SMART MASTERMIND SUCCEED

QUANTS BY MUTHAMILSELVAN SIR

TIME AND DISTANCE - PRE + MAINS

1. The ratio between the speeds of two cars is 6:7. If the first car
covers 600 km in 10 hours, then the difference between the speed (in
km/ h) of both the cars is:
(a) 30
(b) 10
(c) 20
(d) 15
(e) Not

2. Bus A, B and C covers a distance in the ratio of 8:6: 5 and the speed
of the Bus A, B and C in the ratio of 4: 3:2. What is the ratio of the
time taken by Bus A, B and C?
A.4: 3:4
B.3: 3:5
C.4: 4:5
D. 2:5:3
E.None of these

3. Walking at 33 (1/3) % of his usual speed, a man reaches his

destination 2 hour late. His usual time (In hours) to reach the
destination is:
(a) 2 hr
(c) 3 hr
(d) 4 hr
(b) 1 hr
(e) Not

4. Excluding stoppages, the average speed of a car is 24kmph and

including stoppages, it is 18kmph. For how many minutes does the car
stop per hour?
A.10 mins
B.20 mins
C.18 mins
D.15 mins
E.None of these

5. Without any halt, a person travels a certain distance at an average

speed 30 kmph and with halts he can covers the same distance at an
average speed of 20kmph. How many minutes per hour does he stop?
A.18
B.15
C.20
D.25
E.None of these

6. Two cars travel from city A to city B at a speed of 30 km/ hr and

36km/hr respectively. If one car takes 3 hours lesser time than the
other car for the journey, then the distance between City A and City B
is.
(a) 648 km
(b) 810 km
(c) 432km
(d) 540km
(e) None of these

7. A man travels 30 km in 9 hours. He travelled part of the distance by

walking at 3 kmph and the remaining distance on bicycle at 6 kmph.
What is the distance travelled by the man by walking?
A. 24 km
B. 36 km
C. 48 km
D. 52 km
E. None of these

8. Amit travelled to his school which is at the distance of 20km in 3

hours. He rode his bicycle at 6kmph for some distance. Then he
travelled the remaining distance at 7kmph by public transport. Find
the distance Amit travelled by public transport?
A.7km
B.14km
C.21km
D.28km
E.None of these

9. If a taxi going at 40km/hr takes 25 minutes to travel a certain

distance, by how much should it increase its speed (in km / hr) to
travel the same distance in 20 minutes?
(a) 50km/ hr
(b) 5km/hr
(c) 25km/hr
(d) 10km/ hr
(e) Not

10. If a person walks at 15 km/hr instead of 9 km/hr, he would have

walked 3 km more in the same time What is the actual distance (in
kms) travelled by him ?
(a) 5.5
(b) 6.5
(c) 4.5
(d) 7.5
(e) Not

11. A car starts from Noida to Delhi at the speed of 40 kmph and
reached the destination 15 minutes late. If the car increased the
speed by 10 kmph then reaches the destination on time, then find the
distance between Noida and Delhi?
A.40 km
B.50 km
C.65 km
D.60 km
E.None of these

12. If a person walks at 12 km/ hr instead of 10 km/hr , he would have

walked 1 km more in the same time What is the actual distance ( in
kms) travelled by him at 10 km/hr in the same time?
(a) 8
(b) 10
(c) 5
(d) 12
(e) Not

13. A car moves from point A to B at the original speed at 60 kmph

and reaches B 20 minutes late. If the car increases its speed by 1/4 of
its original speed reaches B on time, find the distance between A and
B?
A. 110 km
B. 120 km
C. 100 km
D. CND
E. None of these

14. While travelling from office to home, Shiva's car got some
problem, so he took 20% more time than the usual to reach home. His
speed in this case is what percent less than his usual speed?
(a) 7 (1/7) %
(b) 12 (1/2) %
(c) 16(2/3)%
(d) 10%
(e) Not

15. After repairing a scooter runs at a speed of 54 km/h and before

repairing runs at speed of 48 km / h. It covers a certain distance in 6
hours after repairing. How much time will it take to cover the same
distance before repairing?
(a) 6 hours 15 minutes
(b) 6 hours 45 minutes
(c) 7 hours
(d) 7 hours 30 minutes
(e) Not

