ANTENNA Design Lab Manual For Print

Name: ___________________
Roll No: ___________________

Semester: ___________________
A Laboratory Manual
for
Antenna Design
B.Tech in Electronics and
Communication Engineering
(Specialization: Rail Engineering)
School of Engineering & Applied

Sciences
GATI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Ms.___________________________,

Roll No.____________ of B.Tech. 4th / 6th Semester Electronics
and Communication Engineering (Specialization: Rail
Engineering) has satisfactorily completed the experimental work
in the Antenna Design laboratory during the academic year
2023 - 2024.
Date: / / 2024
Average marks: _______

Faculty sign: ___________
Faculty name: Dr. Krishna Dayal Shukla
Instructions/safety guidelines for students working in lab
1. Every student should come with right fitting dress & wear shoes.
2. Every student should avoid wearing metal ornaments like ring,
bracelets, chains etc.
3. Every student should take utmost care not to touch any live points,
while they work in the laboratory.
4. If water or a chemical is spilled onto equipment, shut off power at the
main switch or circuit breaker and unplug the equipment.
5. When handle equipment that is plugged in, be sure hands are dry.
6. Be as neat a possible. Keep the work area and workbench clear of
items not used in the experiment.
7. Make the connections as per the diagram approved.
8. When making measurements, form the habit of using only one hand
at a time. No part of a live circuit should be touched by the bare hand.
9. Do not make circuit changes or perform any wiring when power is
on.
10. If there is any difficulty experienced in the conduct of the experiment
immediately call the Teaching faculty or Lab Technician.
11. After supply is switched off, disconnect and return the apparatus.
12. Do not pull wires out until you are absolutely sure that the circuit is
completely dead.
13. Complete experiment should be recorded in the laboratory record
notebook and shown to the Teaching faculty.
14. Verify Lab manual to the Teaching faculty in the next class.
15. Report any damages to equipment, hazards, and potential hazards to
the laboratory instructor.
16. If there is any damage to any material during transit or conduct of the
experiment, all the students in that particular group/batch are
responsible.
Name of Student: Roll No:
Sign with Date:

Course Objective:
The course should enable the students to:
• Be Proficient in the radiation phenomena associated with various types of
antennas and understand basic terminology and concepts of antennas along
with emphasis on their applications.
• Explain radiation mechanism of different types of antennas and their usage
in real time field.
• Students will be able to understand the working principle of different
antennas.
Course Description:
 An Antenna is a transducer, which converts electrical power into

electromagnetic waves and vice versa. It can be used either as a
transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna.
 A transmitting antenna is one, which converts electrical signals into
electromagnetic waves and radiates them. A receiving antenna is one,
which converts electromagnetic waves from the received beam into
electrical signals.
 In two-way communication, the same antenna can be used for both
transmission and reception. Antenna has the capability of sending or
receiving the electromagnetic waves for the sake of communication,
where you cannot expect to lay down a wiring system
INDEX
SR PAGE
DATE NAME OF EXPERIMENTS MARKS SIGN
NO NO.
To Study About Antenna Trainer
1
and performing functional checks.
To Study About Simple Dipole (λ/2)
2 Antenna.
To Study About Simple Dipole (λ/4)
3 Antenna.
To Study About Folded Dipole (λ/2)
4 Antenna.
To Study about Yagi -UDA 3
5 element folded dipole Antenna.
To Study about Slot Antenna.
6
To Study About Log Periodic

7 Antenna.
To Study About Loop Antenna.
8
To Study About Helix Antenna.

9
To Study about λ/2 Phase Array

10 (End fire antenna).
Demonstration of motorized antenna
11 trainer kit and plotting the radiation
pattern of yagi-uda 5 element simple
dipole antenna using software.
Total
Avg.
Antenna Design
Experiment 1
Aim:
To study about antenna trainer and performing functional checks
Apparatus: (Scientech 2262)

1. Main unit
2. Transmitting mast
3. Receiving mast
4. RF detector
5. Accessories case containing antennas
Theory:
Antenna is a transducer that converts radio frequency (RF) fields into alternating current
or vice versa. There are both receiving and transmission antennas for sending or
receiving radio transmissions.
Symbols of Antennas
General Dipole Loop
Figure: 1.1 Antennas Symbols
Radiation pattern:
An antenna radiation pattern (or antenna pattern) is defined as a mathematical function
or a graphical representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of
space coordinates.
 Defined for the far-field.
 Expressed as a function of directional coordinates.
 There can be field patterns (magnitude of the electric or magnetic field) or power
patterns (square of the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field).
 Often normalized with respect to their maximum value.
 The power pattern is usually expressed in decibels (dB).
GATI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA 1 of 61

Antenna Design
Types of radiation patterns: 3 Types.

