PRESENT SIMPLE

We use the base form of the verb, and add -s for the third person singular.

I, you, we, they work.

+
she, he, it works.

I, you, we, they (full form)do not

she, he, it does not

− work.
(short form)
I, you, we, they
don’t
she, he, it
doesn’t

Do I, you, we, they

? (+) work?
Does she, he, it

(full form) I, you, we,

Do they not
Does she, he, it

? (−) work?
(short form)
I, you, we, they
Don’t
she, he, it
Doesn’t

For most verbs we add -s to the base form to make the she, he, it (third person singular) form:

come → comes order → orders travel → travels

eat → eats record → records walk → walks

For other verbs, the spelling changes are:

verb she, he, it

watch watches

miss misses

When the verb ends in -ch, -ss, -sh, -x or -zz, we add -es. wash washes

mix mixes

buzz buzzes

hurry hurries

When the verb ends in a consonant + -y we change y to i and add -es. study studies

reply replies

pay pays
But when the verb ends in a vowel + -y we just add -s.
enjoy enjoys

have has

Have, go, do and be are irregular. go goes

do does
EXERCISE:

PART 1. Change the verb into the correct form, then press "Check" to check your answers. Use the "Hint"
button to get a free letter if you don't know. Note that you will lose points if you ask for hints!

1. I usually (go) to school.

2. They (visit) us often.

3. You (play) basketball once a week.

4. Tom (work) every day.

5. He always (tell) us funny stories.

6. She never (help) me with that!

7. Martha and Kevin (swim) twice a week.

8. In this club people usually (dance) a lot.

9. Linda (take care) of her sister.

10. John rarely (leave) the country.

11. We (live) in the city most of the year.

12. Lorie (travel) to Paris every Sunday.

13. I (bake) cookies twice a month.

14. You always (teach) me new things.

15. She (help) the kids of the neighborhood.

 ARTICLES (A/ An / The)
When do we use “a” and when do we use “an”?

In speaking, we use a /ə/ before a consonant sound:

a car a house a big truck a wheel a grey day

Warning:
Some words that begin with a vowel letter in writing have a consonant sound:

a united group (ju:ˈnaɪtɪd )

a university (ju:niˈvɜ:sɪti)

a one-year-old child (/wʌn …/)

We use an /ən/ before a vowel sound:

an old shoe - an umbrella

Warning: Some words that begin with a consonant letter in writing have a vowel sound:

/ən aʊə(r)/ an hour /ən empi:θri: …/ an MP3 player

When do we use articles?

A/an and the with types of nouns

Countable nouns

 We only use a/an with singular countable nouns:

EXAMPLES:

I have a sister and a brother.

That was an excellent meal.

 We can use the with singular and plural countable nouns:

The lion roared. The tree fell.

The lions roared. The trees fell.

Uncountable nouns

 We don’t use a/an before uncountable nouns:

EXAMPLES:

Could I have rice instead of potatoes with my fish?  Not: Could I have a rice

I hope we have nice weather.  Not: I hope we have a nice weather.

 We can use the before uncountable nouns when they refer to a specific example:

EXAMPLES:

The rice we bought in the Thai shop is much better than the supermarket rice.

The weather was awful last summer.

First Mention I saw an old bicycle and a dog in the park.

A / An Jobs Nina is a teacher.
Descriptions Shanghai is an interesting city.
Second Mention I saw a man and a dog. The man was old.
Specific things They are in the garden.
Only one thing The moon looks beautiiful today.
THE Common Places We are going to the park.
Superlatives He is the best student in the class.
Musical Instruments My son plays the violin.
General Meaning I don’t like children (= children in general).
Meals What time do you have breakfast?
NO Years, months, days 2023 was a great year.
ARTICLE TV There’s a good film on TV.
Languages, School She doesn’t speak Vietnamese.
Subjects I study biology.
Next, Last I went to the theater last week.

Exercise 1: Choose The Correct Article: A, An, The Or X (No Article)

1. Are you coming to party next Saturday?

2. I bought new TV set yesterday.
3. I think man over there is very ill. He can't stand on his feet.
4. I watched video you had sent me.
5. She was wearing ugly dress when she met him.
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS

I AM

HE
SHE IS + (NOT) V-ING
IT

THEY
YOU ARE
WE

For most verbs we add -ing to the base form to make the -ing form:

be → being order → ordering fix → fixing do → doing

eat → eating cry → crying play → playing go → going

For other verbs the spelling changes are (note the underlined syllables are stressed):
When the verb ends in -e, we take off the -e and add -ing. verb -ing form
move moving
come coming
When the verb ends in a vowel followed by a single commit committing
consonant and if the last syllable is stressed, then the prefer preferring
consonant is doubled. covering
BUT: cover
remember remembering
When the verb ends in a vowel + l, we double the travel Travelling*
consonant. control controlling
*American English spelling is traveling.
Exercise 1: Write positive or negative sentences in present continuous using the verbs in
brackets. Use SHORT FORMS when possible.
1. He (save) ___________ money because he wants to buy a car.

