BASICS OF IEEE

REFERENCING
SYSTEM
Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Manual of Style

Prof. Maria Cecilia M. Jalbuena

College of Arts & Sciences
 THE FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
OF GOOD WRITING:

DOCUMENTATION

one walks the fine

borrowing line between the
information from proper
various sources is documentation /
not only an option – attribution of
it is a necessity sources and
plagiarism

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Plagiarism
presenting someone else's work or ideas
as your own, with or without their
consent, by incorporating it into your work
without full acknowledgement.

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PLAGIARISM INCLUDES
working with others
copying works or ideas using another’s
without permission and
from someone else production without
presenting the resulting
without giving crediting the source to
work as though it was
credit/acknowledgment commit literary theft
completed independently

presenting as new and

giving wrong information
original an idea or failing to put a quotation
about the source of a
product derived from an in quotation marks
quotation
existing source

submitting work already

submitted before in a turning in another’s work helping someone else to
previous semester or for as your own plagiarize
a different subject

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 Intellectual
Property Rights
the legal protection afforded to owners of
intellectual capital (their ideas) and
usually extends itself to include the use of
the ideas of others for the purpose of
profiting from it.
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“ Changing the words of an
original source is not
enough.
If you have changed the
words, but maintained the
basic idea AND have
failed to cite the original
source, you have still

”
plagiarized!

www.turnitin.com

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 Why is PLAGIARISM
an issue?
• Academically Dishonest
• Fraudulent – Cheating
• Stealing (Intellectual Ownership – copyright)
• Misrepresentation
• Deception

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 CONSEQUENCES

Cheating
(honesty Disgrace
policies)

Possible
Financial Distrust of
legal action
penalty research
(civil suits)

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 AVOIDING
PLAGIARISM
• Begin work with an outline to guide research.
• Consider that for copyrighted material permission MUST
be obtained.
• Remember that not all Internet information is free to use.
• Be sure that you are not ‘copying’ another’s in any way.
The work must be a reflection of your work and your
ideas. That way it’s YOUR article/thesis.
• Know how to include quotations and facts.
• Include your bibliography or reference list.
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 The most important point to remember when trying to
avoid plagiarism in any work is that

YOUR IDEAS MUST BE YOUR OWN.

It is fine to include the ideas of others if they are
thoroughly documented and given credit.
However, it is not acceptable to simply use their ideas
in a paraphrased way that restates ‘their’ ideas –
not yours.

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Referencing
standardized method of
acknowledging sources of
information and ideas that are used
in an assignment in a way that
uniquely identifies its source.
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PURPOSE OF REFERENCING

To accurately To use the To demonstrate To direct To acknowledge

identify source authority of a key broad interested the source of
material for key source to understanding readers to the others work
concepts and support your and familiarity original sources
ideas ideas with the field

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 Why do we
REFERENCE?
• To avoid plagiarism accusations
• To display a knowledge of current literature
• To contrast different approaches or results
from previous studies
• To demonstrate support for your ideas,
opinions and point of view
• To provide examples or evidence to support
own research
• To allow readers to follow-up and read cited
author’s argument

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WHEN DO WE REFERENCE?
Any material extracted directly from another source without alteration
must be referenced.

Quoted text or equations (direct quotations)

Facts, ideas and theories – not common knowledge

Figures, schematics, tables

Information rewritten in your own words (paraphrase)

Source code (software or simulations)

Hardware details

lecture
books journals Internet videos radio TV
notes

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Purpose of
IEEE Style
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) Style is used primarily
for publications in
• engineering,
• electronics,
• telecommunications,
• computer science and information
technology.

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MAIN FEATURES OF IEEE SYSTEM
Unlike traditional control formulations, in which rate targets

are constraints of the problem [1], the rate maximization

formulation that we consider in this paper provides a more

Information prominent in-text
challenging nonlinear, nonconvex optimization problem. In references where references are
numbered [1] in the order of
this paper, we focus on networks in which the channel
appearance in the article.
transfer functions are time-invariant and frequency flat;

otherwise, the problem is infinite dimensional and

computationally intractable [2].

