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i
I N T E R N AT ION A L E C ONOM IC L AW
A N D G OV E R N A NC E
ii
iii
International Economic
Law and Governance
Essays in Honour of Mitsuo Matsushita
Edited by
J U L I E N C H A I S SE
and
T S A I-Y U L I N
1
iv
1
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v
Foreword
‘Liber amicorum’ to celebrate Mitsuo Matsushita’s contributions to
international economic law
Chang-╉fa Lo
Professor Mitsuo Matsushita is one of the most respected leading figures in in-
ternational economic law (IEL). His meritorious services, including being one of
the founding members of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization
from 1995 to 2000, have been well recognized throughout the world. His great
writings, including so many widely circulated books and articles in the fields of
international trade, competition law, and investment law, have been considered as
widely influential. His educational services, including his professorship at Tokyo
University and visiting professorships at Harvard Law School, Michigan Law
School, Columbia Law School, Monash University in Australia, and at the College
of Europe in Bruges, Belgium, have been deeply appreciated by his students and by
these educational institutions themselves.
He is so immensely respected in the Asia-╉Pacific region and beyond, not only
because of his leading role in IEL, but also because of his upright character in
handling things, his warmness in treating friends, and his willingness in help-
ing younger scholars. He was the founding chairperson of Asia WTO Research
Network (AWRN) and continued to lead the group for almost ten years (from
2004 to 2013). It is because of Professor Matsushita that our colleagues in Asia-╉
Pacific region in the field of IEL have a permanent platform to engage in regular
and exciting academic exchanges.
For all these reasons, Members of AWRN decided to make a joint effort to
publish a Festschrift in honour of Professor Matsushita, in order to express their
sincere gratitude for the inspiration he is to all of us and to celebrate his contribu-
tions to IEL. Professors Julien Chaisse and Tsai-╉yu Lin have been kind enough to
take on the role of inviting Professor Matsushita’s former colleagues, friends, stu-
dents, and admirers to submit their chapters on the main theme of ‘International
Economic Law and Governance’, in which Professor Matsushita has played such
an important role in shaping the rules and in engaging in operating the mech�
anism. Julien and Tsai-╉yu, together with their team, also spent much time and
effort in editing the book. It is because of them that we have the book that reflects
Professor Matsushita’s great contribution so well. I should also thank authors of
the chapters in the book for having contributed to the joint work.
I hope that the high quality of this book properly reflects our appreciation to
Professor Matsushita for having guided us by his great personality and scholarly
achievement.
Chang-╉fa Lo
Chairperson, AWRN
viii
╇ ix
Contents
PA R T I ╇ RU L E S -╉B A S E D I N T E R N AT IO N A L
DI S PU T E S E T T L E M E N T
2. The WTO Dispute Settlement System: Dealing with Success 11
William J Davey
x Contents
9. When Popular Decisions Rest on Shaky Foundations:
Systemic Implications of Selected WTO Appellate Body
Trade Remedies Jurisprudence 113
Meredith Kolsky Lewis
PA R T I I N OR M AT I V E I N F L U E N C E S
T O A N D F ROM W T O L AW
12. The Interplay between the G20 and the WTO:
Informal Law-making in Action 183
Jan Wouters and Ines Willemyns
Contents xi
PA R T I I I I S S U E S I N T H E P OL IC Y-
A N D L AW-M A K I N G PRO C E S S
21. Members Only: Embracing Diversity in the WTO 351
Bernard M Hoekman and Petros C Mavroidis
22. TTIP and the Post-Bali WTO: Towards a New World Trade Order? 367
David A Gantz and Laura Nielsen
xii Contents
30. Legal Development of WTO Trade Remedy Practices in East Asia 515
Dukgeun Ahn
32. Conclusion: Some Thoughts on the WTO’s Next Twenty Years 551
Julio A Lacarte Muró
Index 559
╇ xiii
Table of Cases
Note: WTO and GATT cases are indexed according to their common abbreviated names (where
these are in use in the text), with the full name in parentheses. Where Panel and Appellate Body
hearings of the same case are listed separately the Panel hearing appears first.
n = footnote.
