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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1181
Ajith Abraham
Patrick Siarry
Kun Ma
Arturas Kaklauskas Editors
Intelligent
Systems Design
and Applications
19th International Conference
on Intelligent Systems Design and
Applications (ISDA 2019) held
December 3–5, 2019
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
Volume 1181
Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland
Advisory Editors
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
Rafael Bello Perez, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computing,
Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Hani Hagras, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,
University of Essex, Colchester, UK
László T. Kóczy, Department of Automation, Széchenyi István University,
Gyor, Hungary
Vladik Kreinovich, Department of Computer Science, University of Texas
at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
Chin-Teng Lin, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Jie Lu, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,
University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Patricia Melin, Graduate Program of Computer Science, Tijuana Institute
of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
Nadia Nedjah, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen , Faculty of Computer Science and Management,
Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
Jun Wang, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications
on theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent
Computing. Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer
and information science, ICT, economics, business, e-commerce, environment,
healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the areas of modern
intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft comput-
ing including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion
of these paradigms, social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuro-
science, artificial life, virtual worlds and society, cognitive science and systems,
Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems, self-organizing and
adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric
computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics
including human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning para-
digms, machine ethics, intelligent data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent
agents, intelligent decision making and support, intelligent network security, trust
management, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are
primarily proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They
cover significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and
applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is the short
publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad
dissemination of research results.
** Indexing: The books of this series are submitted to ISI Proceedings,
EI-Compendex, DBLP, SCOPUS, Google Scholar and Springerlink **
Editors
123
Editors
Ajith Abraham Patrick Siarry
Scientific Network for Innovation Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Ma
and Research Excellence Creteil Cedex, France
Machine Intelligence Research Labs (MIR)
Auburn, WA, USA Arturas Kaklauskas
Department of Construction Management
Kun Ma and Real Estate
School of Information Science Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
and Engineering Vilnius, Lithuania
University of Jinan
Jinan, Shandong, China
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
v
vi Preface
We express our sincere thanks to the organizing committee chairs for helping us
to formulate a rich technical program. Enjoy reading the articles!
Ajith Abraham
Patrick Siarry
General Chairs
Kun Ma
Arturas Kaklauskas
Program Chairs
Organization
Program Committee
vii
viii Organization
Additional Reviewers
Adly, Mohammad Goyal, Ayush
Ahuactzin, Juan-Manuel Kassem, Abdallah
Bagnall, Anthony Mckinlay, Steve
Barbudo Lunar, Rafael Pérez, Eduardo
Berkich, Don Ramírez, Aurora
Crisan, Gloria Cerasela Salado-Cid, Rubén
Das Sharma, Kaushik Tiago Da Cunha, Italo
Diniz, Thatiana Timm, Nils
Gabriel, Paulo
Contents
xi
xii Contents
Abstract. Data Jackets are human-made metadata for each dataset, reflecting
peoples’ subjective or potential interests. By visualizing the relevance among
DJs, participants in the market of data think and talk about why and how they
should combine the corresponding datasets. Even if the owners of data may hes-
itate to open their data to the public, they can present the DJs in the Innovators
Marketplace on Data Jackets that is a platform for innovations. Here, participants
communicate to find ideas to combine/use/reuse data or future collaborators. Fur-
thermore, explicitly or implicitly required data can be searched by the use of tools
developed on DJs, which enabled, for example, analogical inventions of data anal-
ysis methods. Thus, we realized a data-mediated birthplace of seeds in business
and science. In this paper, we show a new direction to collect and use DJs to fit
social requirements externalized and collected in living labs. The effect of living
labs here is to enhance participants’ sensitivity to the contexts in the open society
according to the author’s practices, and the use of DJs to these contexts means to
develop the process of evidence-based innovation, i.e., the loop of living humans’
interaction to create dimensions of performance in businesses.
