Correlations between cone resistance and vane shear strength

in some Scandinavian soft to medium stiff clays

Can. Geotech. J. Downloaded from cdnsciencepub.com by THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 04/09/24

AND
J. DE RUITER
B . V . , P . O . BOX63, Leitlscl~et~rlrrtn,
Frrgm-Cesco Geoteclu~iccrlCor1.srr1tnnt.srrtld S~rt-i~ey~rx Hollat~d
Received December 15, 1975
Accepted July 13, 1976

Vane shear strength and cone resistance for Scandinavian soft to medium stiff clay has been
compared for six different sites in Norway and Sweden.
At five of the sites, three in Drammen, one in Onsay, and one in Ggteborg, the clays have been
sedimented in an entirely marin environment. At the Ski-Edeby site the conditions have been
marine-brackish o r brackish-marine.
When compared with the standard field vane shear strength, the cone factor, N k (in the
formula: (1, = N k . r f+ y . i ) ,varies between 13 and 24for the five marine clays. For the Ski-Edeby
clay the N k values lie in the range 8 to 12.
Corrections of field vane shear strength result, for the five marine clays. in N k values between
15 and 19 with an average of 17. This Nk value can be used for Scandinavian marine normally
consolidated clays, but may not be valid in other types of clays. An example of this is the
For personal use only.

Sk5-Edeby brackish-marine clay where the corrected N k values fall between 1 1 and 13.

L a resistance mesurie au scissometre et la resistance B la penetration statique, des argiles

scandinaves molles B moyennement raides, ont kt6 comparees sur six sites differents d e Norvtge
et d e Sukde.
Sur cinq d e ces sites, trois B Drammen, un B Onsay et un B Gpteborg, les argiles ont ete
deposees en milieu marin. Au site d e Ski-Edeby, le milieu d e deposition etait plus ou moins
saumhtre.
L a comparaison avec la rCsistance standard mesuree au scissometre d e chantier montre que le
facteur de cdne Nk (de I'expression (1, = N k . 7 f + 7 . z ) varie entre 13 et 24 pour les cinq argiles
marines. Pour I'argile d e Ski-Edeby les valeurs d e N k se sittrent entre 8 et 12.
La correction des resistances ail scissomktre risulte, pour les cinq argiles marines, en des
valeurs de Nk comprises entre 15 et 19 avec une valeur moyenne d e 17. Cette valeur d e N k peut
ktre utilisie pour les algiles marines scandinaves normalement consolidees, mais peut Ctre non
valable dans d'autres types d'algile. A titre d'exemple, dans I'argile d'origine saumatre d e
Ski-Edeby les valeurs corrigees d e N k se situent entre 11 et 13.
[Traduit par la revue]
Can. Geotech. J . , 13, 430(1976)