16. A car moves at a speed of 72 km/hr after repairing and moves at

the speed of 54 km/hr before repairing. It covers X distance in 6 hours
after repairing. How much time in hours will it take to cover 3 X
distance before repairing ?
(a) 20
(b) 24
(c) 18
(d) 21
(e) Not

17. A car can cover a distance of 1020 Km in 17 hours. Speed of a bus

is 20% less than the speed of the car and speed of a train is 32 Km/h
more than the speed of the bus. Find the respective ratio of the
distance covered by the car in 20 hours and distance covered by the
train in 25 hours.
A. 3:5
B. 2:3
C. 5:3
D. 3:7
E. None of these

18. A bus covers certain distance in 6 hours at the speed of 80 kmph.

If the speed of the bus is increased by x%, then the bus reduce time to
cover the same distance by an hour. Find the value of x?
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 25%
D. 30%
E. None of these

19. Car A travelling from Amritsar to Noida with speed of 40 kmph at 8

am and the distance between Amritsar and Noida is 160 km. But some
how after 2 hours from start, car A covers only two-fifth of the total
distance. How much speed have to be increased by the car to reach
the destination on its usual time?
A. 6 kmph
B. 8 kmph
C. 10 kmph
D. 12 kmph
E. None of these

20. Priyanshu and Rakesh are travelling on parallel tracks in opposite

directions with speeds 120 kmph and 80 kmph respectively. When
they crossed each other, Priyanshu decided to take a U-turn and meet
Rakesh. But before taking a U turn, Priyanshu had to travel for another
3 minutes. How long will it take for Priyanshu to meet Rakesh after
crossing him?
(a) 15 minutes
(b) 21 minutes
(c) 16 minutes
(d) 18 minutes
(e) None of these
21. Sunita is riding a scooty in a straight line without slippage with
back and front wheel circumference of 70 inches and 40 inches
respectively. Find out how many inches she has travelled by the time
the front wheel has made 15 revolutions more than the back wheel?
(a) 2800 inches
(b) 1400 inches
(c) 700 inches
(d) 1050 inches
(e) None of these

22. Ankur, Vinay and Santosh started simultaneously from Lucknow to

Kanpur on straight highway. Ankur reaches Kanpur then turns back
and meet Vinay at a distance of 11 km from Kanpur. Vinay reached
Kanpur, turns back and meet Santosh at a distance of 9 km from
Kanpur. If the ratio of the speeds of Ankur and Santosh is 3:2, then
find out the distance between Lucknow and Kanpur?
(a) 99km
(b) 92km
(c) 110km
(d) 102 km
(e) None of these

23. A bus takes 70 min each for travelling from Delhi to Meerut and
from Meerut to Delhi. But on a particular day the bus starts 14
minutes late from Meerut but reaches Delhi on time, while returning
from Delhi due to some problem bus reaches Meerut 20 minutes late.
If the average speed of the bus on this particular day was 56 kmph,
then find out the general average speed of the bus?
(a) 62.50 kmph
(b) 66.66 kmph
(c) 60 kmph
(d) 58.4 kmph
(e) None of these

24. Kamini goes to her office from her house at a speed of 16 kmph
and returns to her home from her office at a speed of 20 kmph and
she takes 4 hour 30 minutes for both sides of journey. If the distance
of her friend's house from her office is 20% more than the distance of
her house from her office, then find out the distance of her house to
her friend's house? (Assume the office is between both houses and all
three or on same straight road.)
(a) 66 km
(b) 77 km
(c) 88 km
(d) 99km
(e) None of these

25. The distance between Kathmandu and Mumbai by flight is 1800

km. due to bad weather the time of journey of Mumbai from
Kathmandu is increased by 30 minutes and the average speed for the
journey was reduced by 300 kmph. Find out the usual duration of the
flight?
(a) 3 hours
(b) 2.5 hours
(c) 2 hours
(d) 1.5 hours
(e) None of these
26. A policeman noticed a running thief from a distance of 180 m and
started chasing him. The respective speed of the Policeman and thief
was 8kmph and 7 kmph respectively. If after 6 min the thief stopped
running then find out the total time taken by the policeman to catch
the thief?
(a) 6 min 06 second
(b) 6 min 26 second
(c) 6 min 16 second
(d) 6 min 36 second
(e) None of these

