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 De-Shuang Huang
Vitoantonio Bevilacqua
Abir Hussain (Eds.)
LNCS 12463

Intelligent Computing
Theories and Application
16th International Conference, ICIC 2020
Bari, Italy, October 2–5, 2020
Proceedings, Part I
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12463

Founding Editors
Gerhard Goos
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Juris Hartmanis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Editorial Board Members

Elisa Bertino
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Wen Gao
Peking University, Beijing, China
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Gerhard Woeginger
RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Moti Yung
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7409
De-Shuang Huang Vitoantonio Bevilacqua
• •

Abir Hussain (Eds.)

Intelligent Computing
Theories and Application
16th International Conference, ICIC 2020
Bari, Italy, October 2–5, 2020
Proceedings, Part I

123
Editors
De-Shuang Huang Vitoantonio Bevilacqua
Institute of Machine Learning Electrical and Electronics Department
and Systems Biology Polytechnic University of Bari
Tongji University Bari, Italy
Shanghai, China
Abir Hussain
School of Computer Science
and Mathematics
Liverpool John Moores University
Liverpool, UK

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-030-60798-2 ISBN 978-3-030-60799-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60799-9
LNCS Sublibrary: SL3 – Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
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 Preface

The International Conference on Intelligent Computing (ICIC) was started to provide

an annual forum dedicated to the emerging and challenging topics in artificial intelli-
gence, machine learning, pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and computational biol-
ogy. It aims to bring together researchers and practitioners from both academia and
industry to share ideas, problems, and solutions related to the multifaceted aspects of
intelligent computing.
ICIC 2020, held in Bari, Italy, during October 2–5, 2020, constituted the 16th
edition of this conference series. It built upon the success of ICIC 2019 (Nanchang,
China), ICIC 2018 (Wuhan, China), ICIC 2017 (Liverpool, UK), ICIC 2016 (Lanzhou,
China), ICIC 2015 (Fuzhou, China), ICIC 2014 (Taiyuan, China), ICIC 2013
(Nanning, China), ICIC 2012 (Huangshan, China), ICIC 2011 (Zhengzhou, China),
ICIC 2010 (Changsha, China), ICIC 2009 (Ulsan, South Korea), ICIC 2008 (Shanghai,
China), ICIC 2007 (Qingdao, China), ICIC 2006 (Kunming, China), and ICIC 2005
(Hefei, China).
This year, the conference concentrated mainly on the theories and methodologies as
well as the emerging applications of intelligent computing. Its aim was to unify the
picture of contemporary intelligent computing techniques as an integral concept that
highlights the trends in advanced computational intelligence and bridges theoretical
research with applications. Therefore, the theme for this conference was “Advanced
Intelligent Computing Technology and Applications.” Papers that focused on this
theme were solicited, addressing theories, methodologies, and applications in science
and technology.
ICIC 2020 received 457 submissions from 21 countries and regions. All papers went
through a rigorous peer-review procedure and each paper received at least three review
reports. Based on the review reports, the Program Committee finally selected 162
high-quality papers for presentation at ICIC 2020, included in three volumes of pro-
ceedings published by Springer: two volumes of Lecture Notes in Computer Science
(LNCS), and one volume of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (LNAI).
This volume of LNCS includes 54 papers.
The organizers of ICIC 2020, including Tongji University, China, and Polytechnic
University of Bari, Italy, made an enormous effort to ensure the success of the con-
ference. We hereby would like to thank the members of the Program Committee and
the referees for their collective effort in reviewing and soliciting the papers. We would
like to thank Alfred Hofmann, executive editor from Springer, for his frank and helpful
advice and guidance throughout as well as his continuous support in publishing the
proceedings. In particular, we would like to thank all the authors for contributing their
papers. Without the high-quality submissions from the authors, the success of the
vi Preface

conference would not have been possible. Finally, we are especially grateful to the
International Neural Network Society and the National Science Foundation of China
for their sponsorship.

August 2020 De-Shuang Huang

Vitoantonio Bevilacqua
Abir Hussain
 Organization

General Co-chairs

De-Shuang Huang, China

Vitoantonio Bevilacqua, Italy

Program Committee Co-chairs

Eugenio Di Sciascio, Italy

Kanghyun Jo, South Korea

Organizing Committee Co-chairs

Ling Wang, China

Phalguni Gupta, India
Vincenzo Piuri, Italy
Antonio Frisoli, Italy
Eugenio Guglielmelli, Italy
Silvestro Micera, Italy
Loreto Gesualdo, Italy

Organizing Committee Members

Andrea Guerriero, Italy

Nicholas Caporusso, USA
Francesco Fontanella, Italy
Vincenzo Randazzo, Italy
Giacomo Donato Cascarano, Italy
Irio De Feudis, Italy
Cristian Camardella, Italy
Nicola Altini, Italy

Award Committee Co-chairs

Kyungsook Han, South Korea

Jair Cervantes Canales, Mexico
Leonarda Carnimeo, Italy
viii Organization

Tutorial Co-chairs

M. Michael Gromiha, India

Giovanni Dimauro, Italy

Publication Co-chairs

Valeriya Gribova, Russia

Antonino Staiano, Italy

Special Session Co-chairs

Abir Hussain, UK
Antonio Brunetti, Italy

Special Issue Co-chairs

Mario Cesarelli, Italy

Eros Pasero, Italy

International Liaison Co-chairs

Prashan Premaratne, Australia

Marco Gori, Italy

Workshop Co-chairs

Laurent Heutte, France

Domenico Buongiorno, Italy

Publicity Co-chairs

Giansalvo Cirrincione, France

Chun-Hou Zheng, China
Salvatore Vitabile, Italy

Exhibition Contact Co-Chairs

Michal Choras, Poland

Stefano Cagnoni, Italy
 Organization ix

Program Committee Members

Daqi Zhu Guoquan Liu Laurent Heutte

Xinhong Hei Wei Chen Leonarda Carnimeo
Yuan-Nong Ye Valeriya Gribova Bo Li
Abir Hussain Michael Gromiha Junqing Li
Khalid Aamir Maria Siluvay Juan Liu
Kang-Hyun Jo Guoliang Li Yunxia Liu
Andrea Guerriero Huiyu Zhou Zhendong Liu
Angelo Ciaramella Tianyong Hao Jungang Lou
Antonino Staiano Mohd Helmy Abd Wahab Fei Luo
Antonio Brunetti Honghuang Lin Jiawei Luo
Wenzheng Bao Jian Huang Haiying Ma
Binhua Tang Hao Lin Marzio Pennisi
Bin Qian Hongmin Cai Nicholas Caporusso
Bingqiang Liu Xinguo Lu Nicola Altini
Bo Liu Ho-Jin Choi Giansalvo Cirrincione
Bin Liu Hongjie Wu Gaoxiang Ouyang
Chin-Chih Chang Irio De Feudis Pu-Feng Du
Wen-Sheng Chen Dong Wang Shaoliang Peng
Michal Choras Insoo Koo Phalguni Gupta
Xiyuan Chen Daowen Qiu Ping Guo
Chunmei Liu Jiansheng Wu Prashan Premaratne
Cristian Camardella Jianbo Fan Qinghua Jiang
Zhihua Cui Jair Cervantes Qingfeng Chen
Defu Zhang Junfeng Xia Roman Neruda
Dah-Jing Jwo Junhui Gao Rui Wang
Dong-Joong Kang Juan Carlos Stefano Squartini
Domenico Buongiorno Juan Carlos Salvatore Vitabile
Domenico Chiaradia Figueroa-García Wei-Chiang Hong
Ben Niu Gangyi Jiang Jin-Xing Liu
Shaoyi Du Jiangning Song Shen Yin
Eros Pasero Jing-Yan Wang Shiliang Sun
Fengfeng Zhou Yuhua Qian Saiful Islam
Haodi Feng Joaquín Torres-Sospedra Shulin Wang
Fei Guo Ju Liu Xiaodi Li
Francesco Fontanella Jinwen Ma Zhihuan Song
Chuleerat Jaruskulchai Ji Xiang Du Shunren Xia
Fabio Stroppa Junzhong Gu Sungshin Kim
Gai-Ge Wang Ka-Chun Wong Stefano Cagnoni
Giacomo Donato Kyungsook Han Stefano Mazzoleni
Cascarano K. R. Seeja Surya Prakash
Giovanni Dimauro Yoshinori Kuno Tar Veli Mumcu
L. J. Gong Weiwei Kong Xu-Qing Tang
x Organization

Vasily Aristarkhov Waqas Bangyal Weijia Jia

Vincenzo Randazzo Bing Wang Wei Jiang
Vito Monaco Wenbin Liu Shanwen Zhang
Vitoantonio Bevilacqua Weidong Chen Takashi Kuremoto

