{–ued]{G6;Fu ;DalGwt /fd|f] vfnsf] gLlt
tyf sfg'g 5}g .
;fdflhs / ;+:sf/ut sf/0fn] klg g]kfndf ljleGg
vfnsf ;d:of eO/x]sf] 5 .
;/sf/L sd{rf/L k|ljlwk|lt hfgsf/ gx'Fbf ;d:of
5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b;DaGwL sfg'gn] klg ;d:of eO/x]sf]
5 .
;'emfj
;/sf/n] 6k–8fpg cjwf/0faf6 kl/jt{ltt eP/
a6d ck cjwf/0ff kfngf ug{'kg{] x'G5 .
;/sf/n] klAns ;le{;nfO{ hgtfd}qL / cgnfOg
d}qL agfpg'k5{ . hlt;Sbf] ;]jf;'ljwf ;/nLs[t /
agfpFb} n}hfg'k5{ .
sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ gofF k|ljlwnfO{ /fd|f];Fu 1fg ePkl5
dfq} sfof{Gjog ug{'k5{ .
17
 @=$ k]l6«S; nf], ued]{G6 OG8:6«L PS;k6{, x\jfj] PkLP;L -l;+ufk'/_
lsgf]6 l:krsf] ljifo M …l8lh6n 6«fG;kmd{/d];g ;f]n';g PG8 Osf]l;:6d km/ g]kfnÚ
;g\ !(()sf] bzsdf l;+ufk'/df OG6/g]6 nf]slk|o x'bF } lyof] . t/, pgLx?n] tTsfn} OG6/g]6nfO{
cfjZos kg{] ah]6 / ;+/rgf b'j} tof/ kfb{} uPsfn] klg clxn] ToxfF l8lh6n 6«fG;km/d];gsf]
/fd|f] eO/x]sf] 5 . clxn] l8lh6n ?kfGt/0f x/]s If]qdf cTofjZos rLh h:t} eO;s]sf]
5 . of] lagf xfd|f] b}lgsL rNg klg g;Sg] cj:yfdf cfOk'us ] f] 5 . l8lh6n ;]jf lj:tf/
ubf{ ;j}eGbf klxnf k|of]ustf{dq} L ePsf] v08df dfq} k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsG5 . gofF
vfnsf l8lh6n 6]Sgf]nf]hL sfof{Gjog ubf{ ljz]ifu/L k|of]ustf{dq} L / Jofjxfl/s 5 ls 5}g
eGg] kIfnfO{ w]/} vfn ug{k' g{] x'G5 . ;/sf/L ;]jf k|jfx ubf{ klg klg cgnfOg l;:6daf6
klg Psåf/ /lh:6];g l;:6dnfO{ a9fjf lbFb} cl3 a9fpg'kg{] x'G5 . l8lh6n 6fG;kmd{; ] gsf
d'Vo r'gf}tLsf ?kdf ;]So'l/6L y|6] , ah]6 v]/ hfg], ;]jfu|fxLd}qL gx'gn' ufot b]lvPsf 5g\ .
l8lh6n 6fG;km/d];g of] k|ljlw dfq} xf]Og\ ;]jfu|fxLn] of] ;]jfsf] s:tf] cg'el" t u5{g\ eGg]
s'/fdf klg Vofn ug{k' g{] x'G5 . Tof] ug{ g;s]sf] v08df k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfof{Gjog ug{
;lsFbg} . Pp6f ;+:yf vf]Ng w]/} ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu cg'dlt lng'kg{] ePsfn] klg cgnfOgaf6
PsLs[t vfnsf] ;]jf / cg'dlt lng] l;:6dsf] ljsf; ug{k' g{] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . Pp6f
dGqfno jf lgsfoaf6 csf{] lgsfodf l8lh6n ?kdf g} sfd ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{k' g{]
x'G5 . clxn] ljZjsf clwsf+z + d'ns' n] l8lh6n 6fG;km/d];g /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogdf NofO;s]sf
5g\ . ;+oQ' m /fHo cd]l/sLn] @)!@ l8lh6n ued]G{ 6 /0fgLlt, a]nfotn] o"s] @)@! l8lh6n
2 lsgf]^ :kLr

/0fgLlt, rLgn] l8lh6n rfOgf PG8 OG6/g]6, ef/tn] l8lh6n OlG8of tyf g]kfnn] …l8lh6n
g]kfn k|md] js{Ú cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf nfUg' cfjZos 5 .

;f/ / lgisif{
xfnsf] cj:yf
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; jflif{s @) k|ltztsf
b/n]
hL8LkLdf o;sf] of]ubfg @=@@ k|ltzt dfq /x]sf]
!# k|ltzt sDkfgLn] ;km\6j]/ lgof{t ul//x]sf]
jflif{s & xhf/ %)) u|]h'o6 ahf/df cfpg] u/]sf]
jflif{s lgof{t !) s/f]8 b]lv @) s/f]8 cd]l/sL
8n/
s'n cfoft ^^ ca{
r'gf}tL
o'jfx? cfslif{t eP klg cem} bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj
k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf a|f]8AofG8 sg]lS6le6Lnufotsf
k"jf{wf/ cem} sdhf]/
cfO{;L6L pBdLnfO{ gLltut k|f]T;fxgsf] sdL
l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf
nfu" ug]{ k|of; eP klg u'0f:t/Lo / e/kbf]{ l8lh6n
;]jf ;j{;'ne x'g g;s]sf]
g]kfndf cfO{;L6Ldf cfwfl/t Joj;fosf] nfut a9L
b]lvPsf]
8f6f ;]So'l/6L 8f6f / 8f6f k|fOe];Lsf] r'gf}tL
cfO{;L6L If]qdf nufgL / /f]huf/Lnufot cy{tGqdf
of]ubfg Go"g
cTofjZos ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf cem} cfO{;L6Lsf] kof{Kt
pkof]u x'g g;s]sf]
casf] af6f]
l8lh6n g]kfn k|m]djs{nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ah]6
k|0ffnL, ;+:yfut Joj:yf / /fli6«o gLlt;Fu ;dfof]hg
ub}{ hfg'kg]{
k"jf{wf/sf] lj:tf/ / u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ ug{'kg]{
hgzlQmsf] cefj sd ug{ ljZjljBfnonufotsf
z}lIfs ;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{'kg]{ / sf]6f k|0ffnL
x6fpg'kg]{
cfO{;L6Ldf cfwfl/t Joj;fosf] nfut sd ug{ kxn
ug{kg]{ tyf s]xL jif{ s/ 5'6sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{
OG6/g]6nfO{ df}lns clwsf/sf] ?kdf dfGotf lbO{
;:tf] / ;j{;'ne agfpg'kg]{
8f6f ;]G6/ / 8f6f ;]So'/]6LnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf
lbg'kg]{
hg:t/b]lv ;/sf/L lgsfo;Dddf l8lh6n lzIff
a9fpg'kg]{
cfO{;L6Ldf nufgL j[l4dfkm{t /f]huf/L / /fh:jsf]
k|d'v ;|f]t agfO{ cy{tGqsf] d"n vDafsf ?kdf
ljsf; ug{'kg]{
cfO{;L6L;Fu ;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfg'g 5'§} x'g'kg]{
cfO{;L6L If]qdf ;/sf/ / lghL If]qaLr k|efsf/L
;dGjo / ;xsfo{ a9fpg]

18
 #=! sfo{kq k|:t'lt M …cfO{6L OG8l:6«LM kfjl/ª bL l8lh6n g]kfnÚ
k|:tf]tf
pd]z /3'j+zL, cfO{6L OG6/k]|g/,
l;O{cf], OGkmf]8]enk;{
jt{dfg cj:yf
clxn] cfO{6L If]q a;{]lg @) k|ltztsf b/n] j[l4 x'Fb}
cfO/x]sf] 5 . clxn] g]kfndf OG6/g]6 / a|f]8AofG8
;]jfsf] kx'Frdf w]/} j[l4 ePsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
of] Psbd} /fd|f] Kn]6 kmd{ xf] l8lh6naf/] s'/f
ug]{ . oL s'/fnfO{ u|x0f ul/lbPsf] v08df cfO{;L6L
OG8l:6«hn] km8\sf] dfg{] ;fy{stf kfpg]5 .
g]kfnsf] cfO{;L6Lsf] cj:yf cfheGbf #) jif{ cufl8
pTkfbg -hL8LkL_ df e"ldsf v]Nb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . of]
;+Vof @) b]lv #) k|ltztdf hfg'kg{] x'G5 .
cfO{6L If]qn] g]kfndf s'n cfoftsf] %=^ k|ltzt
cyf{t\ ^^ ca{ ?k}ofF a/fa/sf] lx:;f cf]u6\b}
cfO/x]sf] 5 .
clxn] Sof; 6' Sof;n];, k]k/ 6' k]k/ n];, km];6'
km];n];sf] cjwf/0ff Jofks ?kdf ljsf; eO/x]sf]
5 . kl5Nnf] ;do cToflws ?kdf Osd;{ If]qsf]
x\jft} j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . /fO8 ;]ol/ª ;]jf cToflws
j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 .
clxn] gofF gofF ;"rgf k|ljlw x/]s If]qdf h:tf]
k|of]u x'Fb} cfO/fv]sf 5g\ . cfO{;L6L pBf]usf nflu

3 sfo{kq k|:t'lt
g]kfnsf] cfO{;L6L If]q dfOqmf] / ldgL sDKo'6/af6 5'§} ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] Joj:yf 5}g .
clxn] ;'k/ sDKo'6/sf] cj:yfdf cfOk'u]sf 5f}+ . clxn]
g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnodf ;'k/ sDKo'6/sf]
:yfkgf eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . cfO{;L6L ;]S6/sf r'gf}tL / ;d:ofx?
sDo'lgs];sf] s'/f ug{] xf] eg] df]xg cfsfzjf0fLaf6 cfO{;L6L If]qdf bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj
clxn] kmfOe–hL 6]Sgf]nf]hLdf cfO;s]sf 5f}+ . g]kfn cfO{;L6L If]qsf] z}lIfs hgzlQm / cfO{6L pBf]uaLr
6]lnsdn] kmfOe–hLsf] clxn] cEof; ul//x]sf] 5 . /fd|f];Fu ;Gt'ng x'g ;s]sf] 5}g
casf] s]xL ;doleq} of] klg sfof{Gjog x'g]5 . nf]sn cfO{;L6Lsf nflu rflxg] 5'§} vfnsf] hgzlQm /
sDkgL Unf]an sDkgLsf ?kdf :yflkt x'Fb}5g\ . dhb'/sf] cefj 5
ljutdf cfO{6Lsf] Pp6f dfq} ljZjljBfno clxn] :yfgLo cfO{6L sDkgLaf6 x'g] /fh:j ;+sng
lyof] . cfh !% cf]6f ljZjljBfno /x]sf 5g\ . / cfp6;f]l;{ªaf6 x'g] cfDbfgLsf] oyfy{ ;+sng x'g
ljZjljBfnodf cfO{;L6Lsf] k9fO x'g yfn]sf] 5 . g;Sbf ld;kmf;sf] cj:yf 5 .
k|To]s jif{ g]kfndf cfO{6L ljifodf :gfts ug{] & :yfgLo cfO{6L sDkgLnfO{ s'g} vfnsf] ;x'lnot /
xhf/ % ;osf] b/n] k|ltjif{ gofF hgzlQm dfs{]6df 5'6 5}g . cfO{6L sDkgLsf nflu cfly{s ;|f]tsf]
cfO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf hlt klg cfO{6L sDkgL cefj sfod} 5 . k|fb]lzs txdf klg cfO{6Lsf]
5g\ . tLdWo] !# k|ltztn] ljb]zdf ;km\6j]o/ lgof{t ;+/rgf lgs} sdhf]/ 5 . luu sDkgLsf] l8lh6n
ub{} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf ;km\6j]o/ sDkgLn] g]kfndf e"ldsf c;fWo} Go"g / sd 5 . g]kfnsf]
jflif{s Ps ;ob]lv @ ;o ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g / lgodfjnL cfO{6L If]qd}qL
a/fa/sf] ;km\6j]o/ lgof{t ub{} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . 5}gg\ .
clxn] xfdL luu Osf]gf]lddf /x]sf 5f}+ . luu Osf]gf]dL ;/sf/n] klg cfO{6L If]qdf slgsf 5/]h:tf] ah]6
eg]sf] ;/sf/;Fu cfj4 /x]/ jf g/x]/ ug{] sfd xf] . ljlgof]hg u/]sfn] dxŒjk"0f{ of]hgf cl3 a9\g ;s]sf]
cfO{;L6L If]qn] clxn] @=@@ k|ltzt s'n u|fx:y{ 5}g .PsLs[t ?kdf ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf / k|f]h]S6 cl3
a9fpg'kg{] x'G5 .
;'emfj
cfO{6Lsf nflu 5'§} vfnsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnL tof/ kfg{'kg{] cfjZostf b]lvG5 .
;/sf/n] ah]6 lgdf{0f / th{'df ubf{ klg l8lh6n g]kfnnfO{ d'Vo OlG8s]6/sf] ?kdf /fVg'kg{] x'G5 .
;/sf/n] cfO{6L If]qnfO{ 6\ofS; xf]ln8] 3f]if0ff ug{'k5{ .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;:yfn] cfO{6L If]qnfO{ ;x'lnot Aofhb/df C0f k|jfx ug{'kg{] .
cfO{;L6L If]qsf hgzlQm 5'§} Joj:yfkg ug{'kg{] .
;/sf/n] cfO{6Lsf 7"nf vfnsf kl/of]hgf lelqg] jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{'kg{] .

19
 P;]lG;ª lb s/]G6 :6]6 ckm l8lh6n g]kfn Kn; Kn;
;+jfb xf]:6 M ;df yfkf
klxnf] lbg, bf];|f] ;q

s_ ;+jfb ;q ! M l8lh6n OGkm|f:6S6r/ PG8 sg]lS6le6L

Kofgn ;b:ox?
PG8L rf]ª, ;LO{cf], Pg;]n
;l~hj /fhe08f/L, k|aGw lgb{]zs, ds{G6fOn sDkgL
8f= ;'/]Gb| xf8f, lgb]{zs, g]kfn b'/;~rf/ k|flws/0f
;'lbk cfrfo{, k|aGw lgb{]zs, l8;xf]d kmfOa/ g]6
;xhstf{ M d+u];nfn >]i7, Unf]an efO; k]l;8]G6, u|f]y, kmf]:6{ PG8 l;lneg

k|:tf]tf
lago af]xf]/f
k|aGw lgb]{zs, efofg]6 sDo'lgs];g

ljifo M
l8lh6n OGkm|f:6S6r/ PG8 sg]lS6le6L M
P;]lG;ª lb s/]G6 :6]6 ckm l8lh6n g]kfn Kn; Kn;
20
jt{dfg cj:yf
g]kfndf clxn] # xhf/ lsnf]ld6/ cf]kLhL8An" kmfOa/
g]6js{ lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0fs}
kmfOa/ k"jf{wf/df cfwfl/t eP/ cGo ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLn]
;]jf lj:tf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] OG6/g]6 ;]jfk|bfos;Fu
;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 .
clxn];Dd d'n'se/sf ljBfno, :jf:Yorf}sLnufotsf !*
xhf/eGbf w]/} lgsfodf OG6/g]6sf] ;]jf lj:tf/ ePsf]
5 . of] &$ lhNnfdf 5 .
clxn] g]kfn b'/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] ^ xhf/
lsnf]ld6/ kmfOa/ lj5\ofpg] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .
clxn] (( k|ltzt hgtfdf df]afOn a|f]G8AofG8 k'u]sf]
5 . #) k|ltzt hgtfdf lkmS:8 a|f]8AofG8 OG6/g]6
k'u]sf] 5 .
Kofgn ;b:ox?
s_ PG8L rf]ª, ;LO{cf], Pg;]n
xfdLn] ljut #÷$ jif{b]lv l8lh6n Osf]gf]dLdf s]lGb|t
eP/ sfd ub{} cfO/x]sf 5f}+ . xfdLn] eljiosf] l8lh6n
g]kfnsf] /0fgLltnfO{ k|If]k0f u/]/ 8f6f ;]G6/, kmfOa/
clK6sn g]6js{nufotsf k"jf{wf/df hf]8 lbFb} cfO/x]sf 5f+} .
Pg;]n sDkgL cfufdL lbgdf (% k|ltzt hg;+Vofdf cfkm\gf]
clK6sn kmfOa/ lj:tf/ ug{] of]hgf;lxt cufl8 al9/x]sf]
5 . l8lh6n cy{tGqnfO{ rnfodfg u/fpgsf nflu d'Vo
?kdf 6]Sgf]nf]hL, nfut, bIf hgzlQmsf] e"ldsf lgs} 7"nf]
x'g]u5{ . oL lagf l8lh6n cy{tGqnfO{ rnfodfg u/fpg
;lsFb}g .
d]/f] ljrf/df ljutsf] rf/ jif{ cufl8nfO{ kms{]/ x]bf{
/fd|f] ln8/l;ksf] cefjn] ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ;f]r]cg';f/sf]
ljsf; x'g g;s]sf] xf] . t/, xfdL;Fu gofF vfnsf ;"rgf
k|ljlw pknAw lyof] g} . t/, ;f] cjlwdf xfdL;Fu gofF
vfnsf k|ltefjfg\ hgzlQmnfO{ leœofpg g;Sbf s]xL ;d:of
b]lvPsf] lyof] . jf:tjdf ljut b'O{ jif{df dxfdf/Ln] Jofkf/sf]
se{df kSs} klg wSsf lbPsf] 5 . xfdLn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
u_ ;l~hj /fhe08f/L, k|aGw lgb{]zs, ds{G6fOn sDkgL
ds{G6fOn sDkgLn] kmfOa/ clK6snsf ;fy;fy} ;]6nfO6
b'j}sf] k|of]u ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . xfdL d'n'ssf] && j6}
lhNnfdf ;]6]nfO6dfkm{t sg]l6leS6L eO;s]sf 5f}+ . t/, %
j6f af]8{/ kf]OG6df dfq} clK6sn kmfOa/ lj:tf/ u/]sf 5f}+ .
u|fdL0f If]qdf OG6/g]6 tyf a|f]8AofG8 ;le{;sf] k"jf{wf/ lgs}
sd 5 . csf{]tkm{ k"jf{wf/ k'¥ofpg klg lgs} vlr{nf] ePsfn]
t'ngfTds ?kdf ;d:of eO/x]sf] 5 .
;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ d'2f
l8lh6n kmfpG8];g g} l8lh6n g]kfnsf] hu xf]
sg]lS6«le6L u/]/ dfq} l8lh6n g]kfnsf] ;kgf ;fsf/
x'g]5 . clxn] ePsf] s]g]lS6«le6L PS;]; g]6js{ / cGo
g]6js{sf nflu cfjZos s] s] k5{g\, To;sf] ljsf;
ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .
clxn] g]kfndf 8f6f ;]G6/, ;L8LPg g]6js{, OG6/g]6
PS;r]Ghsf] k"jf{wf/ cfjZos 5 . clxn] OG6/g]6
PS;r]Gh sf7df8f}+df dfq} 5 of] ;ft} k|b]zdf lj:tf/ ug{
cfjZos 5 .
clxn] klg lgoldt lah'nLsf] ;d:of 5 . h;sf] ;dfwfg
cfjZos 5 .
Pp6} vfnsf] k"jf{wf/ ePsf] ;+/rgf lsg gagfpg],
agfpg' cfjZos 5 .
g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0fsf] ;+/rgfdf PsLs[t vfnsf]
of]hgf agfpg cfjZos 5 .
klxnf] lbg, bf];|f] ;q
clwstd k|of]u u/]/ dflg;sf] dfOG8 ;]6 g} kl/tj{tg ug{
h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 . gofF k|ljlw;Fu hgtfnfO{ ;dfof]hg
ub{} n}hfg'kg{] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . clxn]sf] ;docg';f/
hgtfsf] dfOG8 ;]6nfO{ abn]/ gofF k|ljlwcg';f/sf] r]tgf
km}nfpg h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 . xfdLn] l8lh6n :6«f6]hL /
nufgLdf ljz]if Wofg lbFb} cfO/x]sf 5f}+ . ;/sf/n] cl3
;fg{] gLlt sfo{qmdn] kSs} klg cfly{s ;d[l4sf nflu
lglZrt jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{] jf k|f]T;fxg ug{] sfd ug{'k5{ .
;/sf/af6 gLltx¿ s;/L ;fj{hlgs ;fem]bf/L k|m]djs{;Ifd
x'g'kg{] cfjZos klg 5 . ;/sf/n] h] s'/f klg cfkm}+af6 ug{]
xf]Og, cGo lgsfonfO{ ;fe]mbf/L u/]/ cl3 a9]sf] v08df
kSs} klg ;kmntf xft kfg{ ;lsG5 . t/, ;/sf/ PSn} u5{'
eg]/ tlD;Fbfv]/L ljleGg vfnsf ;d:of tyf afwfx? cfpg
;Sg]5g\ . ut !) b]lv !@ dlxgfdf ljZjsf w]/}h;f] e"efudf
lrk;]6sf] cefjn] d"No cToflws ?kdf j[l4 x'Fb} cfO/x]sf]
5 . t/, xfdLn] ;:tf] / ;'ne b/df ;]jf pknAw u/fpg'kg{]
afWotf klg sfod} 5 .
u|fdL0f If]qdf klg ljZ;gLo / e/kbf{] vfnsf]
OG6/g]6 a|f]8AofG8 ;le{; k'¥ofPsf] v08df clxn]
l8lh6n l8efO8sf] ;d:of klg s]xL xb;Dd sd ug{
;lsGYof] . lah'nLsf] lgoldt ;]jf k|jfx gx'g' / af/Daf/
nf]8;]l8ª / g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0fn] cfkm\gf] kf]nef8fsf]
ljjfbnufotsf sf/0fn] klg OG6/g]6 ;]jf lj:tf/df ;d:of
eO/x]sf] 5 .
21
 u_ 8f= ;'/]Gb| xf8f, lgb{]zs, g]kfn b'/;~rf/ k|flws/0f
g]kfn b'/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] @)&@ ;fnsf] e"sDk otf g}
l8lh6n kmfpG8];gsf] If]qdf sfd ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . e"sDk
k|efljt If]qdf xfdLn] OG6/g]6 ;]jf lj:tf/ uof}{+ . g]kfn
b'/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ kmfOehL 6\ofnL
ug{ cg'dlt ;d]t lbO;s]sf] 5 . :jf:Yo rf}sL, ufpFkflnsf,
j8f sfof{no, ljBfno ^) xhf/ ! ;o $& ljleGg ;/sf/L
lgsfosf sfof{nodf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k'¥ofPsf 5f}+ . cfufdL
jif{df @# xhf/ cfwf/e"t ljBfnodf a|f]8AofG8 OG6/g]6
k'¥ofpg] nIo 5 . l8lh6n g]kfn k|m]djs{ sfof{Gjog ug{]
;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno / g]kfn b'/;~rf/
k|flws/0fsf] dfq} lhDd]jf/L xf]Og . of] t PsLs[t 9+un] ;a}
dGqfno, ljefu tyf cGo lgsfon] xft]dfnf] ub{} cl3 a9]sf]
v08df dfq} sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;df lghL If]q,
cGt/f{li6«o lgsfo ;a} ldn]/ sfof{Gjog ug{'kg{] b]lvG5 .
l8lh6nfOh];gsf nflu ;a} lgsfon] Pscfk;df k"jf{wf/
;]ol/ª u/]/ sfd ug{'kg{] cfjZostf v8\lsPsf] 5 . OG6/
g]6nfO{ cTofjZos ;]jfsf ?kdf lrlqt ul/Fb} cfO/x]sf]
5 . t/, df}lns clwsf/sf ?kdf ;'lglZrt eO;s]sf] 5}g .

3_ ;'lbk cfrfo{, k|aGw lgb{]zs, l8;xf]d kmfOa/ g]6

;'?jftL r/0fdf l8dxf]d :of6]nfO6df cfwfl/t 6]lnlehg 5 . Tolt dfq} xf]Og, /fHosf nflu klg kmfObf hgs g}
l8l:6«Ao';g sDkgLsf ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . t/, clxn] l8dxf]d ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd klg
kmfOa/ g]6sf ?kdf l8lh6n alg;s]sf] 5 . l8lh6ndf l8lh6nfOh];g d}qL agfP/sf] v08df ;'b"/ eljio klg kSs}
klxnf] lbg, bf];|f] ;q

hfFbfv]l/ w]/} u|fxs / sDkgL b'j}nfO{ kmfObfhgs g} /x]sf] ;'Gb/ x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf 5f}+ .

;f/ / lgisif{
p7]sf ;jfn
;/sf/L lgsfo / ;j{;fw/0fdf l8lh6n lzIffsf] cefj
cfO{;L6Ldf bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, k"jf{wf/sf] ;]ol/ª Pj+ sfg'gL ;'wf/df ;+a4 ;/sf/L lgsfox?aLr ;dGjosf] cefj
8f6fsf] kx'Frdf sl7gfO
kmfOj/ clK6snnufotsf k|d'v k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; lgs} l9nf] ultdf ePsf]
cfO{;L6L;DaGwL z'Nssf] k|efjsf/L lgodg x'g g;s]sf]
u|fdL0f If]qdf hfg] sDkgLsf nflu nfut a9L eP klg k|f]T;fxg cefj

casf] af6f]
u'0f:t/Lo k"jf{wf/ ;lxtsf] sg]lS6le6LnfO{ k|d'v k|fyldstfdf /fvL k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ult b|"t agfpg'kg]{
;/sf/ / lghL If]qaLr l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjosf nflu k|efjsf/L ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ h?/L
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ;/sf/L lgsfox?df ;dGjosf] cefj x6fO k"jf{wf/sf] nflu ;+o'Qm sDkgL v8f ug{'kg]{
u'0f:t/Lo ljh'nL cfk"lt{ ;lxt e/kbf]{ / Jofks k"jf{wf/ ;+hfn lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{
u|fxs s]lGb|t ;]jfdf s]lGb|t x'g'kg]{
u|fdL0f If]qdf hfg] sDkgLx?nfO{ a]Un}?kdf k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf u/L nfut sd ug{'kg]{
OG6/g]6nfO{ df}lns xs hlQs} k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kg]{
l8lh6n lzIffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO hg:t/df l8lh6nfOh]zgnfO{ ckgfpg] jftfj/0f agfpg' kg]{

22
 v_ ;+jfb ;q–@ M l8lh6n l:sn, 6\ofn]G6 k'n PG8
l8lh6n js{kmf];{ km/ l8lh6n g]kfn

k|:tf]tf
8f= ;'/]z kf]v/]n, cfO{6L k|f]u|fd 8fO/]S6/
k|]l;8]lG;on lahg]; :s'n

ljifo M
l8lh6n l:sn, 6\ofn]G6 k'n PG8
l8lh6n js{kmf];{ km/ l8lh6n g]kfn
;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ d'2f M l8lh6n l:sn cfO{6L If]qsf sfdbf/ tyf lj1nfO{
l8lh6n jN8{ aGg w]/} k|sf/sf tŒjx? ldn]/ ag]sf dfq} xf]Og, l8lh6n ;fdfg rnfpg] x/]snfO{ cfjZos

klxnf] lbg, bf];|f] ;q

x'G5 . Pp6f lrhn] dfq} xf]Og, o;sf nflu w]/} k"jf{wf/x?
/ l:snx? cfjZos kg{]u5{ .
l8lh6n l8efO; PG8 8f6f ;]G6/ Pp6f cleGg c+ux?
x'g\ . csf{] OG6/g]6 sg]lS6«le6L klg xf] . ;km\6j]o/ klg
cfjZosdf k5{ . l8lh6n js{kmf];{ cyf{t\ hgzlQm klg
cfjZos kg{]u5{ . ;km\6j]o/ rf6{ af]6, /f]af]l6ª k|f];];
c6f]d];gnufotdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ .
l8lh6n jN8{ rnfpg l8lh6n ;fIf/tf ePsf] hgzlQm
cTofjZos x'g]u5{ .
kg{]u5{ . l8lh6n l:sn klg cfwf/e"t / P8efG; u/]/
b'O{ yl/sf x'g]u5{g\ .
xfdLn] l8lh6n l:sn / hgzlQm pTkfbg u/]sf] v08df
g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus If]qb]lv cGo If]qdf klg pkef]u
ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/, u}/;/sf/L tyf
lghL If]qn] xft]dfnf] ub{} hgzlQm / ;fIftf a9fpg]tkm{
cl3 a9\g] a]nf eO;s]sf] 5 . sf]le8 dxfdf/Lsf]
;dodf g]kfndf l8lh6n l:snsf] cTofjZos ePsf]
lyof] . clxn] klg kof{Kt dfqfdf l8lh6n lzIffsf] cefj
v8\lsPsf] b]lvG5 .