2.You (not listen) _____________ to me.

3. My parents (look) ____________ for a new apartment.

4. The victim (not cooperate) ___________________ with the police.

5. We (plan) ___________ a trip to Japan.

6. I (cook) __________ fish for dinner.

7. The water (boil) ___________. You can put the pasta now.

8. He (not train) ______________ because he has health problems.

9. I (not work) _____________ at present. I'm unemployed.

10. It (not rain) _______________ now. We can go to the park.

Exercise 2: Complete the sentences. Use the present continuous form of the verb in
brackets. Use contractions where possible.
1. My dad ______________ (wash) his car.

2. It _____________ (not rain) today.

3. Who______________ (she / chat) to now?

4. What __________________ (you / do) at the moment?

5. We _____________ (sit) on the train.

6. The students ________________ (have) lunch in the canteen.

7. “Are you making dinner?” “Yes, I____________”

8. You ___________ (use) my mobile phone!

 PREPOSITION OF PLACE AND TIME

Prepositions of Time: AT, IN, ON

We use the prepositions in, on or at to say when something happens.

AT

Clock times at 6 o'clock

at 9.30
Mealtimes and breaks at breakfast time
at lunchtime
at dinner time
at break time
Other time phrases at night*
at weekends/the weekend **
at Christmas/Easter
* We say at night when we mean all of the night. But we say in the night when we want to talk
about a specific time during the night.
Examples:
She's a nurse and she works at night.
The baby often wakes up in the night
** We can also say on weekends or on the weekend. This is more common in American
English

IN

We usually use in with parts of the day and longer periods of time such as months, seasons and
years.
Parts of the day in the morning/afternoon/evening
Months in January/February
Seasons in (the) spring/summer/autumn/winter
Years, centuries, decades in 2016
in the 21st century
in the 80s
Other time phrases in the past
in the future
in the last few years/months/weeks/days
 ON

We usually use on with days and dates.

Days
on Monday/Tuesday etc.
on my birthday
on New Year's Day

Dates
on 30 July
on the second of August

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences. Use 'at', 'in' or 'on' in the gaps.
1. My friend Peter and I speak ________ the third Thursday of every month.
2. She goes to visit her parents every year __________ August.
3. I often have to work __________ the weekends.
4. If you want to exercise, do it first thing _________ the morning.
5. They're planning to go to Australia ____________ Christmas.
6. I want to eat Mexican food ___________ my birthday.
7. _________ the future, the weather will be more difficult to predict.
8. Shall we meet __________ 9.00?

Prepositions of Place: AT, IN, ON

IN

We use in to talk about a place that is inside a bigger space, such as a box, a house, a city or a
country.
Examples:
The clothes are in the wardrobe.
The children are playing in the park.
There's a bookshop in the shopping centre.
My grandmother was born in Sweden.
We also use in with other physical locations such as:
Examples:
in the world
in water / the sea / a river / a lake / a pool
in the mountains / the countryside / a valley / the forest
in a car / a taxi

ON
N
Location on a surface
Some types of public transport
Lines (including rivers, borders,
streets, etc.) and islands.
The books are on the desk.
We live on the fifth floor.
There are pictures on the wall.
She likes to sit on the floor.
He's on the bus now.
You can't make phone calls on a plane.
They go to school on the train.
London is on the River Thames.
The Pyrenees are on the border of Spain and France.
There's a market on James Street.
I'd love to live on the Isle of Wight.

AT

We use “at” in many common phrases, especially when we are talking about a place for a
specific activity.
Examples:
I'm at work.
She's working at home today.
The children are at school.
See you at the train station!
They're at the supermarket.
I met him at a party.
We also use “at” for addresses or exact positions.
Examples:
I live at 15 Craig Street.
She's sitting at a chair..
He's waiting at the entrance.
Please sit at the back of the room.

Exercise 2: Choose the correct preposition. Prepositions of place – 'in', 'on', 'at'
1. They have lots of pictures _____ their fridge.
a. in b. on c. at
2. We put the old books _____ a box.
a. at b. in c. on
3. I just called him _____ work, and he wasn't there.
a. at b. on c. in
4. I don't like to study _____ home. It's too noisy.
a. at b. in c. on
5. Last summer we stayed in a cabin _____ a lake.
a. in b. on c. at
6. My office is _____ the 20th floor, so I take the lift.
a. in b. on c. at
7. I like to listen to music when I'm _____ the gym.
a. at b. on c. in
8. There are important Roman ruins _____ Jordan.
a. at b. in c. on
 HAVE GOT
In many situations, have and have got mean the same thing. Have got is a little less formal than
have. We often use have got more in speaking and have more in writing.
Examples:
They have got a big garden. = They have a big garden.
She has got a good job. = She has a good job.