1. Isotropic: An isotropic antenna pattern radiates power equally in all directions and
is only a theoretical antenna pattern used to compare and measure actual antenna
patterns.
Figure: 1.2 Isotropic antenna pattern radiates

2. Omnidirectional: An omnidirectional antenna pattern is roughly constant in the
azimuthal plane but varies in power in the elevation plane, such as a dipole or small
loop antenna.
Figure: 1.3 omnidirectional antenna pattern radiates

3. Directional: A Directional antennas pattern is in one direction only, usually in a
tightly focused, very narrow beam. It looks the same from the top as from the sides.
This shape is referred to as a lobe. Directional antennas usually have small side lobes,
which are typically ignored. Common directional antenna designs include panel
antennas, parabolic or “dish” antennas, sector antennas, grid antennas, and the Yagi
antenna. All of these have different applications that are highly dependent on the
particular setup.

Antenna Design
Figure: 1.4 Directional antenna pattern radiates

Main Unit
The main unit is designed for table top use with screen print on front panel having the
controls for RF Level, the main unit consists of:
 RF Generator
 Modulation Generator
 Directional Coupler display
 Built in frequency display
RF Generator delivers a test signal to feed the antennas under test. It generates a
frequency range of 550 – 850 MHz approximately It allows the user to test an antenna
within a wide band of frequencies hence to study its bandwidth.
Modulation Generator provides a sine wave out of 300mV, 1 KHz approximately for
Modulation to RF generator internally when the switch is kept in ‘INT’ position.
Directional Coupler allows separate metering of power flowing in the forward
direction (generator to antenna) and the reverse direction (antenna to generator). This is
used during the experiments an aid to match the generator to the load and as a means to
measure the Standing Wave Ratio in the transmission line to the antennas.
Figure: 1.5 Main Unit

Antenna Design
RF Detector
This is used to detect and measure the radiation pattern of the antennas under study.
Figure: 1.6 RF Detector
The features of the detector are following:

1. Completely passive instruments.
2. Adapter (+7.5 - 9 - 9V) is given for DPM (Digital panel meter).
3. The table top RF Detector can be directly connected to receiving mast by using a
BNC-to-BNC cable of 25” long.
4. Detector antenna consists of a folded dipole antenna as receiving element and a
reflector to reduce possible disturbance to the measurement due to reflection of waves
from objects and laboratory walls behind the detector.
5. Display readings can be adjusted by varying ‘Level’ knob.
6. Signal Demodulator: - Received RF modulated signal is demodulated by a diode
detector and the demodulated signal is available at red and black sockets of the Detector
to connect external measuring instruments (Oscilloscope).
Transmitting Mast
The transmitting mast consists of base and stand. The stand is attached to the base, and
the transmitting antenna is connected on the top of the stand. RF OUT of the main unit
is connected to the female BNC socket of the stand by using a BNC-to-BNC cable of
25” long. The mast has a Goniometer on the base. Goniometer is a circular scale
graduated in 360 degrees. The stand of the mast has a reference index mark matching
the Goniometer scale.
Antenna Design
Figure: 1.7 Transmitting Mast
Receiving Mast
This consists of base and stand. The stand is attached to the base and the Detector
antenna is connected to the top of the stand. The RF Detector is connected to the other
female BNC socket of the stand using a BNC-to-BNC cable of 25” long. In order to
detect vertically polarized waves, Detector antenna can be mounted vertically by using
‘L’ shaped BNC (male to female) at the top of the receiving mast.
Figure: 1.8 Receiving Mast

Antenna Design
Procedure:
1. Main unit:
 Place the main unit on the table and connect power cord.
 Adjust the RF Generator Level Pot, Frequency Pot and FS Adjust Pot of the main
unit to middle position.
 Select the FWD/REV Switch to FWD position.
 Select the INT/EXT Switch to INT position.
2. Install Transmitting mast, place it beside the main unit and connect it to the main
unit’s ‘RF OUT’ using a BNC-to-BNC cable of 25” long.
3. Install Receiving mast and keep it at some distance from the Transmitter mast.
4. Place RF detector Unit beside the Receiving mast and connect it to the Receiving
mast using a BNC-to-BNC cable of 25” long.
5. Rotate the base of Transmitting mast such that the ‘0’degree position of
Goniometer should be directed towards the RF Detector and also align the marker of the
mast with ‘0’ degree position.
6. Install Detector Antenna on the Receiving mast. Keep its direction towards the
Transmitting mast by rotating it in counter clockwise direction.
7. Install folded Dipole Antenna on the Transmitting mast. Keep its direction
towards the Receiving mast by rotating it in counter clockwise direction.
8. Switch ‘On’ the main unit and check the Display of Directional Coupler as well
as the Display of Frequency. It will show some reading according to its level knob at
starting.
9. Connect an Adapter to the RF Detector unit, switch it ON and keep the Level
knob at middle position. It will show some reading according to its level knob at
starting. (In case of over loading, reduce it by level Pot of RF detector)
10. Now vary the Frequency pot to tune the antenna for getting optimum radiations
at RF Detector.
11. Now vary the FS Adjust pot of Directional Coupler to make the display reading
50 Micro Amp and then adjust the Level of RF detector to show the ¾ reading of the
main unit’s display.
12. Rotate the transmitting Antenna between 0-360 degrees and observe the display
at RF Detector. The variation in reading indicates that the transmitter and receiver are
working and radiation pattern is formed.