;f/ / lgisif{
p7]sf ;jfn
;fOj/ ;]So'l/6L, 8f6f ;]So'l/6L, 8f6f k|fOe];Lsf] r'gf}tL
cfjZos bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj
l8lh6n l8efO8sf] ;d:of sfod /x]sf]n] cj;/df c;dfgtf
l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf clxn] klg ljZjf; x'g g;s]sf]
z}lIfs ;+:yf / hgzlQmsf] dfuaLr tfbDotf x'g g;s]sf]
o; If]qsf pbfpFbf ljifodf cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] sdL
P8efG; l:sn, ;km\6 l:sn / lzIfssf] cefj

casf] af6f]
;/sf/, cfO{;6L sDkgL / ljZjljBfno ldn]/ cfO{;L6L 6\ofn]G6\; k'n lgdf{0f u/L bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj x6fpg ;lsg]
;a} gful/sdf l8lh6n ;fIf/tf k'¥ofpg] cleofgcl3 Nofpg'kg]{ h;df tflnd tyf tNnf] sIffb]lv g} cWofkg u/fOg' kg]{
s]xL jif{;Dd s/ 5'6sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{
cfp6;f]l;{ª sDkgLnfO{ gLltut ;'wf/ u/L ;xh?kdf Joj;fosf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/g'kg]{
hgzlQmsf] cefj x6fpg z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ul/g'kg]{
bIf lzIfsnfO{ cfslif{t u/L k|fyldstxb]lv u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbg'kg]{

23
 u_ ;+jfb ;q–#M 8f6fUofK; M la|ªluª bL 8f6f OG6' bL ;]G6/ :6]h
klxnf] lbg, bf];|f] ;q

Kofgn ;b:ox?
k"j{dGqL ;'/]Gb| kf08]
jL/]Gb|s'df/ ld>, k"j{;x;lrj, ;+rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno
;xhstf{ M x]dkfn >]i7, ;"rgf k|ljlw lj1

k|:tf]tf
;lngf 8+uf]n
cfO{6L lgb{]zs,
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno
k|:tf]tf k|:tf]tf
;hgf dxh{g cdfTo k|zGg 9'+u]n
k|f]ufd 8fO/]S6/, ;LO{cf], u|f]afO{ 8f6f
lb Pl;of kmfpG8];g ljifo M
8f6f OlG6«u];g PG8
O6\; Rofn]Gh Og
ljifo M OlDKd]G6];g ckm
8f6fUofK; M ljifo M Oue{g]G; Og b km]8/n
la|ªluª bL 8f6f 8f6f UofK; PG8 k|f]lel;on PG8 nf]sn
OG6' bL ;]G6/ :6]h k|fOe]6 ;]S6/ 8f6f n]en ckm g]kfn

24
 k|:t'ltx?
s_ ;hgf dxh{g cdfTo, k|f]ufd 8fO/]S6/, lb Pl;of kmfpG8];g
tYof+ssf] cfjZostf M
k|hftflGqs d'n'ssf] zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu 8f6f cToGt}
cTofjZos j:t' xf] . dfgj hLjgsf nflu /utsf] hlt
cfjZos k5{ d'n's rnfpg klg 8]6f Tolts} cfjZos k5{ .
;/sf/ ;a}eGbf w]/} 8f6f pTkfbg ug{] lgsfosf ?kdf /xFb}
cfO/x]sf] 5 . s'g} klg d'n'ssf] gofF vfnsf] gLlt lgdf{0f
ug{ 8f6fsf] cfjZos kg{]u5{ . r':tb'?:t ;]jfk|jfx ug{ klg
8f6fsf] cfjZostf kg{]u5{ . 8f6fsf] sf/0fn] ;/sf/n]
cfkm\gf] ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ ;xh ?kdf cl3 a9fpg, pTkfbsTj
a9fpg, ;/sf/nfO{ yk kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL agfpg d2t
k'¥ofpF5 . 8f6fn] ;/sf/ / hgtfaLrsf] Uofk klg cGTo
ug{]5 . g]kfndf s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefun] ;a}eGbf w]/} 8f6f
pTkfbg ug{] sfd u5{ . g]kfndf tLg txsf] ;/sf/ /x]sf]
5 . ;+3Lo ;/sf/df s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefun] 8f6f pTkfbg
ug{] sfd u5{ . ;a}eGbf w]/} tYof+s lbg] :yfgLo ;/sf/ klg
v_ k|zGg 9'+u]n, ;LO{cf], u|f]afO{ 8f6f
8f6fsf] dxŒj M
8f6f ;f];fO6Ln] xfd|f] b}lgs ;d:of xn ug{ d2t
k'¥ofpg]u5{ . w]/} qmfOd x'g] 7fpFsf] 8f6f ;+sng u/]/ ;f]
7fpFdf k|x/L /fv]sf] v08df qmfOdsf] sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
kf;kf]6{ / nfO;]G;sf] Od]ndfkm{t ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;s]
w]/} kmfObf lng ;lsG5 . sf]/fgfsf] a]nf 3/3/df vfg]s'/f
cfof] . 8f6f :jf:Yo If]qdf x/]s If]qdf cfjZos 5 . 8f6fn]
;dfhnfO{ g} ;DkGg u/fpg]u5{ .
u_ ;lngf 8+uf]n, cfO{6L lgb{]zs, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno
;+3Lo ;/sf/ dftxt /fli6«o kl/rokq, ;jf/L rfns
cg'dltkq, cgnfOg /fh:j l;:6d, nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]
cgnfOg cfj]bg, 6\ofS; sn]S;g l;:6d, gful/stf
Joj:yfkg tyf ;"rgf l;:6dnufotsf /x]sf 5g\ .
k|fb]lzs ;+/rgfcGtu{t cgnfOg PShf; kmd /lh:6«];g,
/]e]No" l;:6d / 6\ofS; l;:6d /x]sf] 5 .
:yfgLo ;/sf/ dftxt :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k|f]kmfOn,
6\ofS; l;:6d / /]e]Go' l;:6dnufot /x]sf 5g\ .
sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of / ;Daf]wg M
;/sf/n] s'g} klg sfd gu/]/ xfdL klg km:6];gdf
uO;s]sf 5f}+ . g]kfn clxn] klg k'/ftg k|ljlwaf6} rNb}
cfO/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf a;{]lg w]/} ;km\6j]o/ aGg] u5{g\ . hfg] sd{rf/Ln]
k'/fgf] ;km\6j]o/sf] kf;j8{ ;d]t x:tfGt/0f u/]/ hfFb}gg\ .
a;{]lg p:t} vfnsf ;km\6j]o/ lgdf{0f ug{] ul/G5 . 8f6fdf
8'lAns];g x'g] ;Defjgf cToflws 5 . 8f6f ;]ol/ªdf w]/}
xf] . :yfgLo txn] cfkm}+n] pTkfbg u/]sf] 8f6f klg kof{Kt
dfqfdf k|of]u ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . of] lgs} b'Mvb s'/f xf] .
:yfgLo txn] tYof+s ljefun] kof{Kt dfqfdf tYoff+s ;+sng
u/] klg :yfgLo :t/df pknAw u/fPsf] u'gf;f] ug{] u5{g\ .
;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ d'2fx? M
8f6f Uofk cGTo ug{ ug{'kg{] sfdx? M
8f6f Uofksf] cGTo ug{sf nflu ltg} txsf ;/sf/n]
PsLs[t 9+un] 8f6f ;+sng / k|of]u ug{]
tLg txsf 8f6f ;+sng ug{] lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4
ug{'kg{]
sfof{nosf] k|zf;lgs Ifdtfdf klg clej[l4 tyf
;'wf/ ug{'kg{]
8f6fsf] :t/Ls[t ;+of]hgsf] e"ldsf v]Ng'kg{]
klxnf] lbg, bf];|f] ;q
;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ d'2f M
8f6f 6]lgª ;]G6/ vf]n]/ cWoog u/fpg klg ;lsG5
t/ ljb]zL 8f6f ;]G6/ vf]Ng klg w]/} emGem6 eg]
5 .
8f6f ;]G6/ vf]Ng Psåf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kg{]
b]lvG5 .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] klg 8f6f sDkgLdf nufgL
ug{'kg{] x'G5 .
;/sf/n] 7"nf vfnsf 8f6f sDkgL cfsif{0f u/fpgsf
nflu k|f]T;fxg lbg'k5{ .
;d:of 5 . 8f6fnfO{ vf;} dxŒj lbPsf] b]lvFb}g .
tLgcf]6} ;/sf/aLr s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{
ePsf] b]lvGg . 8f6fsf] ;xh pknAwtf 5}g / s'g}
klg sfd ubf{ 8f6f pknAw gx'g] ;d:of 5 . cem} klg
slt 3/w'/L / slt /f]huf/L 5g\ eGg] oyfy{ 8f6f kfpg
;ls/x]sf 5}gf+} .
;/sf/n] sd{rf/LnfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] tflnd tyf
Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmd u/]sf] 5}g .
;/sf/L lgsfo t];|f] kIf;Fu dfq} lge{/ x'g] cj:yf 5 .
tLgj6} ;/sf/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{]u/L s'g} klg PsLs[t
vfnsf] gLltlgod tyf lgb{]lzsf 5}g .
8f6f ;]ol/ª, 8f6f e]l/lkms];g,8f6f OlG6«u];g,
8f6f ;]lu|P;g, 8f6f ;]So'l/6L, d]6f 8f6f, 8f6f
k|fOe];L, 8f6f Dofg]hd]G6, 8f6f :6f]/]h, 8f6f jo/
l;k, 8f6f cl86nufotsf y'k|} ug{'kg{] sfd clxn];Dd
ePsf] b]lvGg .
25
 Kofgn ;b:ox?
s_ ;'/]Gb| kf08], k"j{cy{dGqL
8]6fnfO{ s]an 6]Sgf]nf]hL;Fu dfq} hf]8]/ x]g{'xF'b}g . d}n]
s;/L x]/]sf] 5' eg] 8f6f Osf]gf]ldS; xf] . OG6/g]6 Osf]gf]ldsf]
cWoog gu/L casf] cy{zf:q cl3 a9\g ;Sb}g . clxn]
8f6fsf] vl/b laqmL eO/x]sf] 5 .
casf] ;dodf ;a}eGbf w]/} vl/blaqmL 8f6fsf] g} x'g]5 .
hf];Fu 8]6f x'g]5, Tof] wgL x'g]5 . hf];Fu x'b}+g Tof] ul/a
x'g]5 . 8]6f Osf]gf]ldS;sf] 7"nf] kf6f] xf] . xfd|f] 8f6f
;]G6/sf] k|of]u / lj:tf/ x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . clxn]
cfOl;6Ldf nufgL u/]sf] v08df hL8LkLdf @ k|ltzt j[l4
ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5 . clxn] klg 8f6fsf] ;a}eGbf w]/}
pTkfbs ;/sf/ /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] af6f] agfOg] sfd u5{ .
hgtfn] af6f]df k;n tyf cGo Jofkf/ u/]/ cfDbfgL ug{]
sfd u5{ . 8f6fsf] eljio pHhjn 5 . g]kfnn] 8f6fdf
k|ult klg ul//x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] 8f6f k|fOe];Lsf] klg
;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gdf Wofg lbg'kg{] cj:yf cfO;s]sf] 5 .
clxn] csf{]sf] lghL cg'ej klg 8f6fsf] dfWodaf6 Jofkf/
ug{] sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . clxn] wgL / ul/aaLrsf] vf8n a9\b]
qmddf /x]sf] 5 . ca 8f6fn] ;Qfkn6 klg ug{ ;Sg] v'aL
b]lvPsf] 5 .
8f6f k|fOe];L / d'gfkmf b'j}nfO{ dxŒjsf ;fy x]g'{k5{ .
;/sf/n] Pp6f vfnsf] P]g lgdf{0f ug{ h?/L 5 . clxn]
/fli6«o kl/rokq / kf;kf]6{df OG6/ln+s ul/lbg] sfd u/]sf]
5 . Pp6f gful/stfaf6 @ ;o %) j6f;Dd kf;kf]6{ lgdf{0f
x'g] sfd u/]sf] 5 . o;n] p:t} vfnsf afof]d]l6«sn] cGt/
klg b]vfOlbg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L lgsfoaLr ;dGjo
u/]/ cfjZos vfnsf] sfg'g Nofpg h?/L 5 .

v_ jL/]Gb|s'df/ ld>, k"j{;x;lrj, ;+rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno

klxnf] lbg, bf];|f] ;q

8]6f ue{g]G; g} clxn]sf] O{–ue{g]G; xf] . ;a}eGbf klxnf sfo{ljlw NofP/ cl3 a9fpg'kg{] h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 .
8f6f :6«fG8fOh];g kmd{df /fVg'kg{] x'G5 . tLg txsf] ;/sf/df clxn] hgtfnfO{ l8lh6n 8f6f ;DalGwt cled'vLs/0f
k|of]u ul/g] ;a} 8f6fsf] sf]8 Pp6} vfnsf] agfpg'kg{] x'G5 . / lzIff lbg'kg{] x'G5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg ;/sf/sf] 8f6f
b]zel/sf gu/kflnsfsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] sf]8 / 8f6f l;:6dnfO{ Ps?ktf / cfbfgk|bfg ug{] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
Pp6} k|s[ltsf] agfpg'k5{ . kf;kf]6{, /fli6«okl/rokqdf Pp6} ug{'kg{] x'G5 . s'g} klg sfof{no gwfO{sg} ;'ljwf klg kfpg]
vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . csf]{ s'/f 8f6f OlG6«u];gsf nflu P]g jf Joj:yf ug{ h?/L 5 .
;f/ / lgisif{
p7]sf ;jfn
h'g ;'s} If]qdf klg 8f6fsf] dxŒj x'g] eP klg gLlt lgdf{0f tyf lg0f{onuftosf] k|lqmofdf 8f6fsf] k|of]u Hofb}
Go"g x'g] u/]sf]
8f6f k|m]djs{sf] cefj /x]sf] / 8f6fsf] u'0f:t/sf] cefj /x]sf]
8f6f ;fIf/tfsf] cefjsf sf/0f 8f6fsf] dfu kIf sdhf]/ ePsf]
;/sf/L, lghL If]q tyf ;~rf/dfWoddf klg 8f6fsf] lgdf{0f tyf pkof]u lgs} sd ePsf]
;/sf/ 8f6fsf] k|d'v ;|f]t eP klg rfx]cg';f/sf] 8f6fsf] pknAwtf x'g g;s]sf]
cfd;d'bfon] 8f6faf6 s;/L kmfObf lng] eGg] 1fg cem} gePsf]
PsLs[t 8f6fsf] cefj /x]sf]
8f6f lgdf{0fdf ;/sf/sf tLg} txdf ;dGjosf] cefj /x]sf]
8f6fsf] u'0f:t/Lotfsf] sdL /x]sf]
8f6fsf nflu xf8{j]o/ k|0ffnL sdhf]/ /x]sf]
8f6f ;'/Iff / 8f6f uf]kgLotf r'gf}tLsf ?kdf /x]sf]
8f6f / PcfO{nfO{ hf]8\g g;lsPsf]
8f6fdf ;Lldt ;+:yfsf] Psflwsf/

casf] af6f]
b]znfO{ 8f6f l8«eg agfpg]lt/ s]lGb|t eO{ 8f6f lgof{tsf] p2]Zo lng'kg]{
8f6f g} wg xf] eGg] efjgf;lxt 8f6f lgdf{0f / 8f6fsf] pknAwtf a9fpg'kg]{
;/sf/ 8f6fsf] k|d'v ;|f]t ePsfn] ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ 8f6f lgdf{0f tyf ;+u|xdf ;Ifd agfpg'kg]{
dfusf cfwf/df 8f6f cfk"lt{ dfq xf]Og ahf/df cfk"lt{ u/]/ dfu l;h{gf ug{'kg]{
PcfO{sf] Jofks k|of]usf nflu ljZjljBfnoaf6 ljz]if kf7\oqmd agfO{ cWoog k|f]T;flxt ug{'kg]{
;j{;fw/0f b]lv ;/sf/L / lghL If]qdf 8f6fsf] pkof]unfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{'kg]{

26
 3_ ;+jfb ;q–$ M kmfpG8];g km/ bL l8lh6n Osf]gf]dL
PG8 OGe]:6d]G6 ck/Ro'lg6L

klxnf] lbg, bf];|f] ;q

Kofgn ;b:ox?
;~ho uf]N5f, k|aGw lgb{]zs lgof]6]l/s g]kfn
l;4fGt/fh kf08], ;LO{cf], lahg]; clS;hg
sfle{sf yfkf, ;LO{cf], lsDa' 6]s
ljBfjfl/lw l;Ub]n, k|aGw lgb]{zs, 8f]Ndf ODKofS6 kmG8
;xhstf{ M dlgif emf, l;O{cf], km\ofS6;\ g]kfn

;+jfb;qsf] cWoIftf
;'zLn e§, ;LO{cf], nufgL af]8{

cfO{;L6Lsf] nufgL cj;/af/] ljifo k|j]z M dlgif emf, ;xhstf{

% xhf/ @ ;o #$ sDkgL j}bl] zs nufgL ug{sf nflu
OR5's b]lvP klg cfO{6L If]qdf @=! k|ltzt dfq} 5 .
j}bl] zs nufgLaf6 @ nfv &% xhf/ @) hgfdf
/f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{] nIo /fv] klg cfO{;L6L If]qn]
eg] @ k|ltzt dfq} l8lh6n Osf]gf]ldsf] ;]S6/df
/f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{] cg'dfg 5 .
ljZjdf !) hgf wgL x]g]{ xf] eg] & hgf cfO{6L jf
l8lh6n Osf]gf]ld;Fu hf]l8Psf 5g\ .
g]kfndf pRr s/ ltg{d] f klg l8lh6n jf cfO{6L
sDkgL Psbd} Go"g 5g\ .
;/sf/n] sf]/f]gfsf] vf]k nufPsf] sf8{sf nflu
So"cf/ sf]8 cgnfOg l;:6daf6 agfPsf] 5 . t/,
8]lne/Ldf w]/} ;d:of 5 .
g]kfnsf] 8«fOleª nfO;]G;, kf;kf]6,{ /fli6«o
kl/rokqnufotsf ;+/rgf cgnfOgdf nfu]sf 5f}+ .
t/, xfd|f] ;]jfk|jfx eg] lgs} sdhf]/, ;':t / k6s
k6s ;e{/ 8fpg x'g] ;d:of 5 .

27
 Kofgn ;b:ox?
s_ ;~ho uf]N5f, k|aGw lgb{]zs, lgof]6]l/s g]kfn
;fdfGotof em§ x]bf{ cfO{;L6L pBf]u s]xL klg xf]Og .
t/, o;n] ;a} s'/fnfO{ ;xh agfpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . a}+s
clxn] kmfOgfl;ª ;+:yf dfq} /x]sf] 5}g, o;n] clxn] of]
cfO{;L6L] ;+:yfsf ?kdf klg ljsl;t x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .
;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf ;]jfk|jfx ub{} cfO/x]sf]
v_ l;4fGt/fh kf08], l;O{cf], lahg]; clS;hg
clxn] g]kfndf cfO{;L6Lsf] If]qdf w]/} ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
t/, clxn];Dd klg g]kfnsf] cfO{6L If]qdf nufgL eg] cToGt}
Go"g 5 . o;df nufgL gx'gd' f t w]/} sf/0f 5g\ . ;/sf/n]
;g\ @)!( b]lv g]kfndf j}bl] zs nufgLsf] y|8] xf]N8 klg
a9fPsf] 5 . % ldlnogb]lv %) ldlnog a9fPsf] 5 . clxn]
klg w]/} dfG5]n] cfO{;L6L If]qdf nufgL ub{} cfO/x]sf 5g\ t/
g]kfndf cfO{;L6L k"jf{wf/sf] cg'udg tyf lgodg ug{] lgsfo
klxnf] lbg, bf];|f] ;q
lgs} sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . clxn];Dd klg ;fOa/ ;]So'l/6L;DaGwL
u_ sfle{sf yfkf, ;LO{cf], lsDa' 6]s
g]kfndf clxn] klg cfO{6L If]qsf nflu sfd ug{] jftfj/0f
/fd|f] 5}g . d}n] pBf]u, :jf:Yo, l/6]n/nufotsf If]qdf sfd
u/]sf] cg'ej 5 . tL ;a}df sfd ubf{ klg cfO{;L6L If]q
sf]/ If]qsf ?kdf cfjZos k5{ . clxn] cfO{6L sDkgLn]
dfgj hLjgdf cfOkg{] ljleGg ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg u5{ . s'g}
pBf]usf] ;d:of klg cfO{6L tyf 6]Sgf]nf]hLn] ;dfwfg ug{]
sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] g} ;a} s'/fsf] ;]jfk|jfx ug{]
3_ ljBfjfl/lw l;Ub]n, k|aGw lgb]{zs, 8f]Ndf ODKofS6 kmG8
xfdLn] g]kfndf kfFr cfO{6L;Fu ;DalGwt lahg]; / Pp6f
l8lh6n OGkmf:6«Sr/ lahg];sf] k|lta4tf hgfPsf 5f}+ .
o;sf nflu #) ldlnog 8n/sf] k|lta4tf hgfPsf 5f}+ .
xfdL To:tf yf]/} lahg]; Dofg xf}+ . h;n] l8lh6nfOh];gsf
nflu Aofl6ª ul//x]sf 5f}+ . xfdLn] nlh:6s sDkgL, km'8
8]lnel/ sDkgL, PcfO{, 8f6f ;]G6/, Osd;{ nufgL ub{}
cfO/x]sf 5f}+ . aflx/ s] eO/x]sf] 5, To;af6 xfdL c5'tf]
/xg ;Sb}gf}+ .
clxn] g]kfndf gofF gofF k|ljlw u|fxssf sf/0fn] g}
cfO/x]sf] h:tf] nfU5 . cfO{;L6L tyf l8lh6n lahg];
lbglbg} j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 / of] j[l4 x'g klg h?/L g}
5 . xfdL cfO{;L6Lsf] Unf]an :k]S6«daf6 w]/} 6f9f eg]
5}gf}+ . xfd|f] b]zdf c6f]d];g / l8lh6nfOh];gaLr
km/s eO/x]sf] 5 .
28
5 . t/, tL ;]jfk|jfxdf klg cfO{;L6L hf]l8P/ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
cfO{;L6L pBf]u cfkm}+df tkfO{F s]xL xf]Og t/ o;n] ;a}nfO{
;Ifd agfO/x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] lghL If]qnfO{ klg 8f6f ;]G6/
rnfpg] cg'dlt lbg'kg{] a]nf eO;s]sf] 5 . o;f] ubf{ of]
If]qsf] ljsf; cem b"|tultdf ug{ ;lsG5 .
sfg'g aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g klg lgs} k'/fgf]
5 / of] ;do ;fGble{s aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfndf clxNo}
cj:yfdf ljb]zL bft[lgsfon] cfO{;L6L If]qdf nufgL ug{sf
nflu w]/} g} r'gf}tLk"0f{ jftfj/0f /x]sf] 5 . ljb]zL nufgLstf{
clxn] klg sDaf]l8of, Dofgdf/, ef/t, a+unfb]znufotdf
d'ns
' df hfg] u/]sf 5g\ . xfdLn] ljb]zLx?nfO{ nufgL ug{
cfslif{t ug{k' g{] a]nf ePsf] 5 . nufgLsf nflu cfjZos
jftfj/0f tof/ kfl/lbg] sfd ;/sf/sf] xf] .
xf]Og, o;df lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ j[l4 ug'{k5{ . t/,
oxfF ;/sf/ cfkm+} ;a} ;le{; 8]lnel/ ug{] lgsfosf ?kdf
/x]sf] 5 . oBlk, ;/sf/n] t t ;le{; 8]lne/L ug{]sf]
cg'udg tyf ;'k/Lj]If0fnufotsf] sfd ug{'kg{] xf] . hgtfsf]
cfjZostf / rfxgfn] klg gofF gofF k|ljlwsf] cljisf/ /
ljsf; x'g]u5{ . o;sf] af6f]df klg of] If]q hfFb} 5 .
xfdLn] w]/} cfO{;L6Lsf ;+:yf vf]n]/ dfs{]6nfO{ ;dfTg
hfGg'k5{ . z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] kf7\oqmd klg ;do ;fGble{s
?kdf ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g ug{ h?/L 5 . cfO{;L6L
Unf]an dfs{]6cg';f/ xfd|f] cEof; ;'wfg{'k5{ . ;/sf/n]
clxn] h;/L sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . ;f] k|j[lQnfO{ ;'wf/]/
;/sf/ yk ;xhLs/0f / ;/nLs[t 9+un] ;xhstf{sf] ?kdf
x'g'kg{] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf gLlt lgdf{0fdf cfwf/e"t ljifosf
klg k|efjsf/L 1fg gx'Fbf ;d:of eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf
cfO{;L6L If]qdf w]/} nufgL lelqg] ;Defjgf 5 . t/, To;nfO{
;xL 9+un] nufgL cfslif{t ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ . g]kfndf
l:sn 8]end]G6 / 6]Sgf]nf]hL klg ;a} If]qdf ;xsfo{ /
;dGjosf] sfd ug{'kg{] x'G5 . ;/sf/n] clxn];Dd cfO{6LnfO{
pBf]usf ?kdf dfGotf klg lbPsf] 5}g . h'g t'?Gt} lbg
cfjZos 5 .
 ljz]if dGtJo
;'zLn e§, ;LO{cf], nufgL af]8{
;/sf/n] ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]usf nflu jftfj/0f agfpg
gLltut k}/jL ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . cem ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qsf
nflu k|lts"n jftfj/0f / gLltnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ nufgL af]8{n]
;xof]u ug{]5 . cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6df k|ToIf j}b]lzs
nufgLsf] Go"gtd SofknfO{ % s/f]8af6 36fPsf] 5 . o;n]
nufgLsf] If]qdf klg ;/sf/sf] gLlt ;xL lbzflt/ cufl8
a9]sf] b]vfpF5 . nufgL af]8{ zlQmzfnL Ph]G;L xf] . tkfOF{x¿
5nkmn ug{';\, cGt/lqmof ug{'xf];\ . of] If]qsf] ljsf;sf
nflu xfdLn] s] ug'{k5{, xfdL ug{ tof/ 5f}+ . of] b'O{lbg]
sGSn]esf] p2]Zo klg oxL xf] lg .
;"rgf dGqfnon] u/]g of pBf]u ljefun] u/]g of
lj1fg dGqfnon] ul/lbPg . s;}n] gu/] xfdL ul/lbG5f}+ .
t/, xfdLnfO{ of] If]qsf] ljsf; o;/L x'G5 eg]/ ljZj:y
agfpg'xf];\ . o;sf nflu kof{Kt 5nkmn, cWoog
ug{'xf];\ . k|f]h]S6 cfO{l8of gf]6sf] 6]Dn]6x? xfdL lbg
tof/ 5f}+ . ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qdf /fd|f] cj;/ ePsfn]
ljb]zL tyf :jb]zL nufgLstf{ leœofpg kxnsbdL
eO/x]sf] 5 .
casf] eljio g} cfO{6L If]q ePsfn] ;a} ldn]/ cl3
a9\g'kg]{ a]nf eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfndf 7"nf ;"rgf k|ljlwdf
nufgL Nofpg nufgL af]8{n] ;xof]u, ;xhLs/0f, ;dGjo /
;xsfo{ ug{]5 . cfO{6LnfO{ pBf]usf ¿kdf 3f]lift ug{'kg{] a]nf
eO;s]sf] 5 . ljZj a}+sn] z'qmaf/ l8lh6n g]kfn k|m]djs{
sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ ;dfrf/ cfPsf] 5 . o;n]
a|f]8AofG8sf] kx'Fr ufpFufpFdf k'¥ofpg 7"nf] d2t k'Ug]5 .
Psåf/ k|0ffnL j]adf cfwfl/t x'gkg{]5 . ;/sf/n] /fli6«o
kl/of]hgf a}+s agfPsf] 5 . agfPsf] dfq 5}g\ . k|of]udf klg
cfO;s]sf] 5 . lghL If]qsf nflu klg l;:6d agfOPsf]
5 . kl/of]hgf lnP/ af]8{df 5nkmn ug{ ;d]t cfpg'ePsf]
v08df kSs} klg ;fy ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