We can use have/has got to talk about appearance, family and friends or possessions. We often contract
the verb, especially when we're speaking.

Examples:
I have got brown hair. = I've got brown hair.
My sister has got long hair. = My sister's got long hair.
He has not got many friends. = He hasn't got many friends.
They have got a new car. = They've got a new car.

We can also use have/has got for timetabled events, illnesses or abstract things.
Examples:
They've got basketball practice this evening.
He's got a terrible cold.
I've got a good idea!

I/ you/ we/ they have got 've got

+
He/ she/ it has got 's got

I/ you/ we/ they have not got haven't got

- He/ she/ it has not got hasn't got

SUBJECT PRONOUN YES NO QUESTION QUESTION WORDS: what,

who, how many, etc
?
I/ you/ we/ they Have (we) got (time)? What have (you) got?
He/ she/ it Has (she) got (a car)? What has (he) got?
 COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES
We use comparative adjectives to compare two things or show change. The comparative form
depends on the number of syllables in the adjective.

old → older
one-syllable adj, we usually add -er: clean → cleaner
slow → slower

ONE
an adjective ends in -e, we add -r: safe → safer
SYLLABLE
an adjective ends in a vowel and a
consonant, we usually double the big → bigger
consonant: hot → hotter

a two-syllable adjective ends in a noisy → noisier

consonant and -y, we change -y to -i and happy → happier
add -er: easy → easier

TWO or use more to make comparative forms for crowded → more crowded
MORE most other two-syllable adjectives and stressful → more stressful
SYLLABLES for all adjectives with three or more dangerous → more dangerous
syllables

Exception: you can either add -er/-r or
use more with some two-syllable
adjectives (common, cruel, gentle,
handsome, likely, narrow, pleasant,
polite, simple and stupid)
I think life in the countryside
is simpler than in the city.
It's more simple to live in the city
because everything you need is there.

IRREGULAR The adjectives good, bad and far have good → better
ADJECTIVES irregular comparative forms bad → worse
far → further/farther

Their house is cleaner than ours.

person or thing we are comparing with, Traffic is slower in the city than in the
THAN we can use than countryside.
After the race I was more tired
than Anne.
EXERCISE 1: Choose the correct words.

1. Ariel moved to the countryside because he wanted a _____ life.

A. peacefuller B. more peaceful

2. She is _____ in the city because she has a lot of friends there.

A. more happy B. happier

3. I feel _____ if I go for a walk in the forest with my dog.

A. more relaxed B. relaxeder

4. It's _____ in the mountains than at the seaside.

A. colder B. more cold

5. He says that famous people are _____ than his family, but I think he's wrong!

A. interestinger B. more interesting

6. The vegetables from my garden are _____ than the ones in the supermarket.

A. tastier B. more tastier

7. The noise from the traffic is _____ if you live near a busy road.

A. badder B. worse

8. Thank you for cleaning the kitchen! It's much _____ now.

A. cleaner B. more cleaner

9. Dogs are ____________ than rabbits.

A. intelligenter B. More intelligent

10. In the UK, the streets are generally ______________ than in the USA.

A. narrower B. more narrow

 PAST SIMPLE

I I

YOU YOU

HE HE
Did Not Work/
SHE WORKED SHE
Didn’t Work
IT IT

THEY THEY

WE WE

I
YOU
HE

DID / DIDN’T SHE WORK?

IT
THEY
WE

We use the past simple to talk about definite time in the past (often we specify when something
happened, e.g. yesterday, three weeks ago, last year, when I was young)

Examples:
Did you watch that film yesterday?
He left at the end of November.
When they were young, they hated meat.
Irregular verbs
Most verbs have a past tense and past participle with –ed. But many of the most frequent verbs
are irregular.

Base form Past tense Past participle

be was/were Been
break broke broken

buy bought bought

have had had

make made made

come came come

do did done
eat ate eaten

see saw seen

say said said

give gave given

take took taken

go went gone

get got got

find found found

meet met met

write wrote written

………………………………………………………………………….
 CONDITIONALS

When the sun

talk about goes down, it
things that are gets dark.
Zero generally true, If / when + present simple,
conditional especially for present simple. If I drink too
laws and rules much coffee, I
can't sleep at
night.
 If / when + present If it doesn't rain
talk about simple, will + infinitive. tomorrow, we'll
future go to the beach.
First situations we  It is also common to use
conditional believe are real this structure I'll leave as soon
or possible with unless, as long as, as as the babysitter
soon as or in case instead arrives.
of if.
 If + past simple, would +
infinitive If I won a lot of
is used to money, I would
imagine present  When if is followed by the buy a big house
or future verb be, it is grammatically in the country.
situations that correct to say if I were, if
Second are impossible he were, if she were and if He would travel
conditional or unlikely in it were. However, it is also more if he was
reality. common to hear these younger.
structures with was,
especially in
the he/she form.
 PRESENT PERFECT
We use the present perfect simple (have or has + past participle) to talk about past actions or
states which are still connected to the present.