Reviewers

Wan Hussain Wan Ishak Seeja Yanyun Qu

Nureize Arbaiy Pu-Feng Du Shunlin Wang
Shingo Mabu Wei Chen Jin-Xing Liu
Lianming Zhang Jonggeun Kim Shravan Sukumar
Xiao Yu Eun Kyeong Kim Long Gao
Shaohua Li Hansoo Lee Yifei Wu
Yuntao Wei Yiqiao Cai Qi Yan
Jinglong Wu Wuritu Yang Tianhua Jiang
Wei-Chiang Hong Weitao Sun Fangping Wan
Sungshin Kim Shou-Tao Xu Lixiang Hong
Tianhua Guan Min-You Chen Sai Zhang
Shutao Mei Yajuan Zhang Tingzhong Tian
Yuelin Sun Guihua Tao Qi Zhao
Hai-Cheng Yi Jinzhong Zhang Leyi Wei
Zhan-Heng Chen Wenjie Yi Lianrong Pu
Suwen Zhao Miguel Gomez Chong Shen
Medha Pandey Lingyun Huang Junwei Wang
Mike Dyall-Smith Chao Chen Zhe Yan
Xin Hong Jiangping He Rui Song
Ziyi Chen Jin Ma Xin Shao
Xiwei Tang Xiao Yang Xinhua Tang
Khanh Le Sotanto Sotanto Claudia Guldimann
Shulin Wang Liang Xu Saad Abdullah Khan
Di Zhang Chaomin Iuo Bangyal
Sijia Zhang Rohitash Chandra Giansalvo Cirrincione
Na Cheng Hui Ma Bing Wang
Menglu Li Lei Deng Xiao Xiancui
Zhenhao Guo Di Liu X. Zheng
Limin Jiang María I. Giménez Vincenzo Randazzo
Kun Zhan Ansgar Poetsch Huijuan Zhu
Cheng-Hsiung Chiang Dimitry Y. Sorokin DongYuan Li
Yuqi Wang Jill F. Banfield Jingbo Xia
Anna Esposito Can Alkan Boya Ji
Salvatore Vitabile Ji-Xiang Du Manilo Monaco
Bahattin Karakaya Xiao-Feng Wang Xiao-Hua Yu
Tejaswini Mallavarapu Zhong-Qiu Zhao Pierre Leblond
Sheng Yang Bo Li Zu-Guo Yu
Heutte Laurent Zhong rui Zhang Jun Yuan
 Organization xi

Shenggen Zheng Yuxiang Tian Tuozhong Yao

Xiong Chunhe Zhenjia Wang Xuzhao Chai
Punam Kumari Shuqin Zhang Zhenhu Liang
Li Shang Angelo Riccio Yu Lu
Sandy Sgorlon Francesco Camastra Hua Tang
Bo Wei Zhao Xiong Yuanpeng Liang Cheng
X. J. Chen Jing Xu Jiang Hui
Fang Yu Zou Zeyu Puneet Rawat
Takashi Kurmeoto Y. H. Tsai Kulandaisamy Akila
Huakuang Li Chien-Yuan Lai Niu Xiaohui
Pallavi Pandey Guo-Feng Fan Zhang Guoliang
Yan Zhou Shaoming Pan Egidio Falotico
Mascot Wang De-Xuan Zou Peng Chen
Chenhui Qiu Zheng Chen Cheng Wang
Haizhou Wu Renzhi Cao He Chen
Lulu Zuo Ronggen Yang Giacomo Donato
Jiangning Song Azis Azis Cascarano
Rafal Kozik Shelli Shelli Vitoantonio Bevilacqua
Wenyan Gu Zhongming Zhao Shaohua Wan
Shiyin Tan Yongna Yuan Jaya Sudha J. S.
Yaping Fang Kamal Al Nasr Sameena Naaz
Xiuxiu Ren Chuanxing Liu Cheng Chen
Antonino Staiano Panpan Song Jie Li
Aniello Castiglione Joao Sousa Ruxin Zhao
Qiong Wu Min Li Jiazhou Chen
Atif Mehmood Wenying He Abeer Alsadhan
Wang Guangzhong Kaikai Xu Guoliang Xu
Zheng Tian Ming Chen Fangli Yang
Junyi Chen Laura Dominguez Jalili Congxu Zhu
Meineng Wang Vivek Kanhangad Deng Li
Xiaorui Su Zhang Ziqi Piyush Joshi
Jianping Yu Davide Nardone Syed Sadaf Ali
Jair Cervantes Liangxu Liu Qin Wei
Lizhi Liu Huijian Han Kuan Li
Junwei Luo Qingjun Zhu Teng Wan
Yuanyuan Wang Hongluan Zhao Hao Liu
Jiayin Zhou Chyuan-Huei Thomas Yexian Zhang
Mingyi Wang Yang Xu Qiao
Xiaolei Zhu R. S. Lin Ce Li
Jiafan Zhu N. Nezu Lingchong Zhong
Yongle Li Chin-Chih Chang Wenyan Wang
Hao Lin Hung-Chi Su Xiaoyu Ji
Xiaoyin Xu Antonio Brunetti Weifeng Guo
Shiwei Sun Xie conghua Yuchen Jiang
Hongxuan Hua Caitong Yue Yuanyuan Huang
Shiping Zhang Li Yan Zaixing Sun
xii Organization

Honglin Zhang Balachandran Manavalan José Sergio Ruiz Castilla

Yu Jie He Bingqiang Liu Juan de Jesus Amador
Benjamin Soibam Lianrong Pu Nanxun Wang
Sungroh Yoon Di Wang Rencai Zhou
Mohamed Chaabane Fangping Wan Moli Huang
Rong Hu Guosheng Han Yong Zhang
Youjie Yao Renmeng Liu Daniele Loiacono
NaiKang Yu Yinan Guo Grzegorz Dudek
Carlo Bianca Lujie Fang Joaquín Torres-Sospedra
Giulia Russo Ying Zhang Xingjian Chen
Dian Liu Yinghao Cao Saifur Rahaman
Cheng Liang Xhize Wu Olutomilayo Petinrin
Iyyakutti Iyappan Le Zou Xiaoming Liu
Ganapathi G. Brian Golding Xin Xu
Mingon Kang Viktoriya Coneva Zi-Qi Zhu
Zhang Chuanchao Alexandre Rossi Paschoal Punam Kumari
Hao Dai Ambuj Srivastava Pallavy Pandey
Geethan Prabakaran R. Najme Zehra
Brendan Halloran Xingquan Zuo Zhenqing Ye
Yue Li Jiabin Huang Hao Zhang
Qianqian Shi Jingwen Yang Zijing Wang
Zhiqiang Tian Liu Qianying Lida Zhu
Yang Yang Markus J. Ankenbrand Lvzhou Li
Jalilah Arijah Mohd Jianghong Meng Junfeng Xia
Kamarudin Tongchi Zhou Jianguo Liu
Jun Wang Zhi-Ping Liu Jia-Xiang Wang
Ke Yan Xinyan Liang Gongxin Peng
Hang Wei Xiaopeng Jin Junbo Liang
David A. Hendrix Jun Zhang Linjing Liu
Ka-Chun Wong Yumeng Liu Xian Geng
Yuyan Han Junliang Shang Sheng Ding
Hisato Fukuda L. M. Xiao Jun Li
Yaning Yang Shang-han Li Laksono Kurnianggoro
Lixiang Xu Jianhua Zhang Minxia Cheng
Yuanke Zhou Han-Jing Jiang Meiyi Li
Shihui Ying Daniele Nardi Qizhi Zhu
Wenqiang Fan Kunikazu Peng Chao Li
Zhao Li Shenglin Mu Ming Xiao
Zhe Zhang Jing Liang Guangdi Liu
Xiaoying Guo Jialing Li Jing Meng
Yiqi Jiang Yu-Wen-Tian Sun Kang Xu
Zhuoqun Xia Zhe Sun Cong Feng
Jing Sun Wentao Fan Arturo Yee
Na Geng Wei Lan Yi Xiong
Chen Li Jiancheng Zhong Fei Luo
Xin Ding Josue Espejel Cabrera Xionghui Zhou
 Organization xiii