klxnf] lbg, bf];|f] ;q

;f/ / lgisif{
p7]sf ;jfn
ljZjsf 7"nf sDkgLx? / s/bftfdf cfO{;L6Ldf cfwfl/t sDkgL zLif{ :yfgdf /x] klg g]kfndf eg] guGo dfqfdf /x]sf] h:t}
s'n sDkgLsf] @=! k|ltzt dfq cfO{;L6Ldf cfwfl/t pBf]u /x]sf] . /f]huf/L tyf s/ of]ubfgdf klg of] If]qsf sDkgLsf]
of]ubfg guGo /x]sf] .
k"jf{wf/ / nufgL Go"g dfqfdf /x]sf]
cfO{;L6Ln] c? Joj;fonfO{ g} ;xof]u ul//x]sf] eP klg of] If]qsf] of]ubfgnfO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqdf dha'b agfpg g;lsPsf]
Joj;fo ug{ nfUg] nfut a9L /x]sf] / >d zlQm klg dxFuf] /x]sf]
;/sf/n] o; If]qdf nufgLsf] g]t[Tj ug{ g;s]sf sf/0f lghL If]q cfslif{t x'g g;s]sf]
ljb]zL nufgL of] If]qdf cfpg g;s]sf]
;km\6j]/ lgof{tsf] 8f6f gx'Fbf ;/sf/L s/ u'Dg] u/]sf]

casf] af6f]
nufgL cfslif{t ug{ gLltut / k|lqmofut ;'wf/sf ;fy} k"jf{wf/ / bIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ug{'kg]{
;/sf/n] lghL If]qnfO{ klg 8f6f ;]G6/ rnfpg] cg'dlt lbg'kg{]
:jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ug{ gLltut ;'wf/ tyf k|lqmofut ;/ntfdf k|fyldstf
ckm;f]/ Joj;fonfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{'kg]{
cfO{;L6Ldf ljb]zL nufgLsf] ;Ldf 36fpg'kg]{
l8lh6n cy{tGqdf 8f6fj]; cfjZos ePsfn] o;If]qsf Joj;foaf/] e/kbf]{ 8f6f lgdf{0f u/L ljZn]if0f ul/g'kg]{
;]jfk|jfxdf lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf j[l4 ug'{kg]{
gofF gofF k|ljlwsf] cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{
ljZj ahf/cg'?k g]kfnsf] ahf/nfO{ 9fNg'kg]{
;/sf/n] cfO{6LnfO{ pBf]usf ?kdf klg dfGotf lbg'kg]{
ljZjljBfno :t/df g} kf7\ok':tsdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L ahf/nfO{ cfjZos hgzlQm lgdf{0f ul/g'kg]{

29
 lb Odlh{ª 6]Sgf]nf]hL NofG8:s]k PG8 l8lh6n g]kfn
klxnf] lsgf]6 l:krsf] ljifo M
lb Odlh{ª 6]Sgf]nf]hL NofG8:s]k PG8 l8lh6n g]kfn
s]g Ox]/xf6{
;+:yfks÷;LO{cf], kf/fsf]:df OGs -cd]l/sf_
l8lh6n g]kfn sGSn]edf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ lbPsf]df
cfof]hsk|lt cfef/L 5' . of] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g kfpFbf
bf];|f] lbgsf] lsg]^ l:kr
^ jif{cl3 g]kfndf klxnf] sfo{qmdsf nflu cfPsf] :d/0f
eO/x]sf] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf d}n] u/]sf] sfdnfO{ :d/0f u/]/
x]g'{kbf{ of] If]qdf @^ jif{ latfO;s]sf] 5' . of] cjlwdf d}n]
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf nufgLnfO{ d'Vo k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf]
5' . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] 6]«G8 / of] If]qdf cfpg] cj;/x¿
x]/]/ sfd ul//x]sf] 5' . ljut @@ jif{sf] cjlwdf ;"rgf
k|ljlw;DaGwL sfd ug]{ % cGt/f{li6«o sDkgLx¿ ;+o'Qm¿kdf
:yfkgf u/L of] If]qdf nufgL u/]sf] cg'ej 5 . * eGbf a9L
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljt/0f;DaGwL sDkgL ;~rfng u/]sf] cg'ej
klg d;Fu 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf If]qdf d]/f] d'Vo Joj;fo eg]sf]
ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / ;kmn ;km\6j]/ sDkgL ;f;nfO{
hfkfg;Dd Nofpg'/x]sf] 5 . ;gla|h sDkgLn] hfkfgdf
;f;sf] ;xfos sDkgL :yfkgf u/L of] sDkgLn] pTkfbg
ug]{ ;km\6j]/sf] Joj;fo ul//x]sf] 5 . clxn] ;gla|hcGtu{t
hfkfgdf ;]N;kmf];{, sGs'/, l;Ns/f]8, dfs]{6f], Sofl/af,
l8dfG8j]/nufot sDkgL :yfkgf u/L ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL
Joj;fo ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . oL cd]l/sL nufgLdf hfkfgdf
:yfkgf ePsf s/f]8f}+ 8n/sf cfO{6L sDkgLx¿ x'g\ . oL
sDkgLdf ;of}+}n] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ kfPsf 5g\ .
hfkfgdf d]/f] nufgL ePsf] 6fn]G6f gfds sDkgL klg
5 . of] sDkgLn] Prcf/ tyf 6\ofn]G6 Dofg]hd]G6sf] sfd
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . oL sDkgLdfkm{t ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf
bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg u/L pgLx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ul/G5 .
dG8] 86sd, 6fn]G6f y|L l/ª\;, km\o'n lkmK6Lnufotn] ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf If]qsf nflu cfjZos bIf hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf]
sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfn;Fusf] d]/f] cg'ejsf] s'/f ug'{ kbf{ OG6/g]6 /
df]afOn lel8of]n] dnfO{ klxnf]k6s @))* df g]kfndf
NofOk'¥ofPsf] xf] . To;cl3 g]kfnLn] hfkfgdf nufgL
u/]sf] cGt/f{li6«o df]afOn lel8of] sDkgL Go" cfO{6L e]Gr/df
hf]l8Psf] lyPF . g]kfndf Tof] a]nf g]6 l6eLsf] ljsf; x'Fb}
lyof] . g]kfnLsf] 6f]lsof]l:yt xfd|f] sDkgL;Fu klg ;DaGw
/x]sfn] pgLx¿;Fu hf]l8P/ d g]kfn;Dd cfOk'u]sf] x'F .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ug'{kg]{ sfdsf cj;/x¿ w]/} ePsfn]
30
;+jfb xf]:6 M ;'ufl/sf s];L
g} d g]kfn;Dd cfOk'u]sf] x'F . ;g\ @)!^ df ePsf] ;"rgf
k|ljlw;DaGwL sfo{qmddf klg d ;xefuL ePsf] lyPF . Tof]
;dodf d}n] g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf]
lghL If]q / g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwnfO{ klg e]6\g] cj;/
kfPsf] lyPF . e]6df g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf nufgLsf
cj;/xaf/] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .
Tof] a]nfsf] e|d0fsf qmddf ePsf 5nkmn tyf
k/fdz{af6 g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf nufgL ug{ #
k|sf/sf cj;/ /x]sf] lgisif{ lgsfNof}+ .
!_ 3/]n' ahf/ M o;cGtu{t g]kfndf klg oxfFsf] :yfgLo
nufgLstf{;Fusf] ;xsfo{df ;+o'Qm -h]eL_ sDkgL :yfkgf u/L
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf nufgL u/L 3/]n' ahf/nfO{ g} nlIft
u/]/ k|ljlw pkof]udf Nofpg] ;lsg] ;Defjgf xfdLn] b]Vof}+ .
hfkfgdf xfdLn] ;xfos sDkgL :yfkgf u/]/ sfd ubf{ /fd|f]
glthf cfPsf] x'Fbf g]kfndf klg of] df]8n pko'Qm x'G5 eGg]
nfUof] . o;df :yfgLo nufgLstf{nfO{ ;d]t kmfObf k'Ug]
u/L laqmL ljt/0f sDkgL :yfkgf u/]/ sfd ug]{ cj;/ oxfF
b]lvof] . g]kfnsf] ahf/ ;fgf] ePsfn] …skLSof6 :6f8{ck_
df hfg ;lsg] ;Defjgf xfdLn] cf}+Nofof}+ .
@_ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ M cGo b]zsf] sDkgLdfkm{t g]kfnL
ahf/df ;km\6j]/ laqmL ug]{ g]kfndf d'Vofno vf]n]/ sfd
ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf klg b]lvPsf] lyof] . Tof] a]nf g]kfndf
;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL lgofds gx'Fbf cGt/f{li6«o laqmL s]Gb|
dfq} :yfkgf u/]/ sfd ug{ nufgLsf] cj;/ b]lvPsf] lyof] .
#_ cfp6;f]l;{ª -afx\o hgzlQmaf6 sfd u/fpg] _
M ;g\ @)!^ ;Dddf g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf bIf
hgzlQmsf] kof{Kttf gx'Fbf afXo hgzlQmaf6 sfd u/fpg
;lsg] ;Defjgf xfdLn] b]v]sf lyof}+ . To; a]nf g]kfndf
rsf]{ nf]8;]l8ª klg ePsfn] xfdLn] of] ljsNknfO{ pko'Qm
7fg]sf lyof}+ . g]kfndf ;g\ @)!^ cl3;Ddsf] cj:yf x]bf{
afx\o hgzlQmaf6 sfd u/fpg] ljsNk Tolt ;kmn x'g
;s]sf] lyPg . Tolt g} a]nf ;x/L If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
If]qdf gful/ssf] rf;f] al9/x]sf] b]Vg ;lsGYof] . ToxL
sf/0f klg ljz]if k|sf/sf] cfp6;f]l;{ª u/]/ g]kfndf ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] If]qdf nufgL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] nfUof] / xfdLn]
o;af/] klg ;f]Rof}+ . kf/fsf]:df g]kfndf lsg cfof] eGg] k|Zg
cfpg ;S5 . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ w]/}
k|ltefjfg\ OlGhlgo;{x¿ 5g\ .
ljifoM
Odlh{ª 6]s PG8 Ogf]e];g km/ l8lh6n 6«fG;kmd{];g -8LP gKn; Kn;_

;+jfb ;q–5
Kofgn ;b:ox?
8f= z'/]z dfgGw/, dfgfy{ cWoIf, dbg e08f/L lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ljZjljBfno ljsf; af]8{
cflbn O:/f/, k|d'v k|ljlw tyf pBd Joj;fo clkm;/ -;L6LO{cf]_, Pg;]n
8f= bf]/g /fO{, zf]wstf{
;xhstf{ M ?lrg l;+x, sf]–kmfpG8/, O{–;To

;+jfb;qsf] cWoIftf
k|f=8f= dlgif kf]v/]n
l8g, :s'n ckm OlGhlgol/ª, sf7df8f} ljZjljBfno

Kofgln:6nfO{ ;xhstf{sf] k|Zg M

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf eO/x]sf] tLj| ljsf;sf sf/0f lgs6 eljiodf xfdL stf hfFb} 5f}+ eGg]af/]
hfGg cft'/ 5' . ca cfpg] gofF–gofF k|ljlwn] xfd|f] hLjgdf s:tf] kl/jt{g Nofpg ;S5 < ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] If]qdf casf] # b]lv % jif{leq g]kfn s'g cj:yfdf k'u]sf] x'g]5 <

31
 Kofgn ;b:ox?
s_ 8f= z'/]z dfgGw/, dfgfy{ cWoIf, dbg e08f/L lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ljZjljBfno ljsf; af]8{
kl5Nnf] ;do g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] 7"nf]
km8\sf] df/]sf] 5 . oxL sf/0f klg casf] % jif{df ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; s'g ¿kn] cufl8 a9\5 eGg] ;a}nfO{ rf;f]
5 . clxn] eO/x]sf] ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ g/f]Sg] xf] eg] % jif{df
xfdL w]/}dfly k'Ug]5f}+ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf If]qdf d]/f] JolQmut cg'ejsf] s'/f ug]{
xf] eg] ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf d of] If]qdf cfPsf] x'F . d of]
If]qdf cfpFbf OG6/g]6sf] kx'Fr g]kfndf lyPg . d}n] plt a]nf
g]kfnL efiffsf] …nf]snfOh];gÚsf] sfd u/]sf] lyPF . o;sf
nflu g]kfnL kmG6sf] ljsf;sf nflu sfd u/]sf] lyPF . h'g
cfhsf] lbgdf klg k|of]udf 5 . of] …lkl;P;Ú kmG6 xf] . of]
kmG6 8f6f k|f];]l;ªsf] nflu k|of]udf cfpg]u5{ .
Gf]kfndf sfd u/]sf] s]xL jif{kl5 d a]nfot uPF . ToxfF
sl/a #$ jif{ sfd u/]sf] cg'ej 5 . a]nfotdf /xFbf aLaL;L
lSns sfo{qmdsf nflu klg sfd ug]{ cj;/ ldNof] . clxn]
km]l/ ;f9] @ jif{b]lv g]kfndf cfP/ sfd ul//x]sf] 5' .
v_ cflbn O:/f/, k|d'v k|ljlw tyf pBd Joj;fo clkm;/ -;L6LO{cf]_, Pg;]n
;+jfb ;q–5
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf casf] # b]lv % jif{sf] cjlwdf
g]kfnnfO{ sxfF b]Vg ;lsG5 eGg] ;Gbe{df g]kfn clxn]
;xL lbzfdf lxFl8/x]sf] eg]/ d eGg ;S5' . l8lh6nfOh];g
P8K;g -u|x0f_df # d'Vo vDaf d}n] b]v]sf] 5' .
s_ l8lh6n k"jf{wf/ M ;g\ @)!& df g]kfndf kmf]/hL
OG6/g]6 6«fG;kmd{];gdf hfg ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] . of] g}
df]afOn 8f6f OG6/g]6sf] tLj| ljsf; tyf lj:tf/sf nflu
klxnf] sbd lyof] . clxn] ;g\ @)@@ sf] dWo;Dd cfOk'Ubf
b]zsf] *% k|ltzt hg;+Vofdf kmf]/hL g]6js{sf] kx'Fr
k'lu;s]sf] 5 . of] ;a} ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] If]qdf
ePsf] l8lh6n k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;n] g} ;Dej ePsf] xf] eGg]
dnfO{ nfU5 . of] ?kfGt/0fsf lx:;]bf/ g]kfn 6]lnsd,
Pg;]n tyf oL g]6js{sf pkef]Qm ;a} awfO{sf kfq x'g\ .
v_ l8lh6n P8K;g -u|x0f_ M kl5Nnf] ;dodf g]kfnL
gful/sn] l8lh6n k|ljlwnfO{ u|x0f ub}{ uO/x]sf] b]Vg
;lsG5 . pbfx/0f lbP/ eGg' kbf{ clxn] ;fgf] lrof k;ndf
;d]t O{–k]d]G6 k|0ffnLaf6 k};f ltg]{ Joj:yf 5 . l8lh6n
k]d]G6 k|0ffnLnfO{ gful/sn] :jLsf/ u/]/ k]d]G6 l;:6d
;xh agfPsf 5g\ . l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] If]qdf Psn z'zf;g
;+/rgf gx'Fbf ;d:of 5 . of] ;Dk"0f{ s'/fnfO{ Pp6} 5ftf d'lg
3_ 8f= bf]/g /fO{, zf]wstf{
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pbo tyf kl/dfh{gsf] s'/f ug'{ kbf{ d
w]/} cfzfjfbL 5' . of] If]qdf d]/f] ;Fw} rf;f] /xg]u5{ . % jif{
cufl8sf] ;dodf kmls{P/ x]bf{ xfdL ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf
xfdL w]/} k5fl8 lyof}+ . Tof] a]nf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf
eO/x]sf] ?kfGt/0fnfO{ gful/sn] :jLsf/ u5{g\ ls ub}{gg\
eGg] 7"nf] lrGtf lyof] . Tof] ;dob]lv clxn];Dd cfOk'Ubf of]
If]qdf w]/} ?kfGt/0f ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ gful/sn] :jLsf/
klg u/]sf 5g\ .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf clxn];Dd ePsf] ljsf;nfO{
32
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ug'{kbf{ oxfF l8lh6n ?kfGt/0f
-6«fG;kmd]{;g_ tLj| ultdf ePsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;a}eGbf
a9L k|ult a}+lsª If]qdf ePsf] 5 . cgnfOg a}+lsª, df]afOn
a}+lsª lgs} /fd|f];Fu cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . c? ;/sf/L tyf
lghL If]qsf sfof{nox¿ klg la:tf/} l8lh6fOh];gdf
uO/x]sf 5g\ . clxn] d …EjfO; kflug];gÚ g]kfnL x]G8/fOl6ª
h]g]/];gsf nflu sfd ul//x]sf] 5' . ef]lnsf] lbgdf EjfO;
Rof6 / 8fOnu l;:6ddf hfg of] sfd eO/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] efiffsf] nf]snfOh];gsf nflu pko'Qm df]afOn PK;
agfOg'k5{ . h'g ;a} gful/ssf] pkof]udf cfpg ;sf];\ /
xfd|f] b]zdf af]lng] ;a} efiffsf] nf]snfOh];g x'g ;sf];\ .
clxn]sf] xfd|f] sfd ug]{ z}nLnfO{ klg kl/j{tg ug{ cfjZos
5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] olt w]/} ljsf; eO;Sbf ;d]t xfdL cem}
sfuhdf cfwfl/t sfof{no rnfO/x]sf] 5f}+ . k]k/n]; sfof{no
agfpg] eGg] 3f]if0ff ug]{ t/, sfof{Gjog gx'g] k|rngsf] cGTo
u/L ;a} sfof{nonfO{ l8lh6nfOh u/]/ hfg'k5{ .
NofOg' kg]{ xf] . lgodgdf klg w]/} ;d:of 5 eGg] s'/f t
;a} ;xefuLx¿af6 cfPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f, ca g} l8lh6n
k|ljlwnfO{ Psn z'zf;g ;+/rgfdf n}hfg' kg]{ pko'Qm ;do
cfPsf] 5 eGg] dnfO nfU5 .
u_ s] l8lh6n ?kfGt/sf nflu gful/s tof/ 5g\
< M l8lh6n k"jf{wf/ tof/ eO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] u|x0f x'Fb}
ubf{ s] ;a} gful/s o;sf nflu tof/ 5g\ t < eGg] k|Zg
cfpF5 . ToxL sf/0fn] klg l8lh6n z'zf;gsf nflu Pp6f
5'§} lgsfosf] cfjZostf dx''; ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df lgs}
efUozfnL 5 . ljZjdf gofF j]a ckm 6«fG;kmd{];g x'Fbf
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf cfjZostf kb}{g . sf7df8f}+
pkTosfaflx/ x]bf{ ljsf;sf cGo k"jf{wf/sf] sdL cem} klg
5 . :yfgLo :t/df u'0f:t/Lo lzIffdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr
5}g . u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo;]jf 5}g . of] ;a} x'g cem} %)
jif{ nfU5 . t/, l8lh6n 6«fG;kmd{];gsf] ;Gbe{df eg] w]/}
ljsf; ePsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . To;sf/0f, d]/f] ljrf/df casf]
# b]lv % jif{df g]kfn l8lh6nfOh];gsf] csf]{ r/0fdf
k'Ug] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . o;af6 gful/ssf] hLjg kl/jt{gdf
7"nf] of]ubfg k'Ug]5 .
xfdLn] k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf dfq} x]l//x]sf 5f}+ ls h:tf] nfU5 .
t/, To:tf] x'g'x'Fb}g eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
?kfGt/0fkl5 klg xfdLn] o;nfO{ cfkm\gf] b}lgs hLjgdf
pkof]u ub}{ n}hfg'k5{ eGg] nfU5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] lbuf]
ljsf;sf nflu xfdLnfO{ lbuf] Osf]l;:6d rflxPsf] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf k|ult x'Fb} hfFbf cGt/f{li6«o hut;Fu
t'ngf ug]{ xf] eg] xfdL cem} klg k5fl8 g} 5f}+ . of] If]qsf]
ljsf;sf nflu k|ljlw u|x0f ug]{ jftfj/0f aGb} uO/x]sf] eP
klg ;/sf/n] ug]{ ;xof]u / cfjZos gLltsf] vfFrf] cem} 5 .
;+jfb ;qsf] cWoIftf u/]sf 8f= dlgif kf]v/]nsf] dGtJo
clxn]sf] xfd|f] cfjZostf eg]sf] g} l8lh6n 6«fG;kmd]{;g
xf] . o;sf nflu ;a} ldn]/ cl3 a9]sf] v08df ;f]r]h:tf]
pknlAw rfF8} xft kfg{ ;lsG5 . d'n'ssf] cfjZostfn] g}
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf l8lh6n 6fG;kmd]{;g x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 .
k|ljlw pkof]u ug]{ gful/sn] 6«fG;kmd]{;g :jLsf/ gu/]sf]
cj:yfdf eg] o;sf] lj:tf/ ug{ sl7g x'G5 . l8lh6n
6«fG;kmd]{;gsf nflu d'n'sdf g];gn Ogf]e];g ;]G6/ :yfkgf
ug{ cfjZos gLlt tyf sfg'g agfpg h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 .
cfjZos gLlt tyf sfg'g agfPsf] v08df dfq} l8lh6n
6«fG;kmd]{;gn] ;fy{stf kfpg]5 .
clxn] SofDk; tyf ljZjljBfnodf pRr lzIffsf]
txdf cfl6{lkml;on OG6]lnh]G;sf] sf];{ g} kf7\oqmddf
/fVg'kg{] dx;'; u/]/ sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnon] ;f] sf];{sf]
;'?jft ul/;s]sf] 5 . ljZjljBfnon] cfl6{lkml;on
OG6]lnh]G;;Fu ;DalGwt sf];{sf] cWofkg u/fpg
;'?jft ul/;s]sf] 5 .