I N T E R N AT ION A L C A SE S
WTO Dispute Settlement€Body
Argentina—╉Poultry (Argentina—╉Definitive Anti-╉dumping Duties on Poultry from Brazil),
WT/╉DS241/╉R, Panel Report, 22 April 2003����������������������������������尓���������������������������������105–╉6
Argentina—╉Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear, WT/╉DS121/╉A B/╉R, Appellate
Body Report, 12 January 2000 ����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������� 102n
Argentina—╉Textiles (Argentina—╉Measures Affecting Imports of Footwear Textiles, Apparel
and Other Items), WT/╉DS56/╉A B/╉R, WT/╉DS56/╉A B/╉R /╉Corr. 1, Appellate Body Report,
22 April 1998����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���������������������������97n, 268–╉9, 269n
Australia—╉Plain Packaging (Australia—╉Certain Measures Concerning Trademarks and
Other Plain Packaging Requirements Applicable to Tobacco Products and Packaging),
WT/╉DS434, 435, 441, 458 and 467, 13 March 2012 �������������������259–╉60, 270, 307n, 470–╉1n
Australia—╉Salmon (Australia—╉Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon), WT/╉DS18/╉R,
Panel Report, 20 October 1998����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���������������������270
Australia—╉Salmon (Australia—╉Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon), WT/╉DS18/╉A B/╉R,
Appellate Body Report, 20 October 1998����������������������������������尓���������������������������83, 84, 470n
Brazil—╉Aircraft Subsidy (Brazil—╉Export Financing Programme for Aircraft), WT/╉DS46/╉R,
Panel Report, 14 April 1999����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���������������������������507
Brazil—╉Aircraft Subsidy (Brazil—╉Export Financing Programme for Aircraft),
WT/╉DS46/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report, 2 August 1999 ����������������������������������尓���������������507
Brazil—╉Measures Affecting Desiccated Coconut, WT/╉DS22/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report,
21 February 1997����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓����� 497n
Brazil—╉Tyres (Brazil—╉Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres), WT/╉DS332/╉R,
Panel Report, 12 June 2007����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�������������� 280, 296–╉7
Brazil—╉Tyres (Brazil—╉Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres), WT/╉DS332/╉A B/╉R,
Appellate Body Report, 3 December 2007���������62, 83, 84–╉5, 85n, 86, 259–╉60, 280–╉1, 283, 297n
Canada—╉Export Credits and Loan Guarantees for Regional Aircraft—╉Recourse to Arbitration
by Canada under Article 22.6 of the DSU and Article 4.11 of the SCM Agreement,
WT/╉DS222/╉ARB, Decision by the Arbitrator, 17 February 2003���������������������������������148–╉9n
Canada—╉Periodicals (Canada—╉Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals),
WT/╉DS31/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report, 30 June 1997����������������������������������尓��������������������� 21
Canada—╉Pharmaceuticals (Canada—╉Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products),
WT/╉DS114/╉R, Panel Report, 7 April 2000����������������������������������尓�����������������������428, 439, 442
Canada—╉Wheat (Canada—╉Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and Treatment of
Imported Grain), WT/╉DS276/╉R, Panel Report, 6 April 2004����������������������������������尓�248, 248n
Canada—╉Wheat (Canada—╉Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and Treatment of
Imported Grain), WT/╉DS276/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report, 30 August 2004���������248, 248n
Chile—╉Price Band System and Safeguard Measures Relating to Certain Agricultural Products,
WT/╉DS207/╉A B/╉R, WT/╉DS207/╉A B/╉R /╉Corr 1, Appellate Body Report����������������������������� 101n
China—╉Anti-╉dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Automobiles from the
United States, WT/╉DS440����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�����������������������������522
xiv
Table of Cases xv
EC—Hormones (European Community—Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products
(Hormones)), WT/DS26/A B/R, WT/DS48/A B/R, Appellate Body Report,
16 January 1998��������������������������������������������������������������� 13, 21, 23, 81, 84, 100n, 114, 534–5
EC—Large Civil Aircraft (European Communities and Certain Member States—Measures
Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft), WT/DS316/A B/R, Appellate Body Report,
1 June 2011 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 94, 107–8, 109, 275–6, 283
EC—Poultry (EC—Measures Affecting the Importation of Certain Poultry Products),
WT/DS69/A B/R, Appellate Body Report, 13 July 1998�������������������������������������� 265–6, 466n
EC—Seal Products (European Communities—Measures Prohibiting the Importation and
Marketing of Seal Products), WT/DS400/A B/R, WT7DS401/A B/R, Appellate
Body Report, 25 November 2013 ��������������������������������������������������� 35–7, 75, 83, 86, 288, 390