Kazunori Onoguchi Chunfeng Shi Donghyeon Lee

Hotaka Takizawa Shuo Jiang Mohamed Hasan
Suhang Gu Xiaoke Hao ChangHwan Kim
Zhang Yu Lei Wang Vivek Thangavelu
Bin Qin Minghua Zhao Alvaro Costa-Garcia
Yang Gu Cheng Shi David Parent
Zhibin Jiang Jiulong Zhang Oskar Ljungqvist
Chuanyan Wu Shui-Hua Wang Long Cheng
Wahyono Wahyono Xuefeng Cui Huajuan Huang
Van-Dung Hoang Sandesh Gupta Vasily Aristarkhov
My-Ha Le Nadia Siddiqui Zhonghao Liu
Kaushik Deb Syeda Shira Moin Lichuan Pan
Danilo Caceres Sajjad Ahmed Yongquan Zhou
Alexander Filonenko Ruidong Li Zhongying Zhao
Van-Thanh Hoang Mauro Castelli Kunikazu Kobayashi
Ning Guo Leonardo Bocchi Masato Nagayoshi
Deng Chao Leonardo Vanneschi Atsushi Yamashita
Soniya Balram Ivanoe De Falco Wei Peng
Jian Liu Antonio Della Cioppa Haodi Feng
Angelo Ciaramella Kamlesh Tiwari Jin Zhao
Yijie Ding Puneet Gupta Shunheng Zhou
Ramakrishnan Zuliang Wang Xinguo Lu
Nagarajan Raju Luca Tiseni Xiangwen Wang
Kumar Yugandhar Francesco Porcini Zhe Liu
Anoosha Paruchuri Ruizhi Fan Pi-Jing Wei
Dhanusa Grigorios Skaltsas Bin Liu
Jino Blessy Mario Selvaggio Haozhen Situ
Agata Gie Xiang Yu Meng Zhou
Lei Che Abdurrahman Eray Baran Muhammad Ikram Ullah
Yujia Xi Alessandra Rossi Hui Tang
Ma Haiying Jacky Liang Sakthivel Ramasamy
Huanqiang Zeng Robin Strudel Akio Nakamura
Hong-Bo Zhang Stefan Stevsic Antony Lam
Yewang Chen Ariyan M. Kabir Weilin Deng
Farheen Sidiqqui Lin Shao Haiyan Qiao
Sama Ukyo Parker Owan Xu Zhou
Parul Agarwal Rafael Papallas Shuyuan Wang
Akash Tayal Alina Kloss Rabia Shakir
Ru Yang Muhammad Suhail Shixiong Zhang
Junning Gao Saleem Xuanfan Fei
Jianqing Zhu Neel Doshi Fatih Ad
Joel Ayala Masaki Murooka Aysel Ersoy Yilmaz
Haizhou Liu Huitan Mao Haotian Xu
Nobutaka Shimada Christos K. Verginis Zekang Bian
Yuan Xu Joon Hyub Lee Shuguang Ge
Ping Yang Gennaro Notomista Dhiya Al-Jumeily
xiv Organization

Thar Baker Yudong Zhang Alex Akinbi

Haoqian Huang Zafaryab Haider Fuyi Li
Siguo Wang Mahreen Saleem Fan Xu
Huan Liu Quang Do Guangsheng Wu
Jianqing Chen Vladimir Shakhov Yuchong Gong
Chunhui Wang Daniele Leonardis Weitai Yang
Xiaoshu Zhu Simona Crea Mohammed Aledhari
Wen Zhang Byungkyu Park Yanan Wang
Yongchun Zuo Pau Rodr&acute Bo Chen
Dariusz Pazderski Alper Gün Binbin Pan
Elif Hocaoglu Mehmet Fatih Demirel Chunhou Zheng
Hyunsoo Kim Elena Battini Abir Hussain
Park Singu Radzi Ambar Chen Yan
Saeed Ahmed Mohamad Farhan Dhanjay Singh
Youngdoo Lee Mohamad Mohsin Bowen Song
Nathan D. Kent Nur Azzah Abu Bakar Guojing
Areesha Anjum Noraziah ChePa Weiping Liu
Sanjay Sharma Sasalak Tongkaw Yeguo Liao
Shaojin Geng Kumar Jana Laura Jalili
Andrea Mannini Hafizul Fahri Hanafi Quan Zou
Van-Dung Hoang Liu Jinxing Xing Chen
He Yongqiang Alex Moopenn Xiujuan Lei
Kyungsook Han Liang Liang Marek Pawlicki
Long Chen Ling-Yun Dai Haiying Ma
Jialin Lyu Raffaele Montella Hao Zhu
Zhenyang Li Maratea Antonio Wang Zhanjun
Tian Rui Xiongtao Zhang Mohamed Alloghani
Khan Alcan Sobia Pervaiz Iqbal Yu Hu
Alperen Acemoglu Fang Yang Haya Alaskar
Duygun Erol Barkana Si Liu Baohua Wang
Juan Manuel Jacinto Natsa Kleanthous Hanfu Wang
Villegas Zhen Shen Hongle Xie
Zhenishbek Zhakypov Jing Jiang Guangming Wang
Domenico Chiaradia Shamrie Sainin Yongmei Liu
Huiyu Zhou Suraya Alias Fuchun Liu
Yichuan Wang Mohd Hanafi Ahmad Farid Garcia-Lamont
Sang-Goo Jeong Hijazi Yang Li
Nicolò Navarin Mohd Razali Tomari Hengyue Shi
Eray A. Baran Chunyan Fan Gao Kun
Jiakai Ding Jie Zhao Wen Zheng Ma
Dehua Zhang Yuchen Zhang Casimiro Jin Sun
Giuseppe Pirlo Dong-Jun Yu Xing Ruiwen
Alberto Morea Jianwei Yang Zhong Lianxin
Giuseppe Mastronardi Wenrui Zhao Zhang Hongyuan
Insoo Koo Di Wu Han Xupeng
Dah-Jing Jwo Chao Wang Mon Hian Chew
 Organization xv

Jianxun Mi Qinhu Zhang Fabio Bellavia

Michele Scarpiniti Jiang Liu Giosue’ Lo Bosco
Hugo Morais Yuzhen Han Giuseppe Salvi
Alamgir Hossain Pengcheng Xiao Giovanni Acampora
Felipe Saraiva Harry Haoxiang Wang Zhen Chen
Xuyang Xuyang Fengqiang Li Enrico De Santis
Yasushi Mae Chenggang Lai Xing Lining
Haoran Mo Dong Li Wu Guohua
Pengfei Cui Shuai Liu Dong Nanjiang
Yoshinori Kobayashi Cuiling Huang Jhony Heriberto Giraldo
Qing Yu Cui Lian-Yong Qi Zuluaga
Kongtao Chen Qi Zhu Waqas Haider Bangyal
Feng Feng Wenqiang Gu Cong Feng
Wenli Yan Haitao Du Autilia Vitiello
Zhibo Wang Bingbo Cui TingTing Dan
Ying Qiao Qinghua Li Haiyan Wang
Qiyue Lu Xin Juan Angelo Casolaro
Geethan Mendiz Emanuele Principi Dandan Lu
Dong Li Xiaohan Sun Bin Zhang
Liu Di Inas Kadhim Raul Montoliu
Feilin Zhang Jing Feng Sergio Trilles
Haibin Li Xin Juan Xu Yang
Heqi Wang Hongguo Zhao Fan Jiao
Wei Wang Masoomeh Mirrashid Li Kaiwen
Tony Hao Jialiang Li Wenhua Li
Yingxia Pan Yaping Hu Ming Mengjun
Chenglong Wei Xiangzhen Kong Ma Wubin
My Ha Le Mi-Xiao Hou Cuco Cristanno
Yu Chen Zhen Cui Chao Wu
Eren Aydemir Juan Wang Ghada Abdelmoumin
Naida Fetic Na Yu Han-Zhou Wu
Bing Sun Meiyu Duan Antonio Junior Spoleto
Zhenzhong Chu Pavel Osinenko Zhenghao Shi
Meijing Li Chengdong Li Ya Wang
Wentao Chen Stefano Rovetta Tao Li
Mingpeng Zheng Mingjun Zhong Shuyi Zhang
Zhihao Tang Baoping Yuan Xiaoqing Li
Li keng Liang Akhilesh Mohan Yajun Zou
Alberto Mazzoni Srivastatva Chuanlei Zhang
Domenico Buongiorno Vivek Baghel Berardino Prencipe
Zhang Lifeng Umarani Jayaraman Feng Liu
Chi Yuhong Somnath Dey Yongsheng Dong
Meng-Meng Yin Guanghui Li Yatong Zhou
Yannan Bin Lihong Peng Carlo Croce
Wasiq Khan Wei Zhang Rong Fei
Yong Wu Hailin Chen Zhen Wang
xvi Organization

Huai-Ping Jin Yong-Wan Kwon Guohong Qi

Mingzhe She Heng Chen Xiaoyan Hu
Sen Zhang S. T. Veena Li Guo
Yifan Zheng J. Anita Christaline Xia-an Bi
Christophe Guyeux R. Ramesh Xiuquan Du
Jun Sang Shadrokh Samavi Ping Zhu
Huang Wenzhun Amin Khatami Young-Seob Jeong
Jun Wu Min Chen Han-Gyu Kim
Jing Luo He Huang Dongkun Lee
Wei Lu Qing Lei Jonghwan Hyeon
Heungkyu Lee Shuang Ye Chae-Gyun Lim
Yinlong Qian Francesco Fontanella Nicola Altini
Hong wang Kang Jijia Claudio Gallicchio
Daniele Malitesta Rahul Kumar Dingna Duan
Fenqiang Zhao Alessandra Scotto Freca Shiqiang Ma
Xinghuo Ye Nicole Cilia Mingliang Dou
Hongyi Zhang Alessandro Aliberti Jansen Woo
Xuexin Yu Gabriele Ciravegna Shanshan
Guanshuo Xu Jacopo Ferretti ShanShan Hu
Mehdi Yedroudj Jing Yang Hai-tao Li
Xujun Duan Zheheng Jiang Francescomaria Marino
Xing-Ming Zhao Dan Yang Jiayi Ji
Jiayan Han Dongxue Peng Jun Peng
Yan Xiao Wenting Cui Jie Hu
Weizhong Lu Francescomaria Marino Jipeng Wu
Weiguo Shen Wenhao Chi Shirley Meng
Hongzhen Shi Ruobing Liang Prashan Premaratne
Zeng Shangyou Feixiang Zhou Lucia Ballerini
Zhou Yue Jijia Kang Haifeng Hu
TaeMoon Seo Xinshao Wang JianXin Zhang
Sergio Cannata Huawei Huang Xiaoxiao Sun
Weiqi Luo Zhi Zhou Shaomin Mu
Feng Yanyan Yanrui Ding Yongyu Xu
Pan Bing Peng Li Jingyu Hou
Jiwen Dong Yunfeng Zhao Zhixian Liu
 Contents – Part I