1 Introduction
Since innovation appeared as such changes of the combinations of the factors of produc-
tion as cannot be affected by infinitesimal steps or variations on the margin [1], it does
not mean just inventing a product. Innovation is the process of commercial applications
of new technology, combining with material, methods, and resources, toward opening
up a new market. Rogers, after his theory of the diffusion of innovation involving various
stakeholders in the process of innovation and expansion of the opened market, pointed
out leading consumers play the role of innovators [2]. Here, not only the creators or
developers of new products but also users play the important role to discover new value
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license
to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
A. Abraham et al. (Eds.): ISDA 2019, AISC 1181, pp. 1–13, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49342-4_1
2 Y. Ohsawa et al.
of a product via using it and diffuse the value to the majority in the market. According to
von Hippel [3], leading consumers invent, not only use and diffuse, technologies. All in
all, innovation evolved to be a term referring to the thoughts and the interaction of stake-
holders in the market including consumers. This point distinguishes innovation from a
child’s talent of value sensing acquired in the growth of mind [4] or a part of sense-
making that can be supported by information systems using data [5]. That is, innovation
is the interaction of stakeholders of potential markets via combining elements and “do-
ing” the ideas in the real life, to cause a change that creates a dimension of performance
[6] of products, the life of users, or the society.
Innovators Marketplace on Data Jackets (IMDJ [7]) is a method following the above
redefinition of innovation, where participants interact with combining data jackets shown
in Sect. 2 to invent and execute ideas of data usage. In IMDJ, participants communicate
to create solutions to satisfy data users’ requirements by sharing, combining, and using
data without violating constraints of owners (e.g., data protection and confidentiality as
a business resource). IMDJ has been used in science and business as stated in Sect. 2
and is now at the stage to prevail to daily human lives.
In this paper, Living Lab on Data Jackets (LLDJ) is proposed as a modification of
IMDJ for opening the communication and thoughts to a deeper and wider range of latent
requirements than in IMDJ. We still aim at aiding innovations, that is not about sheer
inventions but means the process of the humans’ interaction to externalize new dimen-
sions of performance. The role of the living lab here is to open participants’ sensitivity to
the requirements of people in the society who may not attend the workshop. In Sect. 2, a
logical description of data jackets and humans’ process of communication for reasoning
toward satisfying requirements are shown. IMDJ is briefly reviewed as a method to real-
ize this process, and its limit is shown from the point of the gap between the requirements
and the theory obtained in the reasoning. The living lab is introduced in Sect. 3 as an
approach to coping with this limit by deepening and widening participants’ sensitivity
to requirements. LLDJ is proposed in Sect. 4. This is not necessarily an improvement to
replace IMDJ with, but an addition of a new direction from the viewpoint of daily living
of people. The visualized sequence of utterances in a round-table discussion shown as
preliminary evidence implies the effect of LL in LLDJ.
although the data may be confidential and combined for understanding the relevance of
weather and health linked via “time” and “place” that are common variables between
the two datasets or via the concept “daily behavior” common between them (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. A snapshot of on-line IMDJ [9]. Solutions (squares e.g., “We can have..”) are proposed
combining DJs (large cards e.g. DI1039) responding to requirements (e.g., “what are….”).
See Fig. 2 to find examples of simple DJs. More formally, a DJ is defined as follows
by relaxing the constraint on V i and the redundancies in [8].
DJ i (i ∈ [1, N]): The i-th data jacket (N: the number of datasets in the market of
data)
DJ i : = {V i , F i , Pi }, where elements are defined as follows.
G: The goal, i.e., the requirement incompletely defined as the relation over terms
corresponding to events or entities in the target world
T: The theory, i.e., a model described by a set of Horn clauses, each of which is
given using predicates in PG below. T is represented over elements of PG , F G , and V G ,
that compose the set of DJs in DJcom(G) in Eq. (1), that satisfies Eq. (2) (where [v]
for variable v means the range of the value of variable v), if a conclusion G’ derived by
theory T subsumes goal G. This means a formal expression G’ is related to the informal
expression G of goal, and T is completely defined that intuitively means all the clauses
in T are supported by data corresponding to some DJcom(G).
∃
v ∈ VG [∀ Vx ∈ {Va , Vb , . . . VL }, ∃ vx ∈ Vx |[v] ∩ [vx ] = ∅]. (2)
For example, suppose G is the requirement to know the influence of weather on
health, represented as “health ← weather”. By relating health to g-GTP_high(person
ID, date) and weather to hot(date), G corresponds to G’ in clause (3).