27. A person travels from P to Q at a speed of 70 kmph and returns to

P by decreasing his speed to 42.85% of his earlier speed. What is his
average speed for both the trips?
A. 42 km/hr
B. 36 km/hr
C. 48 km/hr
D. 40 km/hr
E. None of these

28. Sonu cover 1/4th of his journey at 20 kmph, 1/3rd of the rest at 30
kmph, half of the rest at 50 kmph, and remaining at the speed of 60
kmph. Find the average speed of Sonu ?
A. 27 km/hr
B. 28.56 km/hr
C. 26.66km/hr
D. 33.33 km/hr
E. None of these
29. Anuj covers 1/4 of his journey at the speed of 10 kmph and 1/3rd
of the rest at the speed of 15 kmph and 1/5th of rest at the speed of
12 kmph and remaining at a speed of 16 kmph. What is his average
speed?
A. 50/3 kmph
B. 43/2kmph
C. 35/3 kmph
D. 40/3 kmph
E. None of these

30. A man covers half of his journey at 42 kmph and rest at x kmph,
then his average speed is 39.9 kmph. Find the value of x?
A. 36 kmph
B. 40 kmph
C. 44 kmph
D. 38 kmph
E. None of these

31. The distance between Jammu and Kolkata is 1950 km. Shekhar
starts driving a car from Jammu to Kolkata at 7:30 AM at a speed of 80
kmph. Rajiv starts driving a car from Kolkata to Jammu at the same
time at a speed of 70 kmph. At what time will they meet?
A. 6:30PM
B. 8:30PM
C. 4:30 PM
D. 5:30PM
E. None of these
32. Train A and Train B runs daily between Amritsar and Delhi. Train A
started from Delhi and Train B started from Amritsar towards each
other at 11:00 Am. They met at point P and then reached their
destinations in 2 hours and 4.5 hours respectively. Find out the time
they met at P. Also, if speed of Train A is 36 kmph, find the distance
between Delhi and Amritsar?
A. 2pm, 180km
B. 2:30pm, 200km
C. 1:45 pm, 168 km
D. 2:20pm, 192km
E. None of these

33. Sham drives to his office at a speed of 18 kmph. After 5 min, he

realized that he left his mobile phone at home. He returned back
home and now he travels at some faster speed towards his office and
reaches on time. If the distance between his house and office is 6 km,
then find his increased speed?
A. 24 kmph
B. 27 kmph
C. 25 kmph
D. 36 kmph
E. 30 kmph

34. A policeman saw a thief from a distance of 800 meters and started
running towards him. If the speed of the policeman and thief are 54
kmph and 30 kmph, respectively. Find the time and distance traveled
by the thief before getting caught ?
A. 1250m, 150 sec
B. 1000m, 120 sec
C. 1250m, 120 sec
D. 1000 m, 150 sec
E. None of these

35. Preet starts driving from Jodhpur towards Ajmer at 12:30 noon
and reaches at 5:30pm. Then Geet starts from Ajmer towards Jodhpur
at 2:30pm and reached at 9:30pm. Find the time at which they will
meet each other?
A. 4:58PM
B. 4:30PM
C. 5:28PM
D. 5:12PM
E. Cannot be determined

36. In a race of 1200 meters, Sanjeev reaches the finishing line 50

seconds before Vishal and beat him by 300 meters. Find the speed of
Sanjeev ?
A. 4m/s
B. 6m/s
C. 5m/s
D. 8 m/s
E. None of these

37. Shatabdi Express left Delhi 40 min late. After covering half of the
distance it increased its usual speed by 1/6 of original speed and
reached Chandigarh on scheduled time. Find usual time taken by
Shatabdi Express to cover complete journey.
(a) 560 minutes
(b) 520 minutes
(c) 540 minutes
(d) 420 minutes
(e) Cannot be determined

38. I walk a certain distance and ride back taking a total time of 37
minutes. I could walk both ways in 55 minutes. How long would it take
me to ride both ways?
(a) 9.5m
(b) 18 min
(c) 19 min
(d) 20min
(e) Cannot be determined

39. A man walks a certain distance by foot and rides back on horse in
4 hr. 30 min. He could ride on horse both ways in 3hrs. The time
required by the man to walk by foot both ways is :
(a) 4 hrs 30min
(b) 5 hrs
(c) 4 hrs 45 min
(d) 6 hrs
(e) None of these