;f/ / lgisif{
p7]sf ;jfn
cfp6;f]l;{ªdf ljZj k|lt:kwf{ a9]sf]n] g]kfnn] klg cfk"mnfO{ o;sf nflu ;Ifd agfpFb} nUg'kg]{
kl/of]hgf cfp6;f]l;{ªb]lv 8]enk/ Og;f]l;{ªsf] ;Defjgf
cj;/sf nflu cfk|jf;gsf] ;d:of
;a}n] gofF k|ljlwsf] kmfObf lng g;s]sf]
l8lh6n cy{tGqdf sltsf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] cem} vf]hL x'g afFsL
Ogf]e];g b|"t ultdf ePsf] eP klg ;fgf kmd{x¿nfO{ 8f6f kx'Frsf] cefj /xg] u/]sf]
;fgfsf nflu 7"nf sDkgLaf6 Kn]6kmd{ k|fKt eP klg nfdf] ;do;Dd of] lbuf] /xg]af/] lglZrt g/x]sf]

;+jfb ;q–5
gjcfljisf/ / k|ltikwf{Tds Ifdtf x'g'kg]{df cfjZos u'0f:t/Lo z}lIfs of]Uotfsf sdL /x]sf]
;fy}, OG6/ l8l;lKng/L If]qsf] of]Uotf klg cfjZos /x]sf]
l8lh6n ?kfGt/0f $ jf % jif{df x'g] u/]sf] eP klg z}lIfs kf7\oqmdx¿ eg] bzsf}+b]lv Pp6} x'g] u/]sf] l8lh6n l8efO8sf]
;fy} Nofª\u]h l8efO8sf] klg ;d:of /x]sf]
l8lh6n ?kfGt/sf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf x'Fbf x'Fb} l8lh6ncg's"ngsf] ult sd ePsf]
l8lh6fOh];g x/]s If]qdf x'g yfn]sf] eP klg casf lbgdf rflxg] hgzlQm / k"jf{wf/ To;sf nflu cem} tof/ gePsf]

casf] af6f]
g]kfndf ;+o'Qm nufgLdf ljb]zL sDkgL klg /x]sf] / Joj;fosf] ;Defjg k|;:t /x]sfn] ahf/ lj:tf/sf nflu oxLcg';f/
;/sf/L gLlt klg ;xh x'g'kg]{
:jb]zL ahf/, cGt/f{li6«o tyf cfp6;f]l;{ª tLg} lsl;daf6 g]kfnn] cfO{;L6Lsf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg]
ljlzli6s[t cfp6;f]l;{ªdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ / o;sf] nfut sd ug]{ pkfox? vf]lhg'kg]{
Ogxfp;, cfp6 ;f];{ / Og;f];{ kl/of]hgfnfO{ r/0fa4 tl/sfn] ljsf; ug{'kg]{ h;sf nflu ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / hgzlQmsf]
ljsf;df k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{
cfO{;L6LnfO{ x]g]{ ;/sf/L gLlt tyf lgod Pj+ lgsfo Pp6} 5ftfd'lg x'g'kg]{ .
dfWolds ljBfnoaf6} PcfO{sf] lzIff lbg ;'? ug{'kg]{

33
 ljifo M
kmf]:6l/ª l8lh6n OG6/k|]g/l;k PG8 RoflkDkog km/ l8lh6n g]kfn
;+jfb ;q–6

Kofgn ;b:ox?
dgf]h l3ld/], sf]–kmfpG8/ tyf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t, /f/f NofA;
lzlIft e§, sf]–kmfpG8/ tyf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t, 6'6n
dlNnsf e§/fO{, ;Lcf]cf], g]kfn k]–6fOd k|fln
;xhstf{ M g/f]Qd cof{n, cWoIf, lsª\; sn]h

;+jfb ;qsf] cWoIftf

8f= /fds'df/ kFm'ofn
;b:o, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

Kofgln:6nfO{ ;xhstf{sf] k|Zg M

g]kfndf l8lh6n pBdzLntfsf] kl/b[Zo s:tf] b]lvG5 < cfkm\gf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df lj:t[t egfO
/flvlbg' x'g ;a} Kofgln:6x¿df cg'/f]w 5 .

34
 Kofgn ;b:ox?
s_ dgf]h l3ld/], sf]–kmfpG8/ tyf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t, /f/f NofA;
d ;g\ @))^ df k'nrf]s OlGhlgol/ª SofDk;af6
OlGhlgol/ª k"/f u/]kl5 To;otf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf sfd
ul//x]sf] 5' . cWoog k"/f x'g] lalQs}bl] v g]kfnd} a;]/ of]
If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5\' . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] >d ahf/df sfd
ug{ ;'? u/]sf] klg clxn] !& jif{ lalt;s]sf] 5 .
d OlGhlgol/ª k"/f u/]/ cfpFbf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf
/f]huf/L lbg] Pp6f dfq} gfd rn]sf] 7"nf] sDkgL lyof] . Tof]
sDkgLdf @@ hgf cfO{6L OlGhlgo/ sfd u5{g\ eGg] rrf{
ahf/df x'g] ub{Yof] . Tof] lbgb]lv cfhsf] lbg;Dd cfOk'Ubf
;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL sfd ug]{ ;oeGbf a9L sDkgLx¿ :yfkgf
ePsf 5g\ . oL sDkgLdf xhf/f}n + ] /f]huf/L kfPsf 5g\ .
sfd ug]{ Ifdtf / hgzlQm a9];uF } clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
If]q pBf]usf] cfsf/df cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
If]qdf cGt/f{li6«o hut\df cfpg] t/+unfO{ g]kfnn] klg ;dfTg
v_ lzlIft e§, sf]–kmfpG8/ tyf ;LO{cf], 6'6n
d ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf /x]/ sfd ub}{ hfFbf sfo{
IfdtfnfO{ lnP/ slxn] klg lrlGtt eOg\ . ;xL tl/sfsf]
k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/ ug{ lxlRsrfOg\ . a? xfdLn] cfljisf/
u/]sf] k|ljlwnfO{ gful/s / ;/f]sf/jfnfn] s;/L lnPsf 5g\
t < egL ;DalGwt lgsfo, o'lgogx¿ / ;/sf/n] s;/L
lnG5 eGg] s'/fsf] lrGtf ;w}+ x'g] ub{Yof] . Tof] sfddf lgs}
w]/} r'gf}tL /x]sfn] To:tf] nfUg] ub{Yof] .
xfdLn] 6'6n ;]jf klxnf]k6s ;g\ @)!^ af6 yfngL
u/]sf xf}+ . Tof] a]nf pkTosfdf % nfv j6f df]6/;fOsn
;~rfngdf /x]sf] TfYof+sn] b]vfof] . b}lgs u'8\g] !) dWo]
* j6f df]6/nfOsnsf] rfns afx]ssf] l;6 ;w}+ vfnL x'g]
/x]5 . ToxL a]nf lghL df]6/;fOsnsf] k|of]ulaxLg l;6 klg
k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsof];\ eGg] p2]Zon] 6'6n ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff
NofP/ sfd ug{ ;'? uof}+{ . d;Fu 6]lnsdsf] If]qdf klg
sfd u/]sf] cg'ej 5 . ;g\ @))@÷# lt/ d 6]lnsd If]qdf
cfpFbf 6'hL g]6js{ klg lyPg . Tof] a]nf df]afOn ev{/}
cfPsfn] P;PdP; ;]jfsf] yfngL x'Fb} lyof] . Tof] a]nfb]lv
clxn];Ddsf] 6]lnsdsf] ofqf x]bf{ w]/} 7"nf] ?kfGt/ ePsf]
5 . xfdL 6'hL g]6js{df hfFbf 8f6f / ;"rgf dfq} ;femf ug{
ldNYof] . Tof] a]nf !^) cIf/sf Dof;]h k7fpg ldNYof] .
u_ dlNnsf e§/fO{, ;Lcf]cf], g]kfn k]–6fOd k|fln
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ dlxnfsf] ;+Vof k'?ifsf]
t'ngfdf clxn] klg sd 5 . h'g a]nf d of] If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf
nflu cfPF, Tof] a]nf t emg} of] If]qdf sfd ug]{ dlxnfx¿
cf}+nfdf uGg ;lsg] dfq} lyP . s'g} ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf
;xefuL x'g hfFbf d ;Fw}h;f] PSn} ky]{+ . d klg of] If]qdf
dlxnfsf] ;+Vof sd x'g'sf] sf/0f s] /x]5 t eGg] s'/f
a'em\gs} nflu sfd ug{ cfOk'u]sL x'F .
;dosf] cGt/fn;Fu} of] If]qdf sfd ug]{ dlxnfsf] ;+Vof
qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;x/L If]qdf ;"rgf
k|ljlw;DaGwL sfd ug]{ dlxnfsf nflu y'k|} cj;/ 5g\ . t/,
u|fdL0f e]udf clxn] klg of] If]qdf sfd ug]{ dlxnf 5}gg\ g}
vf]lh/x]sf] 5 eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . h'g, s'/f w]/} /fd|f] xf] .
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ bIf hgzlQmsf]
clxn] klg cefj 5 . sDkgL :yfkgf u/]/ sfdsf] ;'?jft
dfq ug{ t lgs} ;lhnf] 5 . t/, sfd ug]{ hgzlQm
k"0f{¿kdf k|lzlIft 5}g . bIf hgzlQm cefjsf sf/0f sfdsf]
yfngL ul/;s]kl5 s'g s'/fsf] sdL sxfFlg/ 5 eGg] s'/f
a'em\g ;lsFbg} . cfjZostf Pp6f x'G5 / ul/Psf] sfd cs}{
lbzfdf k'lu/x]sf] x'G5 . jf:tljs cfjZostfeGbf kl/sNkgf
ul/Psf] s'/f aGg] x'bF f /fd|f] k|ltkmn lng ;lsFbg} . ToxL
sf/0fn] ubf{ ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL cf}krfl/s lzIff u|x0f ug]x{ ¿
;d]t of] If]qaf6 knfog eP/ c? g} If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf
nflu uO/x]sf] klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . sfd ub}{ hfFbf Psk6s
ahf/df lkm6 eO;s]kl5 eg] cufl8 a9\g ;lsG5 . sfdsf]
no ;dfpg ;lsG5 .
kl5 ly|hL x'Fb} kmf]/hL g]6js{ klg cfof] . To;kl5 eg] of]
g]6js{nfO{ xfdLn] cfkm\gf] 1fg ;femf ug]{ ;fdfu|Lsf ¿kdf
;+jfb ;q–6
k|of]u ug{ yfNof}+ . clxn] xfdL kmfOehL g]6js{df hfg]
k"j{;GWofdf 5f}+ . of] cjlw;Dd cfOk'Ubf OG6/g]6 x/]s
gful/ssf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf alg;s]sf] 5 . km];a's,
l6\j6/, OG6fu|fd, l6s6s h:tf ;fdflhs ;~hfn cfhsf]
lbgdf kl/dflh{t x'Fb} cfP/ jf:tljs h:t} cg'e"t x'g]u/L
l8lh6n -er'{cn l/ofln6L_ b'lgofF agfpg vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} b]zdf cfof]hgf ePsf] cf]nlDksdf
;xefuL v]nf8Ln] ;fdflhs ;~hfndf ;fj{hlgs u/]sf
tl:a/ tyf lel8of] 3/d} a;]/ x]g]{x¿n] klg cfkm}+ ;xefuL
ePsf] h:tf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;Sg] k|ljlwn] agfPsf] 5 . lxpF
kl//x]sf] b[Zo b]Vbf 3/leq Hofs]6 nufP/ a;]sf] eP klg
hf8f] dx;'n ug{ ;Sg] ;fdflhs ;~hfnn] agfO/x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ug'{kbf{ xfd|f ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
nflu oL k|ljlw s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ ;f]Rg'kg]{
a]nf cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf kmfOehL g]6js{ cfpFbf hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf] c;/ Go"gLs/0f, vfB ;'/Iffnufot ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfgsf nflu of] g]6js{ s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGf]/
;f]Rg'kg]{ ;do ca cfpg'k5{ eGg] nfU5 .
eGbf km/s kb}{g . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] sfd ug]{ dlxnf / k'?ifdf
eg] d}n] vf;} lje]b b]v]sL 5}g .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df eGg' kbf{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf
klxnf]k6s cfljisf/ ePsf] k|ljlwnfO{ g} cGon] klg k5\ofpFb}
uPsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf l8lh6n df]afOn
a}+lsªnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . Pp6fn] pQm k|ljlwsf] pTkfbg
u/]/ sfof{Gjogdf NofP;Fu} ;a}n] To;}nfO{ k5\ofPsf 5g\ .
of] If]qdf nufgLsf] sdL 5}g . t/, pBdzLntf / k|ljlwsf]
ljifodf 7"nf] vf8n 5 . pBdzLntf / k|ljlw Pscsf{df
cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ ;lsof] eg] of] vf8naLr cGt/ sd ug{
;lsG5 . To;af6 g} 6«fG;kmd{];g cfpF5 .
35
 ;+jfb ;qsf cWoIfsf] dGtJo M 8f= /fds'df/ kmF'ofn, ;b:o /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
sGSn]esf] 5}6f}+ ;qdf ;xefuL ;fyLn] l8lh6n pBdzLntf
/ l8lh6n ;'zf;gaf/] dxŒjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ /fVg'ePsf] 5 .
l8lh6n pBdzLntfsf nflu g]kfn ;fFlRrs} pe{/ e"ld xf]
t < eGg] k|Zg cfpF5 . g]kfnsf] sfg'gL Joj:yfn] l8lh6n
;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;s]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg]af/] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff
oxfF /fVb} 5' .
g]kfnLx¿ l8lh6n pBdzLntfdf cfj4 x'G5g\ ls x'Fb}gg\
eGg]af/] klg s'/f /fV5' . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf Pp6f
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g' eg]sf] csf]{ r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{
xf] . of] If]qdf l/;r{ PG8 8]ned]G6 -cf/PG88L_ Ogf]e];g
ul/g] eg]sf] k|lqmofut cWoog cg';Gwfg x'g' xf] . of] eg]sf]
r/0f–r/0fsf] k|lqmof xf] . ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg xf] . To;df
5nkmn x'Fbf klg s]xL 1fg k|fKt x'G5 . ;kmn x'Fbf ;d:of
;dfwfg x'G5 . To;af6 xfd|f] Jofkf/ Joj;fonfO{ cufl8
a9fpg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/n] To;sf nflu jftfj/0f agfO{lbg'
k5{ . jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ sfo{ ;/sf/sfn] ug{ h?/L 5 .
;/sf/n] clxn] oxL ljifodf #÷$ j6f sfd ul//x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf :6f6{ck / Ogf]e];gsf] s'/f # jif{ cufl8 dfq}
cfPsf] xf] . clxn] klg of] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogdf uPsf] b]lvFb}g .
k"0f{ sfof{Gjogdf y'k|} sl7gfO 5g\ . ;/sf/n] o;df sfd
ubf{ /fd|f] If]qsf] klxrfg u/]/ nufgL ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg
lgb]{lzsf / sfo{ljlw agfP/ cufl8 a9\g'k5{ eGg] nfU5 .
;+jfb ;q–6
sfo{ut ;+/rgf, sfd ug]{ z}nL, sfdnfO{ sfof{jGog ug{ ;Sg]
Ifdtf slt 5 eGg] s'/f klg x]l/g'k5{ .
csf]{ s'/f ToxfF ePsf] nufgLaf6 gfkmf cfh{g ug]{
sfo{nfO{ dxŒj lbg] xf] ls ;]jfnfO{ dxŒj lbg] xf] eGg]
klg :ki6 x'g cfjZos x'G5 . gfkmf cfh{g ug]{u/L nufgL
ug{ nfluPsf] xf] eg] ef]lnsf lbgdf cfh{g ePsf] gfkmfsf]
/sd k'gM nufgL x'G5 ls x'Fb}g eGg]af/] klg /fd|f] cWoog,
cg';Gwfg / d"Nof+sg x'g h?/L 5 . Tof] lx;faaf6
;/sf/sf] sfo{ljlw cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf]tkm{af6 l8lh6n
g]kfn cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogdf nuL ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf
a[xt\ ¿kdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . of] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogsf]
cjlw % jif{sf] 5 . of] cjlwdf ;a} :yfgLo txdf OG6/g]6
kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] nIo 5 . %% ;]jf l8lh6n k|ljlwaf6 lbg]
pNNf]v 5 . pBf]u, ko{6g, pmhf{, lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif,
k"jf{wf/nufot If]qnfO{ d'Vo k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf] 5 .
ljb]z knfog eO/x]sf] 7"nf] hgzlQmnfO{ g]kfnd} /f]huf/Lsf]
cj;/ l;h{gf u/]/ oxL+ /f]Sg pBdzLntf ljsf;nfO{ klg
k|fydlstfdf /flvPsf] 5 .
;/sf/sf] l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogsf]
r/0fdf % jif{sf] cjlwdf vr{ ug{ ! va{ & ca{ %) s/f]8
?k}ofF ljlgof]hg ePsf] 5 . o;af6 yk ! nfv @% xhf/
hgfn] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{5 . ^) xhf/ a9L

:6f6{ck / Ogf]e];g s;n] ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf ;+:yfsf] pBdLn] pBdzLntfsf] yfngL ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

;f/ / lgisif{
p7]sf ;jfn
dlxnf pBdLsf] ;+Vof a9\b} uPsf] t/ cem} klg k|ltlglwTj sd} /x]sf]
l8lh6n pBd a9\b} uPsf] t/, k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf To;/L a9\g g;s]sf]
xfd|f] ;d:of / r'gf}ltnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ s;/L k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ eGg] r'gf}lt /xsf] / cjsf pBdLn] o;nfO{ Wofg lbP/
Joj;fo ;'? ug{'kg]{
g]kfnsf] :6f6{ckm ljZj :t/df hfg lgs} r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf]
ahf/df ljz]ifu/L rLg / ef/tdf clxn] ljlzli6s[t pTkfbgsf] dfu a9\g yfn]sf] cj:yfdf bIf hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{ r'gf}ltk"0f{

casf] af6f]
cflj:sf/ Psrf]6Ldf g6'+lug] ePsf]n] gofF Joj;foLx¿nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ub}{ hfg' kg]{ .
lrgLofF ahf/df k|j]zsf] nflu efiffsf] 1fg cfjZos 5 .
cg';Gwfg / ljsf; dfkm{t o; If]qsf ;d:of klxrfg ug]{ / ;dfwfg lgsfNg ;lsg]
l8lh6n g]kfnsf] k|m]djs{sf] p2]ZonfO{ :6f6{ck / Ogf]e];g;Fu hf]l8g'kg]{ .

36
ljifo M
:6«]y]lgª 6«:6, ;]So'l/6L PG8 k|fOe];L l/lhd km/ l8lh6n Osf]l;:6d

;+jfb ;q–7
Kofgn ;b:ox?
clgns'df/ bQ, ;x;lrj, ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno
ljzfndl0f pkfWofo, k|d'v ;"rgf clws[t, Pg;]n
g/]Gb| d}gfnL, ;LcfO{P;cf], PgcfO{;L Pl;of a}+s lnld6]8
k|jL0f ;'j]bL, sfg'g Joj;foL, kf/fdfpG6 lnun P8efO{h/L ;le{; k|fln
/f]zg e§/fO{, sf]–kmfpG8/, k|f];f]/
;xhstf{ M df]gf Gof5\of]g, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, df]gfn 6]s

Kofgln:6nfO{ ;xhstf{sf] k|Zg M

s_ ;+jfb ;qsf] cWoIftf
k|f=8f= ;'j0f{ zfSo, lgb]{zs,
cfO{6L Ogf]e];g ;]G6/, lqe'jg
ljZjljBfno÷cWoIf, ;LP;cf/cfO{
v_ sfo{kq k|:tf]tf -lk|h]g6];g_
gf/fo0f sf]O/fnf
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, Oldg]G; j]h
!= xfdL k|ljlwk|lt 6«:6 -ljZjf;_sf]
s'/f ul//x]sf 5f}+ . k|ljlwk|ltsf] 6«:6
PstkmL{ geO{ b'O{tkmL{ x'G5 . Pp6f eg]sf]
k|ljlw pkof]ustf{n] ug]{ 6«:6 / csf]{
gLlt lgdf{tfk|ltsf] 6«:6 xf] . b'O{tkmL{
6«:6lagf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf 7"nf]
pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsFb}g . l8lh6n
g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff clxn] sfof{Gjogsf]
r/0fdf 5 . To;df gLltut txsf] 6«:6
hgdfg;df k'¥ofpg s] ug'{k5{ xf]nf <
of] ;DaGwdf cfcfkm\gf] wf/0ff /flvlbg'x'g
cg'/f]w ub{5' .
@= ;]So'l/6L k|m]djs{sf] cj:yf s:tf]
b]Vg'x'G5 < o;sf] lgdf{0fsf nflu s] ug{
;lsG5 <