G :∃ person ID{γ − GTP_high(person ID, date) ← hot(date)} (3)
G’ can be derived by the combination of clauses (4) and (5) by which T is formed.
γ − GTP_high(person ID, date) ← beer_consume(person ID, date) (4)
∃
person ID{beer_consume(person ID, date) ← hot(date)} (5)
Here hot(date) and γ-GTP_high(person ID, date) can respectively mean
air_temperature (date) - air_ temperature (date −10) > α [deg] and γ-GTP(date)-
γ-GTP(date −10) > β [u/l] for constants α and β. The values α and β are obtained using
data represented by DJs. For example, a can be obtained from Data B below.
Data B, represented by DJ 1 ) that is DJ(B) in Fig. 2) weather: variables {date, address,
air temperature, etc.}, a function such as air_temperature(date) in F 1 is also in V 1
defined over date in V 1 , and a predicate such as hot in P1 is defined on air_temperature
and date.
In Fig. 2(a), each dotted line connects the appearances of the same variable in multiple
DJs to combine predicates, corresponding to sharing a variable among all V x used for
deriving G’ as in Eq. (2). If the obtained T is not satisfactory (here the low confidence
in Fig. 2(a) and (b)), other variables such as address in Fig. 2(b) in a DJ used so far as in
Fig. 2 (a) are additionally used. Furthermore, as in Fig. 2 (c), new DJs may be added to
DJcom(G) to obtain a satisfactory T and evaluate it by data corresponding to the DJs.
Fig. 2. The connection of DJs for combining data in IMDJ. To refine the performance of data
mining, variables as “address” in (a) to (b) or data as DJ(B) or DJ(D) are in/exported.
6 Y. Ohsawa et al.
Fig. 3. Innovators’ Marketplace on Data Jackets of two types. Solid arrows mean without action
planning, whereas dotted arrows with action planning. Action planning may cause requirement
revision, which breaks the ideas created in IMDJ
Example 1, Skill development in sports) Req 1: Evaluate and improve the defense
skill of a soccer team [13]
DJ3: data on the market e.g., position of the sale in a supermarket or stock prices
TJ1: Tangled String or Graph-based entropy
Sol2: user interface for explaining changes in the consumption market with visualized
“explanatory” changes implying the latent dynamics in the market
However, it turned out that solutions tend not to be satisfactory enough to attract
participants in IMDJ to realize the proposed solutions even if they were highly evaluated
by the participants. We hypothesize here that the problem was in the lack of correspon-
dence between G and a predicate in G’ derived by T, because we provided no explicit
Data Jackets as Communicable Metadata for Potential Innovators 7
user interface to urge subscribers of DJs to write their subjective expectations meaning
the predicates, i.e., elements of P, but just to fill the DJ with their expectations about
the utility of the data in natural language. Such expectations may partially cover some
potential relations among variables, and the post-process of IMDJ called Action Plan-
ning introduced additional details of the planned use of data. In the Action Planning
phase, the latent requirement that may be the reason of requirements presented as G in
IMDJ was obtained and the solution corresponding to T was revised to meet this new
goal. However, the new goal was just one level deeper (higher in Fig. 3) than G which
may not reach the level of DJ, and the solution T obtained in IMDJ may get lost due to
the goal revision. In such a case, it has been difficult to reach a shared awareness of the
value of the data-based solutions to be obtained.
We expect to satisfy the requirements not satisfied by the previous IMDJ for the reason
in 2.2, by inviting citizens to join the workshop in Living Labs discussed below to both
deepen and widen causal desires to explain the originally presented requirements. In this
section, let us discuss the expectations of the effects of combining LL and DJs.
In recent years, the living lab (LL hereafter) has been attracting the attention of indus-
try, government, and academia to create new solutions services by solving problems
together. LL was born as a social participatory method that works from the viewpoint
of consumers, mainly in northern Europe, and is regarded as a framework for the par-
ticipation of various stakeholders supporting innovation and sustainable development
in the community. Therefore, LL is expected as a mechanism for promoting wide-
ranging social participation and changing individual consciousness near living spaces
by introducing new, sometimes deepened aspects into communication about problems
and solutions in the daily life. By this effect of LL, the proposed LLDJ below aims to
overcome the problem of IMDJ mentioned in Sect. 2.2 inviting citizens and working
people in the target region to (1) widen the scope of communication, and also (2) deepen
the communication about potential requirements to reinforce the possibility of presented
goals to reach the level of DJs.
