ST9505

Operating Manual
UNIVERSAL BRIDGE
TRAINER KIT
ST9505
Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd

111, 1st Floor, Laxmi Deep Tower, Laxmi Nagar District Center,
Near Nirman Vihar Metro Station,
Delhi – 110092, INDIA
Tel: 91-11-22525940, 40618940, Fax; 91-11-22525941
E-mail: info@salicontech.com Web: www.salicontech.com
Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd. 1

Operating Manual
Table of Contents
Specifications …………………………………… 3
Hardware description…………………………... 4
Introduction………………………………………. 5
Experiments
EXP: 1 -TO STUDY WHEATSTONE BRIDGE………….. 24
Exp: 2-TO STUDY KELVIN BRIDGE..................... 26
Exp: 3- To Study Maxwell Bridge Circuit…………. 28
Exp: 4- To Study Hays Bridge Circuit…………….. 30
EXP: 5- TO STUDY WEIN BRIDGE …………………. 32
Exp: 6-TO STUDY De-sauty’s Bridge ………………… 33
EXP: 7-TO STUDY Schering Bridge………………… 34
EXP: 8- TO STUDY OWEN’S BRIDGECIRCUIT …… 36
EXP: 9- TO STUDY ANDERSON’S BRIDGE CIRCUIT…. 38
Block Description……………………………….. 40
WARRANTY AND DISPATCH

PROCEDURE……………………………………… 41

Operating Manual
SPECIFICATION
UNIVERSAL BRIDGE TRAINER

ST9505
On-board features
-Bridges Circuit -- Open Bridge circuit
- Sine wave generator – 100Hz to 10 kHz (Amplitude and

Frequency Adjustable)
- Power Supply -- DC power supply: 5V/ 500mA
- Null Display – 3.5 Digit Display to null balance
- Speaker – On Board Speaker with Audio Amplifier
- Potentiometer – 100Ω; 1 kΩ; 10kΩ; 47 kΩ
-Two Set of Fixed Resistance 10MΩ, 1MΩ, 100KΩ, 10KΩ, 1KΩ, 100Ω
& 10Ω available through Selector Switch
-Two Set of Fixed Capacitance of 100μf, 10μf, 1μf, 100kpf, 10kpf, 1kpf
& 100pf available through Selector Switch
-Bank of Known Resistance & Capacitance
-Bank of Un-Known Resistance, Inductor & Capacitance
- All interconnections are made using 2mm banana Patch cords.
- Test points are provided to analyze signals at various points.
- User’s Manual

Operating Manual
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
Universal bridge trainer is divided into different BLOCKS for the benefit of
user. The different blocks are as explained below.
POTENTIOMETER BLOCK SECTION

This section consist of four Potentiometer – 100Ω; 1 kΩ; 10kΩ; 47 kΩ to
connect two known balancing arm of bridge
FIXED RESISTANCE & CAPACITANCE ROTTERY SECTION
Two Set of Fixed Resistance 10MΩ, 1MΩ, 100KΩ, 10KΩ, 1KΩ, 100Ω &
10Ω available through Selector Switch & Two Set of Fixed Capacitance of
100μf, 10μf, 1μf, 100kpf, 10kpf, 1kpf & 100pf available through Selector
Switch
FIXED RESISTANCE & CAPACITOR BANK
Total Eight resistance and four capacitor for in circuit use
(R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7,R8 , C1,C2,C3,C4)
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
1Ω 5Ω6 10 Ω 100 Ω 220 Ω 330 Ω 470 Ω 1k Ω
C1 C2 C3 C4
.47kpf 15pf 7pf 332pf
UNKNOWN RESISTANCE; INDUCTOR & CAPACITOR BANK

Total three unknown resistance, two unknown inductor and three unknown
capacitor for selection of un known arm component
RX RX RX CX CX CX LX LX
4.7k Ω 10k Ω 4Ω7 10µf 1µf .47µf 10µH 50µH
FIXED DC POWER SUPPLY: 5 V/150mA
SINE WAVE GENERATOR

A variable sine wave frequency from 100 Hz to 10 kHz and Amplitude up 5 V, both
can be controlled through POT.
BRIDGE BALANCE DETECTION SECTION

This section consist of a 3.5 Digit DPM for DC balancing detection and Speaker
along with AC amplifier and Differential amplifier for AC Balancing detection .

Operating Manual
INTRODUCTION
Bridges are often used for the precision measurement of component values, like resistance,
inductance, capacitance, etc. The simplest form of a bridge circuit consists of a network of
four resistance arms forming a closed circuit as shown in Fig. 2.1. A source of current is
applied to two opposite junctions and a current detector is connected to other two
junctions. The bridge circuit operates on null detection principle and uses the principle of
comparison measurement methods.
It compares the value of an unknown component with that of an accurately known
standard component. Thus, the accuracy of measurement depends on the bridge and not on
the null detector. When no current flows through the null detector, the bridge is said to be
balanced. The relationship between the component values of the four arms of the bridge at
the balancing is called balancing condition or balancing equation. Balancing equation
gives up the value of the unknown component.
Fig. 2.1 General form of a bridge circuit
The best known bridge circuit is the Wheatstone bridge; the term was
invented by “Samuel Hunter Christie” and popularized by “Charles
Wheatstone”. A bridge circuit is mainly used to measure resistance. This
circuit is built with four resistors: R1, R2, R3 and RX; wherein the two
resistors are with known values R1 & R3, one resistor’s resistance is to be
concluded Rx, and one which is changeable and adjusted R2. Two
opposite vertices are associated with a supply of electric current like a
battery, and a galvanometer is connected across the additional two
vertices. The variable resistor is familiarized until the galvanometer reads
zero.