EC—Trademark and Geographic Indications (EC—Protection of Trademark and
Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs), WT/DS290����������267, 267n
India—Patents (India—Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical
Products), WT/DS50/R, Panel Report, 5 September 1997�������������������������������������������������472n
India—Patents (India—Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical
Products), WT/DS50/A B/R, Appellate Body Report, 16 January 1998�������������97n, 100n, 508
India—Quantitative Restrictions (India—Quantitative Restrictions on Imports of
Agricultural, Textile and Industrial Products), WT/DS90/A B/R, Appellate Body
Report, 23 August 1999�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������268, 507
Japan—Alcoholic Beverages (Japan—Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages: EC, WT/DS8;
Japan—Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages: Canada, WT/DS10; Japan—Taxes on
Alcoholic Beverages: US, WT/DS11), Panel Reports, 21 June/7 July 1995������������������������� 321
Japan—Alcoholic Beverages (Japan—Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages: EC, WT/DS8;
Japan—Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages: Canada, WT/DS10; Japan—Taxes on
Alcoholic Beverages: US, WT/DS11), Appellate Body Report, 1 November 1996������������ 21, 33,
99–100, 100n, 101n, 104, 113, 113n, 114n, 308, 321–2, 323nn, 465–6, 502
Japan—Countervailing Duties on Dynamic Random Access Memories from Korea,
WT/DS336 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������528
Japan—Film (Japan—Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper),
WT/DS44, Panel Report, 13 June 1996 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 318
Korea—Alcoholic Beverages (Korea—Taxes an Alcoholic Beverages: EC, WT/DS75:
Korea—Taxes an Alcoholic Beverages US, WT/DS84), Panel Reports,
2 April/23 May 1997����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 321
Korea—Alcoholic Beverages (Korea—Taxes an Alcoholic Beverages: EC, WT/DS75:
Korea—Taxes an Alcoholic Beverages US, WT/DS84), Appellate Body Report,
18 January 1999��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 321–2
Korea—Beef (Korea—Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef),
WT/DS161, Panel Report, 1 February 1999����������������������������������������������������������������������� 318
Korea—Beef (Korea—Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef),
WT/DS161/A B/R, Appellate Body Report, 11 December 2000����������������������������������������� 318
Korea—Beef (Korea—Various Measures on Beef), WT/DS161/A B/R, WT/DS169/A B/R,
Appellate Body Report, 10 January 2001��������������������������������������������������������� 82n, 83–4, 86n
Korea—Dairy Products (Korea—Definitive Safeguard Measure on Imports of Certain Dairy
Products), WT/DS98/A B/R, Appellate Body Report, 14 December 1999��������������������������� 529
Korea—Measures Affecting Government Procurement, Panel Report ���������������������������������������270–1
Korea—Paper (Korea—Anti-dumping Duties on Imports of Certain Paper from Indonesia,
Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Indonesia), WT/DS312/RW, Panel Report,
28 September 2007 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������529–30
Mexico—Corn Syrup (Mexico—Anti-dumping Investigation of High Fructose Corn Syrup
(HFCS) from the United States), WT/DS132/A B/RW, Appellate Body Report,
22 October 2001������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 463–4
Mexico—Measures Affecting Telecommunications Services, WT/DS204/R, Panel Report,
2 April 2004�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������220
xvi
GATT€Panels
Canada—╉Administration of the Foreign Investment Review Act,
GATT Doc. L/╉5504–╉30S/╉140, Panel Report, 7 February 1984 ��������������������������������� 73n, 74n
Canada—╉Measures Affecting Exports of Unprocessed Herring and Salmon, L/╉6268,
adopted 22 March 1988, GATT BISD 35S/╉98����������������������������������尓�����������������������������������60
China—╉Publications (China—╉Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution
Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products),
WT/╉DS363/╉R, Panel Report, 12 August 2009����������������������������������尓���������������������������������86n
EEC—╉Oilseeds (EEC—╉Payments and Subsidies Paid to Processors and Producers of
Oilseeds and Related Animal-╉feed Proteins), GATT Doc L/╉6627-╉37S/╉86, Panel Report,
25 January 1990����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���� 265–╉6
EEC—╉Oilseeds (EEC—╉Payments and Subsidies Paid to Processors and Producers of Oilseeds
and Related Animal-╉feed Proteins), GATT Doc DS/╉28/╉R, Follow-╉Up to the
Panel Report, 31 March 1992 ����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������ 265–╉6
╇ xix
xx Table of Cases