The studies so far on LL have been preceded by Europe. In particular, in recent years,
interest has been attracted to the LL that aims to create innovations and infiltrate users
with ICT as the core. Følstad (2008), who organized 32 references on this type, pointed
out the elucidation of processes and methods [17]. In response, Leminen (2012) and
Almirall & Wareham (2011) conducted analysis from the perspectives of management
and participation methods and the roles of the parties involved [18, 19]. Neither method
has yet been elucidated because the definition of innovation has not been explicitly
clarified for each study. In other words, since the effect of LL is not clear, the evaluation
index has not been established. This point is improved, and the meaning of introducing
LL for the improving IMDJ comes to be clear in 3.2.
8 Y. Ohsawa et al.
Step 0) Set the topic Z, without a solution for requirements. Collect the initial participants
in LL Step 1 (PLL ).
Step 1) Open the LL relevant to topic Z (from the viewpoint of daily life, which means to
communicate requirements and to propose solutions for the requirements. The require-
ments are deepened to latent requirements by asking the reasons for the requirements
before proposing any solution (see the regulation mentioned below).
Data Jackets as Communicable Metadata for Potential Innovators 9
Step 2) Make the set RLL of requirements obtained in Step 1 (KeyGraph can be used
here as stated later in Fig. 6).
Step 3) Search DJs using words in the requirements in RLL as the query to DJ store [11],
on which an IMDJ starts applying RLL as the initial requirements. Collect the participants
in IMDJ (IMDJ ) relevant to these DJs and to the initial requirements.
Step 4) The solution(s) and added requirements in Step 3 are returned to Step 1. Call
participants relevant to these added items additionally to LL .
of the discussion was “Networking of Young People and Middle/small Firms,” and had
340 utterances. The white rectangles show words proposing requirements (or suggesting
Data Jackets as Communicable Metadata for Potential Innovators 11
problems) in the region from either side (young people or firm managers), and the black
ones the solutions or deepened latent requirements behind the requirements presented
in the previous quarter. For example, it was pointed out that there are problems in the
education of students in the 1st quarter, which was deepened to the requirement to clarify
the utility of lessons in schools for working in each job category. About the words in
the questionnaires by the government (2nd quarter), participants came to require the
clarification of influence of students’ concerns about the mood in workplaces and the
evaluation of workers to the students’ choice of things to learn and places to work
(3rd ). In the 4th , methods for education (e.g. OJT) and managements are proposed, with
open problems corresponding to deepened requirements. This result shows an example
where a communication inviting real living sites works to meet our aim to deepen the
requirements, and this effect can be aided by visualization of words as in Step 2.
Fig. 6. A sequence of graphs on KeyGraph for the four segments of a round-table discussion
5 Conclusions
We first redefined innovation based on the original definition by Schumpeter, and rede-
fined also data jackets on which the effect of IMDJ for innovation and the problem
12 Y. Ohsawa et al.
for IMDJ are shown. Then LLDJ is proposed as a method to deepen and widen the
requirement to be shown from communication inviting local aspects in daily living to
externalize general issues that can be closer to DJs than a requirement in IMDJ. This
effect is not only due to covering a wider range of requirements, but also due to the
tendency that data tends to be collected for general purposes. In future work, we plan to
design new DJs, that are revisable and extensible reflecting new expectations about data
usage to further reinforce the effects of and take advantage of LLDJ.
Authors Contributions. Ohsawa invented DJ and IMDJ, and organizes this project of LLDJ.
Kondo has been executing Living Lab at the University of Tokyo, which lead her to the finding that
the effects of Living Lab go via the enhancement of the participants’ sensitivity to the interests in
the open society. Hayashi contributed to the creation of technologies supporting IMDJ, e.g., the
DJ Store and Action Planning.
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CHAPTER XIX
ARE WE CITIZENS?