Antenna Design
Figure: 1.9 Antenna Set up
Plotting the Polar Graph:

 Now to plot the Polar Graph for the Transmitting Antenna, start taking the
readings at the interval of 10 or 15 degrees and note the reading of RF Detector’s
display.
 Convert the noted Micro Amp readings into dB and plot the polar graph for
degrees of rotation of antenna against readings in dB.

Antenna Design
Figure: 1.10 Polar Graph
Conclusions/Learnings:__________________________________________________
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Antenna Design
Experiment 2
Aim:
To study about simple dipole (λ/2) antenna
Apparatus:
1. Main unit
3. Receiving mast
4. RF detector
Theory:
A simple Dipole is the simplest form of antenna having 2 poles each of length (λ /2).
The nominal impedance of this antenna is 73W. The actual value departs from this due
to construction constraints, such as non-zero diameter rods, presence of BNC connector
body and the antenna mast. The effect of all this is partially corrected by a "Y match"
arrangement connection.
The radiation pattern of simple Dipole (λ /2) is uniform in forward & reverse direction.
The polarisation is horizontal.
Figure: 2.1 Simple Dipole (λ /2) Arrangement
Applications:
 The dipole antenna is used in two-way communication.
 A half-wave type antenna can be used in TV & radio receivers.

Antenna Design
Procedure:
1. Adjust the RF Generator Level Pot, Frequency Pot and FS Adjust Pot of the main
2. Select the FWD/REV Switch to FWD position (Pop) in the main unit.
3. Select the INT/EXT Switch to INT position (Push) in the main unit.
4. Install Transmitting mast and connect it (from bottom) to the main unit’s ‘RF OUT’
using a BNC-to-BNC cable.
5. Mount simple dipole (λ/2) on the top of the transmitting mast
6. Install Receiving mast and keep it at some distance (according to the antenna) from
the Transmitter mast.
7. Connect RF detector Unit (from top) to the Receiving mast using a BNC-to-BNC
cable.
8. Mount Detector Antenna on the Receiving mast.
9. Align Transmitting & Receiving Antenna.
10.Switch ‘On’ the main unit.

11.Connect power Adapter to the RF Detector unit, switch it ON.
12.Adjust the Distance between two mast,

13.RF Level Pot of the main unit and level pot of the RF detector to middle position.
14.FS Adjust Pot to maximum position. Frequency Pot
15.Keep the Level knob at middle position. (In case of over loading, reduce it by level
Pot of RF detector)
16. Set the Frequency (by using frequency pot in main unit) at which maximum
radiations occur (in RF Detector).
17.Rotate the goniometer (transmitting Antenna) from 0 to 360° (with the interval of 5
or 10°) and note the Radiation (μA) in the RF Detector.

Antenna Design
Observations:
Sr. Degree Radiation Radiation Sr. Degree Radiation Radiation

No (°) (μA) (in dB = No (μA) (in dB =
𝟐𝟎𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝁𝑨) 𝟐𝟎𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝁𝑨)
1 0/360 13 180
2 15 14 195
3 30 15 210
4 45 16 225
5 60 17 240
6 75 18 255
7 90 19 270
8 105 20 285
9 120 21 300
10 135 22 315
11 150 23 330
12 165 24 345
FBR (Front to back ration): ______

HPBW (Half Power Beam Width): ______
FNBW (First null beam width): ______

Antenna Design
Graph:
Figure: 2.2 Simple Dipole (λ /2) Polar Graph
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Antenna Design
Experiment 3
Aim:
To study about simple dipole (λ/4) antenna
Apparatus:
1. Main unit
3. Receiving mast
4. RF detector
Theory:
A simple Dipole is the simplest form of antenna having 2 poles each of length (λ /4).
The nominal impedance of this antenna is 73W. The actual value departs from this due
to construction constraints, such as non-zero diameter rods, presence of BNC connector
body and the antenna mast. The effect of all this is partially corrected by a "Y match"
arrangement connection.
The radiation pattern of simple Dipole (λ /4) is uniform in forward & reverse direction.
The polarisation is horizontal.
(λ /4)
Figure: 3.1 Simple Dipole (λ/4) Arrangement
Application:
A dipole antenna is used in radio astronomy, satellite communications & several types
of radio communication links.

Antenna Design
Procedure:
5. Mount simple dipole (λ/4) on the top of the transmitting mast
cable.