Operating Manual
DISCUSSION ON FUNDAMENTALS:
Measurement of unknown electronic passive components like resistant,
capacitance and inductance is possible using various bridge circuits. Bridge in
basic form consists of four resistance or impedance
arms in a close loop. Two junctions out of four are connected to DC current or AC
source and remaining two junctions are connected to a null detector (A bridge
circuit compares unknown components to standard known value component) zero
reading of null detector indicates bridge balance condition when energized by DC
or AC source. Thus calibration or any other characteristics of null detector device
does not affect.
Classification of Bridges
The two Types of bridges are,
1. D.C Bridges
2. A.C Bridges
The D.C bridges are used to measure the resistance while the A.C bridges are
used to measure the impedances consisting capacitance and inductances.
The D.C bridges use the D.C voltages as the excitation voltage while the A.C
bridges use the alternating voltage as the excitation voltage.
The two types of D.C bridges
1. Wheatstone Bridge
2. Kelvin Bridge
The various types of A.C Bridges are,
1. Capacitance Comparison Bridge

2. Inductance Comparison Bridge
3. Maxwell’s Bridge
4. Hay’s Bridge
5. Anderson Bridge
6. Schering Bridge
7. Wien Bridge

Operating Manual
The bridge circuit is balanced when the output read by the meter is zero. In this con
dition the voltages on both sides of themeter are identical. The bridge is used in tw
o forms. The null adjustment method requires adjustment of a calibratedimpedance
to balance it. In this case the meter is usually a highly sensitive current-
measuring galvanometer. The nulladjustment method is often used to measure imp
edances, with the output read from a dial attached to the adjustableimpedance. The
deflection method requires on accurate meter in the bridge to measure the deviation
from the balancecondition. The deviation is proportional to the quantity being mea
sured.
Also it should be appreciated that this is a bridge training equipments and not a
test & measurement instrument. Therefore there is no point in specifying range
of the instrument/bridge as it is not verified by our QC department. We base our
readings/ observations regarding working of bridge on a typical sample/
component. And that is all in the scope of this trainer.
Measurement accuracy of any bridge circuit:
Measurement accuracy is totally dependant on accuracy of standard components

used for comparison in bridge circuit and their calibration. Different bridge circuits
are used to measure resistant, capacitance and inductance.
A Wheat stone’s bridge is used to measure medium range resistance (few ohms
to Mega ohms), a Kelvin’s bridge is used to measure resistance of the order of
few milli-ohms to few ohms (wheastone bridge is not capable to measure few
resistance because of internal wire and contact resistances.), a Maxwell’s bridge
is used to measure inductance, a Hay’s bridge is modified version of Maxwell’s
bridge, an Owen’s bridge is used to measure inductance in terms of capacitance,
An Anderson’s bridge is used to measure inductance and its resistance. For
capacitance measurements DC Sauty’s bridge, Schering Bridge can be used.
For reactive components like capacitance and inductance, bridges are excited with
AC signal instead of DC. NULL DETECTOR should be a device or instruments
that can sense small AC signal. Hence null detector may be head phone, vibration
galvanometer, tunable amplifier AC mill voltmeter or a CRO. Head phones are
sensitive to 200 Hz to 4 KHz; Vibration galvanometers are used at low
frequencies. Tuneable amplifier may be used in the range of 10Hz to 100 KHz, for
higher frequencies AC millvolt meter or CRO may be used.
To use CRO, we need DUAL CHANNEL with MONO, ADD, and INVERT facility
to determine potential difference between two opposite arms with a view to
achieve balance. You cannot use just one channel of CRO as detector as usually
it shares common ground with that of function generator, therefore shorting part of

Operating Manual
bridge. Of course do not forget to keep same volt/cm (attenuator) setting on both
channel for ADD INVERT facility to work correctly, typically 50mV/cm, seek
balance condition by observing on the same range. The balance condition can be
defined as minimum voltage below one big division on the selected range of CRO.
You can also use regular stereophony Ear plug (typically available in market for
use in walkman/CD based music players) in place of CRO for AC Bridge. As the
balance is achieved the sound intensity will drop. You need to train your ears a
few times for habit of using earphone plug.
Balancing of a bridge circuit:
Step I: Identify 4 impedance one in each arm. This 4-arm impedance

construction is called a bridge.
Step II: Balancing of bridge
a) Observe VIN connections & VO output terminals.
b) VO = VA - VB - 0 ………………………… (1)
This is bridge balance condition

Assuming that current drawn by measuring device (CRO in this case) is eligible
then
VA = VIN Z2 / (Z1+Z2)
VB = VIN Z4 / (Z3+Z4)
Thus, VO = VA - VB
= VIN [Z2 / (Z1+Z2) - Z4 / (Z3+Z4)]
Now to achieve bridge balance you need to adjust the values of 4 impedance such
that
Z2 / (Z1 + Z2) = Z4 / (Z3+Z4) ……….….…….…… (2)

Operating Manual
c) Hence adjust /set / select proper values of the impedances to archive
above equality.
Step III: Typically your unit will specify values of 3 arms while the 4th
arm will be unknown component. Hence properly selecting
other three arms, you can archive balance and therefore
determine the value of the unknown following above equation
no.2.
Step IV: For AC bridges you should look for sine wave minimized in
amplitude as the zero condition. A true Zero condition is that
whenever one of the settable arm impedance is varied in
either direction away from zero position the VO output should
increase. This is an important criterion for distinguishing a
false zero position from correct bridge or zero position.
WHEATSTONE’S BRIDGE
A Wheatstone bridge is a measuring instrument invented by Samuel Hunter

Christie in 1833 and improved and popularized by Sir Charles Wheatstone in
1843. It is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two
legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which includes the unknown component. Its
operation is similar to the original potentiometer except that in potentiometer
circuits the meter used is a sensitive galvanometer. In other words it is an
electrical circuit for the precise comparison of resistances.
The Wheatstone bridge is an electrical bridge circuit used to measure resistance.

It consists of a common source of electrical current (such as a battery) and a
galvanometer that connects two parallel branches, containing four resistors, three
of which are known. One parallel branch contains one known resistance and an
unknown (R4 in the above example); the other parallel branch contains resistors of
known resistances. In order to determine the resistance of the unknown resistor,
the resistances of the other three are adjusted and balanced until the current
passing through the galvanometer decreases to zero.

Operating Manual
The Wheatstone bridge is well suited also for the measurement of small changes
of a resistance and, therefore, is also suitable to measure the resistance change in
a strain gauge. It is commonly known that the strain gauge transforms strain
applied to it into a proportional change of resistance. It is widely used across
industry even today.
A basic Wheatstone bridge circuit contains four resistances, a constant voltage

input, and a voltage gage, as illustrated below.
For a given voltage input Vin, the currents flowing through ABC and ADC depend
on the resistances, i.e.,
The voltage drops from A to B and from A to D are given by,

Operating Manual
The voltage gage reading Vg can then be obtained from,
Now suppose that all resistances can change during the measurement. The
corresponding change in voltage reading will be,
Balanced Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
If the bridge is initially balanced, the initial voltage reading Vg should be zero.
This yields the following relationship between the four resistances,
We can use this result to simplify the previous equation that includes the changes
in the resistances. Doing so results in the solution for the change in Vg,
where h is defined by,

Operating Manual
Moreover, when the resistance changes are small (< 5%), the second order term h
is approximately zero and can be ignored. We then have,
Which is the basic equation governing the Wheatstone bridge voltage in strain
measurement. The coefficient is called the circuit efficiency.
Equal-Resistance Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
In practice, one often uses the same resistance value for all four resistors, R1 = R2
= R3 = R4 = R. Noting that r = 1 in this case, the change in voltage can be further
simplified to,
By thoughtfully selecting the target and reference resistances, the Wheatstone

bridge circuit can amplify small changes in resistance and/or compensate for
changes in temperature.
Kelvin Bridge
Connecting leads & contact resistance becomes significant & may introduce error for low
resistant measurement using Wheatstone’s bridge. This error is eliminated in kelvin’s
bridge. Kelvin’s bridge is a modified version of Wheatstone’s bridge.