Introduction Theoretically, the Nl; factor should be close

In recent years several attempts have been to 9 for clays that are not very sensitive
made to correlate the results of the quasi- (Skempton 195 1).
static cone penetration test to undrained shear A study of available literature reveals, how-
strength of clay. ever, that reported correlations between un-
Traditionally the correlations have been at- drained shear strength and cone resistance
tempted using the formula originally suggested show a large scatter. Several different cone
by Terzaghi ( 1943), rewritten as: penetro~netershave been used, and the un-
drained shear strength has been determined
by different methods (unconfined compression,
where g, = cone resistance triaxial, pressurometer, plate load, and vane
N, = cone factor tests). N,, values are reported to vary between
T, = undrained shear strength 5 and 70, for instance Amar et 01. (1975).
y = total unit weight of soil As quasi-static cone penetration testing
z = depth of penetration (CPT) was introduced in the soil investiga-
 LUNNE ET AL.
tions of offshore foundation work in the
North Sea, it bccame desirable to improve the
correlation.
With this bzckground, the Norwegian Geo-
technical Institute (NGI) and the Dutch firm
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Fugro-Cesco B.V. in 1973 agreed to cooperate
on a joint research program.
At the end of 1973, an extensive cone
penetration testing program was carried out at
several locations with well documented clay
dcposits in Norway, Swedcn, and Denmark.
Later, in conjunction with the European Sym-
posium on Penetration Testing in June 1974,
one additional site was included. The tests
werc carried out using thc Fugro-Cesco sound-
ing truck at the locations shown in Fig. 1.
In this paper, only the sites with soft and
medium stiff clays in Drammen, Onsgy, Ggte-
borg, and SkH-Edeby (near Stockholm) are
discussed.
For Scandinavian soft clays much experience
exists regarding the correlation between the
For personal use only.
vane shear strength and the undrained shear
strength that can be mobilized, for instance,
below an embankment brought to failure
(Bjerrum 1973).
It therefore seems justified to attempt to
correlate the cone resistance to the corrected
vane shear strength.
The authors are aware that a 'correct' value
of the undrained shear strength cannot be
found by either the CPT or the vane test and
FIG. 1 Location of research sites for cone penetra-
tion testing program.
43 1
both tests are to be regarded as empirical. The
reasons for this are both the limitations of the
CPT and the vane tests (Schmertmann 1975)
and also the nature of the undrained shear
strength which has been found to be dependent
on direction and rate of shearing (Bjerrum
1973).
The research program incorporated several
different types of penetrometers. In this paper,
only the results from the NGI and the standard
F~igrocone penetrometers are compared to the
vane shear strength.
Equipment Used
The following vane equipment was used: in
the Norwegian clays, the standard Geonor
vane; at the site in Ggteborg, the Jonell and
Nilsson vane borer; and, at SkA-Edeby, the
standard Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI)
vane borer (identical to the standard Geonor
vane).
At a11 sites, the Fugro cone penetrometer
was used. The description given by de Ruiter
( 197 1) of this electrical strain-gauge cone
penetrometer and the sounding truck is sum-
marized below.
The penetrometer has a 10 cm', 60' cone
with a straight cylindrical shaft above the cone
having the same diarneter as the cone.
The thrust required to advance the pen-
etrometer at a rate of approximately 2 cm/s
is applied to the top of the push rods which
have a standard length of 1 m and an outside
diameter of 36 mm. An electrical cable con-
necting the load cell in the penetrometer tip
with a chart recorder passes through the
hollow push rods. The cone resistances are
recorded directly as a continuous graph.
The complete equipment for the perfor-
mance of the cone penetration tests is installed
inside a heavy truck, with a dead weight of
about 12 t. The 10 t hydraulic jack that applies
the thrust is placed at the centre of gravity of
the vehicle.
At three sites an NGI vibrating wire pen-
etrometer was also used. This penetrometer
tip had the same outer dimensions as the
Fugro penetrometer tip, but the cone resistance
was measured by means of a vibrating wire
system. (The present design of NGI friction-
cone penetrometer now incorporates strain-
gauge load cells).
 CAN. GEOTECH. .I.VOL. 13, 1976

Z >--
0 t
,- WATER CONTENT, FIELD VANE SHEAR STRENGTH, CONE TIP
d!& $0
RESISTANCE,
o 0;
I=
VIOn x
W -1
0 3
m
OP SOIL
Can. Geotech. J. Downloaded from cdnsciencepub.com by THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 04/09/24

)AND

bILTY
:LAY

'LASTIC
:LAY

ilLTY
:LAY
rarved

t
For personal use only.

NGI I

I
4VERA'

FIG.2. Soil profile S ~ ~ n d l a ntest

d site, Drammen (+-vane boring 1, V-vane boring 5,
0-vane boring 10, a-vane boring 7 ) .