Pot of RF detector)
16.Set the Frequency (by using frequency pot in main unit) at which maximum

Antenna Design
Observations:

1 0/360 13 180
2 15 14 195
3 30 15 210
4 45 16 225
5 60 17 240
6 75 18 255
7 90 19 270
8 105 20 285
9 120 21 300
10 135 22 315
11 150 23 330
12 165 24 345


Antenna Design
Graph:
Figure:3.2 Simple Dipole (λ /4) Polar Graph
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Antenna Design
Experiment 4
Aim:
To study about folded dipole (λ/2) antenna
Apparatus:
1. Main unit
3. Receiving mast
4. RF Detector
5. Accessories Case containing antennas
Theory:
Compared to a simple dipole this antenna has a substantially higher radiation resistance
(nominally, approximately 300W) for the presence of the folded arm. The actual
impedance is derived from rod diameter and distance from centre shape of the end
bends, the presence of the BNC connector & balun etc. The polarisation is horizontal.
Figure: 4.1 Folded Dipole (λ /2) Arrangement
Applications:
 Mainly used as a feeder element in Yagi antenna, Parabolic antenna, turnstile
antenna, log periodic antenna, phased and reflector arrays, etc.
 Generally used in radio receivers.

Antenna Design
Procedure:
5. Mount folded dipole (λ/2) on the top of the transmitting mast
cable.


Pot of RF detector)

Antenna Design
Observations:

1 0/360 13 180
2 15 14 195
3 30 15 210
4 45 16 225
5 60 17 240
6 75 18 255
7 90 19 270
8 105 20 285
9 120 21 300
10 135 22 315
11 150 23 330
12 165 24 345


Antenna Design
Graph:
Figure: 4.2 Folded Dipole (λ /2) Polar Graph
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Antenna Design
Experiment 5
Aim:
To study about yagi -uda 3 element folded dipole antenna
Apparatus:
1. Main unit
3. Receiving mast
4. RF detector
Theory:
3-Element yagi-uda beam antenna basic design is a "resonant" fed dipole with one or
more parasitic elements. These parasitic elements are called the "reflector" and the
"director". A dipole will be "resonant" when its electrical length is λ/2 of the
wavelength of the frequency applied to its feed point.
The yagi-uda array can be summarised by its performance considering in three parts
Reflector Feeder or dipole director The length and spacing of the reflector do affect the
forward gain but have large effects on the backward gain (F/B ratio) and input
impedance (Zin). Thus, they can be used to control or optimize antenna parameters. The
driven element is typically a λ/2 dipole or folded dipole and is the only member of the
structure that is directly excited -electrically connected to the feedline.
All the other elements are considered parasitic. The feeder length and radius have small
effects on the forward gain but a large effect on the backward gain and input
impedance. Its geometry is usually chosen to control the input impedance that most
commonly is made real (resonant element).
Figure: 5.1 Yagi -UDA 3 element folded dipole Antenna

Antenna Design
Applications:
 Mostly used for TV reception.
 Used where a single-frequency application is needed.
Procedure:
5. Mount yagi -uda 3 element folded dipole on the top of the transmitting mast
cable.


Pot of RF detector)

Antenna Design
Observations:

1 0/360 13 180
2 15 14 195
3 30 15 210
4 45 16 225
5 60 17 240
6 75 18 255
7 90 19 270
8 105 20 285
9 120 21 300
10 135 22 315
11 150 23 330
12 165 24 345


Antenna Design
Graph:
Figure: 5.2 Yagi -UDA 3 element folded dipole Antenna Polar Graph
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Antenna Design
Experiment 6
Aim:
To study about slot antenna
Apparatus:
1. Main unit
3. Receiving mast
4. RF detector
Theory:
This antenna is constructed in the form of a l/2 long slot in a metal sheet and is fed at
the middle of the slot on opposed sides. The behaviour of antenna is similar to dipole
and the polarisation is vertical. The detector to be rotated 90° on its axis (receiving
antenna vertically).
Figure: 6.1 Slot Antenna
Applications:
 Arrays of slot antenna find applications in aircraft.
 Also used in mobile radar systems.

Antenna Design
Procedure:
5. Mount λ/2 phase array (end fire antenna) on the top of the transmitting mast
cable.


Pot of RF detector)

Antenna Design
Observations:

1 0/360 13 180
2 15 14 195
3 30 15 210
4 45 16 225
5 60 17 240
6 75 18 255
7 90 19 270
8 105 20 285
9 120 21 300
10 135 22 315
11 150 23 330
12 165 24 345


Antenna Design
Graph:
Figure: 6.2 Slot Antenna Polar Graph
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Antenna Design
Experiment 7
Aim:
To study about log periodic antenna.
Apparatus:
1. Main unit
3. Receiving mast
4. RF detector
Theory:
The main feature of this antenna is frequency independence for both radiation and
resistance patterns. The radiation pattern may be unidirectional or bidirectional.
Bandwidth of 10:1 is easily achievable. The array consists of number of dipoles of
different lengths and spacing, and fed from a two-wire line which is transposed between
each adjacent pair of dipoles. The array is fed from narrow end and maximum radiation
is in this direction.
Figure: 7.1 Log Periodic Antenna
If a graph is drawn of antenna input impedance v/s frequency, a repetitive variation will
be noticed. If plotted against log of freq. instead of frequency, variation is periodic
consisting of identical cycles. All other properties of antenna undergo similar variation
especially radiation pattern. It is this behaviour of antenna, which has given, log
periodic name. This is a horizontally polarised antenna.