37
 gf/fo0f sf]O/fnf, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, Oldg]G; j]h
l8lh6n Osf]l;:6d–k|h
] g] 6];g
d nfdf] ;dob]lv ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf sfo{/t 5' .
klxnf ;km\6j]/ OlGhlgol/ª cWoog ;DkGg u/]kl5 km]l/
PdaLP u/]/ of] If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5' . ljut Ps bzsb]lv
ljz]ifu/L ;fOa/ ;'/Iffsf] sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5' . clxn];Dd
;fOa/ ;'/Iff;DaGwL ! ;o %) eGbf a9L k|fh ] S] 6df sfd
ul/;s]sf] cg'ej 5 .
l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] s'/f ug'k{ bf{ l8lh6n Osf]l;:6dsf] s'/f
klg cfpF5 . l8lh6n Osf]l;:6ddf cfpg] x/]s sDkf]gG] 6n]
o'lg6sf ¿kdf sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . klxn] 6]s l/;r{nfO{ a9L
dxŒj lbOGYof] eg] clxn] l8lh6n Osf]l;:6dsf] k|md] js{nfO{
sG;]K6 agfP/ hfg yflnPsf] 5 . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf
l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff @)&^ nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . l8lh6n
Osf]l;:6ddf d'Vo u/L # cf]6f lkn/x¿ kg{ cfpF5g\ .
l8lh6n Osf]l;:6d k|md] js{
!_ l8lh6n ;f];fO6L, clwsf/ / ;'zf;g
@_ l8lh6n k"jf{wf/ tyf P8K;g -u|x0f_
#_ l8lh6n cy{tGq
l8lh6n k|ljlwx¿ rfF8f]–rfF8f] kl/jt{g eO/x]sf x'G5g\ .
;+jfb ;q–7
o:tf] kl/j{tgnfO{ xfd|f] ;/sf/ gful/s ;a}n] :jLsf/ ug{
;Sg'k5{ . o"P;PcfO{8Lsf] l8lh6n Osf]l;:6d k|m]djs{
clxn] pko'Qm b]lvPsf] 5 . l8lh6n Osf]l;:6ddf ;fOa/
;]So'l/6L t k|d'v g} eOxfNof] . csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f eg]sf]
pbLodfg k|ljlwnfO{ s;/L u|x0f ug]{ eGg] xf] . klxn] s'g}
Pp6f l;:6d agfpg'k¥of] eg] gofF l;:6ddf hfg'eGbf k'/fgf]
l;:6dnfO{ g} d]G6]g u/]/ n}hfpmF eGg] x'GYof] . h:t}, kmf]/hL
g]6js{af6 kmfOehL g]6js{df l:jr x'g] s'/f cfO/xFbf of]
cj:yfdf gofFnfO{ u|x0f ug]{ / k'/fgf]nfO{ la:tf/} 5f]8\b} hfg]
Kofgn ;b:ox?
s_ clgns'df/ bQ, ;x;lrj, ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno
6«:6 k|0ffnL s;/L agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] ;'/Iff;Fu hf]l8P/ hlxn] klg cfpF5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
;'/Iff ug]{ Joj:yf gLltdf g} cfpg'k5{ eGg] nfU5 . ;/sf/n]
ljleGg ;dodf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf gLltut s'/fx¿ NofpFb}
of] If]qsf] ljsf; ul//x]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf klxnf ;"rgf k|ljlw
gLlt @)%& cfof] . To;sf] !) jif{kl5 km]l/ ;"rgf k|ljlw
gLlt @)^& NofOof] . t];|f]k6s ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)&@
klg cfPsf] 5 . @)&^ ;fndf l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff
NofO{ sfof{Gjogdf nluPsf] 5 . O{–;'zf;g u'¿of]hgfdf sfd
eO/x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL P]gsf] ljw]ossf] d:of}bf
tof/ u/]/ cg'df]bgsf nflu ;+;b\df k7fOPsf] 5 . clxn]
;fOa/ ;'/Iff gLlt klg lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf 5 . of] gLltsf]
d:of}bf tof/ eO;s]sf] 5 . ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] /fo
tyf ;'emfj lng] sfo{qmd eO;s]sf] 5 . of] d:of}bf ca
:jLs[ltsf nflu dlGqkl/ifb\df n}hfg] r/0fdf k'u]sf] 5 . of]
38
eGg] d'Vo sDkf]g]G6 cfpF5 . l8lh6n Osf]l;:6d km]djs{df
;fOa/ ;]So'l/6L k|d'v xf] . afx\o b]zdf 8f6f k|fOe];L w]/}
dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . g]kfndf s'g 8f6f sxfF laqmL eO/x]sf]
5 < o;af/] s;}nfO{ vf;} dtna x'Fb}g . t/, ca o:tf]
u/]/ x'Fb}g . xfd|f] k|m]djs{df of] s'/fx¿ vf;} dtna x'Fb}g .
t/, casf] xfd|f] l8lh6n k|m]djs{df of] s'/f ;d]l6g'k5{ .
/fli6«o:t/sf] 7"nf] l;:6d alg/x]sf] 5 . gful/s PK;nfO{
g} x]/f}+ g . of] PK;sf] aLrdf s]xL ;d:of cfPsf] lyof] .
clxn] l7s} rln/x]sf] 5 . ToxfF Pp6} :yfgdf olt w]/}
8f6fx¿ sg]S6]8 5g\ . of] k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug]{ gful/sn]
Pp6} kmf]gaf6 ;a} x]g{ ;S5g\ . olt w]/} 8f6f sg]S6]8 ePsf]
x'Fbf gful/s PK;sf] ;'/Iffsf] s'/f klg cfpF5 . ;]So'l/6L
/ k|fOe];Lsf] s'/f cfpFbf ToxfFlg/ 6«:6sf] s'/f ;d]t :jtM
cfOxfN5 .
g]kfndf l8lh6n k|m]djs{sf] s'/f cfpFbf l8lh6n k|ljlwsf]
hu -kmfpG8];g_ x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . clxn];Dd kmfpG8];g txdf
w]/} sfdx¿ eO;s]sf 5g\ . sltko s'/fx¿ la:tf/} kl/jt{g
x'Fb} hfG5g\ . ;fOa/ ;]So'l/6Lsf] s'/fdf s]lGb|t eP/ x]bf{
/fli6«o ;'/Iff s]Gb| :yfkgfsf nflu sfdx¿ ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
eO/x]sf 5g\ . l8lh6n l;Ug]r/ -x:tfIf/_df klg sfd
eO/x]sf] 5 . bIf hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg al9/x]sf] 5 . k"jf{wf/
lgdf{0f tyf lgodgsf sfdx¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ . l8lh6n
k|m]djs{n] ;a} If]qnfO{ 5f]Psf] 5 . casf] lbgdf ;a} sfd
ldnfP/ n}hfg ;Sg] xf] eg] rfF8} g} ;sf/fTds k|efj
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . xfd|f;fd' w]/} 7fpFdf
;d:of cfO/x]sf] eP klg cfwf/e"t cj:yfsf] hu dha'b
x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . l8lh6n Osf]l;:6d aGg' eg]sf] /fli6«o
cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds c;/ kg'{ xf] . l8lh6n k|0ffnLsf]
pkof]un] /fli6«o cy{tGqdf j[l4 x'Fbf To;sf] k|ltkmn
gful/s;Dd klg k'Ub5 .
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t ePkl5 km]l/ clGtd d:of}bf tof/
kfg]{5f}+ .
l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] 6«:6sf] s'/f cfpFbf ToxfF gLltut
Joj:yfsf] s'/f dfq u/]/ x'Fb}g . 6«:6df # j6f s'/f cfpF5g\ .
tL eg]sf] gful/s, k|lqmof / k|ljlw x'g\ . k|ljlwdfly 6«:6
ug{ gful/s tof/ x'g'k5{ . k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{] gful/s
klg bIf x'g'k5{ . o;sf nflu k|lqmofdf hfg'k5{ . 8f6f
;]G6/df k|j]z ug{ cfjZos k|lqmof k"/f u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .
clxn] w]/} df]afOn PK;x¿ gful/sn] pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ .
ltgn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] dfkb08 k"/f u/]sf 5g\ t <
;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfnon] tf]s]sf] ;"rsf+sleq
kg]{u/L ;km\6j]/sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 ls 5}g < tf]lsPsf]
dfkb08 / ;"rsf+scg';f/ ljsf; ePsf ;km\6j]/ tyf
PK;nfO{ dfq 6«:6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cGoyf c;'/lIft x'g]
vt/f emg\ w]/} a9\5 .
v_ ljzfndl0f pkfWofo, k|d'v ;"rgf clws[t, Pg;]n
;/sf/n] nfu" u/]sf] l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff clxn]
sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf 5 . of] cjwf/0ff lsg agfOPsf] xf] <
eGGf] k|Zg cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . of] cjwf/0ff gful/snfO{ ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ;]jf lbg kx'r
F lj:tf/sf nflu NofOPsf] xf] .
tfls, ;/sf/ / lghL If]q Ps} :yfgdf cfP/ cf–cfkm\gf
;]jfx¿ gful/s;Dd k'¥ofpg ;s"g\ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
gful/ssf nflu slt dxŒjk"0f{ aGg ;S5 eGg] s'/f xfdLn]
sf]/f]gf -sf]le8–!(_ dxfdf/L sfndf k|ToIf cg'et" ug{ kfof}+ .
Tof] a]nf grfxfFbf grfxfFb} klg gful/sn] l8lh6n k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u ug'k{ g]{ afWofTds cj:yf cfof] . cfh cfP/ tL
k|ljlw gful/ssf] hLjgdf dxŒjk"0f{ eO;s]sf 5g\ . l8lh6n
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u al9/xFbf xfdLn] xfd|f] k|ljlw pkof]u ug]{
gful/snfO{ To;sf] pkof]usf] cg'el" t lbg ;ls/x]sf 5f}+ ls
5}gf}+ < lbOPsf] l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] ;]jf k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf]
5 ls 5}g < oL s'/f klg ;f]Rg'kg]{ x'G5 .
u_ g/]Gb| d}gfnL, ;LcfO{P;cf], PgcfO{;L Pl;of a}+s lnld6]8
clxn] xfdL l8lh6n g]kfnsf] s'/f ul//x]sf 5f}+ . o;df
xfd|f] k|d'v lyd g} 6«:6 / ;]So'l/6L 5 . o;nfO{ xfdLn] km/s
b[lisf]0faf6 x]g{ h?/L 5 . l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ffn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] nIo slxn] k"/f x'G5 t eGg] k|Zg cfpg ;S5
< of] k"/f x'g] eg]sf] xfdL l8lh6n 6«fGkmd{];gsf] r/0fdf
k'u]kl5 xf] . l8lh6n 6«fGkmd{];g eg]sf] k|ljlwsf] b[li6sf]0faf6
dfq} xfdLn] a'em\g' ePg . of] eg]sf] gful/ssf] hLjgz}nLs}
6«fG;kmd{];g xf] . gful/ssf] hLjgz}nL 6«fG;kmd{];g eO;s]kl5
xfd|f b}lgs hLjgsf] ultljlwdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfpF5 .
Tof] b}lgs hLjgz}nLdf cfPsf] k|ToIf Pj+ ck|ToIf kl/jt{g
xfd|f] cy{tGq;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . of] 6«fG;kmd{];gn] xfdLnfO{
l8lh6n cy{tGqtkm{ 8f]¥ofO/x]sf] 5 .
xfdLn] l8lh6n cy{tGqdf uO;s]kl5 6«:6nfO{ x]¥of}+ eg]
ljZje/df ljrf/0fLo s'/f eg]sf]] l8lh6n cy{tGqsf] l8lhn6
s/]G;L xf] eg]/ a'em\g] ul/Psf] 5 . h;/L xfdL s'g} cy{tGqdf
s/]G;LnfO{ afOkf; u/]/ cy{tGqnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}gf}+,
To;/L g} l8lh6n g]kfn agfpg k"0fsfof{Gjogdf hfg] xf]
eg] 6«:6 eg]sf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo xf] .
l8lh6n 6«:6sf] jftfj/0f agfpg ;s]gf}+ eg] xfdLn]
kl/sNkgf u/]sf] l8lh6n g]kfnsf] nIo k"/f x'g ;Sb}g .
l8lh6n 6«:6sf] klg b'O{ k|d'v kxnx¿ 5g\ . Pp6f eg]sf]
;'/Iff, h;nfO{ xfdL ;fOa/ ;'/Iff eG5f}+ . csf]{ eg]sf]
uf]klgotf -k|fOe];L_ . ca l8lh6n 6«:6 k|fOe];L / ;]So'l/6Lsf]
afO{ k|8S6 xf] . of] b'O{sf] u'0f:t/df hlt :t/f]Gglt x'Fb}
hfG5, l8lh6n 6«:6 klg Tolt g} a9\b} hfG5 / l8lh6n
cy{tGq klg a9\b} hfG5 . oL tLg s'/f Pscsf{df cGt/
;DalGwt 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df eGg] xf] eg] ;fOa/ ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf
s] 5 t < ;fOa/ ;]So'l/6L ;jfndf t xfdL w]/} g} k5fl8
5f}+ . d]/f] 8f6f c?;Fu ;]ol/ª x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf
s;n] u5{ t < clxn] g]kfndf klg bh{gf}+ :yfgdf ;e{nfg
l;:6d 5 . nf]s];g 6«\oflsª x'G5 . Tof] 8f6f ;DalGwt
sfdsf nflu dfq} pkof]u x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] Uof/]G6L s;n]
l8lh6n k|ljlw pkof]u ug]{ gful/ssf] xsdf ;fgf] eGbf
;fgf] s'/f klg Vofn /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . xfdL sltko :yfgdf ;]jf
lng hfFbf ;e{/df ;d:of cfof], ;dfwfg x'g @ 306f nfU5
eGg] s'/fx¿ ;Fw} h;f] ;'lg/x]sf x'G5f}+ . o:tf] k|sf/sf] ;d:of
;/sf/L sfof{nob]lv lghL If]qn] ;~rfng u/]sf a}s + ;Dd
klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . of] ;d:of af/Daf/ bf]xf]l/Psf] cj:yfdf
gful/ssf] 6«:6 klg 36\5 . To;sf/0f gful/ssf] l8lh6n
k|ljlwaf6 lbOg] ;]jfk|ltsf] 6«:6 a9fpg ;]jfnfO{ lbuf] /
u'0f:t/L agfpg'k5{ . cfhsf] lbgdf l56f]–l56f] ab\lng] ;"rgf
k|ljlwdf ;fOa/ ;'/Iff klg gful/ssf] clwsf/leq kg{ cfpF5
eGg] s'/f /fd|/L a'em\g cfjZo b]lvG5 . To;sf/0f, xfdL ;a}
ldn]/ ;fOa/ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu Pp6f ;femf k|md] js{df
a;]/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 lbOg] ;]jfnfO{ ljZjf;gLo
agfpg ;lsG5 . t/, l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ffn] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] nIo k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 .
lbG5 t < of] d'Vo r'gf}tL xf] . ;fOa/ ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0faf6
;+jfb ;q–7
x]bf{ klg xfdL c? b]zsf] t'ngfdf w]/} k5fl8 5f}+ . sdhf]/
5f}+ . lsg sdhf]/ 5f}+ t < sdhf]/ 5f}+ eg]/ olts} eGg]
s'/f t cfPg .
h'g;'s} l8lh6n cy{tGqnfO{ x]of{}+ eg] ;'?jftL r/0fdf
;fOa/ ;'/Iff / k|fOa];Lsf] s'/faLr 7"nf] cGt/ g} x'G5 .
o'/f]kdf klg l8lh6n cy{tGqsf] ljsf; x'Fb} ubf{ l8lh6n
6«:6 ToxfF lyPg . clxn] l8lh6n 6«:6sf] s'/f cfqmds
¿kdf cfof] / o'/f]lkogn] hL8LkLcf/ NofP . hL8LkLcf/
Tolts} t cfPsf] xf]Og . pgLx¿n] l8lh6n cy{tGqnfO{
lbuf] / u'0f:t/Lo agfpg 8f6fsf] ;'/Iff tyf ;fOa/ ;'/Iffsf
nflu gLltut kl/jt{g u/] . xfdLn] klg xfd|f] nIo k"/f
ug{ l8lh6n 6«:6nfO{ d'Vo k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ sfd ug'{k5{
eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . of] a}lsª If]qsf nflu dfq} xf]Og lzIff,
:jf:Yo;lxt ;a} If]qsf nflu cfjZos 5 .
a}lsª If]qsf] s'/f ug'{kbf{ ToxfF klg @÷# j6f d'Vo
r'gf}tL d}n] b]v]sf] 5' . Pp6f eg]sf] ;+:yfut :yfkgfsf]
r'gf}tL 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} Pp6f ljQLo ;+:yfdf
;fOa/ xdnf eof] eg] Tof] a]nf s] ug]{ eGg] cndnsf] cj:yf
5 . Tof] a]nf sfg'g x]g]{ lgsfonfO{ eGg] xf] ls < lgofds
lgsfonfO{ eGg] xf] ls < ls cfkm}+ s]xL ug]{ xf] t < eGg]
cndnsf] cj:yf x'G5 .
of] uDeL/ ljifo 5 a}+lsª If]qdf . csf]{ eg]sf] JolQmut
;fIf/tfsf] s'/f xf] . ljZjsf] hg;+Vof & ca{ a9L x'Fbf % ca{
dflg; OG6/g]6;Fu sg]S6]8 x'Fbf xfdL ;a} ;fOa/ ck/fwsf]
hf]lvddf 5f}+ . To;sf/0f, JolQmut ;fIf/tf u/fpg] s'/fnfO{
klg ;dfg ?kaf6 cufl8 n}hfg'k5{ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 .
cfO8];g / Ogf]e];gsf] klg sdL b]lvof] . To;sf/0f, xfd|f]
clxn]sf] b[li6sf]0fdf klg kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf 5 . OG6/g]6
lkml;ª cfqmd0f /f]SgnfO{ ToxL k|sf/sf] dlN6km\ofS6/
cg]lG6s];gdf hfg'k¥of] . To;sf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/
tof/ ul/g'k5{ / ;fOa/ ;'/Iff k|bfg ul/g'k5{ . ta dfq}
l8lh6n g]kfnsf] xfd|f] kl/sNkgf k"0f{ x'g]5 .
39
 3_ k|jL0f ;'j]bL, sfg'g Joj;foL
xfdLn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ;fOa/ uf]kgLotfsf]
sfg'g agfof}+ . uf]kgLotfnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf df}lns
clwsf/sf ¿kdf w]/} klxnfb]lv g} /flvPsf] 5 . t/,
clxn]sf] xfd|f] sfg'gdf ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ JolQmut
8f6fsf] ;'/Iff / uf]kgLotf b'O{ 5'§f5'§} kIf eP tfklg Pp6}
:yfgdf /flvPsf] 5 . xfdLn] sfg'g ;+zf]wg u/]/ 5'§f5'§}
kIf agfpg'k5{ . tLj| ultdf cl3 a9]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qsf]
ljsf;sf nflu gofF sfg'g cfpg'k5{ eGg'eGbf klg ePsf]
sfg'gsf] klxnf kfngf ug'{ u/fpg'k5{ / cfjZostfcg';f/
sfg'gsf] kl/dfh{g klg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
;g\ @))^ df Pp6f sfg'g cfof], h;n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
If]q;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fdf ljjfb cfof] eg] ;fwf/0f sf]6{sf]
cf}lrTo gxf]nf eg]/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]q a'em]sf] lj1 ;Dd]lnt
cfof]usf] u7g x'g'k5{ eGg] Joj:yf sfg'gdf ul/of] . t/,
;/sf/n] clxn];Dd To;sf] kfngf ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] cfb]z lbFbf klg ;/sf/n] cfof]u agfpg ;s]sf]
ª_ /f]zg e§/fO{, sf]–kmfpG8/, k|f];f]/
;+jfb ;q–7
clxn] ;do–;dodf s'g} g s'g} lgsfosf] j]a;fO6 x\ofs
eof] eg]/ ;'lg/x]sf 5f}+ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;qmddf
;'?jftL lbgb]lv g} ;fOa/ ;'/Iffsf] s'/f xfdLn] ;f]r]sf
5f}+ h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g . ev{/sf l;sf?nfO{ /fv]/ s'g}
;km\6j]/ lgdf{0f ubf{ klxnf] lbgb]lv g} ;fOa/ ;'/Iff s] xf]
eGg] yfxf x'Fb}g . PK;sf] ;'/Iff t xfdLn] lgdf{0f yfn]sf]
klxnf] lbgaf6 g} ;f]Rg'kg]{ x'G5 . To;kl5 k"jf{wf/sf] s'/f
cfpF5 . To;sf/0f 6«:6sf nflu ;fOa/ ;'/Iffaf/] km/s–
km/s b[li6sf]0ffaf6 x]l/g'k5{ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . oxfFg]/ w]/}
s'/fsf] sdL 5 . w]/} sfd ug{ afFsL 5 .
clxn] j]a #=) sf] s'/f eO/x]sf] 5 . klxnf @=) df s]
;+jfb ;qsf cWoIfsf] dGtJo M
k|f=8f= ;'j0f{ zfSo, ;~rfns, cfO{6L Ogf]e];g ;]G6/, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
cfhsf] ;qdf w]/} s'/fx? cfO;s]sf 5g\ . h;h;n]
h]h] wf/0ff /flv/xg' ePsf] eP klg gLlt /fd|f] / zlQmzfnL
x'g'k5{ . ha;Dd gLlt /fd|f] x'Fb}g, ta;Dd xfdL ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] If]qnfO{ ;'/lIft klg agfpg ;Sb}gf}+ . uf]klgotfsf]
s'/f klg cfpFb}g . To;sf/0f, 6«:6 eg]sf] g} ;fOa/ ;'/Iffsf
;fy} uf]kgLotf xf] . ;fOa/ ;'/Iff eof] eg] ToxfF uf]kgLotf
x'G5 . uf]kgLotf x'Fbf g} 6«:6 klg x'G5 . d]/f] gh/df 6«:6
eg]sf] g} ;'/Iff / 8f6fsf] uf]kgLotf xf] . o;sf nflu
gLltut Joj:yf x'g cGToGt h?/L 5 . ;fOa/ ;'/Iffsf] s'/f
cfpFbf ;LcfO{P 6«\of+un pko'Qm x'G5 .
Ps]8]lds / k|f]km];gn eP/ eGg'kbf{ ca k/Dk/fut
vfnsf] ;km\6j]/ lgdf{0f u/]/ sfd 5}g . ca xfdLn]
;]So'l/6L 8]enK8 ;km\6j]/ lgdf{0fsf] rqmnfO{ k5\ofpg'k5{ .
40
lyPg . ;/sf/n] g} cfkm}+ agfPsf sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{ c6]/
u/]kl5 xfdLn] hlt g} 6«:6 / ;fOa/ ;'/Iffsf] s'/f u/] klg
l8lh6n k|fOe];Lsf] s'/f ug'{sf] cf}lrTo /xFb}g . of] # j6f
kIf ;d]l6g] u/L l8lh6n k|fOe];L sfod x'g cfjZos 5 .
of] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf If]qsf nflu Psbd} dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f xf] .
o;n] /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf klg k|efj kfg{ ;S5 .
cfh xfdL df}g al;/xFbf g]kfndf s'g} ;fOa/ ck/fw
eP/ xflggf]S;fgL eof] eg] ToxfF cGt/f{li6«o sfg'ggsf]
klg x:tIf]k ePsf] b]lvg]5 . To;kl5 k"jf{wf/sf] ;'/Iff /
JolQmut 8f6fsf] ;'/Iff cfjZos k5{ . a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfsf] lgodgdf lsg s8fO x'G5 t eGbf ToxfF gful/ssf]
k};fsf] ;'/Iffsf] s'/f cfpF5 . casf] rf;f] k};fdf dfq s]lGb|t
gu/L 8f6fsf] ;'/IffnfO{ klg dxŒj lbg'kg]{ ;do cfPsf] 5 .
To;sf/0f, xfd|f] 8f6fsf] k|fOe];LnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf Jofks
kl/jt{g Nofpg'k5{ . xfdL;Fu sfg'g 5 . To;sf] k"0f{¿kdf
kfngf x'g'k5{ .
eof] / #=) cfpg vf]lh/x]sf] 5 < Tof] a'em\g h?/L 5 .
ljZjdf u'un, Pd]hf]g h:tf ;'k/kfj/x¿ hlGdPsfn] To;df
pkof]ustf{sf] 8f6f cfkm}+df ljt/0f xf];\ eg]/ cfpg vf]h]sf]
5 elgPsf] 5 . #=) j]a Ansr]gdf cfwfl/t x'g] elgPsf] 5 .
clxn];Dd of] kl/sNkgfdf g} 5 . s:tf] x'g] xf] eGg] s'/f
la:tf/} cfpnf . clxn] Ansr]g 6]Sgf]nf]hL lqmK6f]s/]G;Lsf]
sf/f]af/sf nflu dfq} pkof]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . c? If]qdf
o;sf] pkof]u la:tf/} x'g nfu]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f, o:t}
x'G5 eg]/ t d ls6fg u/]/ eGg ;lSbgF #=) j]asf] af/]df .
t/, kfj/ ;a} Pp6} JolQm jf ;+:yfdf dfq} ghfcf];\ eg]/
cjwf/0ffcg'?k of] j]a cfpg nfu]sf] 5 . of] /fd|f] klg xf] .
o;nfO{ P;P;8LPn;L elgG5 . of] gofF 6ld{gf]nf]hL xf] .
o;sf] ;'?jft eO;s]sf] 5 . ca ;km\6j]/ lgdf{0f ubf{
PgfnfOl;;\b]lv g} ;]So'l/6Lsf] s'/fx¿ dfkg u/]/ hfg'k5{ .
of] s'/fnfO{ ;a} r/0fsf] sfddf Wofg lbg ;Sof}}+ eg] xfd|f]
;km\6j]/ Psbd} alnof] / u'0f:t/Lo x'G5 . To;df 6«:6
x'G5 . To;nfO{ xfdLn] pkof]udf Nofpg'cufl8 cl8l6ª x'g
klg h?/L 5 . ;km\6j]/nfO{ ;fwf/0f k|sf/sf] dd{t ;Def/
u/]/ dfq x'Fb}g . eljiodf dd{t ubf{ ;'/Iffsf] kf6f]df klg
Wofg lbg'k¥of] . k"jf{wf/sf] ;'/Iff klg x]g'{k5{ . PK;nfO{ klg
;'/lIft /fVg ;Sg'k5{ . o;sf nflu sfg'g tyf gLltsf]
dxŒj w]/} 5 . ;fOa/ ;'/IffnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg] eg]sf] sfg'gn]
xf], gLltn] xf] . gLlt cfPkl5 g} k|ljlw cfpg] x'Fbf To;/L
g} cufl8 a9\g'k5{ .
;f/ / lgisif{
p7]sf ;jfn
k|fOe];L / 8f6f ;]So'l/6L r'gf}tLk"0f{
l8lh6n k|m]djs{sf nflu w]/} gLltut tyf sfg'gL ;'wf/sf s'/f cufl8 a9] klg clGtd ?k lbg l9nfO x'Fbf k|m]djs{sf]
p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;d:of ePsf]
JolQmut uf]kgLotf ;+/If0f P]gdf s]xL Joj:yf eP klg 5/k:6 cj:yfdf /x]sf] / JolQmut 8f6fsf] b'?kof]u cem} x'g ;Sg]
b]lvG5 . t/, JolQmut 8f6f ;'/Iff g/fVg] ;+:yfnfO{ sf/afxL ug]{ Joj:yf gePsf] .
uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ / JolQmut 8f6f ;'/IffnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /flvPsf] sf/0f ;d:of cfPsf]
8f6f ;]So'l/6L / 8f6f k|fOe];Lsf] k|Tofe"lt geP;Dd l8lh6n ljZjf; :yflkt gx'g] / l8lh6n ?kfGt/0f x'g g;Sg]
lghL 8f6fsf] ;xL tl/sfn] g/fVg] ;+:yfnfO{ s;/L sf/afxL ug]{ eGg]af/] clxn] s'g} sfg'gdf pNn]v gePsf]

casf] af6f]
/fli6«o ;fOa/ ;]So'l/6L P]g l56f] sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'kg]{
;fOj/ ;]So'l/6L dlg6l/ª ;]G6/nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;~rfngdf Nofpg]
l8lh6n ?kfGt/0fsf] cfjZostfaf/] ;j{;fw/0fdf r]tgf gePsf] / ;]So'l/6Ldf sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f x'g] Ifltaf/] w]/}nfO{
hfgsf/L gx'g] u/]sf]
;fOa/ ;]So'l/6L cl86 clgjfo{ ul/g'kg]{ / To;f] gug]{ ;+:yfsf] btf{ gjLs/0f gx'g] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ .

;+jfb ;q–7
clGtd pkef]QmfnfO{ pgLx?n] kfPsf] ;]jfsf] pknAwtf / u'0f:t/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{
x/]s ljZjljBfnodf ;fOa/ ;]So'l/6L / 8f6f k|fOe];Laf/] cWofkg x'g'kg]{
l8lh6n Osf]l;:6d k|m]djs{df ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;fOa/ ;]So'l/6L, pbLodfg k|ljlw tyf e"/fhgLlts cjl:ylt d]l6g'kg]{
JolQmut pkef]QmfnfO{ hfu[t u/fpg'kg]{ ;+:yfut hfu/0f Nofpg'kg]{ / wf/0ff / ;f]rdf klg ?kfGt/0f Nofpg'kg]{
g]kfndf ;]So'l/6L k|m]djs{af/] ;km\6j]o/ ljsf; ug]{ a]nfb]lv ;f]lrg'kg]{
8f6f ;]So'l/6L ODKofS6 P;];d]G6sf] d]sflghd x'g'kg]{