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MAIN FEATURES OF IEEE SYSTEM
REFERENCES

[1] R. D. Yates, “A framework for uplink power

control in cellular radio systems,” IEEE J.
Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 13, no. 7, pp.
1341-1347, 1995.

[2] Z. Luo and S. Zhang, “Dynamic spectrum

management: Complexity and duality,” IEEE
J. Sel. Topics Signal Process., vol. 2, no. 1,
pp. 57-73, Feb. 2008.
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A reference list, displayed at the end
of the article which provides full details
of all references cited in-text. The
references are ordered as they appear
in the in-text references (in order of
citation, not in alphabetical order).
17
IN TEXT CITATION
IEEE REFERENCE
STYLE
The major difference between
IEEE and other styles is that
IEEE style encloses citation
numbers within the text of a
paper in square brackets
[1] rather than as superscripts1 or
in bracketed form (Jones 98)
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AUTHOR-NAME
SUBSTITUTION
IN TEXT CITATION
Reference numbers are used to
replace the names of authors,
where possible.
However, there is an exception.
If citing a theory, e.g., one should
definitely give the name of the
person to whom the theory is
ascribed. (e.g., Newton, Einstein)

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EXAMPLE
IN TEXT CITATION

One technical writer seems to think, even though IEEE is not

an easy style to learn, it is the most useful for prospective

engineers to embrace [1].

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CITATION
PLACEMENT
IN TEXT CITATION
• The note numbers must be
placed directly after the
reference as opposed to the
end of a sentence or clause,
unless it would normally fall
there.
• Final punctuation should be
placed outside of the square
brackets.

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IEEE REFERENCING SYSTEM
IN TEXT CITATION
• Author names need not be mentioned.
• If there are 3 or more authors, you may use et al.
• If they are to be mentioned:
• Up to six authors can be mentioned in the text
• Only the first author is preferable - followed by et al.
• E.g. “In [4], Jones, Watson and Harris defined …”
• E.g. “In [3], Clark et al. demonstrated that …”
• Do not include source titles, dates, etc. in the text.

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IEEE REFERENCING SYSTEM
IN TEXT CITATION

Citations should be in plain font

To cite more than 1 source:
• No text formatting such as
• [1], [2], [6] or [1, 2, 6]
• [6] – [15] or [6 – 15] • SuperscriptXXX

• SubscriptXXX

• Italics XXX
NOTE: Use the reference number right after its first
use; do not put it after every sentence in a paragraph
unless you introduce other material between the first
reference within the paragraph and its end.

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CITING A SOURCE WITHIN A SOURCE
(CITING A SECONDARY SOURCE)
IN TEXT CITATION
• In some referencing styles, such as author/date the writer would
acknowledge the original work in the in-text citation.

• For example:

Anderson and Gray's study of the auditory perception of pitch in the

voice (as cited in Mcardle, 1985) proved...

However, IEEE requires the writer to go to the original source and cite
the original source.

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MULTIPLE REFERENCES
IN TEXT CITATION

If there is a sequence of three or more citations in a reference, a single

range should be used with a hyphen to separate the numbers.

Example:

“Similar conclusions were reached by [3], [4], [5].”

might be: ...were reached by [3-5].”

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REFERENCE LIST
IEEE REFERENCE
STYLE
• List all sources at the end of the
work.
• List all sources used in your
assignment in numerical, not
alphabetical order.
• Apply single space within and
between entries.
• Justify entries in the reference list.
• Appendices: Each appendix
should have its own reference list.