Antenna Design
Applications:
 It is used majorly for high-frequency communication purposes.
 Also used for TV signal reception and for signal monitoring applications.
Procedure:
5. Mount log periodic antenna on the top of the transmitting mast
cable.


Pot of RF detector)

Antenna Design
Observations:

1 0/360 13 180
2 15 14 195
3 30 15 210
4 45 16 225
5 60 17 240
6 75 18 255
7 90 19 270
8 105 20 285
9 120 21 300
10 135 22 315
11 150 23 330
12 165 24 345


Antenna Design
Graph:
Figure: 7.2 Log periodic Polar Graph
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Antenna Design
Experiment 8
Aim:
To study about loop antenna
Apparatus:
1. Main unit
3. Receiving mast
4. RF detector
Theory:
This antenna consists of single or multiple loop arrangements. The total loop perimeter
is generally λ/2 wavelength long or multiple. In the basic configuration this antenna has
very low impedance so that it is used only for reception for the reasons of matching
efficiency.
Figure: 8.1 Loop Antenna
In order to raise the impedance our loop antenna model uses a radiating element a two-
conductor strip line loop shaped. The current in the opposite side of the arms of the loop
adds up and subtract the effects to the radiated wave, so that the radiation diagrams
appear to have a rather odd and unexpected pattern.

Antenna Design
Applications:
 Aircraft direction finders.
 In radio receivers for receiving high-frequency waves.
 In RFID devices, to detect the position of the transmitter.
Procedure:
5. Mount loop antenna on the top of the transmitting mast
cable.


Pot of RF detector)

Antenna Design
Observations:

1 0/360 13 180
2 15 14 195
3 30 15 210
4 45 16 225
5 60 17 240
6 75 18 255
7 90 19 270
8 105 20 285
9 120 21 300
10 135 22 315
11 150 23 330
12 165 24 345


Antenna Design
Graph:
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Antenna Design
Experiment 9
Aim:
To study about helix antenna
Apparatus:
1. Main unit
3. Receiving mast
4. RF Detector
5. Accessories Case containing antennas
Theory:
Figure: 9.1 Helix Antenna
A helix antenna is complex broadband VHF & UHF antenna used to provide circular
polarisation characteristics. Normally, this antenna consists of loosely wound helix
backed up by a ground plane which is, a screen made of chicken wire (PCB in our case).
There are two modes of radiation
1. In the direction at right angles to the axis of the helix.
2. Axial

Antenna Design
Applications:
 A single helical antenna or its array is used to transmit and receive VHF signals.
 Frequently used for satellite and space probe communications.
 Used to establish communications between the moon and the Earth.
Procedure:
5. Mount helix antenna on the top of the transmitting mast
cable.


Pot of RF detector)

Antenna Design
Observations:

1 0/360 13 180
2 15 14 195
3 30 15 210
4 45 16 225
5 60 17 240
6 75 18 255
7 90 19 270
8 105 20 285
9 120 21 300
10 135 22 315
11 150 23 330
12 165 24 345


Antenna Design
Graph:
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Antenna Design
Experiment 10
Aim:
To study about λ/2 phase array (end fire antenna)
Apparatus:
1. Main unit
3. Receiving mast
4. RF detector
Theory:
The two-element antenna has the appearance of two half wave dipoles connected in the
parallel. The spacing of the dipoles is one half of the wavelengths. This antenna is also
called end fire antenna. The signal leaving dipole D1 will reach dipole D2 after ½
period since distance between D1 and D2 is equal to λ/2. The signal going through the
feed line to D1 will also reach D2 after ½ period so that the two-wave contribution of
D1 & D2 will add up in the forward direction. With the similar reasoning we can show
that contribution of D1 & D2 in the reverse direction also adds up.
Figure: 10.1 λ/2 Phase Array Antenna
Applications:
 Used in synthetic imaging radars and automotive radars used for traffic control
and collision avoidance.
 Also used in RF-power harvesting systems.

Antenna Design
Procedure:
5. Mount λ/2 phase array (end fire antenna) on the top of the transmitting mast
cable.


Pot of RF detector)

Antenna Design
Observations:

1 0/360 13 180
2 15 14 195
3 30 15 210
4 45 16 225
5 60 17 240
6 75 18 255
7 90 19 270
8 105 20 285
9 120 21 300
10 135 22 315
11 150 23 330
12 165 24 345


Antenna Design
Graph:
Figure: 10.2 λ/2 Phase Array Antenna Polar Graph
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Antenna Design
Experiment 11
Aim:
Demonstration of motorized antenna trainer kit and plotting the radiation pattern of
yagi-uda 5 element simple dipole antenna using software.
Apparatus: (Scientech 2261A)

1. Main unit
2. Transmitting mast (Motorized)
3. Receiving mast
4. RF detector
Connection diagram:
Figure: 11.1 Motorized Antenna Unit
Figure: 11.2 Motorized Antenna Unit Set up