Operating Manual
Fig 1a Fig 1b
Fig.1(a) shown Wheatstone’s bridge, where Rw represents the resistance of
connecting leads from R3 to Rx. The detector may be connected to either point n of
p adding the connecting lead resistance Rw to either R3 or Rx. This may introduce
error in low resistance measurements. The only way to eliminate the error is to
connect the detector at point n such that the ratio of
Rpn/Rmn = a/b = R1/R2
Then the effect of resistance of connecting leads is eliminated. Same principle is

used in Kelvin’s bridge. Kelvin’s bridge is shown fig.1 (b) Kelvin’s bridge consist
two sets of resistance ratio arms & hence it is called as double bridge. Second ratio
arms are resistance ‘a’ & resistance ‘b’. In bridge balanced condition, Ratio
R1/R2 = a/b
Hence, unknown resistance Rx is given by
Rx = R1R3/R2
when R1/R2 = a/b
Hence Kelvin’s bridge eliminates the effect the connecting leads when the
resistance of two sets of ration arms are equal
R1/R2 = a/b
MAXWELL BRIDGE
This ingenious bridge circuit is known as the Maxwell-Wien bridge
(sometimes known plainly as the Maxwell bridge), and is used to
measure unknown inductances in terms of calibrated resistance and
capacitance. Calibration-grade inductors are more difficult to
manufacture than capacitors of similar precision, and so the use of a simple
“symmetrical” inductance bridge is not always practical. Because the phase shifts
of inductors and capacitors are exactly opposite each other, capacitive impedance
can balance out inductive impedance if they are located in opposite legs of a
bridge, as in Maxwell Bridge.

Operating Manual
Another advantage of using a Maxwell Bridge to measure inductance rather than a
symmetrical inductance bridge is the elimination of measurement error that occurs
due to mutual inductance between two inductors as is the case in symmetrical
inductance bridge. Magnetic fields can be difficult to shield, and even a small
amount of coupling between coils in a bridge can introduce substantial errors in
certain conditions. With no second inductor to react with in the Maxwell Bridge,
this problem is eliminated. Unlike the plain Wien Bridge, the balance of the
Maxwell-Wien Bridge is independent of source frequency, and in some cases this
bridge can be made to balance in presence of mixed frequencies from the AC
voltage source, the limiting factor being the inductor's stability over a wide
frequency range.
With reference to the Figure 2, in a typical application R1 and R4 are known fixed
entities, and R2 and C2 is known variable entities. R2 and C2 are adjusted until the
bridge is balanced.
R3 and L3 can then be calculated based on the values of the other

components:
To avoid the difficulties associated with determining the precise value of a variable
capacitance, sometimes a fixed-value capacitor will be installed and more than one
resistor will be made variable.
The additional complexity of using a Maxwell bridge over simpler bridge types is
warranted in circumstances where either the mutual inductance between the load
and the known bridge entities, or stray electromagnetic interference, distorts the
measurement results. The capacitive reactance in the bridge will exactly oppose the
inductive reactance of the load when the bridge is balanced, allowing the load's
resistance and reactance to be reliably determined

Operating Manual
HAY’S BRIDGE
THEORY
A Hay Bridge is an AC bridge circuit used for measuring an unknown inductance
by balancing the loads of its four arms, one of which contains the unknown
inductance. One of the arms of a Hay Bridge has a capacitor of known
characteristics, which is the principal component used for determining the
unknown inductance value. Figure 1 below shows a diagram of the Hay Bridge.
Figure 1 The Hay Bridge

As shown in Figure 1, one arm of the Hay bridge consists of a capacitor in series
with a resistor (C1 and R2) and another arm consists of an inductor L1 in series
with a resistor (L1 and R4). The other two arms simply contain a resistor each (R1
and R3). The values of R1and R3 are known, and R2 and C1 are both adjustable.
The unknown values are those of L1 and R4. Like other bridge circuits, the
measuring ability of a Hay Bridge depends on balancing' the circuit. Balancing the
circuit as in Figure1 means adjusting R2 and C1 until the current through the
ammeter between points A and B becomes zero. This happens when the voltages at
points A and B are equal.
When the Hay Bridge is balanced, it follows that

Z1/R1 = R3/Z2
Where, Z1 is the impedance of the arm containing C1 and R2

And Z2 is the impedance of the arm containing L1 and R4.
Thus, Z1 = R2 + 1/ (2πfC)
And Z2 = R4 + 2πfL1.
Mathematically, when the bridge is balanced,
[R2 + 1/ (2πfC1)] / R1 = R3 / [R4 + 2πfL1];
[R4 + 2πfL1] = R3R1 / [R2 + 1/ (2πfC1)];
R3R1 = R2R4 + 2πfL1R2 + R4/2πfC1 + L1/C1.
R3R1 = R4 (R2 + 1/2πfC1) + 2πfL1R2 + L1/C1… (1)
When the bridge is balanced, the reactive components are equal, so
Operating Manual
2πfL1R2 = R4/2πfC1,
R4 = (2πf) 2 L1R2C1.
Substituting R4, one comes up with the equation (1):
R3R1 = (2πf) 2 L1R2C1 (R2 + 1/2πfC1) + 2πfL1R2 + L1/C1
R3R1 = (2πf) 2 L1R2C1 R2 + (2πf) L1R2) + 2πfL1R2 + L1/C1
R3R1/ L1 = (2πf) 2 R2C1 R2 + (2πf) R2) + 2ðf R2 + 1/C1
R3R1C1/ L1 = (2πf) 2 R2C12 R2 + 2πf R2 C1 + 2πf R2 C1 + 1
L1 = R3R1C1 / (2πf) 2 R22C12 + 4fC1R2 + 1)
Since the bridge is balanced after dropping the reactive components of the
equation.
L1 = R3R1C1 / [1 + (2πfR2C1)2]
Thus, the equations for L1 and R4 for the Hay Bridge in Figure 1 when it is
balanced are:
L1 = R3R1C1 / [1 + (2πfR2C1)2]
R4 = (2πfC1) 2 R2R3R1 / [1 + (2πfR2C1)2]
Note that the balancing of a Hay Bridge is frequency-dependent
Wien Bridge
A Wien Bridge is a bridge circuit used for measuring an unknown
capacitance by balancing the loads of its four arms, one of which
contains the unknown capacitance. Figure 1.1 below shows diagram of the Wien
Bridge.
Figure 1.1 The Wien Bridge