40. An InterCity bus has a speed of 80 kmph with only the driver
inside it. Reduction in Bus's maximum speed is directly proportional to
the number of passengers (excluding the driver) seated inside. If there
are only 5 passengers seated in Bus then the maximum speed of the
bus is reduced by 20 kmph. Find out how many maximum passengers
should be seated in the bus so that it can just move?
(a) 15
(b) 20
(c) 18
(d) 19
(e) None of these

41. If Anurag can run 125m in the same time in which Binod runs 90m,
then in a race of 1km, Anurag beats Binod by what distance?
(a) 290m
(b) 215 m
(c) 335 m
(d) 280m
(e) None of these

42. Mohan gives Vijay 200 meters start and Sanjay 400 meters start
respectively in a one-kilometre race and all the three ended the race
in dead heat in same time, then find the start that Vijay should have
given to Sanjay in a kilometre race such that both Vijay and Sanjay
complete the race at the same time?
(a) 320m
(b) 250m
(c) 260m
(d) 240 m
(e) None of these

43. In a 100m race, A beats B by 10m and B beats C by 5s. What is the
speed of A (in m/s ) if it is known that A runs twice as fast as C?
a) 18.0
b) 18.2
c) 17.7
d) 16.2
e) None of these

44. Rajesh, Sagar, and Tilak's speed are 2m/s, 4m/s, and 6m/s
respectively. They all started running simultaneously from common
point around a circular track of length 1200m. Now if Rajesh and Sagar
run in the same direction while Tilak runs in the opposite direction to
the other two. Find out the time after which they all three will meet
for the first time?
(a) 500 sec
(b) 600 sec
(c) 700 sec
(d) 800 sec
(e) None of these

45. Monika and Shivani started running from same point

simultaneously in opposite direction with speed 4m/s and 1m/s
respectively around a circular track of 1000 m. Every time they meet,
Monika reduces her speed by half and Shivani double her speed, after
how much time will they meet for the 3rd time?
(a) 650 second
(b) 580 second
(c) 640 seconds
(d) 500 seconds
(e) None of these

46. Aparna covers a rectangular field of size 200mx100m with an

average speed of 45m/s. If she covers the length at actual speed and
the breadth at 75% of its actual speed, then find the actual speed of
Aparna.
A.50 m/s
B.60 m/s
C.65m/s
D.55 m/s
E.None of these

47. A 140 m long train running with a speed of 54 km/hr, crosses a

tunnel in 22 sec. Find the length of tunnel.
a) 190m
b) 170m
c) 165m
d) 185m
e) None of these

48. A 150 m long train crosses a pole in 6 sec. In what time will it
crossa 200m long platform?
a) 19s
b) 14s
c) 16s
d) 12s
e) None of these

49. A train crosses a pole in 12 sec. In what time will it cross a tunnel
whose length is double the length of the train?
a) 24 sec
b) 36 sec
c) 48 sec
d) CBD
e) None of these

50. A train crosses a platform which length is equal to train length in

16 sec. In what time will it cross a bridge having length double of
platform length ?
a) 16 sec
b) 24 sec
c) 32 sec
d) CBD
e) None of these

52. A train running at a speed of 70 km/hr, crosses a pole in 10 sec and

a platform in 18 sec. In what time will it cross a tunnel of length four
times that of platform?
a) 40 sec
b) 32 sec
c) 42 sec
d) 52.5 sec
e) None of these

53. Two trains A and B started moving toward each other on parallel
tracks from two different stations Dehradun and Kanpur respectively.
The speeds of trains A and B is 32 kmph and 42 kmph respectively. At
the time of meeting, it is found that faster train has traveled 90 km
more than the other one. Find out after how much distance from
station Kanpur the trains meet?
(a) 355 km
(b) 378 km
(c) 358 km
(d) 360 km
(e) None of these

54. Two girls walking on a platform with speed 10 kmph and 5 kmph
are overtaken by a train in 9 seconds and 8 seconds respectively, find
out the speed of the train, given that both girls are walking in same
direction as train?
(a) 72 kmph
(b) 90 kmph
(c) 50 kmph
(d) 54 kmph
(e) None of these