Evolutionary Computing and Learning

Entry Deterrence Game Under Ambiguity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Lan Sun

Identification of Cell Types from Single-Cell Transcriptomes Using

a Novel Clustering Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Xinguo Lu, Yan Gao, Jinxin Li, Keren He, Guanyuan Chen,
and Qiang Qu

Two-Stage Learning Brain Storm Optimizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Yan Xu, Jingwei Wang, Lianbo Ma, Junfeng Zhao, and Xiaolong Shen

A Modified Bacterial Foraging Optimizer with Adaptive Chemotactic Step

in Dynamic Search Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Yibo Yong, Lianbo Ma, Junfeng Zhao, and Xiaolong Shen

Novel Mutation Operators of a Variable-Length Representation

for EC-Based Feature Selection in High-Dimensional Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Nicole Dalia Cilia, Claudio De Stefano, and Francesco Fontanella

Swarm Intelligence and Optimization

Phasor Symbiotic Organisms Search Algorithm for Global Optimization . . . . 67

Fahui Miao, Li Yao, Xiaojie Zhao, and Yawen Zheng

Compressed Sensing and Sparse Coding

Essential Proteins Identification Based on Integrated Network. . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Chang-Gang Wen, Jin-Xing Liu, Lei Qin, Juan Wang, and Yun Fang

Neural Networks

Time Sequence Features Extraction Algorithm of Lying Speech Based

on Sparse CNN and LSTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Yan Zhou and Li Shang

An Improved Conditional Generative Adversarial Network

for Microarray Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Sheng Fang, Fei Han, Wan-Yun Liang, and Jing Jiang
xviii Contents – Part I

A Cognitive Model of Morphological Neural Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Naiqin Feng, Lijuan Qin, and Bin Sun

SharedNet: A Novel Efficient Convolutional Architecture Based on Group

Sharing Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Jian-Xun Mi and Jie Feng

Paying Deep Attention to Both Neighbors and Multiple Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Gaoyuan Liang, Haoran Mo, Ying Qiao, Chuxin Wang,
and Jing-Yan Wang

Image Classification Based on Deep Belief Network and YELM. . . . . . . . . . 150

ChengYong Zhang, Zhengwei Li, Ru Nie, Lei Wang, and Huan Zhao

Double Channel Neural Non Invasive Blood Pressure Prediction. . . . . . . . . . 160

Annunziata Paviglianiti, Vincenzo Randazzo, Giansalvo Cirrincione,
and Eros Pasero

Unsupervised Multi-omic Data Fusion: The Neural Graph

Learning Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Pietro Barbiero, Marta Lovino, Mattia Siviero, Gabriele Ciravegna,
Vincenzo Randazzo, Elisa Ficarra, and Giansalvo Cirrincione

Random Occlusion Recovery with Noise Channel

for Person Re-identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Kun Zhang, Di Wu, Changan Yuan, Xiao Qin, Hongjie Wu,
Xingming Zhao, Lijun Zhang, Yuchuan Du, and Hanli Wang

Detection of Abnormal Behavior Based on the Scene

of Anti-photographing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Wei Zhang and Fan Lin

Signal Processing

Emergency Siren Recognition in Urban Scenarios: Synthetic Dataset

and Deep Learning Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Michela Cantarini, Luca Serafini, Leonardo Gabrielli,
Emanuele Principi, and Stefano Squartini

Pattern Recognition

Cucumber Disease Recognition Based on Depthwise

Separable Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Xianfeng Wang, Zhen Wang, and Shanwen Zhang
 Contents – Part I xix

Noise Robust Illumination Invariant Face Recognition via Contourlet

Transform in Logarithm Domain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Guangyi Chen and Wenfang Xie

License Plate Detection and Recognition Technology for Complex

Real Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Zhipeng Li, Fei Wang, Hamdan Taleb, Changan Yuan, Xiao Qin,
Hongjie Wu, Xingming Zhao, and Lijun Zhang

Biometrics Recognition

Shallow Neural Network for Biometrics from the ECG-WATCH . . . . . . . . . 259

Vincenzo Randazzo, Giansalvo Cirrincione, and Eros Pasero

Image Processing

Component Tree Computation of 2D Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Rui Tao and Yuqing Song

An Efficient Method for Computation of Entropy and Joint Entropy

of Images. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Debapriya Sengupta, Phalguni Gupta, and Arindam Biswas

A Hybrid Convolutional Neural Network for Complex

Leaves Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Daniel Ayala Niño, Jair Cervantes Canales, Farid García Lamont,
Joel Ayala de la Vega, and Guillermo Calderón Zavala

Low Contrast Chinese Rubbing Image Segmentation Based

on Gradient Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Zhi-Kai Huang, Huan Wang, Xian-Chang Xi, Yi-Ning Ning,
and Ling-Ying Hou

Industrial Smoke Image Segmentation Based on a New Algorithm

of Cross-Entropy Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Qian-Jing Huang, Le Zou, Zhi-Ze Wu, Huan-Yi Li, Xiao-Feng Wang,
and Yan-Ping Chen

Efficient Segmentation Using Gamma Correction with Complement

Image of Chinese Rubbing Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Han Huang and Yong-Li Ma

State Spatial Selectivity and Its Impacts on Urban Sprawl: Insights

from Remote Sensing Images of Zhuhai. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Lingyue Li, Zhixin Qi, and Shi Xian
xx Contents – Part I

A Tversky Loss-Based Convolutional Neural Network for Liver

Vessels Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Nicola Altini, Berardino Prencipe, Antonio Brunetti,
Gioacchino Brunetti, Vito Triggiani, Leonarda Carnimeo,
Francescomaria Marino, Andrea Guerriero, Laura Villani,
Arnaldo Scardapane, and Giacomo Donato Cascarano

A Classification Algorithm for Real Collar Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Xiao Qin, Chengcheng Huang, Junhua Wu, and Changan Yuan

Accurate and Efficient Traffic Sign Detection with a Guided Region

Enlarging Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Qing Tang, Ge Cao, and Kanghyun Jo

Plant Leaf Recognition Network Based on Feature Learning

and Metric Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Hongwei Yang, Di Wu, Changan Yuan, Xiao Qin, Hongjie Wu,
Xingming Zhao, and Zhongqiu Zhao

Position Attention-Guided Learning for Infrared-Visible

Person Re-identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Yong Wu, Sizhe Wan, Di Wu, Chao Wang, Changan Yuan, Xiao Qin,
Hongjie Wu, and Xingming Zhao

A Novel Approach Based on Region Growing Algorithm for Liver

and Spleen Segmentation from CT Scans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Berardino Prencipe, Nicola Altini, Giacomo Donato Cascarano,
Andrea Guerriero, and Antonio Brunetti

Information Security

A Novel Approach of Steganalysis to Deal with Steganographic

Algorithm Mismatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Pengfei Shi, Donghui Hu, Yuchen Li, Shuli Zheng, and Zhongqiu Zhao

Research on User Information Security in the Context of New Media . . . . . . 423

Haiyu Wang

Research on Software Community Division Method Based

on Inter-node Dependency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Jun Dong, Chengqian Hao, Jiadong Ren, and Haitao Lu

Blockchain-Based Group Key Management Scheme in IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Haiying Ma and Guorong Sun

Research on Ideological and Political Education of College Students Based

on Network Information Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Xiao-yu Liu, Yu-hang Zhu, Yan Ma, Pan Zhou, and Guang-yue Tian
 Contents – Part I xxi

Artificial Intelligence in Biological and Medical

Information Procession

A Novel Plastic Neural Model with Dendritic Computation

for Classification Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Junkai Ji, Minhui Dong, Cheng Tang, Jiajun Zhao, and Shuangbao Song

Improving Approximate Logic Neuron Model by Means of a Novel

Learning Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Jiajun Zhao, Minhui Dong, Cheng Tang, Junkai Ji, and Ying He

Recent Advances in Deep Learning Methods and Techniques

for Medical Image Analysis

Detection of COVID-19 by GoogLeNet-COD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

Xiang Yu, Shui-Hua Wang, Xin Zhang, and Yu-Dong Zhang

A Big Data Driven Model for Screening Electricity Customers . . . . . . . . . . . 510

