1TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCK

1. Solid Concrete Blocks

- Used for special purposes.
- Heavy weight and manufactured from the dense aggregate.
- Very strong and provide good stability.
2. Hollow Concrete Blocks
- Used a lot in the construction industry.
- Made of exactly the same aggregates as solid concrete blocks.
- Has holes that fill with mortar of lightweight aggregate material.
- Lightweight blocks and easy to install.
- Different types: Jamb block, Partition block, Lintel block, Frogged
brick block, Corner block, Stretcher block, Pillar block, Bullnose
block.
 Lintel block- used to prevent the diagonal cracks
STONES
Classification of stones:
a.) Rubble stones
- Derived from quarries rough and irregular shape.
b.) Dimension stones
- Cut into specific sizes, squared to dimensions and specific thickness.
- Usually used in stairs or kitchen counter tops
- (in ordering the thread of stairs it shouldn’t be exact length, there should
extra 2m)
TYPES OF STONEWORK
1. Rubble work – masonry of rough, undressed stones.

 ASHLAR
- type of masonry uses square or rectangular stones.
BRICKS
- Structural units of clay or shale formed while plastic and subsequently
fired.
TYPES OF BRICKS
 a. Common or building bricks
- Used for all purposes including facing
b. Facing brick
- Specially processed to give certain specific surface characteristics.
- Used to exposed masonry surfaces.
c. Glazed brick
- Have smooth outer surface with a dull satin or high gloss finish.
- Load bearing, fire resisting, and impervious.
d. Fire
- Made from a mixture of flint clay ad plastic clay.
- Used for the lining of furnaces, fireplaces and chimneys.

METHODS OF LAYING BRICKS

1. Common bond
- Consists of five stretcher courses and then a header course.
- Begun with a row of headers at the bottom course.
2. English bond
- Alternative courses of stretchers and headers.
3. Flemish bond
- Alternate headers and stretchers in each course.
4. Herring – bone
- Laid diagonally to form a herring – bone pattern.

COMPOSITE MASONRY
- Walls are constructed with two or more types of building materials.

METAL
- Typically hard, opaque and features good electrical and thermal activity.
- Durability and strength
- Malleable, can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape.

TENSILE STRENGTH
 - The ability of material to withstand a pulling (tensile) force
- Amount of load or stress that can be handled by a material before it
stretches and break.
- Three types of tensile strength: YIELD STRENGTH, ULTIMATE
STRENGTH, BREAKABLE STRENGTH
a.) Yield strength – stress point at which metal begins to deform
plastically
b.) Ultimate strength – maximum amount of stress a metal can endure
c.) Breakable strength – the stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at
the point of failure.

FERROUS METAL
- Iron is the primary material of this metal.
- Known for its hardness, durability, and tensile strength.
PIG IRON
- Processed with blast furnace or electric arc surface.
- Used as raw material for iron steel making and most of this material was
imported.
- has very high carbon content.
CAST IRON
- hard, brittle, non-malleable and silicon
- manufactured by re melting pig iron along with quantities of limestone,
silicon and carbon.
- melted in blast furnace called “cupola”.
- used in sanitary fittings like the manholes, sewer pipes, water pipes,
cisterns, gratings, floor and wall brackets for railings, and circular stairs.
- can made metal columns and column bases.
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