55. The length of train Q is 4/7 more than that train P. If the speed of
train P and train Q is 99 kmph and 63 kmph respectively and these
two train crosses each other while travelling in same direction in 144
seconds. Then find out the difference between length of both train.
(a) 320m
(b) 300 m
(c) 280m
(d) 260m
(e) None of these

56. Train P leaves Delhi at 7 PM and is travelling at a speed of 80

kmph, 3 hours later another train Q leaves Delhi and is travelling in
same direction as train P in how much time (in minutes) train Q will be
18 km ahead train P, if speed of train Q is 120 kmph ?
(a) 383 minutes
(b) 387 minutes
(c) 380 minutes
(d) 377 minutes
(e) 375 minutes

57. A passenger Train and a superfast train running with speed 36

kmph and 108 kmph respectively in opposite direction crosses each
other in 36 seconds, and the length of superfast train is 160 m less
than the length of the passenger train. Which of the following can be
found from the above given conditions?
(I) Length of superfast train.
(II) Time taken by superfast train to cross a pole.
(III) Time taken by passenger train to cross a platform of
length 466m.
a) All of the above
b) Only II
c) (II), (III)
d) Only I
e) None of these

58. A 350 m long Train 'P' passed another running train 'Q' while
travelling in opposite direction in 8 (4/7) seconds. The train 'P' also
crossed a pole in 17.5 seconds. If length of train 'Q' is 450 meters,
then find out in how much time train 'Q' will pass train 'P' when they
both runs in same direction ?
(a) 17 sec
(b) 15 sec
(c) 18 sec
(d) 25 sec
(e) None of these

59. Two trains P and Q while running in opposite direction cross each
other in 30 seconds. If train P increases its speed by 100% and train Q
reduces its speed by 50%, then they again cross each other in 30
seconds while running in opposite direction. Find out the sum of
length of both trains, given that the speed of train P is 36kmph.
(a) 700 m
(b) 500 m
(c) 800 m
(d) 900 m
(e) None of these

60. Train A running at the speed of 108 km/hr crosses a man, who is
running in the opposite direction at the speed of 12 km/hr in 7.2 sec.
If speed of train A increased by 25% and it takes 48 seconds to cross
another train B, which running at the speed of 90 km/hr in same
direction. Find the length of train B?
(a) 280 meters
(b) 360 meters
(c) 180 meters
(d) 160 meters
(e) 220 meters

61. Given that the ratio between the lengths of Express train and
Passenger train is 1:2 and the speed of two trains is 120 kmph and 108
kmph respectively and both trains running in the same direction
crosses each other in 54 sec. If two-coaches were added in the smaller
train then it can cross a platform of length 12.5 times of the length of
a coach in 7.02 seconds, then what is the time taken by longer train to
cross the same platform, if five new coaches were added into that
train?
A.11 sec
B.15 sec
C.17 sec

62. The ratio of speeds of a boat in still water to that of the stream is
13:7. The boat goes a certain distance along with the current in 3
hours. Find the time taken to come back the same distance.
(a)6hours
(b)8hours
(c)10hours
(d)12hours
(e)14hours

63. A boat takes 18 hours to travel a distance upstream and 6 hours to

travel the same distance in downstream. If the speed of the boat in
still water is 8kmph then what is the speed of the stream?
(a)2kmph
(b)7kmph
(c)6kmph
(d)4kmph
(e)3kmph
64. Given that the boat goes 4 km against the current in 1 hour and
goes 1 km along the current in 10 minutes. Then find how long will the
boat take to go 15 km in stationary in still water?
a) 2 hour 15 min
b) 2 hour
c) 3hr
d) 3hr 30 min
e) None of these

65. A boat goes 32 km downstream in 48 min. find the speed of boat

in upstream, if speed of stream is 10 kmph.
(a)30kmph
(b)20kmph
(c)15kmph
(d)35kmph
(e)None of these

66. A man can row 40 km along the stream in 2.5 hours and against
the stream in two times of the number of hours taken to along the
stream. Find the speed of boat and speed of current
a) 12 km/hr, 6 km/hr
b) 12 km/hr, 4 km/hr
c) 8 km/hr, 4 km/hr
d) 9 km/hr, 15 km/hr
e) None of above

67. Speed of a boat in still water is 12 kmph and the speed of the
stream is 3 kmph. A person rows to a place at a distance of 630 km
and comes back to the starting point. Find the total time taken by the
person?
a) 112 hrs
b) 100 hrs
c) 98 hrs
d) 85 hrs
e) None of these