Antenna Design
Procedure:
 Place the main unit on the table and connect power cord.
 RF Generator: Adjust Level Potentiometer to Maximum position.
 Modulation Generator: Select switch to ‘INT’ position and adjust Level
Potentiometer to maximum position.
 Directional Coupler: Select the switch to ‘FWD’ position and adjust FS
 ADJ Potentiometer to middle position.
 Place Motorized unit beside the main unit and connect the power card.
1. Place Motorized unit beside the main unit and connect the power card.
2. Connect Motorized unit's RF In to the main unit’s ‘RF OUT’ using a BNC to
BNCcable of 25” long.
3. Install Receiving mast and keep it at some distance (around 1 meter) from the
Motorized unit.
4. Place RF detector unit beside the Receiving mast and connect it to the Receiving
mast using a BNC-to-BNC cable of 25” long (see figure).
5. Connect an Adapter +9V to the RF Detector unit, switch it on and keep the Level
knob at middle position.
6. Keep the base of Rotating Platform of motorized unit such that ‘Stopper’ should
face the ‘Lever switch’.
7. Install round shaped Transmitting mast on rotating platform such that the marker
of the mast should align with ‘0’ degree position of Goniometer and should be directed
towards the RF Detector.
8. Install Detector Antenna on the Receiving mast. Keep its direction towards the
Transmitting mast by rotating it in counter clockwise direction.
9. Install Folded Dipole 5 Element Antenna on the Transmitting mast. Keep its
direction towards the Receiving detector antenna by rotating, it in counter clockwise
direction.
10. Connect 5 Pin Din Cable from RF Detector to the motorized unit.
11. Connect D type 9 pin RS232 cable from Motorized unit to the ‘COM’ port of
PC.
12. Switch ON the main unit and motorized unit and check the Display in DPM of
Directional Coupler. It will show some reading according to its level knob at
starting.
13. RF detector will also show some reading according to its level knob at starting.
(In case of over loading, reduce it by level Potentiometer of RF detector)

Antenna Design
Important Adjustments:
 Adjustment for ‘Antenna match’:
Sometimes adjustment for antenna match is required to tune the antenna for maximum
forward power to transmit and receive optimum/ maximum radiations for different
Antennas. This is done by tuning the trimmer with the help of aligner. The trimmer is
given on the top surface of the main unit.
 Adjustment of distance:
For low gain antennas, the distance between Transmitting mast and Receiving mast may
be decreased to get the sufficient signal level/readings at RF Detector.
 FS adjustment of Directional coupler reading:
In case of low reading (for Low gain antennas), set the reading of DPM of Directional
Coupler to 50 Micro Amp for these antennas and then adjust the Level of RF detector to
show the ¾ reading of the main unit’s display.
14. Now vary the FS Adjust Potentiometer of Directional Coupler to make the
display
reading 100 micro-Amp and then adjust the Level of RF detector to show the ¾
reading of the main unit’s display.
15. Observe the demodulated signal at the output socket of RF detector on
oscilloscope. Vary the level of Modulation generator at transmitting unit and observe
the variations in the demodulate signal.
16. Observe the amplified received signal at the socket 'Input from detector' of
motorized unit.
17. Set the ‘Level’ of the modulating signal at ‘Main unit’ to get unclipped output of
demodulated sine wave.
18. Now set the Gain adjust pot such that the DC voltage reading at the socket 'For
Calibration' should show approximately 800mV (less then 1V dc), So that the radiation
pattern cannot be saturated for highest gain in the main lobe.
Plotting the polar graph/ radiation pattern of an antenna using software

1. Ensure the following settings;
 Stopper is set to face the ‘Lever’ switch.
 Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position.
 Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal
plane.
 Transmitter is tuned for maximum forward power to transmit and receive
optimum/ maximum radiations for the antenna under test.
 The ‘Level’ of the modulating signal at ‘Main unit’ is set to get unclipped output
of demodulated sine wave at the socket 'Input from detector' of motorized unit.

Antenna Design
 DPM for FS adjust at transmitting unit is set for 100uA reading and DPM at RF
detector unit is set for 70uA.
 Gain adjust pot is set for approximately 800mV (less then 1V dc) DC voltage
reading at the socket 'For Calibration' so that the radiation pattern cannot be saturated
for highest gain in the main lobe.
 Software Scientech 2261A is installed for plotting the polar graph/ radiation
pattern the transmitting antenna as per the procedure given previously.
Using the Software:

2. Open the software window form Start/Program/Scientech 2261A or
shortcut icon forms the desktop.
3. The Window of the software will appear as shown in figure.
4. Click in the check box to enable ‘Mem I’ (see figure below).
5. Click the 'Configure and Reset' button. It will check the connectivity with
hardware.
6. If the connections are proper the 'Platform' will rotate back and reach its home
position. A message will appear on the Window that the “Home Position is
reached”. Click ‘OK’.
7. Click the 'Plot Graph' button to draw the radiation pattern of a particular antenna.
8. Make a folder to store the plots at a certain location and create a new file by
giving it a name in this folder and save it.
9. The moment you click the 'Save' button the platform starts to rotate and software
starts to draw the polar graph.
10. After completing 360 Degree it reaches to home position. A Polar graph appears
at the screen.
11. Measurement can be done by selecting the required parameter from ‘Auto
Measure’ window.