As shown in Figure 1.1, one arm of a Wien bridge consists of a capacitorin series
with a resistor (C1 and R3) and another arm consists of a capacitor in parallel to a
resistor (C2 and R4). The other two arms simply contain a resistor each (R1 and
R2). The values of R1and R2 are known, and R4 and C2 are both adjustable. The
unknown values are those of C1 and R3.
Like other bridge circuits, the measuring ability of a Wien Bridge
depends on 'balancing' the circuit. Balancing the circuit as in Figure 1.1
means adjusting R4 and C2 until the current through the ammeter
between points A and B becomes zero. This happens when the voltages at points A
and B are equal. When the Wien Bridge is balanced, it follows that R2/R1 = Z1/Z2
Operating Manual
Where, Z1 is the impedance of the arm containing C1 and Z2 is the

impedance of the arm containing C2.
Mathematically, when the bridge is balanced,

R2/R1 = (1/ωC1 + R3) / (R4/[ωC2(R4 + 1/ωC2)])
Where, ω = 2πf;
or
R2/R1 = (1/ωC1 + R3) / (R4/[ωC2R4 + 1]);
or
R2/R1 = (1/ωC1 + R3) (ωC2 + 1/R4);
or
R2/R1 = C2/C1 + ωC2R3 + 1/ (ωC1R4) + R3/R4.
When the bridge is balanced, the capacitive reactance cancels each other out, so
R2/R1 = C2/C1 + R3/R4.
Thus,
C2/C1 = R2/R1 - R3/R4.
Note that the balancing of a Wien Bridge is frequency dependent. The frequency f
at which the Wien Bridge in Figure 1.1 becomes balanced is the frequency at
which
ωC2R3 = 1/ (ωC1R4),
or, 2πfC2R3 = 1/ (2πfC1R4).
Thus, the frequency f is given by the following equation:
DE‐SAUTY’S BRIDGE
THEORY
De Sauty’s Bridge is the simplest of comparing two capacitances. The
Connections of this bridge are shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 De Sauty’s Bridge

Let, C1 = capacitor whose capacitance is to be measured,
Operating Manual
C2 = a standard capacitor,
R3, R4 = non-inductive resistor.
And at balance,
(1/j C1) R4 = (1/ jC2) R3
C1 = C2 R4 / R3
The balance can be obtained by varying either R3 or R4. The advantage of this
bridge is simplicity. But this advantage is nullified by the fact that it is impossible
to obtain balance if both the capacitors are not free from dielectric loss. Thus with
this method only air capacitor can be compared. In order to make measurement on
imperfect capacitors (i.e., capacitors having dielectric less), the bridge is modified
Resistors R1 and R2 are connected in series with C1 and C2 respectively.
The small resistances r1 and r2 are representing the loss component of the two
capacitors.
At balance,
{R1+r1+ (1/ j C1)} R4 = {R2+r2+ (1/ j C2)} R3.
C1 R2+r2 R4
From which we have: ---- = -------- = ----- ------------------- Eqn.1
C2 R1+r1 R3
The balance may be obtained by variation of resistance R1, R2, R3, R4. The angle
ä1 and ä2 are the phase angle of capacitor C1 and C2 respectively when bridge is
under balance conditions. Dissipation factor for the capacitor are:
And
From Eqn.1 we have:
Or
Thus, D2 - D1 = (C1R1- C2R2) But
Thus, C1 = C2R4 / R3
Hence D2- D1 = C2 {(R1R4/ R3) - R2} -------Eqn.2
Therefore, if the dissipation factor of one of the capacitors is known, the

dissipation factor for the other can be determined.

Operating Manual
This method does not give accurate results for dissipation factor since its value
depends on the difference of quantities R1R4 / R3 and R2. These quantities are
moderately large and their difference is very small and science this difference
cannot be known with high degree accuracy the dissipation factor cannot be
determined accurately.
SCHERING’S BRIDGE
THEORY
A Schering Bridge is a bridge circuit used for measuring an unknown electrical

capacitance and its dissipation factor. The dissipation factor of a capacitor is the
ratio of its resistance to its capacitive reactance. The Schering Bridge is basically a
four-arm alternating-current (AC) bridge circuit whose measurement depends on
balancing the loads on its arms. Figure 1 below shows a diagram of the Schering
Bridge.
Figure 1 The Schering Bridge

In the Schering Bridge above, the resistance values of resistors R1 and R2 are
known, while the resistance value of resistor R3 is unknown. The capacitance
values of C1 and C2 are also known,
while the capacitance of C3 is the value being measured. To measure R3 and C3,
the values of C2 and R2 are fixed, while the values of R1 and C1 are adjusted until
the current through the ammeter between points A and B becomes zero. This
happens when the voltages at points A and B are equal, in which case the bridge is
said to be 'balanced'.
When the bridge is balanced, Z1/C2 = R2/Z3, where Z1 is the impedance of R1 in

parallel with C1 and Z3 is the impedance of R3 in series with C3. In an AC circuit

Operating Manual
that has a capacitor, the capacitor contributes a capacitive reactance to the
impedance. The capacitive reactance of a capacitor C is 1/2πfC.
As such, Z1 = R1/ [2πfC1 ((1/2πfC1) + R1)]

= R1/ (1 + 2πfC1R1)
While Z3 = 1/2πfC3 + R3
Thus, when the bridge is balanced:
2πfC2R1/ (1+2πfC1R1) = R2/ (1/2πfC3 + R3)

2πfC2 (1/2πfC3 + R3) = (R2/R1) (1+2πfC1R1
C2/C3 + 2πfC2R3 = R2/R1 + 2πfC1R2.
When the bridge is balanced, the negative and positive reactive

components are equal and cancel out,so
2πfC2R3 = 2πfC1R2
R3 = C1R2 / C2.
Similarly, when the bridge is balanced, the purely resistive components are equal,
so
C2/C3 = R2/ R1
C3 = R1C2 / R2.
Note that the balancing of a Schering Bridge is independent of frequency.
THE OWEN’S BRIDGE
THEORY
An Owen Bridge is an AC bridge circuit used for measuring an unknown

inductance by balancing the loads of its four arms, one of which contains the
unknown inductance. Figure 1 below shows a diagram of the Owen Bridge.