68. A boat running downstream covers a distance of 40km in 4hrs and

covering the same distance upstream in 8hrs. Find the speed of a boat
in still water?
a) 6km/hr
b) 7km/hr
c) 7.5km/hr
d) 8.5km/hr
e) None of these

69. A swimmer can swim 33 1/3% faster in downstream than in

upstream. He takes 4 hours to swim a distance of 32 km in still water.
Speed of stream is how much percent of upstream speed?
16.33%
12.25%
16.67%
14.28%
None of these

70. Rohit and Mohit are coming via boat towards each other from the
two banks on the same side of the river. They meet after three hours
from start. If speed of both the boats in still water is 6 kmph and river
is flowing from Mohit towards Rohit, then find the distance between
two banks.
(a) 36kmph
(b) 40kmph
(c) 50kmph
(d) CnD
(e) None of these

71. A man can row 160 km downstream and 200 km upstream in 14

hours. If the speed ratio of downstream to upstream is 2:1, then how
many hours takes to row 240 km along the stream?
a) 12 hrs
b) 8 hrs
c) 4 hrs
d) 6 hrs
e) None of these

72. A man takes thrice as long to row a distance against the stream as
to row the same distance in favour of the stream. The ratio of the
speed of the boat (in still water) and the stream is:
a) 2:1
b) 3:2
c) 1:2
d) 2:3
e) None of these

73. A boat takes 1 hr to travel from place X to Y in downstream and

back from Y to X in upstream. Speed of boat in still water is 9 km/hr
and distance between X and Y is 36 km. Find speed of stream?
(a) 3 km/hr
(b) 4 km/hr
(c) 10 km/hr
(d) Data inconsistent
(e) None of these

74. A boat takes 21 hr to travel from A to B in upstream and comes

back from B to A in downstream. The distance between A to B is 108
km. If the speed of stream is 1.5 km/hr. Find the speed of Boat ?
(a) 7.5 km/hr
(b) 10.5 km/hr
(c) 9 km/hr
(d) 12 km/hr
(e) None of these

75. On Tuesday, a man takes to row 80 km along the stream is half of

the time taken to row 80 km against the stream and speed of the boat
in still water is 15 km/hr. On Wednesday, he rows 120 km and return
back in how much hours?
a) 18 hrs
b) 12 hrs
c) 16 hrs
d) 14 hrs
e) None of these

76. A boat covers 18 kms upstream and 36km downstream in 6 hours,

while it covers 36 kms upstream and 18 kms downstream in 7.5 hours,
then find the speed of current.
(a) 3kmph
(b) 4kmph
(c) 5kmph
(d) 6kmph
(e) 9kmph

77. A boat goes 72 km upstream and 64 downstream in 12 hr. It goes

54 km upstream and 80km downstream in 11 hr. Find the speed of
stream.
(a) 12.5 km/hr
(b) 9 km/hr
(c) 16 km/hr
(d) 14 km/hr
(e) None of these

78. If the total time taken by the boat to cover 84km downstream and
24km upstream is 6 hours, then find the total time taken by the boat
to cover 8km upstream and 28km downstream ?
A. 2.5 hours
B. 2 hours
C. 1 hours
D. 1.5 hours
E. Cannot be determined

79. Two boats go downstream from point P to point Q. The faster boat
covers the distance from P to Q 1.5 times as fast as the slower boat. It
is known that every hour the slower boat lags behind the faster boat
by 8 km. However, if they go upstream then the faster boat covers the
distance from Q to P in half the time as the slower boat. Find the
speed of the slower boat in still water?
A. 16 kmph
B. 18 kmph
C. 15 kmph
D. 12 kmph
E. None of these

80. Sarthak can cross a downstream river by a motorboat in 48

minutes and same by a raft in 75 min. If the time of crossing the river
in upstream direction by motor boat is 50% more than downstream
time by the motorboat and the time required by raft to cross the same
river by boat in upstream is 60% more than the time required in
downstream by raft. What is the time taken by him to cross the river
downstream by motorboat and then return to the same place, half by
raft and other half by motorboat?
A. 2.4 hours
B. 2.7 hours
C. 3 hours
D.3.6 hours
E. None of these