Planet Mining Pty Ltd v Republic of Indonesia, ICSID Case No. ARB/╉12/╉14 and 12/╉40,
Decision on Jurisdiction, 24 February 2014 ����������� 153–╉4, 157, 159, 161–╉71, 172, 174, 175–╉8
PNG Sustainable Development Program Ltd v Independent State of Papua New Guinea,
ICSID Case No ARB/╉13/╉33, Award (5 May 2015) ����������������������������������尓���������������������154–╉5n
Salini Costruttori SPA and Italstrade SPA v Kingdom of Morocco, ICSID Case No ARB/╉00/╉4,
Decision on Jurisdiction (16 July 2001)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�������234n
Tecnicas Medioambientales TECMED SA v Mexico, ICSID Case No ARB (AF)/╉00/╉2,
Award (29 May 2003) ����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������� 87, 89
Tethyan Copper v Pakistan, ICSID Case No ARB/╉12/╉1����������������������������������尓����������������������������� 172
Vattenfall AB and others v Federal Republic of Germany, ICSID Case No ARB/╉12/╉12,
Notice of Arbitration (31 May 2012)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓����������� 137n
European Commission
Commission Decision of 25 July 2001 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 of the
EC Treaty (COMP/╉C-╉1/╉36.915—╉Deutsche Post AG—╉Interception of
cross-╉border mail), 2001 OJ (L 331) 40����������������������������������尓�����������������������������������244, 244n
NAFTA
Eli Lilly and Company v The Government of Canada, Notice of Intent to Submit Claim
to Arbitration under NAFTA Chapter Eleven����������������������������������尓�������������������� 304–╉5, 304n
N AT ION A L C A SE S
Canada
United Mexican States v Metalclad Corp [2001] BCSC 664 (2 May 2001) (Vancouver) �������������224
India
Bayer v Natco, Bombay High Court, 15 July 2014����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�4 42
Novatrtis v Union of India (Glivec case)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�����������������441
United€States
Chevron USA Inc v Natural Resources Defense Council Inc, 467 US 837 (1984)��������������������������� 119
Earth Island Institute v Hogarth 494 F3d 757 (9th Cir 2007) ����������������������������������尓�����������������289n
FTC v Actavis Inc, 133 S.Ct 2223 (2013).����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���229, 229n
Geneva Steel Co v Ranger Steel Supply Corp, 980 F Supp 1209 (D Utah 1997)���������������������������123
Goss Intern Corp v Tokyo Kikai Seisakusho, Ltd, 294 F Supp 2d 1027 (ND Iowa 2003) �����������123n
Roche Products v Bolar Pharmaceutical, 733 F2d 858 (Fed Cir 1984) ����������������������������������尓�����439n
US v F. Hoffman-╉La Roche Ltd, 3:99-╉CR-╉184-╉R (ND Tex. 20 May 1999)���������������������������������225
US v Microsoft, 253 F.3d 34 (DC Cir 2001) ����������������������������������尓�������������������������� 227– ╉8, 227– ╉8n
Wheeling-╉Pittsburgh Steel Corp v Mitsui & Co, 26 F Supp 2d 1022 (SD Ohio 1998)�������������������123
Zenith Radio Corp v Matsushita Elec Indus Co, Ltd, 494 F Supp 1190, 1242
(ED Pa 1980)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�122n, 123n
xxii
xxiii
List of Contributors
Frederick M Abbott is Edward Ball Eminent Scholar Professor of International Law at
Florida State University College of Law. He has served as expert consultant for numer-
ous international and regional organizations, governments and nongovernmental organi-
zations, mainly in the fields of intellectual property, public health, trade, competition
and sustainable development. He recently served as a member of the Expert Advisory
Group (EAG) to the UN Secretary General’s High Level Panel on Access to Medicines.
Professor Abbott is published widely in the fields of international intellectual property
rights law, public health, international economic and competition law and international
law. Books include International Intellectual Property in an Integrated World Economy, 3rd
edn 2015 (with T Cottier and F Gurry), Emerging Markets and the World Patent Order,
ed. with Carlos M Correa and Peter Drahos (2013), and Global Pharmaceutical Policy
(2009) (with G Dukes). He is Co-Chair of the Committee on Global Health Law of
the International Law Association, having served as Rapporteur for the Committee on
International Trade Law from the inception of its work in 1993 to its conclusion in 2014.
He is consultant to the World Health Organization, the United Nations Development
Program and other multilateral institutions. Professor Abbott is on the editorial board
of the Journal of International Economic Law (Oxford). He regularly serves as pan-
elist for the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center. He has served as counsel to
governments in WTO dispute settlement proceedings, and in national court proceed-
ings. Professor Abbott is Co-Director of the Executive Course on Intellectual Property,
Diplomacy and Global Public Health for the Global Health Programme of the Graduate
Institute, Geneva. He is a graduate of the Yale Law School and the University of
California, Berkeley.