41
 :6«]ª\y]lgª l8lh6 g]kfn Osf]l;:6dM Ao'lN8ª
ckg Olgl;on x]8j]h
lsgf]6 l:krsf] ljifo M l8lh6n km]gf]e];g Og g]kfn
clgn s]z/L zfx
lgjt{dfg k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t, glan a}+s lnld6]8
l8lh6n sGSn]edf cfP/ af]Nb} ubf{ glan a}+sdf cfh
d]/f] sfo{sfnsf] bf];|f] clGtd lbg xf] . d]/f] #! jlif{o a}+lsª
sl/o/ ;lsg ef]ln ! lbg dfq} afFsL 5 . #! jif{sf] a}+lsª
If]qsf] cg'ej sfo{sfnsf] cGTolt/ cfOk'Ubf kms]{/ x]g{ dg
x'g] /x]5 .
cfof]hsn] cfh of] sfo{qmddf dnfO{ …l8lh6n lkmgf]e];gÚ
sf] af/]df s'/f /flVbg' eGg' ePsf] 5 . xfdL hlxn] klg
lsgf]^ :kLr–2
g]kfndf of] ePg, Tof] ePg eGg] u'gf;f] ;Fw} u5f}{+ . t/, Ps
k6s s]xL ldg]6 ;do lnP/ lxhf]sf] lbgdf sxfF lyof}+, /
cfh sxfF cfOk'u]sf 5f}+ eGg] s'/fdf cWoog x'g'k5{ eGg]
dnfO{ nfU5 . xf], cfhsf] lbg;Dd cfOk'Ubf w]/} sfdx¿ ug{
afFsL 5 . ljZjsf w]/} b]zn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf w]/} k|ult
u/]sf 5g\ . xfdLn] klg w]/} sfd ug{ afFsL 5 .
d ljBfyL{ sfndf ef/tsf] lbNnLdf :s'ndf kl9/x]sf]
lyP+ . Tof] a]nf g} d}n] klxnf] k6s ljZj JofkL j]aaf/]
;'g]+ . Od]nsf af/]df hfgsf/L eof] . xfdLn] k7fPsf] Od]n
Ps}l5gdf x]g{ / k9\g ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f yfxf eof] . Tof] g}
OG6/g]6sf] af/]df ;'g]sf] / hfg]sf] d]/f] klxnf] cg'ej lyof] .
Tof] a]nfb]lv clxn];Dd cfOk'Ubf ljZjdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
If]qdf s]–s] eO;s]sf] 5 < g]kfndf klg s] slt k|ult ePsf]
5 < Tof] oxfF ;xefuL ;a}nfO{ hfgsf/ ePs} s'/f xf] .
a}+lsª If]qdf ePsf] g]kfnsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ x]bf{ ;g\
!*&& df klxnf] k6s sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf a}+s :yfkgf ePsf]
Oltxf; 5 . kl5 la=;+ !(($ ;fn sflQs #) ut] -;g\
!(#&, gf]e]Da/ !%_ df g]kfn a}+ssf] :yfkgf eof] . g]kfn a}+s
:yfkgf ePsf] w]/} ePsf] 5}g . of] g} g]kfnsf] klxnf] jfl0fHo
a}+s lyof] . plt a]nf l8lh6n k|ljlw lyPg . sDKo'6/sf]
pkof]u klg lyPg . xfd|f] s]Gb|Lo a}+s g]kfn /fi6« a}+s g]kfn
a}+seGbf kl5 ;g\ !(%^ df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
clnkl5 glan / g]kfn c/a a}+s lghL If]qsf] jfl0fHo
a}+ssf]¿kdf cfP . oL g} lghL If]qn] ;+o'Qm¿kdf vf]n]sf]
g]kfnsf] klxnf] afl0fHo a}+s lyP . oL a}+saf6 klxnf]k6s
u|fxs ;]jf eg]/ gful/snfO{ a}+lsª ;]jf lbg ;'? ul/Psf]
lyof] . o;df klg ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ / rfv nfVg] s'/f
klxnf] sDKo'6/fOh a}+s x'Fbf ePsf] lyof] . of] k|ljlw ev{/–
ev{/ cfpFbf sDKo'6/fOh a}+lsª s;/L x'G5 eg]/ x]g{ Tof]
a]nfsf] cy{dGqL / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf kbflwsf/L
glan a}+sdf cfpg'eof] . ;lrjHo"x¿ klg cfpg'eof] .
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfklt cfpg'eof], sDKo'6/fOh a}+s
s] xf] eGg] x]g{nfO{ .
42
w]/} sd dflg;nfO{ yfxf 5, sDKo'6/ w]/} ;fgf lyof] .
b]vfpgnfO{ klg nfh nfUYof] . Pp6f On]S6«f]lgs r]s
/fO6/ lyof] . xfdL x]g{ cfpg] ;a} hgfnfO{ Tof] r]s /fO6/
b]vfpFYof}+ . ;a} hgf Psbd v'zL eP/ hfg'x'GYof] . of] ;do
eg]sf] ;g\ !(*$ lt/sf] xf] . To;kl5 ;g\ !(() df klxnf]
k6s qm]l86 sf8{ l;:6d g]kfndf ;'? eof] . klxnf] Pl6Pd
lxdfnog a}+sn] ;g\ !((% df ;'? u/]sf] lyof] .
;g\ @))@ df cfOk'Ubf OG6/g]6 a}+lsªsf] ;'?jft s'df/L
a}+sn] u/]sf] xf] . ;g\ @))( df O–;]jfn] glan a}+s;Fusf]
;xsfo{df l8lh6n jfn]6sf] yfngL uof]{ . clxn] w]/}h;f]
g]kfnLsf] vNtLdf O–;]jf jfn]6 5 . afl0fHo a}+sx¿sf]
df]afOn a}+lsª ;]jf lbg] PK; 5g\ . gful/sn] cfkm\gf]
cfjZostfcg';f/ oL PK;sf] k|fof]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
;g\ @)!@ df nIdL a}+sn] klxnf] k6s df]afOn a}+lsª
;]jf ;'? uof]{ . kl5 ;a} a}+sx¿n] of] k|ljlwaf6 ;]jf lbg
;'? u/] . ;g\ @)@! sf] cGTob]lv @)@@ sf] dWo;Dddf
cfOk'Ubf b]zs} klxnf] sDKo'6/fOh glan a}+s ca k"0f{¿kdf
l8lh6nfOh a}+s aGb}5 . ca glan a}+ssf] zfvf slt j6f
5g\ eg]/ eGg] geO{ g]kfnLsf] vNtLdf :df6{ kmf]g sltj6f
5g\ < eGg] x]g'{ kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . :df6{ kmf]g ePkl5
g} ToxfF glan a}+s klg k'U5 . glan ;Fu;Fu} c? a}+sx¿
klg k"0f{¿kdf l8lh6nfOh x'Fb}5g\ . of] g} g]kfnL a}+sx¿n]
to u/]sf] clxn];Ddsf] ofqf xf] . g]kfnL a}+sx¿sf] ofqfdf
l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] ljsf; lg/Gt/¿kdf eO/x]sf] 5 .
sDKo'6/fOh a}+s cfO;s]kl5 To;sf] w]/} jif{;Dd ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] If]qdf vf;} s]xL x'g ;ls/x]sf] lyPg . d klxnf]
k6s ;g\ @))$÷% lt/ glansf] k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t
lyP+ . ToxL a]ndf glan a}+sn] cgnfOg vftf vf]Ng] sfo{sf]
yfngL u/]sf] lyof] . ToxL a]nfdf Pp6f PKk klg nGr
ul/;s]sf lyof}+ . t/, Tof] a]nfdf u|fxssf] ?rL otftkm{
hfg ;s]sf] lyPg . cem egf}+ u|fxsn] of] k|ljlwdfly 6«:6
ug{ ;ls/x]sf lyPgg\ . sf]xL cgnfOgaf6 a}+s vftf vf]Ng
/ PKk k|of]u ug{ OR5's b]lvPg . Tof] a]nf ljZj a}+s,
cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if -cfOPdPkm_ af6 cfpg] k|ltlglwn] ;w}+
eGg] ub{y] l8lh6nfOh];gdf lsg hfFb} 5f}+ < eg]/ .
pgLx¿ eGg] uy]{, …clk|msL b]z s]Gofdf x]/f}+ g, ToxfF
Pd k};f eGg] PKk 5 . g]kfnn] o:t} PKksf] k|of]u lsg
ug{ ;Sb}g <Ú xfdLn] plta]nf g} k|of; u/]sf lyof}+ . c?
a}+sx¿n] klg sf]l;; u/]sf lyP . t/, ahf/n] Tof] a]nf
NofOPsf] k|ljlwnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]g .
ljifo M
l8lh6n lkmgf]e];g PG8 laof]G8 km/ l8lh6n ;f];fO6L

;+jfb ;q–8
Kofgn ;b:ox?
u'?k|;fb kf}8]n, lgb]{zs, k]d]G6 l;:6d l8kf6{d]G6, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
lgn]zdfg l;+x k|wfg, k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t, g]kfn lSnol/ª xfp;
gf]/f cfzf u'?ª, lgb]{zs k|f]8S6 drg]6 6]Sgf]nf]lhh OGs
;'ef; ;fksf]6f, k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t, O{–;]jf
;xhstf{ M ;GhLj ;'Aaf, k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t, g]kfn On]S6«f]lgs k]d]G6 l;:6d

sfo{kq k|:tf]tf -lk|h]g6];g_ M

lgn]zdfg l;+x k|wfg
k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t, g]kfn lSnol/ª xfp;

l8lh6n ;dfhn] s] s'/f /]km/ u5{ < /, l8lh6n kmfOgflG;ª ;le{;sf] kl5Nnf] tYof+s s:tf] 5 eGg] ;Gbe{df d
cfkm\gf] s'/f /fVb} 5' . l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ffn] cl3 ;f/]sf * j6f If]q / *) j6f kxnnfO{ PsLs[t u/]/ x]of}{+ eg]
l8lh6n ;dfhdf l8lh6n gful/stfsf] s'/f cfpFbf /fli6«o kl/rokqsf] cjwf/0ffcfO{ sfof{Gjogdf uO;s]sf] 5 . ca
ToxL /fli6«o kl/rokqsf] cfwf/df gful/sn] ;/sf/n] lbg] ;]jf;'ljwfsf] pkof]u ug{ kfpg]5g\ . gful/s klg cfkm\gf] /fli6«o
kl/rokqsf] dfWodaf6 kl/lrt x'g]5g\ . ;/sf/n] /fli6«o kl/rokqsf] cfwf/df s;/L ;]jf lbG5 t < Jofkf/ Joj;fonfO{
s;/L cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 t < To;sf nflu ;/sf/ gful/s / Jofkf/ Joj;fonfO{ cGt/ ;DalGwt agfP/ /fli6«o
kl/rokq s] xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] oxfF a'em\g'k5{ .

43
 l8lh6n ;dfh
clxn] O{–sd;{sf KNof6kmd{ w]/} 5g\ . ljQLo ;]jfnfO{ O{–sd;{;Fu hf]8\g ljQLo ;]jfnfO{ klg l8lh6n sDkf]g]G6df /fVg
;lsG5 . log} s'/fnfO{ Pscsf{df cfa4 u/fpg ;lsPdf l8lh6n ;dfh agfpg ;lsG5 / l8lh6n Osf]l;:6d tof/ x'G5 .
l8lh6n ;dfhdf xfdL s'g cj:yfdf 5f}+ eg]/ x]bf{ tLg r/0fnfO{ x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . tL o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

!_ l8lh6n ;dfhsf] pbo M

l8lh6n ;dfhsf] pbosf] s'/f ug'{kbf{ g]kfn l8lh6n sd{;df cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf a}+sx¿n] lbg]
l8lh6n ;]jfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;df xfdL ;'?jftL r/0faf6 lgs} dfly cfO;s]sf 5f}+ . Jofkf/ Jofj;fosf nflu emf]nfe/L
k};f af]s]/ lx+8\g'kg]{ afWotfsf] cGTo eO;s]sf] 5 . a}+ssf] ;]jf cfwf/e"t 6«flGh;gaf6 P8efG; a}+lsªtkm{ uO;s]sf] 5 .

@_ l8lh6n ;dfhsf] 6«flGh;g M

l8lh6n hLjgz}nL / l8lh6n gful/stfsf] xsdf cem} klg ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;/sf/L sfd sfh xf];\ jf a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfsf] sfd ug'{kg]{ xf];\ . cem} klg gful/stf af]s]/ hfg'k5{ . ;/sf/sf] l8lh6n g]kfnsf] k"0f{¿kdf sfof{Gjog eO{
;a} gful/snfO{ PsLs[t l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf cfa4 u/fpg ;lsPsf] cj:yfdf l8lh6n ;dfh aGg]5 .

#_ P8efG:8 l8lh6n ;dfh M

laut # jif{sf] cjlwdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf hlt klg l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ePsf] 5 . of] lgs} pRr txdf ePsf]
5 . sf]/f]gf dxfdf/Lsf sf/0f klg l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] pkof]udf gful/s uP . cfh of] k|ljlw pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf dxŒjk"0f{
eO;s]sf] 5 .
;+jfb ;q–8

;]jfdf l8lh6nfOh];g
ut a}zfv;Ddsf] tYof+s x]g]{ xf] eg] v'b|f 6«fGh]S;g k|0ffnLdf !^$ k|ltzt;Dd j[l4 ePsf] 5 . l8lh6n ljQLo ;]jfsf]
pkof]udf klg @)) k|ltztsf] j[l4 5 . of] j[l4nfO{ /fd|f] dfGg'k5{ . /fh:jsf] &% k|ltzt 6«fGh]S;g cgnfOgaf6 ePsf] b]Vg
;lsG5 . !# k|ltzt;Dd /fh:j ;+sng cgnfOgaf6 ePsf] 5 .

Kofgln:6nfO{ ;xhstf{sf] k|Zg M

xfdL l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] pkof]udf clxn] s'g r/0fdf 5f}+ < / l8lh6n ;f];fO6Lsf nflu l8lh6n
Osf]l;:6d lgdf{0f ug{ s] s] ug'{ cfjZostf 5 <

Kofgn ;b:ox?
s_ u'?k|;fb kf}8]n, lgb]{zs, k]d]G6 l;:6d l8kf6{d]G6, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
oxfF ;xefuL ;fyLx¿n] /fVg' ePsf] s'/fn] g} xfd|f]
lgofds lgsfo slt k5fl8 /x]5 eGg] :ki6 b]lvof] . xfdLn]
cfkm\gf] b]zdf ag]sf] PK;n] lbg] ;]jfnfO{ ljZjJofkL agfpg
cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g klg x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . s'g} l8lh6n PK;nfO{
ljZjJofkL ;~rfngsf nflu g]kfn /fi6« a+}sn] dfq cg'dlt
lbP/ x'Fb}g . k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/ lghL If]qn] g} ub}{ hfg] xf] .
l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df of]ubfg k'uf];\ eg]/
/fi6« a}+ssf] ;d]t ;+nUgtf /xg]u/L g]kfn lSnol/ª xfp;sf]
:yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . /fi6« a}+sn] b]znfO{ l8lh6nfOh];gdf
n}hfg lgodgsf] kf6f] dfq x]/]/ sfd ug{ c8\sf] yfKb}g .
/fi6« a}+ssf] rf}+yf] /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] rf}+yf] lkn/sf] ¿kdf
l8lh6n k]d]G6 l;:6dnfO{ /flvPsf] 5 . of] /0fgLlts
of]hgfsfaf/] yk cWoog x'g afFsL 5 . /fi6« a}+sn] …lau
x}g lSnsÚ a}+lsªdf hfg] gLlt lnPsf] 5 . clxn] b]zsf] ^*
k|ltzt hg;+Vof;Fu a}+s vftf 5 . &) k|ltztn] df]afOn
kmf]g af]S5g\ . a}+s vftf vf]Ng]eGbf df]afOn kmf]g af]Sg]
hg;+Vof al9/x]sfn] ca l8lh6n df]afOn a}+lsªdf hfg'k5{
eGg] xfd|f] dfGotf xf] . To;sf nflu df]afOn a}+lsª ;]jfaf/]
hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd u/]/ gful/sdf r]tgfsf] :t/ j[l4
ug]{ sfo{ ul/g'k5{ .
cGt/f{li6«o k]d]G6 l;:6d g]kfndf klg rflxof] eg]/ w]/}
s'/f p7\g] u/]sf] 5 . k]kn;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]/ cfpg]nfO{ /fi6«
a}+s cg'dlt lbg tof/ 5 . ;Demf}tf u/]/ cfpg] lghL If]qn]
k]kn ;~rfng ug{ g]kfnL a}+s;Fu ;xsfo{ klg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

44
v_ lgn]zdfg l;+x k|wfg, k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t, g]kfn lSnol/ª xfp;
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qsf nflu ;/sf/n] agfPsf] gLltsf] af6 ;'? ePsf] lyof] . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] xsdf ;+/rgf
/0fgLlts sfof{Gjogsf] sfd g]kfn lSnol/ª xfp;n] tof/ ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . && lhNnfsf !!@ :yfgLo
ug]{u5{ . ;'?jftL lbgdf g]kfn lSnol/ª xfp; a}+ssf] txdf gful/snfO{ lbg] k]d]G6 l;:6d l8lh6n eO;s]sf]
k"jf{wf/sf nflu sfd ug]{ eg]/ cfPsf] eP klg clxn] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf If]qdf km8\sf] dfg]{ xf] eg] g]kfn /fi6«
;a}sf nflu sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . hL–6'6L k]d]G6 l;:6d a}+sn] ;s'{n/ u/]sf] l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{ cfjZos
clxn] k|foM ;a} -(# k|ltzt_ l8lh6n eO;s]sf] 5 . lghL 5 . To;sf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug]{ sfd xfdLn]
If]q / ;/sf/aLrsf] l8lh6n k]d]G6 l;:6d ;g\ @)!% ul//x]sf 5f}+ .

u_ gf]/f cfzf u'?ª, lgb]{zs k|f]8S6 drg]6 6]Sgf]nf]lhh OGs

d ljb]zdf cfO{6L sDkgLdf sfd ul//x]sf] lyPF . ToxfF
of] If]qdf sfd ug{ w]/} k|lt:kwf{ 5 . g]kfn ev{/ ev{/
l8lh6n k|ljlwdf uO/x]sfn] cfkm\g} b]zdf w]/} cj;/ b]v]/
ljb]zsf] /f]huf/L 5f]8]/ d oxfF cfP/ sfd ul//x]sL 5' .
;'?jftdf l8lh6n /]ld6\ofG;sf] sfd x]b}{ cfO/x]sf]df clxn]
cGt/b]zLo a}+lsª g]6jls{ªsf] sfd ul//x]sf] 5' .
g]kfn ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ev{/} afd] ;l//x]sfn] ug{
;s]sf] v08df oxfF w]/} cj;/x¿ 5g\ . ef]lnsf] lbgdf oxfF
pTkfbg x'g] hgzlQmnfO{ oxL+ /f]huf/L lbg ;lsof] eg] xfdL
rfF8} g} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf cfTdlge{/ aGg ;S5f}+ . cfly{s
lx;fan] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf pTs[i6 /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/
ljsl;t / 7"nf b]zx¿df 5 . t/, ToxfF w]/} k|ltikwf{ 5 .
k|ltikwf{ w]/} ePsfn] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ kfpg r'gf}tLsf] w]/}
;fdgf ug'{k5{ . g]kfndf cj;/ w]/} 5 . k|ltikwf{ sd 5 .
of] cj;/nfO{ pkof]u ug]{ xf] eg] sf]xL klg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
sfd ug{ ljb]z hfg'kb}{g eGg] nfU5 .

3_ ;'ef; ;fksf]6f, k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t, O{–;]jf
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf clxn] pkof]udf cfPsf] ;]jfdf
klg ;d:of 5 . lzIffsf nflu lnOg] shf{sf] cj:yf,
/]ld6\ofG;sf] hL8LkLdf of]ubfgsf] cj:yf x]bf{ ljQLo kx'Fr
ldNof] eg]/ eGg] ul/P klg ToxfF cem} klg Uofk 5 .
gful/snfO{ lbOg] l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] ;]jfnfO{ a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfeGbf dfly uP/ ;/f]sf]jfnfnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} nu]/ hfg] u/L
O{–;]jf cfPsf] xf] .
clxn] l8lh6n sf/f]af/ ug]{ @^ j6f df]afOn PK; 5g\ .
oLdWo] O{–;]jf g} ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] xf] . ;a}eGbf h]7f] sDkgL
ePsfn] g} O{–;]jfn] clxn] b]lvPsf] k]d]G6 Uofksf] vf8n
;+jfb ;q–8
k'g]{ u/L gofF–gofF ;]jfx¿ NofO/x]sf] 5 . clxn] gful/sn]
;/sf/nfO{ ug]{ k]d]G6 l;:6ddf Uofk 5 . To;sf nflu
klg O{–;]jfn] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . clxn] xfdL &) jif{kl5sf]
cfjZostfnfO{ x]/]/ To:tf of]hgfdf sfd ul//x]sf 5f}+ .
O{–;]jfn] g]kfndf /fd|f] ;]jf lbO/x]sf] 5 . ljb]zdf hfFbf
lsg of] PK; rnfpg ;lsFb}g eGg] k|Zg ;Fw} cfpg] ub{5 .
O{–;]jf ljb]zdf klg rnfpg ;lsG5, t/, g]kfnsf] /]u'n]6/L
l;:6dn] ;]jfk|jfx ug{] cg'dlt lbFb}g . ljZjdf rNg] cgnfOg
k]d]G6 k|0ffnL Pp6} x'G5 . x/]s b]zsf] gLltdf ePsf] Joj:yfn]
To;nfO{ km/s kfl//x]sf] x'G5 .

;f/ / lgisif{
p7]sf ;jfn
k|ljlw ljsf; ug{'eGbf klg ;f]rfO kl/jt{g ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{
a}lsª k|0ffnL w]/} Jojl:yt eP klg ;d:of/lxt eg] x'g g;s]sf] .
ljQLo ;]jfsf k|8S6df cem} Uofk /x]sf]

casf] af6f]
lkmgf]e];gnfO{ l8lh6n sd;{;Fu hf]8\g'kg]{
l8lh6n ;f];fO6Ldf l8lh6n l;l6hgl;k, l8lh6n nfOkm:6fOn / l8lh6n sd;{nfO{ ;d]l6g'kg]{
k|lt:kwL{ / gofF cfljisf/df cfwfl/t k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{