Descriptions of the Different Sites and Results
of Correlations Between Cone Resistance
and Vane Shear Strength
The following paragraphs present a general
description of the clay layers at the different
sites. Special information regarding the re-
search carried out at the different sites is also
included.
A boring profile is shown for each site in-
cluding all the relevant vane and cone pen-
etration results. An average value of vane
strength, T, and q,, is then used to compute the
cone factor, N, for each 1 m interval through-
out the profile.
The NIcvalues are not worked out in those
cases where there is too much scatter in either
or qc
Sundland, Drammen
The soft sediments in the Drammen area
were sedimented after the last ice age about
10 000 years ago. The test site at Sundland is
located south of Drammen River. The soil
conditions here are quite uniform and a boring
profile is shown in Fig. 2. A 4 m thick layer
of sand and silty clay is overlying a plastic
clay extending down to 9 m. From 9-14 m is
a silty clay, and below this the so called
'Drammen lean clay'.
Two test fills were constructed at Sundland
 LUNNE E T AL.
in 1968, mainly for the purpose of studying
the consolidation process in soft clay and
representing an extension of studies on settle-
ments of buildings in Drammen (Engesgaar
1970; Foss 1972).
Can. Geotech. J. Downloaded from cdnsciencepub.com by THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 04/09/24
Results of Cone Penetration Tests
The average of three Fugro 1 t cone pen-
etrometer tests is plotted at 1 m depth in
intervals in Fig. 2. The results of three CPT's
carried out with the NGI penetrometer are
also shown in Fig. 2. Results from the upper
10 m were discarded due to temperature
effects.
The computed cone factor varies between
17 and 18 for the plastic clay and between 18
and 21 for the silty clay. For the lean clay
there is more scatter as N,, varies between 11
and 17.
Danviksgt, Drammen
This test site is also located south of the
For personal use only.
Drammen river. Here the plastic clay layer is
5 m thick (from 5 to 10 m depth) directly
overlying the lean clay.
The 'plastic' and 'lean' clays from this site
have been extensively studied in NG17s labora-
tory during the last 10 to 15 years, both with
respect to settlement characteristics and the
influence of rate of strain and anisotropy on
the undrained shear strength (Bjerrum 1967,
1973).
It must also be mentioned that at present
the 'plastic' clay from this site is being used
in a comprehensive research project on the
cyclic behaviour of clays sponsored by several
companies. Results from this research project
will be published later this year.
Results of Cone Penetration Tests
The results of three CPT's carried out with
the NGI penetrometer are shown in Fig. 3.
The results above 10 m depth are not in-
cluded. The average of three Fugro 1 t cone
penetrometer tests is plotted at 1 m depth
intervals. In the 'plastic' clay, the computed
Nk values range from 14 to 17 and in the
deeper 'lean' clay from 13 to 17.5.
E. B9rresens Gate, Drammen
This site is situated about 50 m north of the
Drammen River. The first 5 to 6 m are fill and
sand, below which is a 6 to 7 m thick layer of
433
postglacial clay. The clay beneath this layer is
late glacial and is so sensitive that it can be
termed a quick clay.
The quick clay in Drammen has been
formed by a process of leaching whereby the
salt in the pore water has been exchanged by
fresh water leaving a more unstable structure
of the clay. This process is described by
Bjerrum (1967) and Torrance (1974).
The soil data given were obtained during a
soil investigation in 1963 for a road along the
Drammen River (Aas and Eide 1963).
Results of Cone Penetration Tests
The results of two Fugro 1 t cone penetra-
tion tests carried out at this site are included
in Fig. 4.
In the upper post glacial clay layer, the
N,,values are quite high and vary from 20
to 27.
The test site is located near the Seut River
at Onsoy.
Depth to the bedrock is about 45 m, and
the rock is probably overlain by a thin layer
of moraine, above which there is clay extend-
ing up to the ground surface at about 0.7 m
above average sea level. The marine clay is
of young age, sedimented after the last ice
period.
The soil conditions at Onsoy are very ho-
mogeneous as shown in the soil profile (Fig. 5).
The Onsoy clay has for some years been
subject to research carried out by NGI. Special
in situ tests have been carried out to study
the effect of anisotropy and the rate effect on
the undrained shear strength of the clay as
has been described by Aas and Eide (1969)
and Berre (1973). A value of KO of 0.6 has
been measured by the hydraulic fracturing
method.
In 1972 a large instrumented test fill was
built at this site. Preliminary results of the
measurements have been given by Berre
(1974).
Results of Cone Penetration Tests
The average of three Fugro 1 t cone pene-
tration tests is plotted at 1 m depth intervals
in Fig. 5. The results of three CPT's carried
out with the NGI cone are also shown. Only
results for depths greater than 10 m are in-
 CAN. GEOTECH. .I.VOL. 13, 1976

YATER CONTENT, FIELD VANE SHEAR STRENGTH, CONE TIP

OI*
:: RESISTANCE,
t/m2
Can. Geotech. J. Downloaded from cdnsciencepub.com by THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 04/09/24

-AVERA'GE OF
3 FUGRO 1 ton

- SAND,
- GRAVEL
For personal use only.