Liu Xingping, Xie Zhihan, Zhang Chenmin, Zhou Chenhui,
and Zhuang Chen

The Evaluation Model Research of Power Supply Service Under

the Background of “Running Once at Most”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Liu Xingping, Wang Xiaoyu, and Zhang Chenmin

Customer Characteristics Analysis Module for Operation Platform . . . . . . . . 526

Zhang Wei, Wang Qingjuan, and Lou Fei

Reconstruction and Re-ranking: A Simple and Effective Approach

for Question Answering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Shen Ran, Wang Yifan, Lv Shining, Chen Jinwei, and Xiong Jianfeng

Research on Offline State Management Technology of Metered Assets

Based on Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Linhu, Jiang Yong, and Zhang Jimin

Assessment and Application Research on the Carrying Capacity

of Township Power Supply Station Based on Big Data Analysis. . . . . . . . . . 548
Pan Weiwei, Shen Guang, Wu Yuebo, and Huang Xiang

Research on the Optimization of Mobile Work Terminal Positioning

Function Based on LBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Pan Weiwei, Shen Guang, Wu Yuebo, and Huang Xiang

Study on Line Loss Prediction of Low-Voltage Platform Area Based

on Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Sun Gang, Gu Hongjie, and He Yun
xxii Contents – Part I

Research on Unstructured Electronic Archives Query Based on Visual

Retrieval Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Hui Yang

Gingivitis Detection by Fractional Fourier Entropy and Standard

Genetic Algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Yan Yan and Elijah Nguyen

Logical Analysis and Enlightenment of Credit Management System Design

in Electricity Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Ye Hongdou and Chen Xiaoxiao

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

 Contents – Part II

Gene Expression Array Analysis

A Novel Clustering-Framework of Gene Expression Data Based

on the Combination Between Deep Learning and Self-organizing Map . . . . . 3
Yan Cui, Huacheng Gao, Rui Zhang, Yuanyuan Lu, Yuan Xue,
and Chun-Hou Zheng

Tumor Gene Selection and Prediction via Supervised Correlation Analysis

Based F-Score Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Jia-Jun Cheng and Bo Li

A Machine Learning Based Method to Identify Differentially

Expressed Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Bolin Chen, Li Gao, and Xuequn Shang

Multi-omics Classification on Kidney Samples Exploiting

Uncertainty-Aware Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Marta Lovino, Gianpaolo Bontempo, Giansalvo Cirrincione,
and Elisa Ficarra

Gene Regulation Modeling and Analysis

Inference Method for Reconstructing Regulatory Networks Using Statistical

Path-Consistency Algorithm and Mutual Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Yan Yan, Xinan Zhang, and Tianhai Tian

Exploring lncRNA-MRNA Regulatory Modules Based on lncRNA

Similarity in Breast Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Lei Tian, Shu-Lin Wang, and Xing Zhong

Three-Layer Dynamic Transfer Learning Language Model for E. Coli

Promoter Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Ying He, Zhen Shen, Qinhu Zhang, Siguo Wang, Changan Yuan,
Xiao Qin, Hongjie Wu, and Xingming Zhao

A New Method Combining DNA Shape Features to Improve the Prediction

Accuracy of Transcription Factor Binding Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Siguo Wang, Zhen Shen, Ying He, Qinhu Zhang, Changan Yuan,
Xiao Qin, Hongjie Wu, and Xingming Zhao
xxiv Contents – Part II

Predicting in-Vitro Transcription Factor Binding Sites with Deep

Embedding Convolution Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Yindong Zhang, Qinhu Zhang, Changan Yuan, Xiao Qin, Hongjie Wu,
and Xingming Zhao

Protein-Protein Interaction Prediction

Prediction of Membrane Protein Interaction Based on Deep

Residual Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Tengsheng Jiang, Hongjie Wu, Yuhui Chen, Haiou Li, Jin Qiu,
Weizhong Lu, and Qiming Fu

GCNSP: A Novel Prediction Method of Self-Interacting Proteins Based

on Graph Convolutional Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Lei Wang, Zhu-Hong You, Xin Yan, Kai Zheng, and Zheng-Wei Li

Predicting Protein-Protein Interactions from Protein Sequence Using

Locality Preserving Projections and Rotation Forest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Xinke Zhan, Zhuhong You, Changqing Yu, Jie Pan, and Ruiyang Li

Predicting Protein-Protein Interactions from Protein Sequence Information

Using Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Jie Pan, Zhu-Hong You, Chang-Qing Yu, Li-Ping Li, and Xin-ke Zhan

Biomarker Discovery and Detection

Biomarkers Selection of Abnormal Functional Connections in

Schizophrenia with ‘2;1 2 -Norm Based Sparse Regularization Feature
Selection Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Na Gao, Chen Qiao, Shun Qi, Kai Ren, Jian Chen, and Hanfeng Fang

Systems Biology

Identification and Analysis of Genes Involved in Stages of Colon Cancer . . . 161

Bolin Chen, Teng Wang, and Xuequn Shang

Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization of Biological Systems

Take It or Leave It: A Computational Model for Flexibility

in Decision-Making in Downregulating Negative Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Nimat Ullah, Sander L. Koole, and Jan Treur

A Network-Driven Approach for LncRNA-Disease Association Mapping. . . . 188

Lin Yuan, Tao Sun, Jing Zhao, Song Liu, Ai-Min Li, Qin Lu,
Yu-Shui Geng, and Xin-Gang Wang
 Contents – Part II xxv

Intelligent Computing in Computational Biology

A Graph Convolutional Matrix Completion Method for miRNA-Disease

Association Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Wei Wang, Jiawei Luo, Cong Shen, and Nguye Hoang Tu

An Efficient Computational Method to Predict Drug-Target Interactions

Utilizing Structural Perturbation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Xinguo Lu, Fang Liu, Li Ding, Xinyu Wang, Jinxin Li, and Yue Yuan

Predicting Human Disease-Associated piRNAs Based on Multi-source

Information and Random Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Kai Zheng, Zhu-Hong You, Lei Wang, Hao-Yuan Li, and Bo-Ya Ji

Inferring Disease-Associated Piwi-Interacting RNAs via Graph

Attention Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Kai Zheng, Zhu-Hong You, Lei Wang, Leon Wong, and Zhan-Heng Chen

A Novel Improved Algorithm for Protein Classification Through a Graph

Similarity Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Hsin-Hung Chou, Ching-Tien Hsu, Hao-Ching Wang,
and Sun-Yuan Hsieh

LncRNA-Disease Association Prediction Based on Graph Neural Networks

and Inductive Matrix Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Lin Yuan, Jing Zhao, Tao Sun, Xue-Song Jiang, Zhen-Yu Yang,
Xin-Gang Wang, and Yu-Shui Geng

Prediction of lncRNA-miRNA Interactions via an Embedding Learning

Graph Factorize Over Heterogeneous Information Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Ji-Ren Zhou, Zhu-Hong You, Li Cheng, Xi Zhou, and Hao-Yuan Li

Inferring Drug-miRNA Associations by Integrating Drug SMILES

and MiRNA Sequence Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Zhen-Hao Guo, Zhu-Hong You, Li-Ping Li, Zhan-Heng Chen,
Hai-Cheng Yi, and Yan-Bin Wang

Identification of Rice Drought-Resistant Gene Based on Gene Expression

Profiles and Network Analysis Algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Yujia Gao, Yiqiong Chen, Zhiyu Ma, Tao Zeng, Iftikhar Ahmad,
Youhua Zhang, and Zhenyu Yue

Identification of Human LncRNA-Disease Association by Fast Kernel

Learning-Based Kronecker Regularized Least Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Wen Li, Shu-Lin Wang, Junlin Xu, and Jialiang Yang
xxvi Contents – Part II

A Gaussian Kernel Similarity-Based Linear Optimization Model

for Predicting miRNA-lncRNA Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Leon Wong, Zhu-Hong You, Yu-An Huang, Xi Zhou, and Mei-Yuan Cao

Identification of Autistic Risk Genes Using Developmental Brain Gene

Expression Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Zhi-An Huang, Yu-An Huang, Zhu-Hong You, Shanwen Zhang,
Chang-Qing Yu, and Wenzhun Huang

A Unified Deep Biological Sequence Representation Learning

with Pretrained Encoder-Decoder Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Hai-Cheng Yi, Zhu-Hong You, Xiao-Rui Su, De-Shuang Huang,
and Zhen-Hao Guo

Predicting Drug-Target Interactions by Node2vec Node Embedding

in Molecular Associations Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Zhan-Heng Chen, Zhu-Hong You, Zhen-Hao Guo, Hai-Cheng Yi,
Gong-Xu Luo, and Yan-Bin Wang

Intelligent Computing in Drug Design

Prediction of Drug-Target Interactions with CNNs and Random Forest . . . . . 361

Xiaoli Lin, Minqi Xu, and Haiping Yu

DTIFS: A Novel Computational Approach for Predicting Drug-Target

Interactions from Drug Structure and Protein Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Xin Yan, Zhu-Hong You, Lei Wang, Li-Ping Li, Kai Zheng,
and Mei-Neng Wang