Operating Manual
Figure 1 The Owen Bridge
As shown in Figure 1, one arm of the Owen bridge consists of a capacitor in series
with a resistor (C1 and R1) and another arm consists of an inductor L1 in series
with a resistor (L1 and R4). One arm contains just a capacitor (C2) while the fourth
arm just contains a resistor (R3). The values of C2 and R3 are known, and R1 and
C1 are both adjustable. The unknown values are those of L1 and R4.
Like other bridge circuits, the measuring ability of an Owen Bridge depends on
'balancing' the circuit. Balancing the circuit of Figure 2.1 means, adjusting R1 and
C1 until the current through the bridge i.e.
Between points A and B, becomes zero. This happens when the voltages at points
A and B are equal. When the Owen Bridge is balanced, it follows that
Z2/Z1 = R3/Z4
Where, Z2 is the impedance of C2,

Z1 is the impedance of the arm containing C1 and R1, and
Z4 is the impedance of the arm containing L1 and R4.
Mathematically,
Z2 = 1/ (2πfC2)
Z1 = R1 + 1/ (2πfC1)
And
Z4 = R4 + 2πfL1.
Thus, when the bridge is balanced,
1/ (2πfC2)/[R1 + 1/(2πfC1)] = R3 / [R4 + 2πfL1]

Or
[R4 + 2πfL1]= (2πfC2R3) [R1 + 1/ (2πfC1)]
Or
R4 + 2πfL1 = 2πfC2R3R1 + C2R3/C1

Operating Manual
When the bridge is balanced, the negative and positive reactive components are
equal and cancel out,
So,
2πfL1 = 2πfC2R3R1
Or
L1 = C2R3R1
Similarly, when the bridge is balanced, the purely resistive components are equal,
so
R4 = C2R3/C1
Note that the balancing of an Owen Bridge is independent of frequency.

Anderson Bridge
Anderson’s Bridge, in fact is a modification of the Maxwell’s inductance
capacitance bridge. In this method, the self inductance is measured in terms of a
standard capacitor. This method is applicable for precise measurement of self-
inductance over a wide range of values. Fig. 1 shows the connections of the bridge
for balance conditions.
Let, L1 = self-inductance to be measured,

R1 = resistance for self-inductor
r1 = resistance connected in series with self-inductor
r, R2, R3, R4 = known non-inductive resistances
C = fixed standard capacitor
At balance,
I 1 = I3
and I2 = IC + I4
Operating Manual
Now,
Thus, IC = I1jωCR3
Writing the other balance equations I1 (r1+R1+jωL1) = I2R2+ICr and IC {r+(1/

jωC)} = (I2 -IC)R Substituting the value of IC in the above equations, we have:
I1 (r1+C1+jωL1) = I2R2+I1jωC R3r
Or
I1 (r1+R1+jωL1-jωCR2r) = I2R2 ……………………………eqn 1
And
jωCR3 I1(r+1/ jωc) = (I2 -I1jωCR3) R4
Or
I1 (jωCR3r+jωR3R4+R3) = I2R4 …………………………eqn 2
From Equations 1 and 2, we obtain
I1 (r1+R1+jωL1-jωCR3r) = I1 (R2R3/ R4 + jωCR2R3r/ R4 + jωCR3R2).

Equating the real and the imaginary part:
R1 = (R2R3/ R4) – r1
And L1 = C R3/ R4 {r(R4+ R3)+R2 R4}
ADVANTAGE:
1. In case adjustments are carried out by manipulating control over r1 and r,

they become independent of each other. This is a marked superiority over sliding
balance conditions met with low Q coils when measuring with Maxwell’s bridge.
A study of convergence conditions would reveal that it is much easier to obtain
balance in the case of Anderson’s bridge than in Maxwell’s bridge for low Q-coils.
2. A fixed capacitor can be used instead of a variable capacitor as in the case
Maxwell’s bridge.
3. This bridge may be used for accurate determination of capacitance in terms
of inductance.
DISADVANTAGE:
1. The Anderson’s bridge is more complex than its prototype Maxwell’s

bridge. The Anderson’s bridge has more parts and is more complicated to set up
and manipulate. The balanced equations are not simple and in fact are much
tedious.
Operating Manual
2. An additional junction point increases the difficultly of shielding the bridge.
Considering the above complications of the Anderson’s bridge, in all the cases
where a variable capacitor is permissible the more simple the more Maxwell’s
bridge is used instead of Anderson’s bridge.
EXPERIMENT-1
TO STUDY WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
CONCEPT
The Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit for the precise comparison of
resistances. This bridge is an accurate & popular method for resistance
measurement.
Wheatstone bridge is four resistance (R1, R2, R3 & R4) arms close circuit. Bridge is
applied with a DC source between two opposite junctions i.e. between junction A
& B & a detector is connected between other junctions C & D. Detector can be
either a moving coil meter or centre zero galvanometer or even a CRO. Bridge
balance equation is as follows:
I1R1=I2R2
For Zero Detector, Current following conditions should be satisfied.
I1=I3=E/(R1+R3) &
I2=I4=E/(R2+R4)
Thus, R4 can be calculated as

Operating Manual
R4=R2R3/R1
In practice, Wheat stone’s bridge uses at least one resistance which can be
variable so that it will permit balancing. Unknown resistance (resistance to be
measured) is normally connected in place of R4.
PROCEDURE
NOTE:PT1=R3,PT2=R1PT3=R2.
1. Connect the AC Supply to the Kit.
2. Connecting 5V DC out to Supply to pin 8 and GND of DC Supply to pin15.
3. Connect T1 of PT1 to pin11 , T2 to pin12.
4. Connect T4 of PT2 to pin4 and T5 to pin5.
5.Connect T7 of PT3 to pin26 and T8 to pin25.
6. Connect Unknown External Resistance(Rx), whose value is to be
determined, between pin18 & pin19 posts of the Bridge.
7. Connect (+) NULL to pin22 & (-)NULL to pin1
8.Now balance the bridge on NULL minimam value.
11. Now Calculate

Rx = (R2R3) / R1
Where, R2 is selected resistance through selector switch.
12. Repeat the above procedure for different unknown resistance.