FIG.3. Soil profile Danviks gate test site, Drammen (+-vane boring 1, 0--vane boring
2, 0-vane boring 3, V-vane boring 5 ) .
 LUNNE ET AL.

,- >
,- CONE TIP
YATER CONTENT, $
W
FIELD VANE SHEAR STRENGTH.
-
2
0 5 E
m
RESISTANCE,
llm2
Y z
m
W
Can. Geotech. J. Downloaded from cdnsciencepub.com by THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 04/09/24

:ill mass

SAND

--

19
I7
I7
17
22
20
20
16
IFL-
13
1L
9
5
8
10
9
6
13
For personal use only.

l!!
Silly 26
2L
lu~ck
12
:LAY 42
w~th 42
numerous 17
thin layers 53
~f sand 52
95
4h-
68
129
ILL
105
78
96
135
116
117
23-
100
159
110
100
91

108

53
lz-
51
36
62
8L
62
Ill
39
62
80
-69-
17
16
5
6

L
3

FIG.4. Soil profile E. BGrresens gate test site, Drammen (+-vane boring 105, 0-vane
boring 107).
 CAN. GEOTECH. J. VOL. 13, 1976

z
WATER CONTENT, 1 FIELD VANE SHEAR STRENGTH. CONE TIP
&'& RESISTANCE,
o
m I=
u
n
tlm2

:;
Can. Geotech. J. Downloaded from cdnsciencepub.com by THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 04/09/24

pothered
CRUST

:LAY
with iron-
sulph~de
spots

-
CPT I

:LAY
For personal use only.

FIG. 5. Soil profile Ons@y test site (0-vane boring 3, +-vane boring 4, @-vane bor-
ing 5, V-vane boring 15).
cluded. Above this depth, temperature effects Geteborg
influenced the results. The test site is located in an area about
In the layer from 1 to 9 m, the computed 10 km north of GGteborg. The site is situated
Nk values vary from 16.5 to 19, while in the about 100 m from the River GGtaalv and has
lower layer the Nk values lie between 12 and an elevation about 4 m above the river.
18. The clay sediments are post glacial and
 LUNNE ET AL.

HATER CONTENT, FIELD VANE SHEAR STRENGTH, CONE TIP

'I. tlmZ RESISTANCE.
tlmz

LO 60 80 100 120 160 200

m
Can. Geotech. J. Downloaded from cdnsciencepub.com by THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 04/09/24

RY CRUSl
' - ~ u ~ i CPT
o 7
REY CLAI - Fugro CPT 5
(ith shell - Fugro CPT 6
'agrnents
' and
ilant re-
nains

;REY CLAI
y ~ t hshell
ragrnents

LACK -
POTTED
LAY
dith
ulphide
For personal use only.

* Measured by the fa11 cone l e s t

FIG.6. Soil profile G@teborg test site (0-vane boring C, @-vane boring D, X-vane
boring 7, O-vane boring 8).

glacial to a depth of 40 m below ground level.
This test site has been a research site for
Chalmers Technical University, GGteborg, for
some years.
The behaviour of driven friction piles has
been studied in great detail by Fellenius
(1971) and Torstenson (1973).
Results of Cone Penetration Tests
The results of four Fugro 1 t cone pentra-
 CAN. GEOTECH. J. VOL. 13, 1976

z
I
C
I FIELD VANE SHEAR STRENGTH,
_!a tIm2
o
in w
0
Ul
W
0
Can. Geotech. J. Downloaded from cdnsciencepub.com by THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 04/09/24

JRY CRUST
-
:LAY
?lightly
~rganic,
some sul-
phide bonds
-

varved
CLAY
with
sulphide
bonds

-
MORAINE
or ROCK
For personal use only.