HGAlinker: Drug-Disease Association Prediction Based on Attention

Mechanism of Heterogeneous Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Xiaozhu Jing, Wei Jiang, Zhongqing Zhang, Yadong Wang, and Junyi Li

Computational Genomics

A Probabilistic Matrix Decomposition Method for Identifying

miRNA-Disease Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Keren He, Ronghui Wu, Zhenghao Zhu, Jinxin Li, and Xinguo Lu

Artificial Intelligence in Biological and Medical

Information Procession

CT Scan Synthesis for Promoting Computer-Aided Diagnosis Capacity

of COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Heng Li, Yan Hu, Sanqian Li, Wenjun Lin, Peng Liu, Risa Higashita,
and Jiang Liu
 Contents – Part II xxvii

Traffic Data Prediction Based on Complex-Valued S-System Model . . . . . . . 423

Bin Yang and Wei Zhang

Classification of Protein Modification Sites with Machine Learning. . . . . . . . 432

Jin Sun, Wenzheng Bao, Yi Cao, and Yuehui Chen

RFQ-ANN: Artificial Neural Network Model for Predicting Protein-Protein

Interaction Based on Sparse Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Wenzheng Ma, Wenzheng Bao, Yi Cao, and Yuehui Chen

Recent Advances in Swarm Intelligence: Computing

and Applications

A Novel Hybrid Algorithm Based on Bacterial Foraging Optimization

and Grey Wolf Optimizer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Xiaobing Gan and Baoyu Xiao

An Analysis of K-Means, Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic

Algorithm with Data Clustering Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Maja Gulan and Kaishan Huang

A Novel Computational Approach for Predicting Drug-Target Interactions

via Network Representation Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Xiao-Rui Su, Zhu-Hong You, Ji-Ren Zhou, Hai-Cheng Yi, and Xiao Li

Predicting LncRNA-miRNA Interactions via Network Embedding with

Integrated Structure and Attribute Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Bo-Wei Zhao, Ping Zhang, Zhu-Hong You, Ji-Ren Zhou, and Xiao Li

Machine Learning Techniques in Bioinformatics

A Novel Computational Method for Predicting LncRNA-Disease

Associations from Heterogeneous Information Network with SDNE
Embedding Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Ping Zhang, Bo-Wei Zhao, Leon Wong, Zhu-Hong You, Zhen-Hao Guo,
and Hai-Cheng Yi

Expression and Gene Regulation Network of ELF3 in Breast Invasive

Carcinoma Based on Data Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Chenxia Ren, Pengyong Han, Chandrasekhar Gopalakrishnan,
Caixia Xu, Rajasekaran Ramalingam, and Zhengwei Li

Embracing Disease Progression with a Learning System for Real World

Evidence Discovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Zefang Tang, Lun Hu, Xu Min, Yuan Zhang, Jing Mei,
Kenney Ng, Shaochun Li, Pengwei Hu, and Zhuhong You
xxviii Contents – Part II

High-Performance Modelling Methods on High-Throughput

Biomedical Data

Robust Graph Regularized Extreme Learning Machine Auto Encoder

and Its Application to Single-Cell Samples Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Liang-Rui Ren, Jin-Xing Liu, Ying-Lian Gao, Xiang-Zhen Kong,
and Chun-Hou Zheng

Intelligent Computing and Swarm Optimization

A Short Survey of Multi-objective Immune Algorithm Based

on Clonal Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Lingjie Li, Qiuzhen Lin, and Zhong Ming

Adaptive Artificial Immune System for Biological Network Alignment . . . . . 560

Shiqiang Wang, Lijia Ma, and Xiao Zhang

A Novel Decomposition-Based Multimodal Multi-objective

Evolutionary Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Wu Lin, Yuan Li, and Naili Luo

GTCN: Dynamic Network Embedding Based on Graph Temporal

Convolution Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Zhichao Huang, Jingkuan Zhang, Lijia Ma, and Fubing Mao

Resource Scheduling Algorithm Based on Evolutionary Computation

in Dynamic Cloud Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Qiyuan Yu, Shen Zhong, Naili Luo, and Peizhi Huang

An Ensemble Classification Technique for Intrusion Detection Based

on Dual Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Qiuzhen Lin, Chao Hu, Shuo Chen, and Peizhi Huang

Construction of Large-Scale Heterogeneous Molecular Association

Network and Its Application in Molecular Link Prediction

A Novel Stochastic Block Model for Network-Based Prediction

of Protein-Protein Interactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Xiaojuan Wang, Pengwei Hu, and Lun Hu