+ ? WH -
- Questions
Have/Has + S + Wh + have/has + S
S + have/has + not + V3/ed + O? + V3/ed…?
S + have/has + V3/ed V3/ed + O
+O → Yes, S + have/has
→ have not = haven’t → No, S + have/has
→ has not = hasn’t not

He has read that He has not Has he read that What have you
book before read that book book before? accomplished so
before far?
He/ She/ It/ Singular Nouns + has
I/ You/ They/ We/ Plural Nouns + have

Unfinished time and states

 We often use the present perfect to say what we've done in an unfinished time period, such
as today, this week, this year, etc., and with expressions such as so far, until now, before,
etc.
Examples:
They've been on holiday twice this year.
We haven't had a lot of positive feedback so far.
I'm sure I've seen that film before.

 We also use it to talk about life experiences, as our life is also an unfinished time period.
We often use never in negative sentences and ever in questions.
Examples:
Have you ever been to Australia?
I've worked for six different companies.
 We also use the present perfect to talk about unfinished states, especially with for, since and
how long.
Examples:
How long have you had that phone?
She's wanted to be a police officer since she was a child.
I haven't known him for very long.

Past actions with a result in the present

 We can use the present perfect to talk about a past action that has a result in the present.
Examples:
He's broken his leg so he can't go on holiday.
They haven't called me, so I don't think they need me today.

 we often use the present perfect with words like just, recently, already, yet and still.
Examples:
We've recently started going to the gym.
She's already finished season one and now she's watching season two.
Have you checked your emails yet?

EXERCISE 1: Rewrite the correct sentences.

1. They / build / a new library.

2. Your parents / sell / the house?
3. You / ever / eat / shark?
4. My brother / never / see / the Tower of London.
5. Gemma / make / a new bag.
6. Charlie / not wash / his dad’s car.

EXERCISE 2: Use “How long….?” to complete and answer the questions with the present
perfect (for or since).

1. she / work for that charity?

→ ________________________________?

→ ________________________________(2008).

2. that restaurant / be open?

→ ________________________________?

→ ________________________________(two weeks).

3. you / have that laptop?

→ ________________________________?

→ ________________________________(March).

4. they / know each other?

→ ________________________________?

→ ________________________________(they were two).

5. Luis / wear glasses?

→ ________________________________?

→ ________________________________(two years).

EXERCISE 3: complete the sentences.

1. I __________ (not see) my cousins since Christmas.

2. How long __________ (you / have) your laptop?

3. The children __________ (be) in the pool for over an hour.

4. Mark isn’t here. He __________ (go) to the cinema with Kim.

5. We __________ (make) some cakes. Would you like one?

6. It’s my birthday today but you __________ (not give) me a present.

7. Your hair looks nice. __________ (you / go) to the hairdresser’s?

8. __________ (they / finish) their homework yet?

 RELATIVE CLAUSES
The relative pronouns are:

We use:
 who and whom for people
 which for things
 that for people or things
Two kinds of relative clause

RELATIVE
CLAUSES

DEFINING NON-DEFINING
(give essential information) (give more information)

RELATIVE RELATIVE Who

PRONOUNS ADVERBS Which
Where
When
People – Who, That Places – Where Whose
Things – Which, That Times - When
Possessions - Whose

we use cannot use

can use can leave out we can commas (,) “that” +
“that” the pronoun if leave to separate cannot
instead of it is the object out it from the leave out
“who” or of the relative “when” rest of the the
“which” clause
sentence pronoun
Exercise 1: Use the correct relative pronouns to complete the sentences. 0 = no pronoun.

1. I want a mobile phone _______________ takes good photos.

2. I work in that big yellow building ___________ you can see over there.

3. Lee Harvey Oswald is the man ______________ shot John F Kennedy.

4. Meryl Streep is the famous person _______________ I'd most like to meet.

5. What's the name of the lady ______________ is wearing the blue dress?

6. You need a coat _______________ will keep you warm this winter.

7. You're the most beautiful person _____________ I've ever seen.

Exercise 2: Use “who, which, where, whose” to rewrite the sentences.

1. I’ve lost the DVD. You gave it to me.

_______________________________________.
2. Jo has an expensive car. She keeps it in the garage.
_______________________________________.
3. Who’s that man? He’s looking at us.
_______________________________________.
4. I opened the cupboard. We keep the glasses there.
_______________________________________.
5. Who is the boy? You copied his homework.
_______________________________________.
6. Website designer is a job. It attracts young people.
_______________________________________.