Division of Marinduque

Santa Cruz North District

LANDY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Landy ,Santa Cruz, Marinduque

Understanding Culture ,Society and Politics

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF STATE AND NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNER

Institution is a mechanism which governs the behavior of a set of individuals within
a given community. The state is the institution whose functions are carried out by the
government. It is supported in whole or in part by general fund moneys. Its role is to make a
positive legislative environment and policy framework that enables various arms of the state to
explore and achieve their potential while maintaining a high standard of operation to protect public
interest. Its primary functions are maintenance of peace and order and the regulation and control of
the lives of the people as well as addressing the needs of the citizenry of a certain degree of social
order. Therefore, its major scopes are political and economic institutions.
Political Institution is universal in all the societies of the world. This is the system of
power and authority which is used to maintain social order. Political Institution is a complex of
social norms and rules that serve to maintain social order to exercise power to compel conformity to
the existing system of authority and to provide the means for changes in the legal or administrative
System.
Economic Institutions refer to two things: a) Specific agencies or foundations, both
government and private, devoted to collecting or studying economic data, or commissioned with the
job of supplying a good or service that is important to the economy of a country.

The Bureau of Internal Revenues (the government tax-collection agency), the Bangko
Sentral ng Pilipinas (the government producer of money), the National Bureau of Economic
Research (a private research agency) are all examples of economic institutions. B) Wellestablished
arrangements and structures that are part of the culture or society, e.g., competitive markets, the
banking system, kids’ allowances, customary tipping, and a system of property rights are examples
of economic institutions.
The main functions of economic institutions are:
1. Reciprocity is defined as the system of exchange in which goods or services passed from
one individual or group to another as a gifts without the need for explicit contracting for
specific payments.
A. General Reciprocity- This happens when there is no expectation of
immediate exchange for the given gifts. People are motivated by the sense of obligations
towards the welfare of the others like when parents of a simple family provide goods and
services to the children even though children may not reciprocate in kind. For example, if
you are shopping with a friend and you buy him a cup of coffee, you may expect him to
buy you one in return at some time in the future.
B. Balance Reciprocity- This happens
between persons who lack a sense of kinship or obligation to help one another with no
expectation of return, but who each has something that the other would like to have.
Balanced reciprocity is likely to occur when a return gift is expected within a relatively
short time. Simple barter or supermarket purchases involve this understanding. If you
walk out of a store without paying for the goods that you have taken, you very likely will be
stopped by the store employees and possibly arrested because you failed to immediately
reciprocate with the appropriate amount of money.
C. Negative Reciprocity- This happens when an individual or group in reciprocal exchange
system attempts to get more than what it gives. Negative Reciprocity may take place
through deceit in bargaining or outright theft because the profit motive precedes over
generosity. For instance, your neighbor may be offered a new job in a distant city starting
in two days. She desperately needs to sell her car before she leaves. It is nearly new and
it costs her P500,000. You offer her P250,000 which she reluctantly accepts because
there is no other choice. Your taking advantage of her situation resulted in negative
reciprocity.

2. Redistribution is when members of an organized group contribute money into a common

pol of fund. A central authority usually has the privilege and responsibility to make
decisions about the goods or money later will be allocated among the group as a whole.
 Example of this is the taxes that are collected from individuals dependent on their
personal income and then that money is distributed to other members of society through
various government programs.
3. Market Transactions is when goods are sold for money,
which in turn is used to purchase other goods, with the ultimate goal of acquiring more
money and accumulating more goods. Markets may be represented by physical locations
where transactions are made. These include retail stores and other similar businesses that
sell individual items to wholesale markets selling goods to other distributors. Stores may also
be virtual. Internet-based stores and auction sites such as Amazon and eBay are examples of
markets where transactions can take place entirely online and the parties involved never
connect physically. Non-state institutions on the other hand, are groups and organizations
which operate outside the support of any state or government. They are referred to be
‘stateless’ since they are considered to be independent of any state, although, they usually
collaborate with the government in implementing projects.