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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
REFERENCE LIST
1. The numbering of references is employed by citing one reference per number.
[38] L. Brown, A Radar History of World War II: Technical and Military
Imperatives. London, U.K.: Institute of Physics, 1999.
2. Every (important) word in the title of a book, journal or conference must be
capitalized.
[39] S. Swords, Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar. Stevenage,
U.K.: Peregrinus, 1986.
3. Capitalize only the first word of the title of an article, paper, thesis or book
chapter.
[1] J. F. Fuller, E. F. Fuchs, and K. K. Roesler, “Influence of harmonics on
power distribution system protection,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 3, pp.
549-557, Apr. 1988.
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IEEE REFERENCING
SYSTEM
REFERENCE LIST
• References (including equations) are
numbered according to the order that
they are cited in the text. Punctuation
occurs after the notation.
• Sources have the same number
throughout the document.
• In numerical order – i.e., the order of
citation is NOT alphabetical. The
author name is first name (or initial)
and last. This differs from other
styles where author's last name is
first.
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IEEE REFERENCING
SYSTEM
REFERENCE LIST
• First word and significant words in
article titles, papers, theses must
be capitalized.
• The title of an article (or chapter,
conference paper, patent, etc.) is in
quotation marks.
• The title of the book or journal is in
italics.
• To indicate a page range, use pp.
but only p. for one page;

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IEEE REFERENCING
SYSTEM
REFERENCE LIST
• Name all authors and use only
initials for first names; use the
entire word “and” before the last
name of multiple authors.
• Apply single space both within and
between entries.

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GUIDELINES
REFERENCING BOOKS
[Citation Numbers] Author's Name[s], Title of book [edition,
editors, translators]. Location: Publisher, Date.
• IEEE style encloses citation numbers within the text of a paper in square brackets
[1] rather than as superscripts1. Each citation number in the reference list is also
enclosed in square brackets.
• Date:
• Enter ONLY the year - 1997.
• For no date – “n.d.”
• If the source gives several dates, use the most recent one.
• Book Title: Enter the full title, as given on the copyright page
• Capitalize all words in the title, except for of, and, for, in, etc.
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SINGLE AUTHOR
REFERENCING BOOKS
• First initial and last name

[3] D. Jones, Technical Writing Style, Toronto: Allyn and

Bacon, 1998.

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MULTIPLE AUTHORS
REFERENCING BOOKS
• For each author, use initials
followed by surname.
• List the authors in the order
given in the source.

[7] D. Beer, R. F. Martin, and P. Fingle, Photosensory

Transduction, New York: Wiley, 1993.
*Note:
Commas go between each name, and also that "and" comes before the last name in the list.
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GUIDELINES
REFERENCING JOURNALS
[Citation Numbers] Author's Name[s], “Title of Article,” Title of
Journal, volume number, issue number, pages, month (abbrv.)
publication year.
E-Journals
[Citation Numbers] Author's Name[s], “Title of Article,” Title of
Journal, volume number, issue number, pages, month (abbrv.)
publication year. [Format]. Available: Database Name (if
appropriate), internet address. [Accessed: date of access].
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JOURNALS
REFERENCING JOURNALS
• Only include information pertinent
to your source. For example, many
professional and academic
journals do not have an issue
month. In that case, or when it
seem unnecessary, do not include
it in your citation.

[1] K. A. Nelson, R. J. Dwayne Miller, D. R. Lutz, and M. D.

Fayer, “Optical generation of turntable ultrasonic waves,”
Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 1144-1149,
Feb. 2019.
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E-JOURNALS
REFERENCING JOURNALS
[Citation Numbers] Author's Name[s],
"Title of Article," Title of Journal,
volume number, issue number,
pages, month (abbrv.) publication
year. [Format]. Available: Database
Name (if appropriate), internet
address. [Accessed: date of access].

[3] J. U. Duncombe, “Infrared navigation Part I: An assessment

of feasibility,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-11, pp.
34-39, Jan. 1959.
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GUIDELINES
REFERENCING E-SOURCES
• Give the author, title, type of medium
(enclosed in brackets), volume and
issue number (if online journal), page
number (if relevant or given), and the
year and the month of publication (in
parentheses).
• Then give the full internet address or
the name of the online service
provider prefaced by “Available at”. If
not an online journal, also put [cited
year month day] before “Available at”.