Dukgeun Ahn is Professor of International Trade Law and Policy. Professor Ahn has
taught at various universities including Singapore National University, University of
Hong Kong, University of Barcelona in Spain, World Trade Institute in Switzerland and
the KDI School of Public Policy and Management in Korea. In addition, he has advised
several developing country governments, international organizations as well as various
Korean ministries on trade law and policy issues such as World Trade Organization
(WTO) disputes, trade negotiation and trade policy making. Professor Ahn is currently
working as a Commissioner of the Korea Trade Commission and served as a Member of
National Economic Advisory Council. He is also listed as a panellist candidate for the
WTO dispute settlement as well as the Korea–US FTA and Korea–EU FTA. He received
Award by the Minister of Commerce, Industry and Energy of Republic of Korea, 2004;
Award by the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea, 2005; Simdang Academic Excellence
Award, Korea Association of International Trade Law, 2012; and Award by the Minister
of the Interior, 2015. He works as an editorial board member for many academic jour-
nals, including Journal of International Economic Law (Oxford University Press) and
International Trade Law (Quarterly Journal of Ministry of Justice). Professor Ahn holds
both PhD in Economics and JD (Member of New York Bar) from the University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor.
R Rajesh Babu is an Associate Professor of Law at the Indian Institute of Management
(IIM) Calcutta, India and the Editor-in-Chief of the IIM Calcutta journal Decision
xxiv
examples.
Morris’s “Story of Sigurd.”—Scribner’s Monthly.
“The Mikado’s Empire.”—N. A. Review.
“Daniel Deronda.”—Contemporary Review.
The Rev. W. W. Capes’s history of “The Early Roman Empire.”—
Appleton’s Journal.
remarks.
1. The names of magazines and papers are generally printed in italics; as, The
Atlantic, N. Y. Nation, Fraser’s Magazine, Appleton’s Journal, Nature, Popular
Science Monthly.
2. In examining The Atlantic, Nation, Scribner’s Monthly, Harper’s, Appleton’s
Magazine, Lippincott’s, Popular Science Monthly, Galaxy, Eclectic, N. A. Review,
New Englander, London Quarterly, British Quarterly, Westminster Review,
Edinburgh Review, Contemporary Review, The Fortnightly Review, we find that
thirteen of these use quotation marks, and four use italics, in referring to the titles
of books; eleven use italics, and six use quotation marks, in referring to magazines
and papers.
examples.
“Who was the blundering idiot who said that ‘fine words butter no
parsnips.’ Half the parsnips of society are served and rendered
palatable with no other sauce.”—Thackeray.
“There is a small but ancient fraternity, known as the Order of
Gentlemen. It is a grand old order. A poet has said that Christ
founded it; that he was ‘the first true gentleman that ever lived.’”—
Winthrop.
remarks.
1. Sometimes the quotation within a quotation has a word or phrase that is
quoted. The word or phrase must be inclosed in double marks.
2. In quoting Scripture, it is customary to place only double marks at the
beginning and end of the quotation; as, “And Jesus, moved with compassion, put
forth his hand, and touched him, and saith unto him, I will; be thou clean.”—Mark i.
41.
Rule IV. Paragraphs.—When several paragraphs are quoted in
succession, double marks should be placed at the beginning of each
paragraph, and at the end of the entire quotation.
example.
“The children woke. The little girl was the first to open her eyes.
“The waking of children is like the unclosing of flowers, a perfume
seems to exhale from those fresh young souls. Georgette, twenty
months old, the youngest of the three, who was still a nursing baby
in the month of May, raised her little head, sat up in her cradle,
looked at her feet, and began to chatter.
“A ray of morning fell across her crib; it would have been difficult to
decide which was the rosiest, Georgette’s foot or Aurora.”—Hugo.
remarks.
1. A paragraph usually consists of several sentences. It begins on a new line,
and is distinguished by a blank space on the left, at the commencement of the
paragraph.
2. When parts of a quotation are omitted, use several stars to indicate the
omission (* * * *), or place double marks at the beginning and end of each
detached part of the quotation.
THE APOSTROPHE.
examples.
“O Marcia, O my sister, still there’s hope!”—Addison.
remark.
The apostrophe is made like a comma, but is placed above the line.
examples.