Antenna Design
Figure: 11.3 Software Window
Theory of yagi-uda 5 element simple dipole antenna:

5-Element yagi-uda beam antenna basic design is a "resonant" fed dipole with one or
more parasitic elements. These parasitic elements are called the "reflector" and the
"director". A dipole will be "resonant" when its electrical length is λ/2 of the
wavelength of the frequency applied to its feed point.
The yagi-uda array can be summarised by its performance considering in Five parts
Reflector Feeder or dipole director The length and spacing of the reflector do affect the
forward gain but have large effects on the backward gain (F/B ratio) and input
impedance (Zin). Thus, they can be used to control or optimize antenna parameters. The
driven element is typically a λ/2 dipole or folded dipole and is the only member of the
structure that is directly excited -electrically connected to the feedline.
All the other elements are considered parasitic. The feeder length and radius have small
effects on the forward gain but a large effect on the backward gain and input
impedance. Its geometry is usually chosen to control the input impedance that most
commonly is made real (resonant element).
Antenna Design
Figure: 11.4 Yagi-UDA 5 Element Simple Dipole Antenna
Applications:
 Yagi UDA antennas are employed in TV signal reception as this antenna holds
good receiving capability.
 Used in defence applications.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Antenna Design
1. To Study about Antenna Trainer and performing functional checks.

2. To Study about Simple Dipole (λ/2) Antenna.

No (μA) (dB) No (μA) (dB)
1 0/360 31.6 30 19 180 31.6 30
2 10 31.6 30 20 190 31.6 30
3 20 25.1 28 21 200 31.6 30
4 30 20 26 22 210 28.2 29
5 40 14.1 23 23 220 12.6 22
6 50 5.62 15 24 230 14.1 23
7 60 3.55 11 25 240 7.94 18
8 70 2.24 7 26 250 5.62 15
9 80 1.58 4 27 260 3.16 10
10 90 1.26 2 28 270 1.78 5
11 100 1.78 5 29 280 1.26 2
12 110 3.16 10 30 290 1.58 4
13 120 5.62 15 31 300 2.24 7
14 130 7.94 18 32 310 3.55 11
15 140 14.1 23 33 320 5.62 15
16 150 12.6 22 34 330 10 20
17 160 28.2 29 35 340 15.8 24
18 170 31.6 30 36 350 25.1 28

Antenna Design
3. To Study about Simple Dipole (λ/4) Antenna.

1 0/360 31.6 30 19 180 50.1 34
2 10 31.6 30 20 190 39.8 32
3 20 28.2 29 21 200 31.6 30
4 30 15.8 24 22 210 31.6 30
5 40 8.91 19 23 220 20 26
6 50 6.01 14 24 230 14.1 23
7 60 2.51 8 25 240 7.08 17
8 70 1.78 5 26 250 4.47 13
9 80 1.26 2 27 260 2.24 7
10 90 1 0 28 270 1.26 2
11 100 1.26 2 29 280 1.26 2
12 110 1.78 5 30 290 1.78 5
13 120 3.16 10 31 300 2.24 7
14 130 5.62 15 32 310 3.16 10
15 140 14.1 23 33 320 5.62 15
16 150 22.4 27 34 330 10 20
17 160 31.6 30 35 340 14.1 23
18 170 39.8 32 36 350 25.1 28

Antenna Design
4. To Study about Folded Dipole (λ/2) Antenna.

1 0/360 31.6 30 19 180 63.1 36
2 10 20 26 20 190 63.1 36
3 20 15.8 24 21 200 50.1 34
4 30 10 20 22 210 31.6 30
5 40 5.62 15 23 220 14.1 23
6 50 1.78 5 24 230 10 20
7 60 1.58 4 25 240 7.94 18
8 70 1.26 2 26 250 2.24 7
9 80 1.26 2 27 260 1.41 3
10 90 1.58 4 28 270 1.26 2
11 100 1.78 5 29 280 1.26 2
12 110 3.16 10 30 290 1.78 5
13 120 5.62 15 31 300 6.01 14
14 130 8.91 19 32 310 7.08 17
15 140 15.8 24 33 320 14.1 23
16 150 28.2 29 34 330 17.8 25
17 160 31.6 30 35 340 22.4 27
18 170 56.2 35 36 350 28.2 29

Antenna Design
5. To Study about Yagi -UDA 3 element folded dipole Antenna.