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

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 2. THE COMPATIBILITY OF THE
ARITHMETICAL AXIOMS.
When we are engaged in investigating the foundations of a
science, we must set up a system of axioms which contains an exact
and complete description of the relations subsisting between the
elementary ideas of that science. The axioms so set up are at the
same time the definitions of those elementary ideas; and no
statement within the realm of the science whose foundation we are
testing is held to be correct unless it can be derived from those
axioms by means of a finite number of logical steps. Upon closer
consideration the question arises: Whether, in any way, certain
statements of single axioms depend upon one another, and whether
the axioms may not therefore contain certain parts in common, which
must be isolated if one wishes to arrive at a system of axioms that
shall be altogether independent of one another.
But above all I wish to designate the following as the most
important among the numerous questions which can be asked with
regard to the axioms: To prove that they are not contradictory, that is,
that a finite number of logical steps based upon them can never lead
to contradictory results.
In geometry, the proof of the compatibility of the axioms can be
effected by constructing a suitable field of numbers, such that
analogous relations between the numbers of this field correspond to
the geometrical axioms. Any contradiction in the deductions from the
geometrical axioms must thereupon be recognizable in the arithmetic
of this field of numbers. In this way the desired proof for the
compatibility of the geometrical axioms is made to depend upon the
theorem of the compatibility of the arithmetical axioms.
On the other hand a direct method is needed for the proof of the
compatibility of the arithmetical axioms. The axioms of arithmetic are
essentially nothing else than the known rules of calculation, with the
addition of the axiom of continuity. I recently collected them[4] and in
so doing replaced the axiom of continuity by two simpler axioms,
namely, the well-known axiom of Archimedes, and a new axiom
essentially as follows: that numbers form a system of things which is
capable of no further extension, as long as all the other axioms hold
(axiom of completeness). I am convinced that it must be possible to
find a direct proof for the compatibility of the arithmetical axioms, by
means of a careful study and suitable modification of the known
methods of reasoning in the theory of irrational numbers.
To show the significance of the problem from another point of
view, I add the following observation: If contradictory attributes be
assigned to a concept, I say, that mathematically the concept does
not exist. So, for example, a real number whose square is does
not exist mathematically. But if it can be proved that the attributes
assigned to the concept can never lead to a contradiction by the
application of a finite number of logical processes, I say that the
mathematical existence of the concept (for example, of a number or
a function which satisfies certain conditions) is thereby proved. In the
case before us, where we are concerned with the axioms of real
numbers in arithmetic, the proof of the compatibility of the axioms is
at the same time the proof of the mathematical existence of the
complete system of real numbers or of the continuum. Indeed, when
the proof for the compatibility of the axioms shall be fully
accomplished, the doubts which have been expressed occasionally
as to the existence of the complete system of real numbers will
become totally groundless. The totality of real numbers, i. e., the
continuum according to the point of view just indicated, is not the
totality of all possible series in decimal fractions, or of all possible
laws according to which the elements of a fundamental sequence
may proceed. It is rather a system of things whose mutual relations
are governed by the axioms set up and for which all propositions,
and only those, are true which can be derived from the axioms by a
finite number of logical processes. In my opinion, the concept of the
continuum is strictly logically tenable in this sense only. It seems to
me, indeed, that this corresponds best also to what experience and
intuition tell us. The concept of the continuum or even that of the
system of all functions exists, then, in exactly the same sense as the
system of integral, rational numbers, for example, or as Cantor's
higher classes of numbers and cardinal numbers. For I am
convinced that the existence of the latter, just as that of the
continuum, can be proved in the sense I have described; unlike the
system of all cardinal numbers or of all Cantor's alephs, for which, as
may be shown, a system of axioms, compatible in my sense, cannot
be set up. Either of these systems is, therefore, according to my
terminology, mathematically non-existent.
From the field of the foundations of geometry I should like to
mention the following problem:
[4] Jahresbericht der Deutchen Mathematiker-Vereinigung, vol. 8
(1900), p. 180.
 3. THE EQUALITY OF THE VOLUMES
OF TWO TETRAHEDRA OF EQUAL
BASES AND EQUAL ALTITUDES.
In two letters to Gerling, Gauss[5] expresses his regret that
certain theorems of solid geometry depend upon the method of
exhaustion, i. e. in modern phraseology, upon the axiom of continuity
(or upon the axiom of Archimedes). Gauss mentions in particular the
theorem of Euclid, that triangular pyramids of equal altitudes are to
each other as their bases. Now the analogous problem in the plane
has been solved.[6] Gerling also succeeded in proving the equality of
volume of symmetrical polyhedra by dividing them into congruent
parts. Nevertheless, it seems to me probable that a general proof of
this kind for the theorem of Euclid just mentioned is impossible, and
it should be our task to give a rigorous proof of its impossibility. This
would be obtained, as soon as we succeeded in specifying two
tetrahedra of equal bases and equal altitudes which can in no way
be split up into congruent tetrahedra, and which cannot be combined
with congruent tetrahedra to form two polyhedra which themselves
could be split up into congruent tetrahedra.[7]
[5] Werke, vol. 8, pp. 241 and 244.
[6] Cf., beside earlier literature, Hilbert, Grundlagen der
Geometric, Leipzig, 1899, ch. 4. [Translation by Townsend,
Chicago, 1902.]
[7] Since this was written Herr Dehn has succeeded in proving
this impossibility. See his note: "Ueber raumgleiche Polyeder," in
Nachrichten d. K. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. zu Göttingen, 1900, and a
paper soon to appear in the Math. Annalen [vol. 55, pp. 405-478].
4. PROBLEM OF THE STRAIGHT LINE
AS THE SHORTEST DISTANCE
BETWEEN TWO POINTS.
Another problem relating to the foundations of geometry is this:
If from among the axioms necessary to establish ordinary euclidean
geometry, we exclude the axiom of parallels, or assume it as not
satisfied, but retain all other axioms, we obtain, as is well known, the
geometry of Lobachevsky (hyperbolic geometry). We may therefore
say that this is a geometry standing next to euclidean geometry. If
we require further that that axiom be not satisfied whereby, of three
points of a straight line, one and only one lies between the other two,
we obtain Riemann's (elliptic) geometry, so that this geometry
appears to be the next after Lobachevsky's. If we wish to carry out a
similar investigation with respect to the axiom of Archimedes, we
must look upon this as not satisfied, and we arrive thereby at the
non-archimedean geometries which have been investigated by
Veronese and myself. The more general question now arises:
Whether from other suggestive standpoints geometries may not be
devised which, with equal right, stand next to euclidean geometry.
Here I should like to direct your attention to a theorem which has,
indeed, been employed by many authors as a definition of a straight
line, viz., that the straight line is the shortest distance between two
points. The essential content of this statement reduces to the
theorem of Euclid that in a triangle the sum of two sides is always
greater than the third side—a theorem which, as is easily seen,
deals solely with elementary concepts, i. e., with such as are derived
directly from the axioms, and is therefore more accessible to logical
investigation. Euclid proved this theorem, with the help of the
theorem of the exterior angle, on the basis of the congruence
theorems. Now it is readily shown that this theorem of Euclid cannot
be proved solely on the basis of those congruence theorems which
relate to the application of segments and angles, but that one of the
theorems on the congruence of triangles is necessary. We are
asking, then, for a geometry in which all the axioms of ordinary
euclidean geometry hold, and in particular all the congruence axioms
except the one of the congruence of triangles (or all except the
theorem of the equality of the base angles in the isosceles triangle),
and in which, besides, the proposition that in every triangle the sum
of two sides is greater than the third is assumed as a particular
axiom.
One finds that such a geometry really exists and is no other than
that which Minkowski constructed in his book, Geometric der Zahlen,
[8] and made the basis of his arithmetical investigations. Minkowski's
is therefore also a geometry standing next to the ordinary euclidean
geometry; it is essentially characterized by the following stipulations:
1. The points which are at equal distances from a fixed point
lie on a convex closed surface of the ordinary euclidean space with
as a center.
2. Two segments are said to be equal when one can be carried
into the other by a translation of the ordinary euclidean space.
In Minkowski's geometry the axiom of parallels also holds. By
studying the theorem of the straight line as the shortest distance
between two points, I arrived[9] at a geometry in which the parallel
axiom does not hold, while all other axioms of Minkowski's geometry
are satisfied. The theorem of the straight line as the shortest
distance between two points and the essentially equivalent theorem
of Euclid about the sides of a triangle, play an important part not only
in number theory but also in the theory of surfaces and in the
calculus of variations. For this reason, and because I believe that the
thorough investigation of the conditions for the validity of this
theorem will throw a new light upon the idea of distance, as well as
upon other elementary ideas, e. g., upon the idea of the plane, and
the possibility of its definition by means of the idea of the straight
line, the construction and systematic treatment of the geometries
here possible seem to me desirable.
[8] Leipzig, 1896.
[9] Math. Annalen, vol. 46, p. 91.
 5. LIE'S CONCEPT OF A CONTINUOUS
GROUP OF TRANSFORMATIONS
WITHOUT THE ASSUMPTION OF THE
DIFFERENTIABILITY OF THE
FUNCTIONS DEFINING THE GROUP.
It is well known that Lie, with the aid of the concept of continuous
groups of transformations, has set up a system of geometrical axioms
and, from the standpoint of his theory of groups, has proved that this
system of axioms suffices for geometry. But since Lie assumes, in the
very foundation of his theory, that the functions defining his group can be
differentiated, it remains undecided in Lie's development, whether the
assumption of the differentiability in connection with the question as to the
axioms of geometry is actually unavoidable, or whether it may not appear
rather as a consequence of the group concept and the other geometrical
axioms. This consideration, as well as certain other problems in
connection with the arithmetical axioms, brings before us the more
general question: How far Lie's concept of continuous groups of
transformations is approachable in our investigations without the
assumption of the differentiability of the functions.
Lie defines a finite continuous group of transformations as a system
of transformations

having the property that any two arbitrarily chosen transformations of the
system, as
applied successively result in a transformation which also belongs to the
system, and which is therefore expressible in the form

where are certain functions of and . The

group property thus finds its full expression in a system of functional
equations and of itself imposes no additional restrictions upon the
functions . Yet Lie's further treatment of these
functional equations, viz., the derivation of the well-known fundamental
differential equations, assumes necessarily the continuity and
differentiability of the functions defining the group.
As regards continuity: this postulate will certainly be retained for the
present—if only with a view to the geometrical and arithmetical
applications, in which the continuity of the functions in question appears
as a consequence of the axiom of continuity. On the other hand the
differentiability of the functions defining the group contains a postulate
which, in the geometrical axioms, can be expressed only in a rather forced
and complicated manner. Hence there arises the question whether,
through the introduction of suitable new variables and parameters, the
group can always be transformed into one whose defining functions are
differentiable; or whether, at least with the help of certain simple
assumptions, a transformation is possible into groups admitting Lie's
methods. A reduction to analytic groups is, according to a theorem
announced by Lie[10] but first proved by Schur,[11] always possible when
the group is transitive and the existence of the first and certain second
derivatives of the functions defining the group is assumed.
For infinite groups the investigation of the corresponding question is, I
believe, also of interest. Moreover we are thus led to the wide and
interesting field of functional equations which have been heretofore
investigated usually only under the assumption of the differentiability of
the functions involved. In particular the functional equations treated by
Abel[12] with so much ingenuity, the difference equations, and other
equations occurring in the literature of mathematics, do not directly involve
anything which necessitates the requirement of the differentiability of the
accompanying functions. In the search for certain existence proofs in the
calculus of variations I came directly upon the problem: To prove the
differentiability of the function under consideration from the existence of a
difference equation. In all these cases, then, the problem arises: In how
far are the assertions which we can make in the case of differentiable
functions true under proper modifications without this assumption?
It may be further remarked that H. Minkowski in his above-mentioned
Geometrieder Zahlen starts with the functional equation

and from this actually succeeds in proving the existence of certain

differential quotients for the function in question.
On the other hand I wish to emphasize the fact that there certainly
exist analytical functional equations whose sole solutions are non-
differentiable functions. For example a uniform continuous non-
differentiable function can be constructed which represents the only
solution of the two functional equations