Taine’s “English Literature.” Rawlinson’s “Ancient Monarchies.”
remarks.
1. The apostrophe and s should be used with nouns in the singular, even when
the word ends in s or x; as,—
THE HYPHEN.
examples.
“My household-gods plant a terrible fixed foot, and are not to be
rooted up without blood.”—Lamb.
“The breezy call of incense-breathing morn.”—Gray.
remarks.
1. A compound word is formed by placing together two simple words.
2. Sometimes several words are connected together by hyphens; as, “He had a
lively touch-and-go-away with him, very pleasant and engaging I admit.”—Wilkie
Collins.
3. When a compound word comes into very general use, the hyphen is
sometimes omitted; as, railroad, steamboat, bookstore.
4. To-day, to-night, to-morrow, should always be written with a hyphen.
5. When there is any doubt whether two words should be united by a hyphen or
written as one word, some standard dictionary should be consulted. It will,
however, be found that even dictionaries differ somewhat in the use and omission
of the hyphen in compound words. In order to preserve some uniformity in spelling
and in the formation of compound words, every writer should make either Webster
or Worcester the final authority.
examples.
Re-admit, co-ordinate, pre-existence, pre-eminent.
remarks.
1. A prefix is a letter, syllable, or word, placed before some word, thus forming a
new word.
2. If, instead of two vowels, a vowel and a consonant come together, the prefix
and the word to which it is joined should usually be written as one word; as,
rewrite, predetermine.
3. Vice-president, and most words with vice as a prefix, should be written with a
hyphen.
4. Some writers use the diæresis instead of the hyphen. With prefixes it is better
to use the hyphen, but in other words containing two vowels that do not form a
diphthong, the diæresis should be used; as, Zoölogy.
Rule III. Division of Words.—When it is necessary to write part of
a word at the end of a line and part at the beginning of the next line,
the division should be made at the end of a syllable, and the parts
should be connected by a hyphen, at the end of the line.
example.
“Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a sub-
ject ourselves, or we know where we can find in-
formation upon it.”—Dr. Johnson.
remarks.
1. It is better to divide a word as near the middle as possible.
2. When two words one at the end of a line and the other at the commencement
of the following line, are separated by a punctuation mark, it should be placed at
the end of the line, and never at the beginning.
MISCELLANEOUS MARKS.
I. Two Commas (”) indicate that the word under which they are
placed is to be repeated.
Charles Harrison, Adrian, Mich.
Clinton Hardy, ” ”
II. The Caret (^) indicates that something is written above the line
that forms a part of the sentence. It is only used in writing.
CAPITALS.
examples.
remarks.
1. A sentence is an assemblage of words making complete sense, and followed
by a period. Sometimes a sentence has an interrogation or an exclamation point at
its close; as,—
examples.
examples.
“The finest thief of old history is the pirate who made that famous
answer to Alexander, in which he said that the conqueror was only
the mightier thief of the two.”—Leigh Hunt.
America, France, London, New York, West Indies, Hudson, Rhine,
Rocky Mountains, Mount Vernon, Pacific.
remarks.
1. When North, South, East, &c., refer to political or geographical divisions, they
should commence with capitals; as, “But sectional bitterness has in a great
measure passed away; the fatal cause of discord between North and South has
been removed.”
When these words refer merely to the points of the compass, they should be
written with small letters.
2. Words derived from the names of persons should commence with capitals;
as, Socratic, Platonic, Elizabethan.
When words derived from the names of persons or places lose their individual
character, and are used as common words, they should commence with small
letters; as, god-like, hector, turkey, china-ware, laconic.
3. Heaven and hell are written with small letters in the Bible. Satan is always
printed with a capital, but devil commences with a small letter, unless it stands for
Satan; as, “Then was Jesus led up of the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted
of the devil.”—Mat. iv. 1.
Rule IV. Nations.—The names of nations, or words derived from
the names of nations, should commence with capitals.
examples.
“‘Simply to be poor,’ says my favorite Greek historian, ‘was not
held scandalous by the wise Athenians; but highly so, to owe that
poverty to our own indiscretion.’”—Fielding.
American, German, French, Latins, Americanize, Latinize,
Hellenize.
remark.
Italics and Italicize are frequently written with small letters.
examples.
Christian, Mohammedan, Lutheran, Catholic, Protestant,
Episcopal, Presbyterian, Baptist, Unitarian.
Republican, Federalist, Democrat, Whig, Tory, Radical.
remarks.