45
 -k|:t'tLs/0f_
ljifo M
l8lh6n g]kfn PS;]n]/];g k|f]h]S6
k|Ztf]tf
clgns'df/ bQ
;x;lrj, ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno
k|fh
] S] 6 / ;]jf k|jfxsf] cj:yf
d sfo{/t dGqfnocGtu{t clxn] ljZj a}s + ;Fusf]
;xsfo{df …l8lh6n g]kfn PS;]n/] ; ] g cfof]hgfÚ ;~rfngdf
5 . d oxfF of] cfof]hgf s] xf] / o;n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf
s] s:tf sfd ul//x]sf] 5 eGGf]af/] atfpg uO/x]sf] 5' . of]
cfof]hgfaf/] af]Ng'eGbf klxn] ;/sf/sf] …l8lh6n g]kfnsf]
cjwf/0ff @)&^Úsf ;DaGwdf klg s]xL atfpg rfxG5' . @)&^
;fndf NofOPsf] cjwf/0ffdf * If]q / *) j6f kxn 5g\ .
oLdWo] clwsf+z If]q tyf kxndf sfd ;'? eO{ sfof{Gjogdf
cfO;s]sf 5 . s]xL cem} klg sfof{Gjogdf cfpg afFsL
b]lvG5g\ . cjwf/0ffn] cl3 ;f/]sf] sfo{qmdcGtu{t g]kfn
b'/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] kmG8dfkm{t a|f8] AofG8 OG6/g]6 kx'r F
ljz]if k|:t'tL
lj:tf/sf] sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . % xhf/eGbf a9L l8lh6n
l;Ug]r/x¿ OG:6n eO;s]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L sfdsfhnfO{
sfuh/lxt agfpg y'k}| PK; agfOPsf] 5 . clxn];Dd x]bf{
@ bh{geGbf a9L l8lh6n jfn]6x¿ ;lqmo 5g\ . ;/sf/sf]
g} s'/f ug'k{ bf{ /fh:j ;+sngb]lv e'QmfgL k|0ffnLnfO{ klg
l8lh6nfOh ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
l8lh6n ;'zf;g
l8lh6n ;'zf;gaf/] eGg' kbf{ o;sf km/s–km/s r/0fx¿
5g\ . ;'?df gful/snfO{ ;"rgf lbOG5 . To;kl5 PstkmL{
?kdf gful/saf6 ;/sf/;Dd ;"rgfsf] ;~rf/ ul/G5 . t];f| ]
r/0fdf 6«fGh]S;g x'G5 . o;df gful/s / ;/sf/aLr ;~rf/
x'G5 . clxn] eO/x]sf] k|ljlw cnu–cnu tl/sfaf6 eO/x]sfn]
ca PsLs[t l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf g]kfn hfg'k5{ . /fli6«o
kl/rokqsf nflu cfj]bg lbFbf kf;kf]6{ agfpFbf km]l/ ;Dk"0f{
ljj/0f eg'{ gkg]{ u/L k|ljlw nfu" eO;s]sf] 5 . o;/L g}
;a}nfO{ PsLs[t u/]/ n}hfg'k5{ . l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff
cfPsf] cfh # jif{ lalt;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogdf
w]/} ;d:of tyf r'gf}tL cfO/x]sf 5g\ . ToxL sf/0f klg of]
cjwf/0ffsf] ;kmn sfof{GjognfO{ ;3fp k'Ug]u/L l8lh6n
g]kfn PS;]n/] ;
] g cfof]hgf nfu" ul/Psf] xf] . of] cfof]hgfn]
;"rgf k|ljlw If]qsf] cfwf/e"t s'/fnfO{ cl3 a9fP/ nu]sf] 5 .
sg]lS6le6Lsf # kxn
clxn]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfnsf nflu ;a}eGbf cfwf/e"t s'/f
eg]sf] sg]lS6le6L xf] . b]ze/df sg]lS6le6L a9fpg] sfo{
cfof]hgfn] ul//x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgfsf tLg kxnx? 5g\ .
c_ a|f8] AofG8 OG6/g]6df kxFr' lj:tf/ M
;x/L If]qdf ;xh eP klg b'ud{ u|fdL0f
e]udf OG6/g]6sf] kx'r F lj:tf/ ug{ w]/} sl7gfOsf]
46
sfd xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k"jf{wf/ v8f ug{ w]/}
nufgL cfjZos k5{ . b'ud{ df a:g] gful/sn] klg ;x/df
;/x ;dfg b/df OG6/g]6 kx'r F k|fKt ug{ ;s"g\ eg]/ g}
cfof]hgfn] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . of] sfo{sf nflu gLltut
;'wf/ u/L lghL If]qnfO{ klg nufgLsf nflu cfx\jfg ug{
;lsG5 . cfof]hgfn] o;sf nflu efPlaln6L kmG8 agfP/
sfd ul/Psf] 5 .
cf_ l8lh6n cy{tGqdf hfg JolQmut tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf
clej[l4 M
g]kfndf l8lh6n ;fIf/tfsf] :t/ Go"g 5 . b]zsf] 7"nf]
hg;+Vof;Fu :df6{ kmf]g 5 . tLdWo] % b]lv !) k|ltzt :df6{
kmf]gdf dfq} l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] pkof]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . gful/s
/ ;+:yfsf] l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] pkof]u a9fpg cfof]hgfn]
l8lh6n ;fIf/tfsf] sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
P8\efG; l8lh6n sf}zntfsf] s'/f ug'k{ bf{ ljZjljBfnoaf6
cf}krfl/s lzIff k"/f u/]/ >d ahf/df cfPsf ljBfyL{n]
Ps}k6s sfd ;'? ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . pgLx¿sf nflu >d ahf/df
cfP/ sfd ug{;Sg] u/L Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ cfof]hgfn] k'nsf]
sfd ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu % jifL{o sfo{of]hgf agfOPsf]
5 . x/]s jif{ @ ;o %) hgf ljBfyL{ u/L % jif{df !% ;o
ljBfyL{sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ k|lzIf0f lbg] sfo{ cfof]hgfn]
ub}{ hfg]5 . ;+Vofsf] lx;fan] of] Go"g g} xf] . ToxL sf/0f
cfufdL lbgdf of] ;+Vof a9fpg' k5{ eGg] nfU5 .
O_ l8lh6n ;/sf/sf] hu ;'b9[ ug]{ M
l8lh6n lahg];sf] s'/f ug'k{ bf{ JolQm tyf ;+:yfnfO{
o;;DaGwL 1fg eP klg nufgLsf] cfly{s ;|ft] x'bF g} .
To;df ;xof]u k'uf];\ eg]/ klg cfof]hgfn] sfd ul//x]sf]
5 . b]ze/df ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ lgdf{0fsf] of]hgf cfP klg
sfof{Gjogdf nfg ;lsPsf] 5}g . sxL+ hUuf k|fKt ug{
g;s]sfn] tyf sxL+ o;sf] dxŒj ga'em]sfn] ;d:of cfO/x]sf]
5 . ljb]zL d'ns' df :yfkgf ePsf ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{sf]
l8hfOgcg';f/ hUuf k|fKt ug]b{ l] v ;'/Iff k|bfg u/]/ g]kfndf
klg kfs{ :yfkgf ug]{ of]hgfcg';f/ sfd eO/x]sf] 5 .
;fOa/ ;'/Iff
;fOa/ ;'/Iff g]kfnsf nflu ckl/xfo{ 5 . ;fOa/ ;'/Iff
s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{ cfof]hgfn] sfd ub}{ 5 . ;/sf/n] cfufdL
cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6dfkm{t g} ;fOa/ ;'/Iff s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{
3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;fy}, ;]So'l/6L ck/]l6ª ;]G6/, g]6js{
ck/]l6ª ;]G6/ / ;fOa/ ;]So'l/6L k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf ug]{
cjwf/0ff cfof]hgfdf /x]sf] 5 .
ljifo M
cglnlhª lb kf]6]lG;oN; 6' :6«]y]g ue{g]G;
k|Ztf]tf
ljj]s /f0ff
l8lh6n OG6/k|fOh]h cfls{6]S6, OGkmf]P:of]/ PnPnkL
gofF k|ljlwsf] ljZj;lgotf
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ev{/} kl/j{tg b]lvg
yfn]sf] 5 . gofF k|ljlw ahf/df cfpFbf To;nfO{ tTsfn}
:jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . gofF k|ljlw cfpg] eg]sf] eO/x]sf]
k|ljlw klg kl/jt{g x'g' xf] . To;sf/0f Pp6f k|ljlwaf6
rln/x]sf] :yfgdf lgod ldNb}g eg]/ kl/jt{g ePsf] k|ljlw
:jLsf/ ug{ sl7gfO b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 .
ha gofF k|ljlw ;xL 5 eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft x'G5, clg dfq}
To;nfO{ :jLsf/ ul/G5 . w]/}n] ;"rgf k|ljlw / l8lh6n a/fa/
5g\ eGg] s'/f ub{5g\ . t/, oyfy{df To:tf] xf]Og . ;"rgf
k|ljlw eg]sf] /0fgLlts k|fljlws hjfkm xf] eg] lalhg];sf
nflu k|Zg klg xf] . lalhg];sf] ;d:of ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
dfWodaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 eg] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;d:of
l8lh6n k|ljlwn] ;dfwfg u5{ . xfdL o;/L g;f]rL ;a}nfO{
a/fa/ 7fG5f}+ . To;}sf/0f ;d:of cfpg] ub{5 .
k|ljlwaf/] a'emfO
;"rgf k|ljlwaf/] ;/sf/L sfof{no, lghL If]qnufot
;a}sf] cf–cfkm\gf] a'emfO -lkmS; dfOG8 ;]6_ 5 . of]
cj:yfnfO{ kf/ u/]/ s;/L cufl8 a9\g] eGGf] s'/f dxŒjk"0f{
xf] . l:y/ dfgl;stfsf] cjwf/0ff c;kmn eof] eg] d]/f]
hflu/ hfG5 ls eGg] ;f]r kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf oxfF
b]lvG5 . t/, h;n] cfkm\gf] ;f]rfOsf] bfo/fnfO{ km/flsnf]
agfP/ hf]lvd p7fP/ sfd u5{, Tof] sfddf ;'?jftdf
c;kmn g} eP klg ToxfFaf6 w]/} s'/f l;Sg] cj;/ kfOG5 .
c;kmn x'Fbf JolQmnfO{ r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf u/]/ cufl8
a9\g] cj;/ klg ldN5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg JolQmn]
cfk"mnfO{ yfxf ePsf] s'/f dfq} u5{ / kl/jt{gnfO{ :jLsf/
ub}{g eg] l8lh6n g]kfnsf] ofqfdf cufl8 a9\g ;lsFb}g .
of] g} clxn]sf] xfd|f] klxnf] cfjZostf klg xf] . ljlnod
luK;gsf] egfOnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ af]Ng] xf] eg] l8lh6n
eljZo oxL+ 5 . g]kfndf geP klg ef/t, ;+o'Qm c/a
Old/]6\; nufotsf h'g;'s} b]zdf x'g ;S5 Tof] eljio .
l8lh6n cy{tGq
clxn] ljZjsf] cy{tGq l8lh6n aGb}
uO/x]sf] 5 . ljZjsf] s'n hL8LkLsf] !&=( k|ltzt l8lh6n
5 . ;g\ @)@% ;Dddf of] a9]/ @% k|ltzt k'Ug] k|If]k0f
ul/Psf] 5 . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzs;Dd l8lh6n cy{tGq
sxL+st} lyPg .
cem egf}+, Tof] a]nf l8lh6n cy{tGq / ef}lts
cy{tGqaLr s'g} ;DaGw g} lyPg . ;g\ @)!( ;Dd
ljz]if k|:t'tL
cfOk'Ubf ;"rgf k|ljlw l8lh6n cy{tGqtkm{ pGd'v x'Fb}
uPsf] b]lvG5 . oBlk, of] a]nfdf klg l8lh6neGbf
ef}lts cy{tGq g} dha'b lyof] . ca ;g\ @)$) ;Ddsf]
cj:yfsf] k|If]k0f ubf{ of] ;dodf l8lh6n cy{tGqsf] cfsf/
ef}lts cy{tGqeGbf 7"nf], km/flsnf] / dha'b x'g] b]lvG5 .
cy{tGqnfO{ …Sof;n];Ú agfpFb} n}hfg' g} l8lh6n k|ljlwdf
?kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmof xf] .
g]kfndf clxn] klg l8lh6n Jofkf/ lahg]zsf]
s'/f x'Fb}g . ;/sf/n] o;sf] k|j4{g x'g] PlKns];gx¿
agfPsf] 5 . t/, gful/sn] ;xL ¿kn] To;sf]
pkof]u ul//x]sf 5}gg\ . ;~rfngdf NofOPsf PK;x¿n]
lbg] w]/} k|sf/sf ;]jfx¿ agfpg ;lsof] eg] dfq}
pkof]u klg a9\g]5 .
l8lh6n g]t[Tj
g]kfnsf] /fhlglts g]t[Tjdf a:g]x¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw
tyf l8lh6n k|ljlwaf/] hfgsf/ 5}gg\ . g]t[Tjdf ePsf]
JolQmn] g} ga'em]kl5 of] If]qdf nufgL ug{ To;} ;d:of x'g]
eOxfNof] . ha;Dd g]t[Tjju{n] o:tf] s'/f a'em\b}g, ta;Dd
kl/jt{g klg cfpFb}g . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf gofF–gofF
k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/, v'nf tyf kx'Fr lj:tf/ u/L l8lh6n
;'zf;g sfod ug{ l8lh6n g]t[Tjsf] cfjZostf 5 . ljZjdf
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug]{ /fi6«sf] klxnf] gDa/df l;+ufk'/
cfpF5 . ToxfFsf] ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u ePsfn] g} l;+ufk'/
cfh klxnf] gDa/df 5 .
47
 ljifo M
cglnlhª lb kf]6]lG;oN; km/ Ao"lN8ª l8lh6n
ln8/l;k 6' :6«]ª\y]g ue{g]G;
k|Ztf]tf
gfu]z a8'
cfO{6L Pj+ O{–ue{/g]G; lj1, kLPnhLP;kL,
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno
pkof]u a9\b}
g]kfndf ;g\ @)!$ b]lv sDKo'6/fOh k|ljlwsf] ;'?jft
ePsf] b]lvG5 . d'n's ;+3Lotfdf uPkl5 :yfgLo ;/sf/n]
klg ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ pkof]udf NofO/x]sf] 5 . clxn] &%#
cf6} :yfgLo txdf ;"rgf k|ljlw clkm;/ /flvPsf] 5 .
clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/sf nflu
ljz]if k|:t'tL
k"jf{wf/ / l;:6d agfpg nflu k/]sf] 5 . ;'zf;g sfod eP
gePsf] cfkm}+ klg d"Nof+sg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
If]qsf] ;'zf;gsf nflu tflnd lbg], Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{
sfd eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . b]ze/df ;e{/, lk|m–jfOkmfO ;]jf
lj:tf/ ug]{ sfd klg eO/x]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .
;a} :yfgLo txsf] cfkm\g} j]a;fO6 lgdf{0f u/L
cfjZos hfgsf/L tyf ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug]{ ul/Psf]
5 . :yfgLo txsf nflu PsLs[t df]afOn PK; ag]sf]
5 . t/, ;a} :yfgLo txsf] k|0ffnL Joj:yfkgdf cem}
klg ;d:of 5 . clxn] t :yfgLo txdf x'g] u/]sf
a}7s, 5nkmn tyf ultljlwsf] k|ToIf k|;f/0f ug]{ qmddf
;'?jft ul/Psf] 5 .
cj:yf cem} sdhf]/
;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL pTkfbg ahf/df n}hfFbf slxn] Tof]
;xh} :jLsf/ x'G5 eg] slxn] sfxL+ :jLsf/ gx'g klg
;S5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; x'g] / gx'g] s'/f g]t[Tj
lng] JolQmdf klg e/ kg{] ub{5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf
48
qmddf xfdL sxfF 5f}+ t < Tof] klg x]g'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .
ljZjsf !*# b]zdWo] g]kfn clxn] !#@cf}+ :yfgdf 5 . of]
¥of+lsª x/]s @ jif{df x'G5 . blIf0f Pl;ofdf x]g]{ xf] eg]
ef/t ;a}eGbf cufl8 5 . >Ln+sf bf];|f] :yfgdf 5 .
g]kfnsf] cgnfOg ;]jf lgs} sdhf]/ 5 . b]z ;+3Lotfdf
uPkl5 # j6f km\ofS6/sf] ;xL Joj:yfkg gx'Fbf ;d:of
cfO/x]sf] 5 . xfdL ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af/] w]/} 5nkmn
ul//x]sf 5f}+ . t/, 6«fGh]S;gdf k5fl8 5f}+ . ca ?kfGt/0fsf]
r/0fdf k'Ug afFsL 5 . o;n] l8lh6n k|ljlwnfO{ xfdL slt
l9nf u|x0f ul//x]sf 5f}+ eGg] b]lvG5 . ljZjdf @)!* df
cfPsf] k|ljlw g]kfndf clxn] cfP/ pkof]udf cfO/x]sf] 5 .
k|ljlw u|x0f ug{ eO/x]sf] l9nfONffO{ /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfn]
/fd|/L a'em\g h?/L 5 .
;d:of
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf sg]lS6le6Lsf] ;d:of 5 . ;a}
:yfgLo txsf] sfd sf/afxL cgnfOgaf6 x'g'kg]{ xf] . t/,
To;f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . clxn] klg ;a} :yfgLo txdf OG6/
g]6sf] kx'Fr k'lu;s]sf] 5}g . OG6/g]6 kx'Fr k'u]sf :yfgLo
txsf] ;]jf klg u'0f:t/Lo 5}g . /fli6«o k|;f/0f k|0ffnLsf]
ljB't\ kx'Fr b'u{d :yfgdf k'lug;s]sfn] klg l8lh6n k|0ffnL
nfu" ug{ ;d:of cfO/x]sf] 5 . clxn] ;~rfng ePsf]
l8lh6n k|0ffnL klg PsLs[t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . h;sf sf/0f
o;sf] pkof]u k|efjsf/L x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
;f/ / lgisif{
p7]sf ;jfn
Oueg]{G;df g]t[Tj, ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / k|lqmof Joj:yfkg u/L tLg vDaf /x]sf]
k|fljlws?kdf tof/L, g]t[Tjsf] ckgTj / dfgj tyf ljQLo ;|f]t Joj:yfkg eP dfq l8lh6n ;]jf k|efjsf/L x'g]
O8]df]qm];L / l8lh6n ?kfGt/0fsf] r/0fdf k'Ug gl;sPsf] . s]jn cGt/lqmof / sf/f]af/sf] r/0f dfq rln/x]sf]
sg]lS6le6Lsf] ;d:of
tLj| ultdf l8h6nfOh]zg eP klg zL3| lg0f{o Ifdtfsf] cefj
k|0ffnLsf] bf]xf]/f]kgf a9L b]lvPsf]
Ps} vfnsf] k|0ffnL dfkb08 gePsf]
e]G8/sf] OR5fcg';f/ k|0ffnL / ;km\6j]o/ k|of]u x'g] u/]sf]
;a} OsfOx¿df Pp6} k|0ffnLn] sfd u5{ eGg] unt dfGotf
ljleGg lgsfosf k|0ffnLaLr ;dGjo gx'g] u/]sf] / bf]xf]/f]kgf /xg] u/]sf]
:yfgLo txdf 8f6f 5 . t/, o;sf] pkof]uaf/] 1fg 5}g

casf] af6f]
l8lh6nfOh];gdf nfut ;]jf / sfof{Gjogsf] cfwf/df cjwf/0ffut :ki6tf cfpg'kg]{
gLltut :ki6tf x'g'k5{

ljz]if k|:t'tL
:yfgLo txn] g]t[Tj ug]{ O{–ueg]{G; x'g'kg]{
8]l8s]6]8 ;+:yfn] dfq O{–ueg]{G;sf] g]t[Tj ul/g'kg]{

49
 Kf]leª lb j] km/ l8lh6n 6«fG;kmd]{;g Og g]kfn M
ls PS;g KjfOG6G;
;+jfb ;dfkg

s_ cltly jQmfx? v_ wGofjfb 1fkg tyf l8lh6n ;+jfb @)@@ ;dfkg

!= 8f= a}s'07 cof{n, ;lrj, ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno != O{= u0f]z ;fx, k"j{dGqL
@= s]jnk|;fb e08f/L, ;b:o, ;lrj /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
l8lh6n g]kfn sGSn]e @)@@–l/kf]{l6ªsf] k|:t'lt
#= ch'{gk|;fb kf]v/]n, ;lrj, pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno
x]dkfn >]i7, ;"rgf k|ljlw lj1
$= lbk]z lji6, ;"rgf k|ljlw lj1, k|wfgdGqL sfof{no
%= lji0f' cu|jfn, cWoIf, g]kfn pBf]u kl/;+3
;xhstf{ M 8f= /fhLj ;'Aaf, ;"rgf k|ljlw lj1
-l;cf]cf], OGkmf]8]enk;{_

;xhstf{sf] jQmfx¿nfO{ k|Zg M

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df l8lh6n k|ljlwn] qmflGt u5{ eGg] k':tfsf] JolQm d klg x'F . xfdLn] ljut
@%÷#) jif{b]lv clxn];Dd cfOk'Ubf;Dd oxL s'/f ul//x]sf 5f}+ . of] cjlwdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf
s]xL k|ult ePsf] 5 . s]xL If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|ult /fd|f];Fu ePsf] 5 . s]xL :yfgdf clxn]
klg nfOgdf a;]/ ;]jf lng'kg]{ afWotf 5 . clxn] xfdL l8lh6n 6«fG;kmd{];gsf] s'/f ul//x]sf
5f}+ . l8lh6n 6«fG;kmd{];gsf] sfdnfO{ ;DalGwt dGqfno, lgsfo tyf lghL If]qaf6 s;/L
ug{ ;lsG5 t <

50
!= 8f= a}s'07 cof{n, ;lrj, ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno
PsLs[t ;"rgf k|ljlw k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L ;+3, k|b]z
/ :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/L sfo{fnodf nfu" ug{ ;s]df ;]jf
k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 . clxn] ;+3af6 tof/ u/]/ k7fPsf]
k|ljlw k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] pkof]udf gNofpg] a? cfkm}+
;km\6j]/ / PKk agfpg yfn\g] sf/0fn] ;d:of cfO/x]sf] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljifodf xfd|f ;/sf/L sfo{fnoaLr g} slxNo}
@= s]jnk|;fb e08f/L, ;b:o ;lrj /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ;/sf/sf] l8lh6n g]kfnsf]
cjwf/0ff sfo{fGjog ug{ sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . cfof]uaf6 cl3
a9]sf l8lh6n k|ljlwsf sfdx¿ clxn] ;'?jftL r/0fdf
/x]sf 5g\ . l8lh6n k|ljlwdf ?kfGt/0fdf hfg' uxg ljifo
xf] . xfd|f] k|0ffnL l8lh6ndf ?kfGt/0f ug{] s'/f Ps} lbgdf
x'Fb}g, ;do nfU5 . ;DalGwt lgsfodf a;]/ sfd ug{]x¿nfO{
?kfGt/0fsf] eo b]lvPsfn] klg pNn]Vo sfd x'g ;ls/x]sf]
5}g . b]z l8lh6nfOh];gdf hfFb} ubf{ ef]lnsf lbgdf
#= ch'{gk|;fb kf]v/]n, ;lrj, pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno
;/sf/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf clxn];Dd ePsf
pknlAwnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L sdhf]/L ;'wf/ u/L lghL If]q;Fu
;xsfo{ u/]/ hfg tof/ 5 . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf]
If]qnfO{ pBf]usf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ dGqfno k|of;/t
5 . ;/sf/sf] cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd /
$_ lbk]z lji6, ;"rgf k|ljlw lj1, k|wfgdGqL sfof{no
;/sf/n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofnfO{
;dfwfg ug{ pRr :t/Lo cfof]u u7g ub}{ 5 . cfof]u
u7gsf] k|lqmofcl3 al9;s]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf clxn] sfd
eO/x]sf] / cfufdL cfly{s jif{df cfof]u u7g x'g] ;Defjgf
5 . Ps bzs cl3 klg ;"rgf k|ljlw cfof]u agfOPsf]
lyof] . plta]nf s]xL sfd gePkl5 Tof] vf/]hLdf k/]sfn]
clxn] pRr:t/Lo cfof]u agfpg nfUb} 5f}+ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
%_ lji0f' cu|jfn, cWoIf, g]kfn pBf]u kl/;+3
casf] bzs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] bzs x'g] lglZrt 5 . ;"rgf
k|ljlwnfO{ cFufn]/ hfg]n] g} casf] bzsdf k|ult ug]5 { .
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] w]/} 7"nf] ;Defjgf 5 . 8f6f ;]G6/
agfP/ / lqmK6f]s/]G;L dfOlgª u/]/ klg b]znfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf
;an agfpg ;lsG5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ tLj|tf lbg
w]/} ;d:of /x]sfn] ;/sf/n] To;sf] ;dfwfg ub}{ hfg'k5{ .
ef/tn] ;g\ !((! ;Dd ;km\6j]/ cfoft ug]{ ub{Yof] . t/,
clxn] kl/l:ylt ablnPsf] 5 . ef/t clxn] ;km\6j]/ cfoft
ug]{ geO{ lgof{t ug]{ b]zsf] ;"rLdf cfpF5 .
;dGjo x'Fb}g . ;+3af6 agfP/ nfu" ul/Psf] k|0ffnL k|b]z
/ :yfgLo txn] nfu" ub{}gg\ . pN6} dflyaf6 k7fPsf] lsg
nfu" ug{' eGb} cfkm}+ ;km\6j]/ / PKk agfpglt/ nfUg] u/]sf
5Gf\ . l8lh6n k|ljlw g]kfnnfO{ cfjZos /x]sf] t/ pkof]u
ug{ c6]/L u/]sf sf/0fn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ult lng
;lsPsf] 5}g .
;e{/df ;d:of gcfpg] u/L ?kfGt/df hfg' kg{]5 . g]kfnsf]
;"rgf k|ljlw If]qsf] hgzlQm oxfF eljio gb]v]/ t];|f] ljZjdf
uO/x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw ljifodf :gfts tx;Dd cWoog
ubf{ Pp6f ljBfyL{df /fHosf] 7"nf] nufgL k/]sf] x'G5 .
ljZjljBfnoaf6 /f]huf/ ahf/df cfpg] hgzlQmnfO{ oxL+
cj;/ lbg g;lsPsfn] cfh knfog x'g]sf] ;+Vof al9/x]sf]
5 . c? b]zsf] hgzlQm NofP/ sfd u/fpg ;lsg] eP klg
clxn];Dd gLltut Joj:yf 5}g .
;+jfb ;dfkg
ah]6;Fu} !%cf}+ of]hgfdf klg of] s'/f :ki6 ¿kdf cfPsf]
5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ pBf]usf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ lgofds
lgsfo / lghL If]qn] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos hgzlQm pTkfbg
ug{ ljZjljBfno;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]/ hfg dGqfno tof/ 5 .
If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfpg] s'/fnfO{ k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/
b]pjfn] uDeL/ ¿kdf lng'ePsf] 5 . b]ze/ PsLs[t l8lh6n
k|0ffnL nfu" ug{] ;Gbe{df eg] Tolt sfd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
;a};Fu ;dGjo u/]/ hfFbf glthf gcfpg] x'Fbf k|wfgdGqL
sfo{fnoaf6 g} ;Dk"0f{ dGqfnonfO{ …Ogkmf];{ u/]/ ;"rgf k|ljlw
k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] nfu]/ g} ;f]xLcg';f/ sfd
ug]{af/] k|wfgdGqL sfof{no ;sf/fTds 5 .
g]kfnn] klg ef]lnsf] lbgdf cfkm}+ ;km\6j]/ lgdf{0f u/L
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df lgof{t u/]/ ljb]zL d'bf| cfh{g ug{ ;Sb5 .
clxn] jflif{s !) xhf/ hgzlQm g]kfnaf6 cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df
>d vr{ ug{ uO/x]sf] 5 . of] hgzlQmnfO{ oxL+ sfd ug]{
jftfj/0f agfpg'k5{ . g]kfndf ljB't\ dx;'n cGo b]zsf]
t'ngfdf ;:tf] g} ePsfn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qsf] ljsf;sf
nflu klg /fd|f] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf
nflu gLltut ?kfGt/0fsf] klg vfFrf] 5 . b]zsf ljleGg
:yfgdf ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ klg agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .
51
 wGofjfb 1fkg tyf ;dfkg dGtJo
O{= u0f]z ;fx, k"j{dGqL
@ lbg;Dd rn]sf] l8lh6n ;+jfb sfo{qmd ;kmn agfpg
k|ToIf–ck|ToIf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLdf cfef/
JolQm ug{ rfxG5' . of] b'O{lbg] ;+jfb sfo{qmd ;kmn agfpg
x'jfj]sf] 7"nf] ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . x'jfj];Fu;Fu} w]/} :kf]G;/x¿
klg 5g\, of] sfo{qmd ;kmn kfg{df . sfo{qmd cjlwe/ klg
cfof]hsn] k6s–k6s :kf]G;;{sf] gfd kl9/xg' ePsf] 5 . d
;a} :kf]G;;{x¿nfO{ Psd':6 wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . of] sfo{qmd
;kmn x'gdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] of]ubfg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 5 .
pk/fi6«kltHo" cfpg'eof] . dGqLHo" cfpg'eof] . ;DalGwt
tyf cGo dGqfnosf ;lrjHo", sd{rf/Lx¿ ;xefuL x'g'eof] .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;Dk"0f{ lgsfok|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ug{
rfxG5' . sfo{qmddf clGtd ;do;Dd ;xefuL x'g'x'g]x¿n] of]
sfo{qmdsf] nfe lng'ePsf] 5 . jQmf, k|:tf]tf ;a}nfO{ klg
w]/} w]/} wGojfb .

;f/ / lgisif{
p7]sf ;jfn
casf] bzs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] bzs
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] w]/} 7"nf] ;Defjgf
8f6f ;]G6/ agfP/ / lqmK6f]s/]G;L dfOlgª u/]/ klg b]znfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf ;an agfpg ;lsg]
g]kfnn] klg ef]lnsf] lbgdf cfkm}+ ;km\6j]/ lgdf{0f u/L cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df lgof{t u/]/ ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug{] ;lsg]
g]kfndf ljB't\ dx;'n cGo b]zsf] t'ngfdf ;:tf] g} ePsfn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xh
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu gLltut ?kfGt/0fsf] klg vfFrf]
b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwkfs{ klg agfpg'kg]{
;+jfb ;dfkg

;/sf/n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ pRr:t/Lo cfof]u u7g ug]{
b]ze/ PsLs[t l8lh6n k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ sfd x'g g;s]sf]
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf clxn];Dd ePsf pknlAwnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L sdhf]/L ;'wf/ u/L lghL If]q;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]/ hfg ;/sf/
tof/ /x]sf]
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] If]qnfO{ pBf]usf ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{kg]{
PsLs[t ;"rgf k|ljlw k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L ;+3Lo, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/L sfo{fnodf nfu" ug{ ;s]df ;]jf k|efjsf/L
agfpg ;lsg]
clxn] ;+3af6 tof/ u/]/ k7fPsf] k|ljlw k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] pkof]udf gNofO{ cfkm}+ ;km\6j]/ / Pk agfpg yfNg] k|j[lQ a9]sf]
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljifodf ;/sf/L sfo{fnoaLr ;dGjo x'g g;s]sf]
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ;/sf/sf] l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjog ug{ sfd ul//x]sf]
ljZjljBfnoaf6 /f]huf/L ahf/df cfpg] hgzlQmnfO{ oxL+ cj;/ lbg g;lsPsf]
c? b]zsf] hgzlQm NofP/ sfd u/fpg ;lsg] eP klg clxn];Dd gLltut Joj:yf gePsf]

casf] af6f]
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] w]/} 7"nf] ;Defjgf ePsf]n] o;sf] cWoog u/L o;sf] ljsf;sf nflu gLltut ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{
8f6f ;]G6/ agfP/ / lqmK6f]s/]G;L dfOlgª u/]/ klg b]znfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf ;an agfpg ;lsg] ePsf]n] o;tkm{ cu|;/ x'g'kg]{
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf] dfusf] cfwf/df ;km\6j]o/ tyf xf8{j]o/ lgdf{0f u/L lgof{t ug'{kg]{
b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwkfs{ ljsf; ug{ ;/sf/n] o;nfO{ gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ug{'kg]{
;/sf/n] ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ s]lGb|t u/L ljsf; tyf lj:tf/sf nflu pRr:t/Lo cfof]u u7g ug'{kg]{
b]ze/ PsLs[t l8lh6n k|0ffnL nfu" ug{sf nflu ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] kxn ug'{kg]{
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf lghL If]q;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]/ hfg ;/sf/n] o;sf] 9fFrf tof/ ug'{kg]{
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] If]qnfO{ pBf]usf]¿kdf dfGotf lbg'kg]{
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ ljZjljBfno;Fu ;xsfo{ ug'{kg]{
PsLs[t ;"rgf k|ljlw k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/L sfof{nodf nfu" u/L ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpg
sbd rfNg'kg]{
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljifodf ;/sf/L sfo{fnoaLr ;dGjonfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'kg]{
l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff sfof{GjognfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{
c? b]zsf] hgzlQm NofP/ sfd u/fpg ;lsg]u/L gLltut Joj:yf ug'{kg]{

52
x\jfj] l8lh6n g]kfn sGSn]e–@)@@ sf] ;fGb{lestf

x]dkfn >]i7
cfof]hs ;ldlt, l8lh6n g]kfn sGSn]e @)@@

@)&( ;fn c;f/ $ / % ut] cfO{;L6L kmfp08];gn] ;+3Lo /fhwfgL sf7df8f}df …x\jfj] l8lh6n g]kfn
l8lh6n sGSn]e–@)@@Ú cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] .
cfOl;6L kmfpG8];gn];ftj6} k|b]zdf l8lh6n g]kfn k|m]djs{sf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tL /
cj;/ / casf] af6f] af/] @)&* r}t b]lv @)&( h]7;Dd ;ft} k|b]zdf l8lh6n ;Djfb eAotfk"j{s ;DkGg
u/]kl5 ;f] sGSn]e cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . sGSn]edf kmfp08];gn] sDo"lgs];g P08 l/;r{ Olgl;ol6e
g]kfn -l;cf/cfO{ g]kfn_ ;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ;ftj6} k|b]zdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] cj:yf / r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf
;d]l6Psf] …l8lh6n k|b]z kl/b[ZoÚ d'n's k':ts klg ;fj{hlgs k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 .
…l8lh6n ?kfGt/0fsf nflu l8lh6n g]kfn sGSn]eÚ gf/f;lxt cfo]hgf ul/Psf] ;f] sfo{qmddf !)
;qdf / !& cf]6f sfo{kq k|:t't ul/Psf lyP . ;f] sfo{qmddf kfFr d'n'saf6 cfO{;L6L ;Dj4 &) al9
jQmfx? lyP .
;]l6ª lb :6]h km/ l8lh6n g]kfn sGSn]e @)@@ sf] lyddf cfwfl/t pb\3f6g ;q ul/Psf] ;f]