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EXAMPLES
REFERENCING E-SOURCES
[10] A. Harnack and G. Kleppinger, “Beyond the MLA
Handbook: Documenting Electronic Sources on the
Internet.” Kairos, [Online serial] 1 (2), (1996 Sum),
Available at HTTP: http://English.ttu.edu.Kairos/1.2/

[11] P. Curtis, “Mudding: Social Phenomena in text based

virtual realities,” [Online document] Aug. 1992, [1996 Aug.
30], Available at FTP:
parcftp.xerox.com/pub/MOO/papers/DIAC921992

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GUIDELINES
REFERENCING PATENTS
[Citation Numbers] Author's Name[s], “Document Title”, Patent
Office Patent Number, Abbreviated month day, year.

[16] G. Brandli and M. Dick, “Alternating current fed power

supply,” U.S. Patent 4 084 217, Nov. 4, 1978.

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GUIDELINES
REFERENCING BOOK CHAPTER
[Citation Numbers] Author's Name[s] Author of Part, “Title of
chapter or part,” in Title: Subtitle of book, Edition, Volume, A.
Editor, Ed. Place of publication: Publisher, Year, pp. inclusive
page numbers.

[16] A. Rezi and M. Allam, “Techniques in array processing by

means of transformations,” in Control and Dynamic
Systems, vol. 69, Multidimensional Systems, C. T.
Leondes, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-
180.
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GUIDELINES
REFERENCING BOOK CHAPTER
[Citation Numbers] Author's Name[s] Author of Part, “Title of
chapter or part,” in Title: Subtitle of book, Edition, Volume, A.
Editor, Ed. Place of publication: Publisher, Year, pp. inclusive
page numbers.

[16] A. Rezi and M. Allam, “Techniques in array processing by

means of transformations,” in Control and Dynamic
Systems, vol. 69, Multidimensional Systems, C. T.
Leondes, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-
180.
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GUIDELINES
REFERENCING ONLINE VIDEO

[34] YouTube. “Tutorial on Setting up LaTeX.”

Youtube.com. [Online]. Available at
http://www.youtubecom/ watch?v=jt8_7lRaETw
[Accessed: 20 March 2012].

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GUIDELINES
REFERENCING PERSONAL
COMMUNICATIONS
• Personal communications encompass conversations, letters, interviews, e-mails and
telephone conversations.
• IEEE style states that you cite only published works, forthcoming published works, and
unpublished materials available to scholars in a library, a depository, or an archive.
• For interviews or other “non-recoverable” information, no citation number is necessary.
This does not mean that an attempt to identify the author is unnecessary, but that it
needs to be done in the text itself.
Examples:
"In a personal interview with Bill Gates, he suggested that he would soon rule the world.”
"In a letter to the author, Professor Mueller detailed his experiences with using this data
collection software."
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KNOWLEDGE
CHECK
Are you ready?

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TRUE OR FALSE
In the in-text references, references are numbered [1] in the order of appearance in the
article.

In in-text referencing, we must mention Author’s first and surname.

In in-text referencing, we need to mention the date of publication for the article.

In the reference list, we use pp. to indicate a range of pages, not just a specific page.

In both in-text referencing & the reference list, the title of an article (or chapter, conference
paper, patent, etc.) is in quotation marks.

In both in-text referencing & the reference list, the title of the book or journal is underlined.

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REFERENCES
BASICS OF IEEE REFERENCING SYSTEM
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/
http://www.wooster.edu/psychology/apa-crib.html
http://www.m-w.com/
http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/find/citation/ieee.html
http://standards.ieee.org/guides/style/
http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/cite/ieee/
http://www.ecf.toronto.edu/~writing/handbook-docum1b
IEEE, “IEEE editorial style manual for authors,” IEEE Periodicals, pp.1-23, 2019.

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BASICS OF IEEE
REFERENCING
SYSTEM
THANK YOU