13. Confirm the calculated value of unknown resistance by measuring
on multimeter available in laboratory.
CONCLUSION
Value of unknown resistance measured & calculated using Wheatstone’s

bridge matches with the reading obtained by using the multi-meter.
Sample Observation Table
SLN. RX R1 R2 R3 CAL
1
2
3

Operating Manual
EXPERIMENT- 2
AIM OF EXPERIMENT
TO STUDY KELVIN BRIDGE
CONCEPT:
It is necessary to keep in mind that the ratio R1/R2 must be equal to a/b, to
measure unknown resistance Rx = R1/R2 x R3. The measurement range of this
bridge is from 0.001 Ω to 10 Ω. To cover this measurement range the range of the
ratio R1/R2=a/b is required to be set near 1, for lowest resistance measurement
and around 1100-1200 for the measurement of higher resistance (10 Ω) i.e. you
can not keep a ratio of 1000-for measuring 0.1E resistance. But maximum of 100
for 0.1 Ω
Then before switching power on it is necessary to adjust ratios R1/R2 = a/b .Thus
ratio adjustment is possible by adjusting R1 (PT2), However typically it will have
only two values 1K or 10K. R2 (100 Ω pot), a (10K pot) and b is a fixed resistance
of 10E. after setting the ratios R1/R2 & a/b equal using calibrated dials switch on
the power supply. Adjust the value of R3 (PT1) balance out the bridge (i.e. zero
reading on digital voltmeter as detector) you may have to very variable pots
slightly around calibration position if bridge balance is not possible with R3
adjustment. Switch off the power supply and adjust different ratios R1/R2=a/b and
repeat the procedure of bridge balance.
Operating Manual
Thus it is necessary to try different ratios of R1/R2=a/b ratio till bridge balance
becomes possible
After bridge balance, calculated Rx unknown resistance.
Rx = R1/R2 x R3
PROCEDURE :
NOTE:-PT5=R1,PT3=R2,PT1=R3
1. Connect the AC Supply to the Kit
2. Connect +5v to pin28 & GND to pin1.
3. Connect 28 & 27 to R3,short 27 to25
4. Connect PT5 T13 to 25 & T14 to 26. And set to 100E (R1).
5. Connect Rx between 18,19.
6. Connect T4 of PT2 to 18 & T5 to 29 and set to 10E.
7. Connect T15 of PT6 to 12 & T16 to 29.and set to 100K.
8.Connect T7 of PT3 to 12 & T8 to 11.(R2)
9.Connect PT1 T1 to 4 & T2 to 5.and set to 10k (R3)
10.Connect NULL (+) to 29 & (-) to 8.
11.Blance the bridge till minimam value on NULL.

SLNO RX R1 R2 R3 CAL
1
2
CONCLUSION
1. Kelvin’s Bridge is found to be useful to measure the resistance of lower
values.
2. Upper limit of ratio Rx / 0.001 while lower limit of ratio is
Rx / 0.01. Thus maximum ratio variable of a decade is possible

Operating Manual
EXPERIMENT-3
TO STUDY MAXWELL’S BRIDGE CIRCUIT
CONCEPT
Maxwell Bridge is used to measure unknown inductance (in Henrys) in terms of a

known capacitor. Bridge Balance equation is
Where,
Z1 = R1 in parallel with C1,

Hence, admittance Y1 = 1/Z1
Therefore, Y1 = (1/R1) + jùC1
Hence unknown inductance is calculated by
Lx = C1R2R3
Rx = R2R3/R1
Operating Manual
Q = ùC1R1
Maxwell’s bridge is used for coil/inductance of Q values within 1-10.

Measurements are independent of AC source frequency. This is typically used to
measure primary inductance of power transformer. Typically it will have
inductance value of 5 to 25 Henrys depending on VA rating. Fixed capacitor may
cause difficulties in reactance balancing. Hence variable capacitor may be used
instead of R2 & R3 (variable). This bridge can measure inductance in the range 1-
1000H.
PROCEDURE
NOTE: CT1=C1, PT3=R2, PT2=R3, PT1=R4
1. Connect Function Generator is connected to SINE Output of 1 KHz / 3Vp-p is

supplied to 8 and GND to 15.
3. Connect T1 of PT1 to pin4 and T2 to pin5.(R1)
4. Short pin4 to pin2 & pin5 to pin3.
5. Connect T17 of CT1 to pin2 & T18 to pin 3.(C1)
6. Connect T7 of PT3 to pin26 & T8 of PT3 to pin25.(R2)
7. Connect LX to pin 18 & 19.
8. Connect T4 of PT2 to pin11&T5 to pin12.(R3)
7. Connect speaker of (+) to pin22 & (-) to pin1.
9. Now fine adjust to get minimum amplitude signal on speaker.
10. This is the balance condition of bridge.
11. Note down the value of R1, R2 R3 & C1. (Values of C1, R1,
R2 & R3 can be read from dials).
Lx = C1R2R3
Rx = R2R3/R1
12. You may confirm value of Lx on digital LCR meter available in

Laboratory. Repeat the above procedure for different
Inductances.
CONCLUSION
Value of unknown inductance measured & calculated using Maxwell’s bridge

nearly matches with the reading obtained by using the LCR meter. Repeat the
above procedure for different inductances.

Operating Manual
SLNO LX R2 R3 C1 CAL
EXPERIMENT-4
TO STUDY HAY’S BRIDGE CIRCUIT
CONCEPT
Hay’s bridge differs from Maxwell’s bridge by having resistance R1 in series with
capacitance C1instead of parallel. Hay’s bridge is used to measure unknown
inductance having Q more than 10 (Maxwell’s bridge is used for inductance having
Q less than 10).
At bridge balance
Z1 Zx = Z2 Z3
Where
Z1 = R1 - j / (C1)
Z2 = R2
Z3 = R3
Zx = Rx + j / (Lx)
Finally
Lx = R2R3C1/ (1 + 2R12C12)
Rx = 2C12R1R2R3 / (1 + 2 R12C12)
If Q is greater that 10, the term1/Q2 is negligible, hence Lx ≈ R2R3C1

Operating Manual
Measurement range of this bridge is 1µH-100H and it can measure both power
transformer (10VA) primary and 68µH resistor type etc.
PROCEDURE :
NOTE:-PT5=R2, PT2=R1, PT1=R3, CT1=C1
2. Connect O/p to pin8 & GND to pin15.
3. Connect T14 of PT5 to 26 and T13 to 25. (R2)
4. Connect T4 of PT2 to pin4 and T5 to pin 2. (R3)
5. Connect T17 of CT1 to pin2 and T18 to pin 5. (C1)
6. Connect Unknown External Inductance (Lx), whose value is to
be determined, between pin18 & pin19 posts of the Bridge.
7. Connect T1 of PT1 to pin11 & T2 to pin12. (R1)
8. Connect speaker (+) to pin22 & (-) to pin1.
9. As the measuring range of this bridge is 1µH-100H you are
required to measure inductance greater than 1H (e.g.
transformer primary)
10. Now balance the bridge And speaker give low sound.
ZA/ZB = ZC/ZX
Where,
ZA = R1 – j Xc
= R – j / (C1)
ZB = R3
ZC = R2
ZX = RX + j XL = RX + j / (Lx)
13. Calculate
LX = R2R3C1 / (1 +ù2R12C12)
When, Q is >10
LX = R2R3C1
RX =3C12R1R2R3 / (1 + 2C12R12
14. Confirm LX on Digital LCR meter available in laboratory repeat

the procedure for different inductances.
CONCLUSION
Value of unknown inductance measured & calculated using Hay’s bridge nearly
matches with the reading obtained by using the LCR meter.