FIG.7. Soil profile Skb-Edebv test site (o-embankment

> . -
- 1961:. *-embankment - 1971;
X-test area 1, drain spacing c/c = 0.9 m:. 0-test
- area 1, drain spacing c/c 1.5 m; 11-test
area 1, drain spacing c/c 2.2&.

tion tests carried out at the Ggteborg site are
shown in Fig. 6.
As can be seen from Fig. 6, we have divided
the clays into three layers. From 3-10 m the
computed N,; values vary between 13 and 15.
From 10-21 m the N,< values lie between 13
and 14, and in the lower layer, 21-30 m, Nli
values vary between 12 and 14.
Ski-Edeby
The test at SkH-Edeby is located about 25
km west of Stockholm, Sweden.
Depth to bed rock or firm bottom is about
12 to 14 m. The first 4 to 6 m are post-glacial
clay. The deeper clay sediments are late gla-
cial and varved. The test site probably emerged
from the sea only 400 to 500 years ago and
today the ground surface is about 2.5 m above
the mean level of the Baltic sea. A boring
profile is shown in Fig. 7.
The sedimentation history of the clays at
Ski-Edeby is different from the other clays
described above. The clays from Drammen,
Onsgy, and Ggteborg have been sedimented
in entirely marine environments.
The clays in the Stockholm area have been
sedimented in environments varying between
marine, marine-brackish, and brackish-marine.
The clays from Ski-Edeby have been sub-
jected to extensive research by the Swedish
Geotechnical Institute for the last two decades.
In 1957, four extensively instrumented circu-
lar fills were constructed, three of which were
provided with sand drains of varying spacing.
Long term observations have been given by
Holtz and Broms ( 1972).
Results of Cone Penetration Tests
The results of three Fugro 1 t cone penetra-
tion tests are given in Fig. 7. It can be seen
that in the post glacial clay (1 to 4 m depth)
the N , values lie between 7 and 8, while in
the lower glacial clay N , varies between 9 and
12.5 (Table 1 ) .
Figure 8, showing the average value of N,<
plotted against plasticity, indicates a trend of
decreasing N , values with increasing plasticity.
Nl<ranges from 8 to 10 in the highly plastic
Swedish clays, and up to 20 to 24 for the
quick clay in Erik Bgrresens gate.
 LUNNE E T AL.

1. Summary of Nk values
TABLE

Test Depth Range Plasticity Cone factor

site (m) dt/rn2) I ) Sensitivity N k
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Sundland
Drammen
4-9
9-14
14-22
2-2.5
2-4.5
2.5-4
--
22-28
10
10
-
10-15
2
3-4
17-18
20
15.5
Dansvigs gate 5-10 2-3 20-25 6-9 14-15
Dramrnen 11-30 2-4 10-1 1 2-4 14-16
Barrresens gate
Drammen
5.5-12
12-30
3-2
1.3-2.5
--15
5
15-25
50-160
16-20
20-24
Onsay 1-9 1.2-1.4 20-30 5-10 16-18
10-20 1.8-4.8 35-40 4-7 13-18
SkA-Edeby 1-4 0.6-1.2 45-80 6-10 8-9
4-1 2 0.8-2.0 30-50 10-15 10-12
Garteborg 3-10 1.5-2.5 50-60 15-24 13.5-14.5
10-21
21-30
2.5-4.2
4.5-5.5 -
50-55
40
13-19
13-17
13-14
13-14

RANGE I N
For personal use only.

PENSITIVITY

lo
I
10
LEGEND:
0 SUNDLAND
DANVIKSGT
V E. B 0 R R E S E N S GT
A ONSQY
+ GQTEBORG

5
0 10 20 30 LO 50 60
PLASTICITY, Ip, %
FIG. 8. Summary of Nk values from all sites.