Non-state institutions assume different functions and focus on a specific objective. In general,
they develop certain services needed by members of the society for their progress. Examples of
which are:
1. Bank- This is a financial institution licensed to receive deposits and make loans. Banks
may also provide financial services such as wealth management, currency
exchange, and safe deposit boxes. There are several different kinds of banks
including retail banks, commercial or corporate banks, and investment banks. In
most countries, banks are regulated by the national government or central bank.
BDO, UnionBank, Chinabank and others are examples of banks in the Philippines.
2. Corporation- This is a legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners.
Corporations enjoy most of the rights and responsibilities that individuals possess:
they can enter contracts, loan and borrow money, sue and be sued, hire employees,
own assets, and pay taxes. Some refer to it as a "legal person. San Miguel
Corporation, ABS-CBN and GMA Network are some examples of companies in the
Philippines.
3. Cooperatives- are people-centered enterprises owned, controlled and run by and for their
members to realize their common economic, social, and cultural needs and
aspirations. Multipurpose Cooperative is an example.
4. Trade Unions- are organizations made up of members (a membership-based
organization) and its membership must be made up mainly of workers. One of a
trade union's main aims is to protect and advance the interests of its members in
the workplace. Example of these are Federation of Free Workers (FFW), Kilusang
Mayo Uno (KMU), Sentro ng mga Nagkakaisa at Progresibong Manggagawa
(SENTRO), and the Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP).
5. Transnational Advocacy- Transnational advocacy organizations (TAOs) are defined as
“self-organized advocacy groups undertaking voluntary actions across state
borders in pursuit of what they deem the wider public interest.” Advocacy
organizations are known by different names: non-state actors, NGOs, transnational
advocacy networks. Example of this is the Greenpeace, an independent global
campaigning organization that acts to change attitudes and behavior, to protect
and conserve the environment, and to promote peace.
6. Development Agencies- Its main duty is to discover regional potential and develop
cooperation between the public sector, private sector and civil society. United
States Agency for International Development (USAID) the Inter-American
Foundation (IAF), and the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) African
Development Foundation (ADF) are some examples.
7. International Organization- An international organization (intergovernmental
organization) is an organization established by a treaty or other instrument
governed by international law and possessing its own international legal
personality, such as the United Nations, the World Health Organization and NATO.
 Let’s Start!
Hello learner, read and analyze the instruction in each activity. Write your
answers on the space provided. There will be a corresponding point for every correct
answer. Answer thoroughly and write legibly.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1: KNOW YOUR WORD (Crossword Puzzle)

Hints:
1. This refers to mechanisms which govern the behavior of a set of individuals within
a given community.
2. They provide safe deposit locker facilities and safe custody services to the
customers.
3. Its structure allows for the protection of the owners’ individual assets from that of
the company.
4. These are people-centered enterprises owned, controlled and run by and for their
members to realize their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations.
5. This is a place where two parties can gather to facilitate the exchange of goods and
services.
6. The system of exchange in which goods or services passed from one individual or
group to another as a gift without the need for explicit contracting for specific
payments.
7. A central authority who has the privilege and responsibility to make decisions on the
goods or money allocated among the group as a whole.
8. This is a political organization of society, a political body or institutions
of government.
9. These are groups and organizations which operate outside the support of any state
or government.
10. Any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or
international level.
LEARNING ACTIVITY 2: #RECIPROCATE #REDISTRIBUTE #MARKET
Directions: The following are some scenarios, places and events. Analyze if each scenario is an
example of reciprocity, redistribution or market transaction. Write #Reciprocate,
#Redistribute, or #Market in the space provided before the number.
___________________1. Borrowing and lending of material goods other than money.
___________________2. Taxes collected from individuals.
___________________3. Exchange gifts during Christmas season
___________________4. A robber being sentenced into prison for a certain period of time.
___________________5. The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) of the Philippine Government
___________________6. Gambling
___________________7. Home shopping in this time of pandemic
___________________8. Donations from Sagip Kapamilya
___________________9. Shopee, Lazada and other online stores
___________________10. SM, Robinson’s and Xentro Malls trying to sell their products even with the
threat of pandemic
___________________11. If you see a friend in Robinson’s mall and buy him a Macau Milk tea, you
may expect him to buy you one in return at some time in the future.
___________________12. The Social Amelioration Program (SAP) in this time of COVID 19.
___________________13. The Land Reform Program by the government to give lands to the landless.
___________________14. Pasabuy, Grabfood, Lalalove and other food hailing stores
___________________15. A teacher who makes an Activity Sheets that can be useful for his/her
students