Operating Manual
EXPERIMENT-5
TO STUDY WEIN BRIDGE
CONCEPT
Wein Bridge is basically a series RC combination in one arm & parallel RC

combination in adjoining arm. This bridge is not only useful for frequency
measurement but also is suitable for measuring unknown capacitance. In bridge
balance condition, Frequency can be started as
If C3 is unknown capacitance then assuming frequency (ƒ)
Thus,
PROCEDURE :
NOTE: PT5=R2, PT2=R1, PT1=R3, PT3=R4

3. Connect T14 of PT5 to 26 and T13 to 25.

Operating Manual
4. Connect T4 of PT2 to pin 5 and T5 to pin 3.
5. Connect T17 of CT1 to pin 3 and T18 to pin 4.
6. Connect Unknown External Inductance (Lx), whose value is to
be determined, between pin11 & pin12 posts of the Bridge.
7. Connect T1 of PT1 to pin11 & T2 to pin12.
8. Connect T7 of PT3 to pin18 &T8 to pin19.
10. Adjust pot to reduce sound on Speaker. This minimum sound
(Almost zero) on Speaker is bridge balance condition. & note
down the value of R1, C1, R3, R2 & R4 Calculate C3
CONCLUSION :
Wien Bridge in the above experiment is suitable for capacitance measurement.
Sample of observation Table

SLNO CX R1 R3 C1 FREQ CAL
1
2
EXPERIMENT-6
TO STUDY DE-SAUTY’S BRIDGE CIRCUIT
CONCEPT :
This bridge circuit used to measure unknown capacitance is known as De Sauty’s

bridge. De-Sauty’s bridge uses a standard capacitor which is loss free. This bridge
consists of R2 as a fixed resistor, R1 as a variable resistor and Capacitor C1 as
variable. Here the unknown capacitance is Cx. This bridge is used to measure the
value of capacitor. Value of R2 should be of the same order of the reactance of a
capacitance to be measured. Hence choice depends upon frequency of input supply
to the bridge. Bridge balance condition is represented as
ZB/R1 = ZD/R2
PROCEDURE :
NOTE:-PT2=R1,PT3=R2,CT1=C1

2. Connect O/P to pin8 & GND to pin15.
3. Connect T4 of PT2 to 4 and T5 to 5
5. Connect T17 of CT1 to pin11 and T18 to pin12.

Operating Manual
6. Connect Unknown External Capacitance (Cx), whose value is to Be
determined ,between pin18 & pin19.
8. Balance the bridge and where speaker sound is low.
9. Calculate unknown capacitance, by using formula
CX = C1 (R1/R2)
CONCLUSION :
Value of unknown capacitor calculated from observation & the value of same
capacitor on LCR meter is almost similar.

SLNO CX R1 R2 C1 CAL
1
2
EXPERIMENT -7
TO STUDY SCHERING’S BRIDGE CIRCUIT
CONCEPT
Another bridge to measure unknown capacitance is Schering’s bridge. Schering’s

bridge uses a standard capacitor which is loss free. Circuit diagram of Schering’s
bridge is as shown in fig. P4.1
This bridge consists of R1 as a fixed resistor & R2 as a variable resistor.

Resistance R1 is kept in parallel to variable capacitor C1.
Capacitance to be measured is the capacitor Cx and Rx represents dielectric loss

when Cx is imperfect (for perfect capacitor Rx is zero). Capacitance C2 is a
standard capacitor (air capacitor)
Bridge Balance Equation is
Impedance of R1, C1 Arms Impedance of C2 Arms

------------------------------------------- = --------------------------------------------
Impedance of R2 Arms Impedance of Cx Arms
Hence Unknown capacitor Cx can be calculated as

Cx = (R1/R2) C2

Operating Manual
Rx = R2 (C1/C2)
Hence Dielectric loss angle

δ = tan -1 RxùCx
PROCEDURE
NOTE:- PT3 =R1,PT2=R2,CT1=C1,CT2=C2.
2. Connect T7 of PT3 to pin4 and T8 to pin5.short pin2 to 4 & pin3 to 5
3. Connect T4 of PT2 to 26 and T5 to 25.
5. Connect T19 of CT2 to pin11 & T20 to pin12.
6. Connect Unknown External Capacitance (Cx), whose value is to be
determined, between pin18 & 19 posts of the Bridge
8.now balance the bridge and low sound on speaker.
11. Calculate unknown capacitance by
CX = R1C2/R2
Rx = R2C1/C2
Dielectric loss angle
δ = tan -1 RxùCx
12. Repeat the procedure for different capacitors. Check the values of
capacitors on LCR meter available in the laboratory.

SLNO CX R1 R2 C2 CAL
1
2
CONCLUSION
Value of the unknown capacitance observed and calculated using
Schering’s Bridge is near to the value of same capacitor measured
on laboratory LCR meter.

Operating Manual
EXPERIMENT-8
TO STUDY OWEN’S BRIDGE CIRCUIT
CONCEPT:
Owens’s Bridge is easy to balance and useful for wide range of inductance.
This bridge is independent of waveforms and frequency. Typically, best
results have found with 68µHresistor type and 50mH
ferrite core type etc.
Lx is the inductor under test. R1, R2 are non inductive resistance &
capacitor C1 & C2 are standard capacitors. Resistances R1 & R2 are
adjustable so that they can be used to balance the bridge.
At bridge balance condition, the voltage across capacitor C1 is equal to the

voltage across R2. Similarly, voltage across series combination of C2 & R1
is equal to the voltage across series combination of unknown inductor.
Hence unknown inductance can be calculated as
Lx = R1R2C1
and Resistance of inductance

Operating Manual
Rx = R2 (C1/C2)
PROCEDURE :
NOTE:-CT1=C1, CT2=C2, PT2=R2, PT3=R1

4. Connect T19 of CT2 to pin25 and T20 to pin24
7. Connect unknown External Inductance (Lx), whose value is to be
determined, between pin18 & pin19 posts of the Bridge
8. Connect speaker(+) to pin22 & (-) to pin1.
9. Balance the bridge where speaker sound is low.
12. Note down reading from dials & switch position of C1, C2, R1& R2
13. Calculate
Lx = R1R2C1
Rx = R2 (C1/C2)
14. Repeat the above procedure for different inductors.