1. When republican, radical, &c., are used as common words, and not as the
names of political parties, they should commence with small letters; as, republican
institutions, radical measures.
2. Some writers use small letters, when referring to political parties. If, however,
it is incorrect to write Congregational, Methodist, with small letters, why is it not
incorrect to commence Republican, Whig, with small letters?
3. Church should be written with a capital, when it refers to a religious sect; as,
the Episcopal Church, meaning the whole body of Christians belonging to that
denomination. When the word refers to a place of worship, it should commence
with a small letter.
Rule VI. Months and Days.—The names of months and days
should commence with capitals.
examples.
“No one ever regarded the first of January with indifference. It is
that from which all date their time, and count upon what is left. It is
the nativity of our common Adam.”—Lamb.
February, March, April, May; Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
Sunday, Good Friday, Easter.
remark.
Spring, summer, autumn, winter, should be written with small letters.
examples.
Forsyth’s “Life of Cicero.” “The Fall of the Roman Republic,” Rev.
C. Merivale.
remarks.
1. It is just as necessary to capitalize the title of a book, as it is the name of a
person.
2. The title of an oration, essay, article for a newspaper, or of any written
production, follows the same rule as the title of a book.
3. Names of sacred writings should always be capitalized; as, Bible, Old and
New Testament, the Scriptures, Acts, Revelation, Gospel of John, Koran, Vedas.
remarks.
1. This rule concerns more especially the printer.
2. The first word of a chapter is generally printed in small capitals, the first letter
of the word being a large capital.
3. In handbills and advertisements, all important words are capitalized, so as to
attract special attention.
examples.
President Hayes, Senator Morton, Hon. Thomas W. Ferry, Dr.
Chas. Rynd, Mr. Fred. J. Todd.
remarks.
1. A distinction should always be made between words used as titles, and words
used in a general sense. For example, senator should commence with a small
letter, if it is not placed before the name of a person as a title, or does not refer to a
particular individual. This is the same with president, secretary, doctor, &c.; as, “A
patient owes some thanks to a doctor who restores him with nectar smooth and
fragrant, instead of rasping his throat and flaying his interior with the bitters sucked
by sour-tempered roots from vixenish soils.”—Winthrop.
2. Father, brother, sister, aunt, uncle, cousin, &c., should commence with a
capital, when they are used like titles with the names of persons; as, Father
Pierce, Cousin Blackmar.
3. Sir, father, brother, friend, &c., when used as introductory words to a letter,
should commence with capitals, as a mark of respect; as, My dear Sir, My dear
Friend.
4. In writing such titles as the President of the United States, Secretary of State,
Alexander the Great, all the words in the title should commence with a capital,
except of and the.
examples.
“But it is now time to depart,—I to die, but you to live. But which of
us is going to the better state is unknown to every one but God.”—
Socrates.
“For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son,
that whosoever believeth in him should not perish but have
everlasting life.”—John iii. 16.
remarks.
1. Writers differ somewhat in the use of capitals in words referring to the Deity.
Some capitalize all words in any way referring to the Supreme Being, while others
simply capitalize the words that to them seem important. There should be some
uniformity in the use of capitals in words of this character. As a general rule, it is
better to follow the usage of an authorized version of the Scriptures.
2. Such words as First Cause, First Principle, Almighty God, Supreme Being,
Lord God Almighty, Infinite One, should always be written with capitals.
3. King of kings, Lord of lords, Son of man, Father of lights, Father of spirits,
God of hosts, Father of mercies, Prince of life, Prince of kings, and expressions of
a similar character, should only commence with a capital. This is the almost
invariable usage of the Scriptures. These expressions are not commonly used in
the Bible as titles, in the strict sense of the word. For example, King of kings really
means that the Deity is the supreme King of all human kings. For illustration see 1
Tim. vi. 15; Dan. vii. 13; Jas. i. 17; Heb. xii. 9; Psa. lxxx. 7; 2 Cor. i. 3; Acts iii. 15;
Mat. xii. 32. When these forms are used as titles, they may be capitalized like
titles.
4. The adjectives eternal, divine, heavenly, are not printed with capitals in the
Scriptures, when referring to the Deity; as, the eternal God, heavenly Father. See
Deut. xxxiii. 27; Heb. ix. 14; Mat. vi. 32; 2 Pet. i. 3. When, however, these
adjectives are used in an emphatic or special sense, they may commence with
capitals.
5. The pronouns referring to the Deity should not be capitalized, when they are
used with some name of the Supreme Being; as, “At that time Jesus answered
and said, I thank thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because thou hast hid
these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them to babes.”—Mat.
xi. 25. Any chapter of the New Testament will give similar illustrations.
