A. WHY HAS INCREASED INDUSTRIALIZATION LED TO MORE WOMEN BEING EXPLOITED?

FIND A
REAL WORLD EXAMPLE OF THIS?

The reason why increased industrialization has led to more women being exploited is that it has
created a demand for cheap and flexible labour, which has often been met by women workers,
especially in the developing countries (Tran, 2019). Women workers are often subjected to low wages,
long hours, poor working conditions, and various forms of discrimination and abuse, such as sexual
harassment, forced overtime, and lack of union rights. These factors make women workers vulnerable
and powerless, and limit their opportunities for education, health, and empowerment. According to a
report by Actionaid, another reason why this problem is rampant in developing countries is that
governments often favour free trade deals that allow corporations to rule over the rights of women.
(Cambodia’s women garment workers fight for decent work conditions from big brands, 2019)

A real world example of this is the case of the garment industry in Cambodia, where 90% of the
workers are women. Mostly young migrants from poor rural areas, women in Cambodian garment
workers can’t even cover their basic living costs on the $100 monthly minimum wage, forcing them to
work overtime up to six days a week, as reported in the previously mentioned ActionAid article.
According to a report by Varia (2016) on Human Rights Watch, these women workers face coerced
overtime without rest breaks, rape, oppression and suppression of workers’ unions, and child labor,
despite being illegal on paper. A woman in a Cambodian garment factory said: “It doesn’t matter
whether you are pregnant or not – whether you are sick or not – you have to sit and work. If you take a
break, the work piles up on the machine and the supervisor will come and shout”. (Varia, 2016).

Garment factory workers fainting after excessive workload.

Bibliography:
Varia, N. (2016) This is how women are exploited in today’s global workforce, Human Rights Watch. Available at:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/03/08/how-women-are-exploited-todays-global-workforce (Accessed: 01 December 2023).

Tran, T.A.-D. (2019) The feminization of employment through export-led strategies: Evide..., Revue de la régulation. Capitalisme,
institutions, pouvoirs. Available at: https://journals.openedition.org/regulation/14589 (Accessed: 01 December 2023).

Atkinson-Handley, M. (2019) Cambodia’s women garment workers fight for decent work conditions from Big Brands, ActionAid
Australia. Available at: https://actionaid.org.au/cambodias-women-garment-workers/ (Accessed: 01 December 2023).

B. WHAT IS THE GLOBAL CARE DEFICIT? WHY DOES GLOBALISATION MAKE THIS WORSE? HANH

Global Care Deficit is the absence of care created when women from developing countries leave their
families to work looking after the families and homes of wealthier people in developed countries.
Globalisation affected employment in providing services traditionally offered by women. Ehrenreich
and Hochschild (2002) mention that millions of women from underdeveloped countries leave their
country to find a job (ex: nannies, sex workers, etc). Therefore, it’s very challenging for them to look
after family and home (Livesey and Blundell, 2019). According to International Labour Organisation,
women from Philippines account for about 60 percent of legal migrant workers, and this figure rises
to 94 percent for those destined for Asia, excluding the Middle East and they mainly come to
developed countries (ex: Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore and Brunei) (“Female Asian migrants: A
growing but increasingly vulnerable workforce,” 1996)

Bibliography

1. Livesey, C. & Blundell, J. (2019) Sociology for Cambridge International AS & A Level
Coursebook [print] (Accessed on 1 December 2023)
2. “Female Asian migrants: A growing but increasingly vulnerable workforce” (1996). Available
at:
https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_008072/lang--en/index.htm
(Accessed: December 1, 2023).

C. WHY DID EXTREMISTS WANT TO KILL MALALA YOUSAFZAI? KIZOU

Malala Yousafzai was born in Mingora, Pakistan on July 12, 1997. Her father, Ziauddin Yousafzai,
despite being Muslim, still wanted to give proper education for girls, and especially for Malala, in
Pakistan. Ziauddin eventually opened a girls’ school in Malala’s village. Malala’s hometown, Swat
Valley, was taken control of by the Taliban in 2008, when she was 11 years old. The Taliban
subsequently forbid many things, such as television or playing music, and education for girls. Those
who disobeyed the Taliban’s rules would face harsh punishments or even death. Malala, despite this,
still openly advocated for education for girls, opposing the Taliban regime and their unfair laws, and
advocated for women’s rights even outside of education. (Yousafzai, n.d.)
In October 2012, on her way home from school, a Taliban gunman entered the school van and shouted
“Who is Malala?” then shot Malala on the left side of her head. Malala then fell unconscious and was
flown to and rushed to a hospital in Birmingham, England, where she would be in a coma for 10 days.
She later on recovered and earned the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014, when she was only 17 years old,
becoming the youngest recipient of any Nobel Prize in history.
Malala Yousafzai being rushed into the ambulance shortly after being shot by the gunman

Walsh, D. (2012) Taliban Gun Down Girl Who Spoke Up for Rights [online] nytimes.com. Available at
https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/10/world/asia/teen-school-activist-malala-yousafzai-survives-hit-
by-pakistani-taliban.html (Accessed on 1 December 2023)

Yousafzai, M. (n.d.) Malala’s Story [online] malala.org. Available at https://malala.org/malalas-story

(Accessed on 1 December 2023)

D. WHY DID BOKO HARAM KIDNAP 276 GIRLS FROM NIGERIA IN 2014? Trang

Boko Haram is an Islamic sect that is dishonest, corrupt Muslims have taken control of the political
system in northern Nigeria. Its goal is to establish a "pure" Islamic state under sharia law by fighting
them and the Federal Republic of Nigeria in general. (BOKO HARAM,nd)

Since 2014, Boko Haram Islamic militants have abused at least 276 Nigerian girls and women,
according to Amnesty. Those 276 girls have been working as cooks, sex slaves, and even fighters for
Boko Haram, and if any girls refused to comply with Boko Haram’s order, they would get killed
immediately. Abdukabar Shekau, the leader of Boko Haram, asserts that the girls were “married off”
to his fighters (Farge,2015). Furthermore, according to Amnesty International’s report, Boko Haram,
meaning in Hausa that Western education is sinful, regularly rounded up women and girls after
seizing control of a town and imprisoned them in homes or prisons. An Amnesty International
interview with a 19-year-old revealed that she was kidnapped in September 2014 along with the bride
and her sister during a wedding and that she was later imprisoned in a training camp in Madagali with
hundreds of other female fighters. (Nigeria: Boko Haram brutality against women and girls needs
urgent response – new research, 2021)

Farge, E. (2015) “Nigeria’s Boko Haram abducted 2,000 women and girls - report,” Reuters.
Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0N42DA/ (Accessed: December 1, 2023).

Nigeria: Boko Haram brutality against women and girls needs urgent response – new research
(2021) Amnesty International. Available at:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2021/03/nigeria-boko-haram-brutality-against-
women-and-girls-needs-urgent-response-new-research/ (Accessed: December 1, 2023).

BOKO HARAM (no date) Dni.gov. Available at: https://www.dni.gov/nctc/groups/boko_haram.html

(Accessed: December 1, 2023).

BIBLIOGRAPHY