15. Confirm that the calculated values of Inductances & resistance
matches with that obtained by measuring the inductors on LCR
meter available in the laboratory.
CONCLUSION
Calculated values of inductance using Owen’s bridge is found to be

near the measured value on LCR meter.
1
2
3

Operating Manual
EXPERIMENT-9
TO STUDY ANDERSON’S BRIDGE CIRCUIT

CONCEPT
Anderson’s bridge is more complicated as compared to other bridges. Lx is
the inductance under test and Rx is its resistance. R1, R2 & R3 resistance
arms forms a star connection. To simplify the bridge, convert star
connection to Delta. R1, R2 & R3 resistance after delta conversion are
denoted as R1’, R2’ & R3’ respectively. Resistance R3’ appears across
source and will affect bridge balance thus forming a Maxwell’s inductance-
capacitance bridge. Hence balancing condition gives
Lx = R2’ R4C1
Rx = R2’ R4 (1/R1’)
On substitution of R1’, R2’ value (delta to star conversion) in above

equation
Lx = CR3(R2+2r)
Rx = R2R4/R1

Operating Manual
This bridge is used for high accuracy. Balance is obtained by varying
resistance R3
PROCEDURE
NOTE:-PT2=R1,PT3=R2,PT4=R3,PT5=r,CT1=C

2. Connect O/p to pin8 and GND to pin15.
3. Connect T4 of PT2 to pin5 and T5 to pin4
8.Connect LX to pin18 & 19.
9.Connect speaker (+) to pin22 & (-) to pinn1.
10.Now balanced the bridge where speaker sound is low.
11. Calculate
Lx = CR3(R2+2r)
Rx = R2R4/R1
12. Measure the unknown inductance on LCR meter available in

the laboratory and compare the LCR meter reading with
calculated values.
CONCLUSION
Value of unknown inductance measured & calculated using Anderson’s
bridge nearly matches with the reading obtained by using the LCR meter.
SLNO LX R2 R3 C r CAL
1
2

Operating Manual
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Operating Manual
WARRANTY

Operating Manual
1. We guarantee the instrument against all manufacturing defects during 24
months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers.
2. The guarantee covers manufacturing defects in respect of indigenous
components and material limited to the warranty extended to us by the
original manufacturer, and defect will be rectified as far as lies within our
control.
3. The guarantee will become INVALID.
a) If the instrument is not operated as per instruction given

in the instruction manual.
b) If the agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale
are not followed.
c) If the customer resells the instrument to another party.
d) Provided no attempt have been made to service and
modify the instrument.
4. The non-working of the instrument is to be communicated

to us immediately giving full details of the complaints and
defects noticed specifically mentioning the type and sr.
no. of the instrument, date of purchase etc.
5. The repair work will be carried out, provided the
instrument is dispatched securely packed and insured
with the railways. To and fro charges will be to the
account of the customer.
DISPATCH PROCEDURE FOR SERVICE
Should it become necessary to send back the instrument to factory please

observe the following procedure.
1) Before dispatching the instrument please write to us giving fully details of

the fault noticed.
2) After receipt of your letter our repairs dept. will advise you whether it is
necessary to send the instrument back to us for repairs or the adjustment
is possible in your premises.
Dispatch the instrument (only on the receipt of our advice) securely packed in
original packing duly insured and freight paid along with accessories and a copy of
the details noticed to us at our factory address.

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Operating Manual

Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd

Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd. 1

EXP: 1 -TO STUDY WHEATSTONE BRIDGE………….. 24

Exp: 2-TO STUDY KELVIN BRIDGE..................... 26

Exp: 3- To Study Maxwell Bridge Circuit…………. 28

Exp: 4- To Study Hays Bridge Circuit…………….. 30

EXP: 5- TO STUDY WEIN BRIDGE …………………. 32

Exp: 6-TO STUDY De-sauty’s Bridge ………………… 33

EXP: 7-TO STUDY Schering Bridge………………… 34

EXP: 8- TO STUDY OWEN’S BRIDGECIRCUIT …… 36

EXP: 9- TO STUDY ANDERSON’S BRIDGE CIRCUIT…. 38

WARRANTY AND DISPATCH

Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd. 2

UNIVERSAL BRIDGE TRAINER

- Sine wave generator – 100Hz to 10 kHz (Amplitude and

- Null Display – 3.5 Digit Display to null balance

- Speaker – On Board Speaker with Audio Amplifier

- Potentiometer – 100Ω; 1 kΩ; 10kΩ; 47 kΩ

-Bank of Known Resistance & Capacitance

-Bank of Un-Known Resistance, Inductor & Capacitance

- All interconnections are made using 2mm banana Patch cords.

- Test points are provided to analyze signals at various points.

Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd. 3

POTENTIOMETER BLOCK SECTION

UNKNOWN RESISTANCE; INDUCTOR & CAPACITOR BANK

FIXED DC POWER SUPPLY: 5 V/150mA

SINE WAVE GENERATOR

BRIDGE BALANCE DETECTION SECTION

Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd. 4

Fig. 2.1 General form of a bridge circuit

Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd. 5

The two types of D.C bridges

The various types of A.C Bridges are,

1. Capacitance Comparison Bridge

Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd. 6

Measurement accuracy of any bridge circuit:

Measurement accuracy is totally dependant on accuracy of standard components

Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd. 7

Step I: Identify 4 impedance one in each arm. This 4-arm impedance

Step II: Balancing of bridge

a) Observe VIN connections & VO output terminals.

This is bridge balance condition

Z2 / (Z1 + Z2) = Z4 / (Z3+Z4) ……….….…….…… (2)

Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd. 8

A Wheatstone bridge is a measuring instrument invented by Samuel Hunter

The Wheatstone bridge is an electrical bridge circuit used to measure resistance.

Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd. 9

A basic Wheatstone bridge circuit contains four resistances, a constant voltage

The voltage drops from A to B and from A to D are given by,

Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd. 10

The voltage gage reading Vg can then be obtained from,

Balanced Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

where h is defined by,

Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd. 11

Equal-Resistance Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

By thoughtfully selecting the target and reference resistances, the Wheatstone

Salicon Nano Technology Pvt. Ltd. 12

Rpn/Rmn = a/b = R1/R2