Correlation Between Cone Resistance and

'True' Undrained Shear Strength
Bjerrum (1973) backfigured the in situ
shear strength of several Scandinavian clays
from failures of embankments and compared
this with the vane shear strength. The result
of this study is a correction factor,
which is varying with plasticity as shown in
Fig. 9.
PLASTICITY INDEX IN ' l o
FIG. 9. Bjerrum's (1973) correction chart.
Recent work, for instance by Ladd ( 1973),
indicates that the correlation shown in Fig. 9
is not universally applicable and that it should
be treated with care.
If we, however, employ Bjerrum's (1973) cor-
rection factor on the vane shear strength values
for the Scandinavian clays and thus work out
 440 CAN. GEOTECH. J. VOL. 13. 1976
RANGE I N
/SENSITIVITY
Can. Geotech. J. Downloaded from cdnsciencepub.com by THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 04/09/24
X bankment failures and vane shear strength
10-15
0 SUNDLAND
X based on plasticity index has been proposed
6-10
V E B 0 R R E S E N S GT
XSKA-EDEBY
0 10 20 30 LO 50
PLASTICITY, I p , %
For personal use only.
FIG. 10. Summary of corrected Nk values from all
sites.
a corrected Nli value ( N l , ,.,,,.) we obtain the
plot given in Fig. 10.
As previously mentioned, the Ski-Edeby
clay has a different geological origin from the
other marine clay deposits. If we disregard the
two points from the Skg-Edeby clay the varia-
tion in the N,, values has now decreased (15
to 19) with 17 as an average.
We suggest that using an N,; value equal to
17 for Scandinavian normally consolidated
marine clays will give a reasonable estimate
of the undrained shear strength.
We agree with Schmertmann (1975) that
the correlation between cone resistance and
undrained shear strength should be done lo-
cally. Thus the value of N,, = 17 may not be
applicable in other clay deposits. A good ex-
ample of this is the Ski-Edeby clay where the
N k factor is considerably lower ( 1 1-13).
Conclusions
An attempt has been made to correlate
cone resistance in quasi-static tests, to field
vane shear strength using standard vanes. The
tests have been carried out at five locations in
soft to medium stiff marine clays, and at one
location with soft brackish clay.
Using the conventional formula:
the Nli factor has been found to vary between
13 and 24 in the marine clays and between
8-12 in the brackish clay.
Based on back calculation of failures be-
low embankments and in cuttings in soft
marine clays some experience exists on cor-
relation between field shear strength from em-
values. A correction of the vane shear strength
(Bjerrum 1973). Introducing this correction
the N1, factor varies between 15 and 19 with
an average of 17 in the marine clays tested
and between 11 and 13 for the brackish soft
clay at Skit-Edeby.
60
From this it is suggested that an Nl, factor
of 17 can be used to correlate cone resistance
to undrained shear strength for Scandinavian
marine normally consolidated clays. However,
this N,, value should not be used uncritically in
other types of clays, as for instance the Sk%
Edeby clay.
AAS,G. and EIDE,0 . 1963. Grunnundersgkelser for pros-
jektert strandvei Brakeroya - Bybroen i Drammen.
Norw. Geotech. Inst., Intern. Rep., 0. 896-3, Not
Publ.
1969. Vingeborforsgk med forskjellige ving-
edimensjoner. Onsoy-Fredrikstad. N o w . Geotech.
Inst., Intern. Rep., F. 281-10, Not Publ.
AMAR,S., BAGUELIN, F., JEZEQUEL,J . F., and LE
MEHAUTE, A. 1975. In sit11 shear resistance of clays.
ASCE, Conf. on 61Situ Measurements of Soil Proper-
ties, Raleigh, N.C., Proc., vol. 1, pp. 22-45.
BERRE,T. 1973. Grunnundersgkelser i forbindelse med
prgvefyllingen i Onsgy. Norw. Geotech. Inst., Int. Rep.,
50322- 1. Not Publ.
1974. Belastnings forsgk p i plastik leine; Onsgy.
Nonv. Geotech. Inst. Publ. 102, pp. 21-30.
BJERRUM,L. 1967. Engineering geology of Norwegian
normally consolidated marine clays as related to settle-
ments of buildings. 7th Rankine Lecture. Geotechnique,
17(2), pp. 81-118. Also publ. as: Norw. Geotech. Inst.
Publ. 71.
1973. Problems of soil mechanics and construction
on soft clays. State-of-the-Art Rep. 8th Int. Conf. on Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Moscow,
U.S.S.R. Proc., vol. 3, pp. 111-159. Also publ. in:
Nonv. Geotech. Inst., Publ. 100.
DE RUITER,J. 1971. Electric penetrometer for site inves-
tigations. ASCE, Proc. 97(SM2), pp. 457-472.
ENGESGAAR, H. 1970. Resultater av to belastningsforsgk
pB Sundland i Drammen. (Results from two test fills at
Sundland, Drammen). Norw. Geotech. Inst., Publ. 84,
pp. 41-47.
 LUNNE ET AL.
FELLENIUS, B. H. 1971. Negative skin friction on long piles
driven in clay. Stockholm, 38 p. Swed. Geotech. Inst.,
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