When, however, a pronoun referring to the Deity stands alone, it should
commence with a capital; as,—
7. God, goddess, deity, applied to heathen divinities, should not commence with
a capital.
examples.
“When the celebrated Chesterfield was asked by a Parisian lady,
‘Why, my Lord, does England still retain Christianity?’ ‘Madame,’ he
replied, with that mixture of repartee and philosophy which met the
case he was dealing with, ‘Madame, because, as yet, we have been
able to find nothing better.’”
Fielding somewhere says, “A good face is a letter of
recommendation.”
remarks.
1. When a quotation is introduced by that, it should not commence with a capital;
as, Napoleon banished Madame de Stael because he said that “she carried a
quiver of arrows that could hit a man if he were seated on a rainbow.”
2. When only a part of a sentence is quoted, a small letter should be used; as,
“For what satisfaction hath a man, that he shall ‘lie down with kings and emperors
in death,’ who in his lifetime never greatly coveted the society of such
bedfellows?”—Lamb.
3. Sometimes a single word comprises the entire saying of another. When this is
so, it should commence with a capital; as, “He shouted, ‘Victory.’”
4. When examples are given as illustrations of some general principle, they
naturally follow the same rule as quotations. If an entire sentence is given as an
example, it should commence with a capital. When disconnected words are given,
small letters may be used, unless the words themselves require capitals.
example.
“Resolved, That the Declaration, passed on the fourth, be fairly
engrossed on parchment, with the title and style of ‘The Unanimous
Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America;’ and that the
same, when engrossed, be signed by every member of Congress.”
remark.
Resolved commences with a capital in resolutions, and a comma immediately
precedes That.
examples.
“As nowadays we build monuments to great men, so in the Middle
Ages they built shrines or chapels on the spots which saints had
made holy.”—Froude.
“The Reformation broke the theological shackles in which men’s
minds were fettered.”—Froude.
“That Popularity is alone valuable and enduring which follows you,
not that which you run after.”—Lord Mansfield.
remark.
Although it is the universal custom to capitalize a word when used in a special
sense to mark an important period or event in history, there is another class of
words to which writers assign a special importance, the capitalization of which
must necessarily be left to the judgment and taste of each writer. It should,
however, be remembered that an injudicious or too frequent use of capitals
lessens their value and force, and disfigures a written or printed page.
example.
“Father Time is not always a hard parent, and though he tarries for
none of his children, he often lays his hand lightly upon those who
have used him well; making them old men and women inexorably
enough, but leaving their hearts and spirits young and in full vigor.
With such people the gray head is but the impression of the old
fellow’s hand in giving them a blessing, and every wrinkle but a
notch in the quiet calendar of a well-spent life.”—Dickens.
remark.
Care should be taken not to carry this rule to an excess. Unless the
personification is vivid and emphatic, use small letters; as,—
examples.
“True faith, I tell thee,
Must ever be the dearest friend to man:
His nature prompts him to assert its rights.”—Schiller.
examples.
Irving’s “Life of Washington,” vol. III. p. 77.
Mommsen’s “History of Rome,” vol. IV. p. 18.
remarks.
1. Some commence volume and chapter with a capital, but this is not the usual
custom.
2. The volume, chapter, and page may be given, but the volume and page are
sufficient.
3. In referring to passages in the Bible, the chapter and verse are given; as
Luke, chap. ix. 15. It is the usual custom to omit the word chapter, the letters
representing the chapter; and the number, the verse; as, “It may be fit to remember
that Moses, Lev. xi. 9, Deut. xiv. 9, appointed fish to be the chief diet of the best
commonwealth that ever yet was.”—Izaak Walton.
example.
“The history of the normal development of the individual has its
counterpart in the history of humanity. There is, 1. The age of
popular and unconscious morality; 2. The transitional, skeptical, or
sophistical age; and 3. The philosophic or conscious age of morality.”
remarks.
1. When each division commences with a capital and is also numbered, they will
be more readily recognized and understood.
2. Some writers number the divisions, but do not commence them with capitals;
as, “The teaching of composition requires, (1) a cultivation of thought; and (2) a
cultivation of the faculty of expression.” It is better to commence each division with
a capital.
3. When a sentence is broken off to commence a new line, in order to give
special prominence to a statement, or to attract attention, a capital should be used;
as,—
I am, dear Mother,
Your dutiful son,
Sam. Johnson.