where and are two real numbers, and denotes, for all the real
values of , a regular analytic uniform function. Such functions are
obtained in the simplest manner by means of trigonometrical series by a
process similar to that used by Borel (according to a recent
announcement of Picard)[13] for the construction of a doubly periodic, non-
analytic solution of a certain analytic partial differential equation.
[10] Lie-Engel, Theorie der Transformationsgruppen, vol. 3, Leipzig,
1893, §§ 82, 144.
[11] "Ueber den analytischen Charakter der eine endliche
Kontinuierliche Transformationsgruppen darstellenden Funktionen,"
Math. Annalen, vol. 41.
[12] Werke, vol. 1, pp. 1, 61, 389.
[13] "Quelques théories fondamentales dans l'analyse mathématique,"
Conférences faites à Clark University, Revue générale des Sciences,
1900, p. 22.
 6. MATHEMATICAL TREATMENT OF
THE AXIOMS OF PHYSICS.
The investigations on the foundations of geometry suggest the
problem: To treat in the tame manner, by means of axioms, those
physical sciences in which mathematics plays an important part; in
the first rank are the theory of probabilities and mechanics.
As to the axioms of the theory of probabilities,[14] it seems to me
desirable that their logical investigation should be accompanied by a
rigorous and satisfactory development of the method of mean values
in mathematical physics, and in particular in the kinetic theory of
gases.
Important investigations by physicists on the foundations of
mechanics are at hand; I refer to the writings of Mach,[15] Hertz,[16]
Boltzmann[17] and Volkmann.[18] It is therefore very desirable that
the discussion of the foundations of mechanics be taken up by
mathematicians also. Thus Boltzmann's work on the principles of
mechanics suggests the problem of developing mathematically the
limiting processes, there merely indicated, which lead from the
atomistic view to the laws of motion of continua. Conversely one
might try to derive the laws of the motion of rigid bodies by a limiting
process from a system of axioms depending upon the idea of
continuously varying conditions of a material filling all space
continuously, these conditions being defined by parameters. For the
question as to the equivalence of different systems of axioms is
always of great theoretical interest.
If geometry is to serve as a model for the treatment of physical
axioms, we shall try first by a small number of axioms to include as
large a class as possible of physical phenomena, and then by
adjoining new axioms to arrive gradually at the more special
theories. At the same time Lie's a principle of subdivision can
perhaps be derived from profound theory of infinite transformation
groups. The mathematician will have also to take account not only of
those theories coming near to reality, but also, as in geometry, of all
logically possible theories. He must be always alert to obtain a
complete survey of all conclusions derivable from the system of
axioms assumed.
Further, the mathematician has the duty to test exactly in each
instance whether the new axioms are compatible with the previous
ones. The physicist, as his theories develop, often finds himself
forced by the results of his experiments to make new hypotheses,
while he depends, with respect to the compatibility of the new
hypotheses with the old axioms, solely upon these experiments or
upon a certain physical intuition, a practice which in the rigorously
logical building up of a theory is not admissible. The desired proof of
the compatibility of all assumptions seems to me also of importance,
because the effort to obtain such proof always forces us most
effectually to an exact formulation of the axioms.

So far we have considered only questions concerning the

foundations of the mathematical sciences. Indeed, the study of the
foundations of a science is always particularly attractive, and the
testing of these foundations will always be among the foremost
problems of the investigator. Weierstrass once said, "The final object
always to be kept in mind is to arrive at a correct understanding of
the foundations of the science.[19] But to make any progress in the
sciences the study of particular problems is, of course,
indispensable." In fact, a thorough understanding of its special
theories is necessary to the successful treatment of the foundations
of the science. Only that architect is in the position to lay a sure
foundation for a structure who knows its purpose thoroughly and in
detail. So we turn now to the special problems of the separate
branches of mathematics and consider first arithmetic and algebra.
[14] Cf. Bohlmann, "Ueber Versicherungsmathematik", from the
collection: Klein and Kiecke, Ueber angewandte Mathematik und
Physik, Leipzig, 1900.
[15] Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung, Leipzig, 4th edition,
1901.
[16] Die Prinzipien der Mechanik, Leipzig, 1894.
[17] Vorlesungen über die Principe der Mechanik, Leipzig, 1897.
[18] Einführung in das Studium der theoretischen Physik, Leipzig,
1900.
[19] Math. Annalen, vol. 22, 1883.
 7. IRRATIONALITY AND
TRANSCENDENCE OF CERTAIN
NUMBERS.
Hermite's arithmetical theorems on the exponential function and
their extension by Lindemann are certain of the admiration of all
generations of mathematicians. Thus the task at once presents itself
to penetrate further along the path here entered, as A. Hurwitz has
already done in two interesting papers,[20] "Ueber arithmetische
Eigenschaften gewisser transzendenter Funktionen." I should like,
therefore, to sketch a class of problems which, in my opinion, should
be attacked as here next in order. That certain special
transcendental functions, important in analysis, take algebraic values
for certain algebraic arguments, seems to us particularly remarkable
and worthy of thorough investigation. Indeed, we expect
transcendental functions to assume, in general, transcendental
values for even algebraic arguments; and, although it is well known
that there exist integral transcendental functions which even have
rational values for all algebraic arguments, we shall still consider it
highly probable that the exponential function , for example, which
evidently has algebraic values for all rational arguments , will on the
other hand always take transcendental values for irrational algebraic
values of the argument . We can also give this statement a
geometrical form, as follows:
If, in an isosceles triangle, the ratio of the base angle to the
angle at the vertex be algebraic but not rational, the ratio between
base and side is always transcendental.
In spite of the simplicity of this statement and of its similarity to
the problems solved by Hermite and Lindemann, I consider the proof
of this theorem very difficult; as also the proof that
 The expression , for an algebraic base and an irrational
algebraic exponent , e. g., the number or , always
represents a transcendental or at least an irrational number.
It is certain that the solution of these and similar problems must
lead us to entirely new methods and to a new insight into the nature
of special irrational and transcendental numbers.
[20] Math. Annalen, vol. 32, 1888.
 8. PROBLEMS OF PRIME NUMBERS.
Essential progress in the theory of the distribution of prime
numbers has lately been made by Hadamard, de la Vallée-Poussin,
Von Mangoldt and others. For the complete solution, however, of the
problems set us by Riemann's paper "Ueber die Anzahl der
Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse," it still remains to prove
the correctness of an exceedingly important statement of Riemann,
viz., that the zero points of the function defined by the series

all have the real part , except the well-known negative integral real
zeros. As soon as this proof has been successfully established, the
next problem would consist in testing more exactly Riemann's infinite
series for the number of primes below a given number and,
especially, to decide whether the difference between the number of
primes below a number and the integral logarithm of does in fact
become infinite of an order not greater than in .[21] Further, we
should determine whether the occasional condensation of prime
numbers which has been noticed in counting primes is really one to
those terms of Riemann's formula which depend upon the first
complex zeros of the function .
After an exhaustive discussion of Riemann's prime number
formula, perhaps we may sometime be in a position to attempt the
rigorous solution of Goldbach's problem,[22] viz., whether every
integer is expressible as the sum of two positive prime numbers; and
further to attack the well-known question, whether there are an
infinite number of pairs of prime numbers with the difference , or
even the more general problem, whether the linear diophantine
equation

(with given integral coefficients each prime to the others) is always

solvable in prime numbers and .
But the following problem seems to me of no less interest and
perhaps of still wider range: To apply the results obtained for the
distribution of rational prime numbers to the theory of the distribution
of ideal primes in a given number-field —a problem which looks
toward the study of the function belonging to the field and
defined by the series

where the sum extends over all ideals of the given realm and
denotes the norm of the ideal .
I may mention three more special problems in number theory:
one on the laws of reciprocity, one on diophantine equations, and a
third from the realm of quadratic forms.
[21] Cf. an article by H. von Koch, which is soon to appear in the
Math. Annalen [Vol. 55, p. 441].
[22] Cf. P. Stäckel: "Über Goldbach's empirisches Theorem,"
Nachrichten d. K. Ges. d. Wiss. zu Göttingen, 1896, and Landau,
ibid., 1900.
 9. PROOF OF THE MOST GENERAL
LAW OF RECIPROCITY IN ANY
NUMBER FIELD.
For any field of numbers the law of reciprocity is to be proved for
the residues of the th power, when denotes an odd prime, and
further when is a power of or a power of an odd prime.
The law, as well as the means essential to its proof, will, I
believe, result by suitably generalizing the theory of the field of the
th roots of unity,[23] developed by me, and my theory of relative
quadratic fields.[24]
[23] Jahresber. d. Deutschen Math.-Vereinigung, "Ueber die
Theorie der algebraischen Zahlkörper," vol. 4 (1897), Part V.
[24] Math. Annalen, vol. 51 and Nachrichten d. K. Ges. d. Wiss.
zu Göttingen, 1898.
 10. DETERMINATION OF THE
SOLVABILITY OF A DIOPHANTINE
EQUATION.
Given a diophantine equation with any number of unknown
quantities and with rational integral numerical coefficients: To devise
a process according to which it can be determined by a finite number
of operations whether the equation is solvable in rational integers.
 11. QUADRATIC FORMS WITH ANY
ALGEBRAIC NUMERICAL
COEFFICIENTS.
Our present knowledge of the theory of quadratic number
fields[25] puts us in a position to attack successfully the theory of
quadratic forms with any number of variables and with any algebraic
numerical coefficients. This leads in particular to the interesting
problem: to solve a given quadratic equation with algebraic
numerical coefficients in any number of variables by integral or
fractional numbers belonging to the algebraic realm of rationality
determined by the coefficients.
The following important problem may form a transition to
algebra and the theory of functions:
[25] Hilbert, "Ueber den Dirichlet'schen biquadratischen
Zahlenkörper," Math. Annalen, vol. 45; "Ueber die Theorie der
relativquadratischen Zahlenkörper," Jahresber. d. Deutschen
Mathematiker-Vereinigung, 1897, and Math. Annalen, vol. 51;
"Ueber die Theorie der relativ-Abelschen Körper," Nachrichten d.
K. Ges. d. Wiss. zu Göttingen, 1898; Grundlagen der Geometrie,
Leipzig, 1899, Chap. VIII, § 83 [Translation by Townsend,
Chicago, 1902]. Cf. also the dissertation of G. Rückle, Göttingen,
1901.