1 0/360 63.1 36 19 180 4.47 13
2 10 50.1 34 20 190 6.01 14
3 20 31.6 30 21 200 6.01 14
4 30 17.8 25 22 210 4.47 13
5 40 10 20 23 220 3.98 12
6 50 5.62 15 24 230 3.55 11
7 60 3.16 10 25 240 3.16 10
8 70 1.78 5 26 250 2.24 7
9 80 1.26 2 27 260 2 6
10 90 1.12 1 28 270 2 6
11 100 1.12 1 29 280 2 6
12 110 1.26 2 30 290 2.24 7
13 120 1.41 3 31 300 3.55 11
14 130 1.58 4 32 310 5.62 15
15 140 1.78 5 33 320 7.94 18
16 150 1.78 5 34 330 15.8 24
17 160 2.24 7 35 340 31.6 30
18 170 3.16 10 36 350 50.1 34

Antenna Design
6. To Study about λ/2 Phase Array (End fire antenna).

1 0/360 89.1 39 19 180 28.2 29
2 10 89.1 39 20 190 39.8 32
3 20 100 40 21 200 31.6 30
4 30 79.4 38 22 210 20 26
5 40 70.8 37 23 220 7.94 18
6 50 63.1 36 24 230 2.24 7
7 60 63.1 36 25 240 2.51 8
8 70 56.2 35 26 250 2.51 8
9 80 44.7 33 27 260 2.82 9
10 90 28.2 29 28 270 2.82 9
11 100 3.55 11 29 280 3.16 10
12 110 2.51 8 30 290 17.8 25
13 120 2.51 8 31 300 44.7 33
14 130 2.82 9 32 310 70.8 37
15 140 2.51 8 33 320 79.4 38
16 150 2.24 7 34 330 89.1 39
17 160 3.16 10 35 340 89.1 39
18 170 15.8 24 36 350 89.1 39

Antenna Design
7. To Study about Slot Antenna.

1 0/360 3.16 10 19 180 4.47 13
2 10 4.47 13 20 190 6.01 14
3 20 8.91 19 21 200 7.94 18
4 30 15.8 24 22 210 14.1 23
5 40 20 26 23 220 22.4 27
6 50 31.6 30 24 230 39.8 32
7 60 50.1 34 25 240 56.2 35
8 70 63.1 36 26 250 70.8 37
9 80 70.8 37 27 260 79.4 38
10 90 79.4 38 28 270 89.1 39
11 100 79.4 38 29 280 79.4 38
12 110 70.8 37 30 290 63.1 36
13 120 56.2 35 31 300 47.7 33
14 130 47.7 33 32 310 28.2 29
15 140 22.4 27 33 320 12.6 22
16 150 14.1 23 34 330 5.62 15
17 160 8.91 19 35 340 3.98 12
18 170 5.62 15 36 350 3.55 11

Antenna Design
8. To Study about Log Periodic Antenna
9. To Study about Loop Antenna

Antenna Design
10.To Study about Helix Antenna
11.To Study about Yagi-UDA 5 Element Simple Dipole Antenna (Motorized)

Antenna Design

Antenna Design

Antenna Design

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 An Antenna is a transducer, which converts electrical power into

To Study About Log Periodic

To Study About Helix Antenna.

To Study about λ/2 Phase Array

Apparatus: (Scientech 2262)

GATI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA 1 of 61

Types of radiation patterns: 3 Types.

Figure: 1.2 Isotropic antenna pattern radiates

Figure: 1.3 omnidirectional antenna pattern radiates

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Figure: 1.4 Directional antenna pattern radiates

Figure: 1.5 Main Unit

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Figure: 1.6 RF Detector

The features of the detector are following:

Figure: 1.7 Transmitting Mast

Figure: 1.8 Receiving Mast

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Figure: 1.9 Antenna Set up

Plotting the Polar Graph:

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Figure: 1.10 Polar Graph

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Figure: 2.1 Simple Dipole (λ /2) Arrangement

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10.Switch ‘On’ the main unit.

12.Adjust the Distance between two mast,

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Sr. Degree Radiation Radiation Sr. Degree Radiation Radiation

FBR (Front to back ration): ______

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Figure: 2.2 Simple Dipole (λ /2) Polar Graph

GATI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA 12 of 61

Figure: 3.1 Simple Dipole (λ/4) Arrangement

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10.Switch ‘On’ the main unit.

12.Adjust the Distance between two mast,

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Sr. Degree Radiation Radiation Sr. Degree Radiation Radiation

FBR (Front to back ration): ______

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Figure:3.2 Simple Dipole (λ /4) Polar Graph

GATI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA 16 of 61

Figure: 4.1 Folded Dipole (λ /2) Arrangement

GATI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA 17 of 61

10.Switch ‘On’ the main unit.

12.Adjust the Distance between two mast,

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Sr. Degree Radiation Radiation Sr. Degree Radiation Radiation

FBR (Front to back ration): ______

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Figure: 4.2 Folded Dipole (λ /2) Polar Graph

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Figure: 5.1 Yagi -UDA 3 element folded dipole Antenna

10.Switch ‘On’ the main unit.

12.Adjust the Distance between two mast,