;f+/fz
sGSn]esf] klxnf] lbg P;]lG;ª lb s/]06 :6] ckm l8lh6n g]kfn Kn; Kn;df s]lGb|t eP/ ;qx? cfof]hgf
ul/Psf] lyof] .
l8lh6n OGkm|f:6S6r/ P08 sg]lS6LeL6L ljifodf klxnf] ;q ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/L l8lh6n l:sn,
6\ofn]G6 k'n P08 l8lh6n js{kmf];{ km/ l8lh6n g]kfn ljifodf bf];|f] ;q, 8f6fUofK; M lj|ªluª bL 8f6f
OG6' bL ;]G6/ :6]h tyf kmfpG8]zg km/ bL l8lh6n Osf]gf]dL P08 OGe]i6d]G6 ck/Ro"lg6L ljifodf rf}yf]
;q cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
lb Odlh{ª 6]Sgf]nf]hL Nof08:s]k P08 l8lh6n g]kfnsf] lyddf cfwfl/t bf];|f] lbgdf kfFrf} ;q cGt{ut
Odlh{ª 6]s P08 Ogf]e];g km/ l8lh6n 6«fG;kmd{]zg -8LPgKn; Kn;_ laifodf s]lGb|t lyof] . o;}u/L 5}6f}
;q kmf]i6l/ª l8lh6n OG6/k|]g/l;k P08 RoflkDkog km/ l8lh6n g]kfn / ;ftf} ;q :6«]Gylgª 6«:6
;]So'l/6L P08 k|fOe];L /]lhd km/ l8lh6n ljifodf s]lGb|t ePsf] lyof] . cf7f} ;q l8lh6n lkmgf]e];g P08
ljof]08 km/ l8lh6n ;f];fO6L / gjf} ;q cglnlhª lb kf]6]lG;oN; km/ Ao"lN8ª l8lh6n ln8/l;k 6'
:6«]ª\y]g ue{g]G; s]lGb|t lyof] .
Kf]leª lb j] km/ l8lh6n 6«fG;kmd]{zg Og g]kfnM ls PS;g KjfOG6G;sf] lyd;lxt ;DkGg ePsf] cf7f}
;q;Fu} sGSn]e ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . sGSn]en] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qnfO{ df}lns clwsf/sf]
?kdf /fVg'kg]{, ljz]if gLlt / sfg'g lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{, 5'§} pRr:t/Lo ;+oGq agfpg'kg]{ nufotnfO{ ljz]if hf]8
lbPsf] 5 . o;}u/L cy{tGqnfO{ ;d]t of]ubfg lbg] u/L ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qn] sfo{ gePsf]n] cy{tGqsf] d'n
vDafaf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ u/L kxn sbdL ul/g'kg]{, :jb]zL hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{, hgtfsf] ;]jfnfO{
l56f] 5l/tf] agfpgsf nflu o;sf] k"jf{wf/ / kx'Fr j[l4 ug'{kg]{ nufotdf klg ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
kl5Nnf] ;dodf a9\bf] ;fOa/ ;'/Iffsf] r'gf}tLnfO{ ;dfwfgsf nflu sfg'gL Joj:yf / ;+oGq ljsf;
ug'{kg]{ atfpFb} sGSn]en] PcfO{sf] pkof]u a9fpg'kg]{, cWoog / cg';Gwfgdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{, l8lh6n ;fIf/tf
clej[l4 nufotsf af/]df klg ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]q / o;sf] pkof]u j[l4
x'Fb} uO{/x]sf] a]nf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] o; sGSn]e / sGSn]edf JoQm ljrf/x?sf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] o;
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt laifon] g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf gLlt, sfg'g, of]hgf, sfo{qmd / cleofgx?
lgdf{0f / ;~rfngsf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]5 . o;n] g]kfnsf gLlt lgdf{tf, /fhgLlt1, sfof{Gjog txdf
/x]sf sd{rf/LtGq, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qsf lj1, cg';Gwfgstf{, nufgLstf{, bIf / cbIf hgzlQm nufotsf
;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] nflu pkof]u x'g]5 . o;n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] cl3 ;f/]sf] l8lh6n g]kfn km|]das{
sfof{Gjogsf ;fy} o; If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df ;d]t of] ;xof]uL aGg]5 .

53
 p7]sf ;jfn / ;'emfj
qm=;+= p7]sf ;jfn ;dfwfg
!= sd k|fyldstf M
;fj{hlgs ;]jf / hghLjgdf
cTofjZos ;"rgf k|ljlw If]q sd
k|fyldstf
@= ljz]if gLlt / sfg'g cefj M
cfO{;L6L;Fu ;DalGwt ljz]if gLlt /
sfg'gsf] cefj
#= pRr:t/Lo ;+oGq cefj M
;/sf/n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf
b]lvPsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ tyf
ljsf; ug{ pRr:t/Lo ;+oGq cefj
$ cy{tGqdf Go"g of]ubfg M
cfO{;L6L If]qdf nufgL / /f]huf/Lnufot
cy{tGqdf of]ubfg Go"g ljZjsf 7"nf
sDkgL / s/bftfdf cfO{;L6Ldf
p&]sf ;jfn / ;'emfj
cfwfl/t sDkgL zLif{ :yfgdf /x] klg
g]kfndf guGo dfqfdf /x]sf]
/f]huf/L tyf s/ of]ubfgdf klg
of] If]qsf sDkgLsf] of]ubfg guGo
/x]sf] .
% bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj M
z}lIfs ;+:yf / hgzlQmsf] dfuaLr
tfbDotf x'g g;s]sf]
P8efG; l:sn, ;km\6 l:sn /
lzIfssf] cefj
ljZjljBfnoaf6 /f]huf/L ahf/df
cfpg] hgzlQmnfO{ oxL+ cj;/ lbg
g;lsPsf]
c? b]zsf] hgzlQm NofP/ sfd
u/fpg ;lsg] eP klg clxn];Dd
gLltut Joj:yf gePsf]
^ ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df ;d:of M
l8lh6n g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff k|bz ] tyf
:yfgLo txdf nfu" ug]{ k|of; eP klg
l8lh6n ;]jf u'0f:t/Lo, e/kbf]{ /
;j{;n ' e x'g g;s]sf]
cTofjZos ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf cem}
cfO{;L6Lsf] kof{Kt pkof]u x'g g;s]sf]
8f6fsf] dxŒj x'g] eP klg gLlt lgdf{0f
tyf lg0f{onuftosf] k|lqmofdf 8f6fsf]
k|of]u Hofb} Go"g x'g] u/]sf]
ljQLo ;]jfsf pTkfbgsf] ljsf;df
cem} w]/} Uofk /x]sf]
54
;Daf]wg ug]{ lgsfo
df}lns xssf] ?kdf k|fyldstf M ;/sf/ /
df}lns xs hlQs} k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kg]{ /fhgLlts bn
5'§} gLlt / sfg'gsf] Joj:yf M ;+;b / ;/sf/
cfO{;L6L;Fu ;DalGwt gLlt tyf sfg'g 5'§}
x'gk' g]{
cfO{;L6LnfO{ x]g{] ;/sf/L gLlt tyf lgodx?
Pj+ lgsfo Pp6} 5ftfd'lg x'g'kg]{
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;/sf/n] ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ s]lGb|t u/L ljsf; dGqfno dlGqkl/ifb\
tyf lj:tf/sf nflu pRr:t/Lo cfof]u u7g
ug'{kg]{
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cfO{;L6Ldf nufgL j[l4dfkm{t /f]huf/L / /fh:jsf]
k|dv' ;|ft] agfO{ cy{tGqsf] d"n vDafsf ?kdf
ljsf; ug{k' g]{
hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf] af6f] CM ;/sf/ / lghL
hgzlQmsf] cefj sd ug{ ljZjljBfnonufotsf If]q b'j}
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sDkgLaLr cWoog/t cj:yfd} OG6g{sf ?kdf
sfd ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{
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;:tf] / ;j{;'ne agfpg'kg]{ M
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;:tf] / ;j{;n ' e agfpg'kg]{
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ah]6 k|0ffnL, ;+:yfut Joj:yf / /fli6«o gLlt;Fu
;dfof]hg ub}{ hfg'kg]{
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agfpg'kg]{
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;/sf/n] kxn ug'k{ g]{
lkmgf]e; ] gnfO{ l8lh6n sd;{;uF hf]8g\ k' g]{
l8lh6n ;f];fO6Ldf l8lh6n l;l6hgl;k,
l8lh6n nfOkm:6fOn / l8lh6n sd;{nfO{
;d]l6g'kg]{
& tLg ;/sf/aLr ;dGjoM
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;dGjosf] cefj /xsf]
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ug{sf nflu sfd x'g g;s]sf]
clxn] ;+3af6 tof/ u/]/ k7fPsf]
k|ljlw k|bz ] / :yfgLo txn] pkof]udf
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gePsf] .
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;d:of cfPsf]
8f6f ;]So"l/6L / 8f6f k|fOe];Lsf]
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:yflkt gx'g] / l8lh6n ?kfGt/0f x'g
g;Sg]
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clxn] s'g} sfg"gdf pNn]v gePsf]
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;DefjgfnfO{ klxrfg ug{ g;lsPsf] M
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eO{ 8f6f lgof{tsf] p2]Zo lng' kg]{ eP
klg o;tkm{ sfd cl3 a9\g g;s]sf]
!) k"jf{wf/df nufgL Go"g M
k"jf{wf/df nufgL Go"g dfqdf /x]sf]
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;+3Lo, k|bz ] / :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/L sfo{fnodf :yfgLo ;/sf/
nfu' ug{ ;s]df ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpg sbd
rfNg'kg]{
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljifodf ;/sf/L sfo{fnox¿sf]
aLrdf ;dGjonfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'kg]{
PsLs[t k|0ffnL sfof{Gjog ug{ ;+3Lo ;/sf/n]
ljz]if kxn ug'k{ g]{
sfg'gL Joj:yf / ;+oGq ljsf; ug'{kg]{M ;/sf/
/fli6«o ;fOa/ ;]So"l/6L P]g l56f] sfof{Gjogdf ;+;b
Nofpg'kg]{ lghL If]q
;fOj/ ;]So"l/6L dlg6l/ª ;]G6/nfO{ k|efjsf/L
9+un] ;+rfngdf Nofpg'kg]{
l8lh6n ?kfGt/0fsf] cfjZostfaf/] ;j{;fw/0fdf
r]tgf gePsf] / ;]So"l/6Ldf sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f
x'g] Ifltjf/] w]/n
} fO{ hfgsf/L x'g] gu/]sf]
;fOj/ ;]So"l/6L cl86 clgjfo{ ul/g' kg]{ /
To;f] gug]{ ;+:yfsf] btf{ gjLs/0f gx'g] Joj:yf
p&]sf ;jfn / ;'emfj
ul/g'kg]{ .
clGtd pkef]QmfnfO{ pgLx?n] kfPsf] ;]jfsf]
pknJwtf / u'0f:t/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'k{ g]{
x/]s ljZjljBfnodf ;fOa/ ;]So"l/6L / 8f6f
k|fOe];Lsf]af/]df cWofkg x'gk' g]{
l8lh6n Osf]l;:6d k|md] js{df ;dfj]lzs/0f,
;fOj/ ;]So'l/6L, pbodfg k|ljlw tyf e"/fhgLlts
cjl:yltnfO{ ;d]l6g'kg]{
JolQmut pkef]QmfnfO{ hfu[t u/fpg'kg],{ ;+:yfut
hfu/0f Nofpg'kg]{ / wf/0ff / ;f]rdf klg
?kfGt/0f Nofpg'kg]{
g]kfndf ;]So"l/6L k|md] js{sf] jf/]df ;km\6j]o/
ljsf; ug]{ j]nfb]lv ;f]lrg'kg]{
8f6f ;]So"l/6L ODKofS6 P;];d]G6sf] d]sflghd
x'gk' g]{
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
g]kfnn] cfkm}+ ;km\6j]/ lgdf{0f u/L cGt/f{li6«o ;"rgf ;~rf/ tyf
ahf/df lgof{t u/]/ ljb]zL d'bf| cfh{g ug{ ;lsg] k|ljlw dGqfno
ckm;f]/ Joj;fonfO{ k|fT] ;flxt ug{k' g]{ pBf] u, jfl0fHo tyf
ljZjahf/ cg'?k g]kfnsf] ahf/nfO{ 9fNg'kg]{ cfk" lt{ dGqfno
cfp6;f]l;{ªdf ljZj k|lt:kwf{ a9]sfn] g]kfnn] lghL If]q
klg cfk"mnfO{ o;sf nflu ;Ifd agfpFb} nUg'kg]{
g]kfndf ;+oQ' m nufgLdf ljb]zL sDkgL cgf}krfl/s
?kdf /x]sf] / Joj;fosf] ;Defjg k|z:t /x]sfn]
ahf/ lj:tf/sf nflu oxLcg';f/ ;/sf/L gLlt
klg ;xh x'gk' g]{
:jb]zL ahf/, cGt/fli6«o tyf cfp6;f]l;{ª tLg}
lsl;daf6 g]kfnn] cfO{;L6Lsf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg]
8f6f ;]G6/ agfP/ / lqmK6f]s/]G;L dfOlgª u/]/
klg b]znfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf ;an agfpg ;lsg]
nufgL j[l4sf nflu sbd rfNg'kg]{ M ;/sf/
;/sf/n] cfO{;L6LnfO{ pBf]usf ?kdf klg lghL If]q
dfGotf lbg'kg]{ ljb]zL nufgLstf{
:jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ug{ gLltut
;'wf/ tyf k|lqmofut ;/ntfdf k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{
cfO{;L6Ldf ljb]zL nufgLsf] ;Ldf 36fpg'kg]{
55
 !! ;dfj]zLdf ;d:of M
dlxnf pBdLsf] ;+Vof a9\b} uPsf] t/
cem} klg k|ltlglwTj sd} /x]sf]
!@ :6f6{ck cl3 a9fpg ;d:of M
ljZj:t/df k|ltkiwf{ ug'k{ g]{ eP klg
:jb]zd} :6f6{ck cl3 a9fpg ;d:of
!# c;dfgtf M
l8lh6n l8efO8sf] ;d:of sfod
/x]sf]n] cj;/df c;dfgtf
sg]lS6le6Lsf] ;d:of
u|fdL0f If]qdf hfg] sDkgLsf nflu
nfut a9L eP klg k|fT] ;fxg cefj
!$ cWoog / cg';Gwfgdf sdhf]/ M
;"rgf k|ljlw If]qsf pbfpFbf ljifodf
cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] sdL
p&]sf ;jfn / ;'emfj
!% PcfO{sf] pkof]u sdhf]/M
PcfO{sf] k|of]u Go"g
tYof+s / PcfOnfO{ hf]8g\ g;lsPsf]
!^ tYof+sdf Psflwsf/sf] cj:yf M
clxn] klg tYof+sdf ;Lldt ;+:yfsf]
Psflwsf/
tYof+ssf] ax'pkof]u ug{ Psflwsf/sf]
sf/0f sl7gfO
!& l8lh6n ;fIf/tf cefjM
OG6/g]6sf] kx'Fr j[l4 x'bF ] uPklg
o;nfO{ JolQmut / Joj;flos
ljsf;sf nflu pkof]uaf/] hfgsf/L
gePsf]
k|fylds txb]lvb} ;fIf/tfsf nflu
kf7\oqmddf s'g} Joj:yf gePsf]
!* O8]df]q]m;L sdhf]/M
;du|df O8]df]qm];L / l8lh6n
?kfGt/0fsf] r/0fdf k'Ug gl;sPsf]
56
j[l4 ug'{kg]{ M ;"rgf, ;~rf/ tyf
dlxnfnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ;+nUgtf j[l4 k|ljlw dGqfno
ug{ ljz]if of]hgf Nofpg'kg]{ dlxnf dGqfno
:6f6{cknfO{ k|fyldstf M pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf
l8lh6n g]kfnsf] k|md] js{sf] p2]ZonfO{ :6f6{ck cfk"lt{ dGqfno
/ Ogf]e; ] g;Fu hf]l8g'kg]{ tyf :6f6{ck cl3 g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo
a9fpg btf{bl] v nufgL k|lqmofnfO{ ;xhLs/0f dxf;+3
ug'k{ g]{ g]kfn pBf]u kl/;+3
k"jf{wf/df kx'Fr j[l4 M ;"rgf, ;~rf/ tyf
u|fdL0f If]qdf hfg] sDkgLnfO{ a]Un} ?kdf k|ljlw
k|fT] ;fxgsf] Joj:yf u/L nfut sd ug{k' g]{ g]kfn b'/;~rf/
;a} gful/sdf l8lh6n ;fIf/tf k'¥ofpg] cleofg k|flws/0f
cufl8 Nofpg'kg]{ h;df tflnd tyf tNnf] sIff lghL If]q
b]lv g} cWofkg u/fOg'kg]{
cg';Gwfgdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ M ;/sf/
gofF gofF k|ljlwsf] cg';Gwfg ug'k{ g]{ cg';Gwfgd"ns ;+:yf
cg';Gwfg / ljsf;dfkm{t o; If]qsf ;d:of
klxrfg ug]{ / ;dfwfg lgsfNg ;lsg]
PcfO{sf] k|of]u j[l4 ug'{kg]{ M cy{ dGqfno
cy{tGqdf of]ubfg lbg]u/L PcfO{sf] k|of]udf j[l4 lghL If]q
ug'k{ g]{
PcfO{sf] Jofks k|of]usf nflu ljZjljBfnoaf6
ljz]if kf7\oqmd agfO{ cWoogdf k|fT] ;flxt ug{k' g]{
Psflwsf/ cGTo M ;/sf/
tYof+snfO{ ;To / ljljlw agfpg w]/e} Gbf w]/} lghL If]q
;+:yfaf6 tYof+s pTkfbg tyf o;sf] v'nf ljb]zL nufgLstf{
pkof]udf hf]8 lbg'kg]{
;j{;fw/0fb]lv ;/sf/L / lghL If]q;Ddsf
;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf;dIf v'nf 8f6fsf] pkof]unfO{
k|fT] ;flxt ug{k' g]{
;/sf/n] h'g;'s} lghL If]qnfO{ klg 8f6f ;]G6/
rnfpg] cg'dlt lbg'kg{]
l8lh6n ;fIf/tf cleofg ;~rfng ug]{M
OG6/g]6sf] kx'r F j[l4 x'bF ] uPklg o;nfO{
JolQmut / Joj;flos ljsf;sf nflu pkof]u
gePsf]n] o;af/] ufpF ufpF;Dd l8lh6n ;fIf/tf
cleofg ;~rfng ug'k{ g]{
l8lh6n x/]s JolQmsf] hLjgsf nflu nflu
clgjfo{ e};s]sf]n] k|fylds txsf] kf7\oqmdd}
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u / o;sf] ljlwaf/] pNn]v
x'gk' g]{
O8]df]qm];LnfO{ alnof] agfpg'kg]{M ;/sf/
sfg'gn] aGb]h u/]sf] afx]s ;a} tYo / tYof+s Gful/s ;dfh
;j{;fwf/0fn] kfpg] u/L Joj:yf ug'k{ g]{ lghL If]q
8]l8s]68] ;+:yf agfP/ o;dfkm{t O–ueg]G{ ;sf]
g]tT[ j ug'k{ g]{
b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ klg
lgdf{0f u/L ;xh kx'Fr j[l4 ug'{kg]{
;dfKt
 HUAWEI
DIGITAL NEPAL CONCLAVE 2022
In Association with InfoDevelopers
Connected By Ncell

Summary and Recommendation

Information technology in Nepal has enormous
potential. By constructing data centers and engaging
in bitcoin mining, the nation can also become
economically robust. Nepal can also earn foreign
currency by developing its own software and exporting
it to the international market. Since the electricity tariff
in Nepal is cheaper than other countries, it is easy for
the development of the information technology sector.
Information technology parks should also be created in
different places of the country.
The government should also establish a high-
level commission to solve the problems seen in the
field of information technology.The government is
ready to accept the achievements so far in the field
of information technology, improve the weaknesses
and collaborate with the private sector .The field of
information and communication technology should be
developed as an industry.
If integrated information technology systems can be
developed and implemented in federal, state and local
government offices, services can be made effective.
The technology that the organization prepared and
supplied is currently not being used at the state and
municipal levels, but there is a growing trend for
people to start developing their own software and
apps. Between government agencies, there is a lack of
cooperation in information technology.
The National Planning Commission is putting the
government's idea of Digital Nepal into practice.
Although it is theoretically possible to employ people
from other countries, no framework is currently
in place. In Nepal, there are no opportunities for
university graduates to enter the workforce.

Way Forward
Information technology in Nepal has enormous potential, so it should be researched and policy should
be changed to promote it.
Building data centers and mining cryptocurrencies can strengthen the nation's economy, thus this
should be pursued.
The government should incorporate it in the policies and programs in order to build information
technology parks around the nation.
The government should form a high-level commission for development and expansion focusing on
information technology.
The federal government should take initiatives to implement a unified digital system across the country.
In the field of information technology, the government should prepare its framework to collaborate
with the private sector.
The field of information and communication technology should be recognized as an industry.
Collaborate with the university to produce the necessary manpower for the development of information
technology.
Integrated information technology systems should be developed and implemented in union, state and
local level government offices and steps should be taken to make services effective.
Effective coordination between government offices regarding information technology.
Special priority should be given to the implementation of the concept of Digital Nepal.
Political arrangements should be made so that people from other countries can be brought to work.

57
 Recommendation
Governmental policies and regulations regarding ICT should be under one umbrella.
Provision of separate policies and laws: Policies and laws related to ICT should be separate.
A high-level commission should be formed: The government should form a high-level commission for
development and expansion focusing on information technology.
The main pillars of the economy should be made : It should be developed as a main pillar of the
economy by making it a major source of employment and revenue through increased investment in
ICT.
The way of manpower management : In order to reduce the lack of manpower, cooperation with
educational institutions including universities should be done and the existing student quota system
should be removed.
The shortage of skilled manpower can be eliminated by building an ICT talent pool together with the
government, ICT companies and universities.
Skilled teachers should be produced and quality education should be given from the priority level.
Arranging to work as interns between the manpower produced by the university and ICT companies
while studying.
Policy arrangements should be made so that people from other countries can be brought to work.
Internet connection should be made affordable and available as a fundamental right.
The Digital Nepal framework should be reviewed and adjusted with the budget system, institutional
arrangements and national policy.
To enhance effective coordination and cooperation between the government and the private sector
in the field of ICT.
Since the government is the main source of data, government agencies should be empowered to
create and collect data.
The federal government should take initiatives to implement a unified digital system across the country.
Linking innovation with digital commerce.
Digital society must include digital citizenship, digital lifestyle and digital commerce.
Integrated Systems and Coordinating Actions: -Steps should be done to improve services if it is possible
to create an integrated information technology system and deploy it in federal, state, and local
government agencies.
Effective coordination between government offices regarding information technology.
The federal government should take special initiatives to implement the integrated system.
Legal systems and mechanisms should be developed.
The National Cyber Security Act should be implemented quickly.
Cyber Security Monitoring Center should be operationalized effectively as there is a general lack of
awareness about the need for digital transformation and many people are not aware of the damage
caused by security flaws.
There is a general lack of awareness of the need for digital transformation and many are unaware of
the damage caused by security vulnerabilities.
Cyber security audit should be made mandatory and it should be arranged that the registration of
organizations that do not do so will not be renewed.
Addressing the availability and quality of services to end consumers.
Cyber security and data privacy should be taught in every university.
A digital ecosystem framework should include inclusion, cyber security, emerging technologies and
geopolitical positioning.

58
Individual consumers should be awakened, institutional awakening should be brought about and
changes in perception and thinking should also be brought about..
The market of Nepal should be adjusted according to the world market.
Nepal can leverage ICT through its own market, the global market, and outsourcing.
Since there are informal foreign companies in joint ventures in Nepal and there is a lot of business
potential, the government policy should also be facilitated accordingly for market expansion.
The government should also recognize ICT as an industry.
Priority should be given to policy reform and procedural simplicity to attract domestic and foreign
investment.
Bringing a special scheme to increase the participation of women in the field of information technology.
Preference for startups:The objective of the Digital Nepal framework should be linked to startups and
innovation and facilitate the registration to investment process to promote startups.
Companies going to rural areas should be given incentives to reduce costs
A campaign to bring digital literacy to all citizens should be brought forward in which training and
teaching should be done from the lower grades.
Emphasis should be placed on research as new technology should be researched. Through research
and development, problems in this area can be identified and solutions can be found.
The use of Artificial Intelligence should be increased in order to increase AI’s economic impact.
Universities should provide specialized courses and promote research to prepare for the mainstream
usage of Artificial Intelligence.
Emphasis should be made on the generation of data from more organizations and its open use in order
to make data accurate and diversified.
All parties from the general public to the government and corporate sector should be encouraged to
use open data.
The government should allow any private sector to run data center.
Since digital has become mandatory for every person’s life the use of information technology and its
methods should be mentioned in the primary level curriculum.
Democracy should be strengthened : Provisions should be made so that all facts and figures are
available to the general public except those prohibited by law.
E-Governance should be led through creating a dedicated organization .So, Information technology
parks should also be built in different parts of the country and easy access should be increased.

59
By: Umesh Raghubanshi, IT Entrepreneur

Thank You
60
By: Dr. Pallab Saha, General Manager (India) The Open Group

61
 Thank You
62
By: Patrick Low, Government industry Expert, Huawei APAC Regional Office

63
64
Thank You
65
By: Manohar Bhattarai, ICT Expert

Thank You
66
By: Binay Bohra, Md, Vianet Communications

67
 Thank You
68
By: Sajana Maharjan, Director of Program/Data For Development, The Asia Foundation

69
 Thank You
70
By: Prasanna Dhungel, CEO, Grow by Data

71
 Thank You
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By: Dr. Suresh Pokharel, IT Director, Presidential Business School

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Thank You
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By: Salina Dangol, IT Director, MoFAGA, GoN

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Thank You
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By: Manish Jha, FACTS Nepal Research And Analystics

Thank You
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By: Sushil Bhatta, CEO, Nepal Investment Board

Thank You
79
By: Narayan Koirala, MD, Eminence Ways

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 Thank You
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By: Nagesh Badu, IT and e-governance Spacialist, PLGSP, MoFAGA, GoN

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Thank You
85
By: Anil Kumar Dutta, Joint Secretary, MoCIT, GoN

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 Thank You
88
By: Vivek Rana, Digital Enterprise Architect, InfoAssure LLP

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Thank You
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Notes.......

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 Thank you for your gracious presence and support in making
"Huawei Digital Nepal Conclave 2022 In Association with
InfoDevelopers and Connected by Ncell" a Grand Success. Your
contribution and presence at the event played a great role for its
successful completion. It would not have been possible without you.

We also look forward to welcoming you in our future events.

ICT FOUNDATION NEPAL

www.digitalconclave.org
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