2 Tangents to Circles

2 Tangents to Circles Maths Dialogue

Maths Dialogue (p. 2.33)

Activity Angel’s proof:
If TP is the tangent to the circle at P,
Activity 2.1 (p. 2.3) then, OPT  90 (tangent  radius)
1. Yes ∵ OQ  OP (radii)
∵ AM  MB (given) ∴ OQP  OPQ (base s, isos. △)
∴ OM  AB (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord ∵ TQ  TP (given)
 chord)
∴ TQP  TPQ (base s, isos. △)
∴ PQ  OT
i.e. TQO  TPO  90
2. (a) (i) Yes ∴ TQ is the tangent to the circle at Q. (converse of tangent
∵ The mid-point M always lies on OT.  radius)
∴ AB always perpendicular to OM.
Ken’s proof:
(line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord 
If TP is the tangent to the circle at P,
chord)
then, TPQ  PAQ ( in alt. segment)
∴ PQ always perpendicular to the radius OT.
(ii) Yes ∵ TQ  TP (given)
∴ TQP  TPQ (base s, isos. △)
(b) (i) Yes ∴ TQP  PAQ
(ii) PQ is the tangent to the circle at T because PQ
∴ TQ is the tangent to the circle at Q. (converse of  in
intersects the circle at only one point T.
(iii) Yes alt. segment)

Activity 2.2 (p. 2.27) To Learn More

1. (a) OTQ  90 (tangent  radius)
ATN  ATQ  OTQ To Learn More (p. 2.10)
PQ  CT tangent  radius
m  75  90
PQ  OT tangent  radius
m  15
∴ COT is a straight line.
In △ATN, ∴ CT is a diameter of the circle.
ANT  ATN  NAT  180 (sum of △)
n  15  90  180 Classwork
n  75
Classwork (p. 2.4)
1. x  90 (tangent  radius)
(b) (i) ABT  ANT (s in the same segment)
42  y  90 (tangent  radius)
bn
y  48
 75
(ii) ADT  ANT (s in the same segment)
2. x  60  90 (tangent  radius)
d n x  30
 75
∵ OA  OT (radii)
(c) GET  GTQ ∴ yx (base s, isos. △)
 68  30

3. ∵ ATB  CAT (alt. s, CA // TB)

2. (a) ABT  ATQ (from Q1(b)(i)) ∴ x  25
b  75 x  y  90 (tangent  radius)
ATP  ATQ  180 (adj. s on st. line) 25  y  90
x  75  180 y  65
x  105
ACT  ABT  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.) Classwork (p. 2.17)
1. PTO  QTO (tangent properties)
c  75  180
x  25
c  105
TQ  TP (tangent properties)
(b) GFT  GTP y  6 cm
 112

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions

2. TQ  TP (tangent properties) OBT  90 (tangent  radius)

x  7 cm In quadrilateral AOBT,
ATB  OAT  OBT  AOB  (4  2)  180 ( sum of polygon)
TPQ  TQP (base s, isos. △)
ATB  90  90  108  360
y  57
ATB  288  360
ATB  72
3. POT  QOT (tangent properties)
POT  QOT  POQ
2 x  144 Quick Practice 2.2 (p. 2.6)
x  72
OPT  90 (tangent  radius)
In △OPT,
OTP  OPT  POT  180 ( sum of △)
y  90  72  180
Join OQ.
y  18 PS // QR (property of // gram)
OQR  90 (tangent  radius)
Classwork (p. 2.26) POQ  OQR (alt. s, PS // QR)
1. BAT
 90
PQ = RS = 6 cm (opp. sides of // gram)
2. ABT Let r cm be the radius of the circle.
In △POQ,
3. BCT
PO 2  OQ2  PQ 2 (Pyth.theorem)
Classwork (p. 2.29) r 2  r 2  62
1. ATP  ABT ( in alt. segment) 2r 2  36
x  70
r 2  18
BTQ  BAT ( in alt. segment)
r  18 (or 3 2 )
y  45
∴ The radius of the circle is 18 cm (or 3 2 cm).
2. ABT  ATQ ( in alt. segment)
x  114 Quick Practice 2.3 (p. 2.7)
(a) ADB  90 ( in semi-circle)
BTP  BAT ( in alt. segment) In △ABD,
y  33 AB 2  AD 2  BD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
AB  AD  BD 2 2
3. ABT  ATQ ( in alt. segment)
 62  162  122 cm
ABC  ABT  180 (adj. s on st. line)  20 cm
x  62  180 BDC  ADB  180 (adj. s on st. line)
x  118 BDC  90  180
BDC  90
4. In △ABT, In △BCD,
ABT  ATB  BAT  180 ( sum of △) BC 2  BD 2  DC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
ABT  35  42  180
BC  BD  DC 2 2

ABT  103
ATQ  ABT ( in alt. segment)  122  92 cm
x  103  15 cm

Quick Practice (b) AC  (16  9) cm

 25 cm
Quick Practice 2.1 (p. 2.5)
AC 2  252 cm2  625 cm2
reflex AOB  2ACB ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
AB 2  BC 2  (202  152 ) cm 2
 2  126
 625 cm 2
 252
reflex AOB  AOB  360 (s at a pt.) ∵ AC 2  AB 2  BC 2
∴ AB  BC converse of
252  AOB  360
Pyth. theorem
AOB  108 ∴ BC is the tangent to the circle converse of
OAT  90 (tangent  radius) at B. tangent  radius
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 2 Tangents to Circles

Quick Practice 2.4 (p. 2.8) In △AOC,

ACO  AOC  OAC  180 ( sum of △)
ACO  124  34  180
ACO  22

Quick Practice 2.7 (p. 2.19)

Let BX  x cm,
then AX  (9  x) cm.
Join OB. BY  BX (tangent properties)
OBC  90 (tangent  radius)  x cm
In △OBC, ∴ CY  (10  x) cm
BOC  OBC  OCB  180 ( sum of △) CZ  CY (tangent properties)
BOC  90  42  180  (10  x) cm
BOC  48 AZ  AX (tangent properties)
BOD  (9  x) cm
BAD  ( at centre twice at ☉ce)
2
∵ AZ  CZ  AC
48
 ∴ (9  x)  (10  x)  11
2
2x  8
 24
OAT  TAB  BAD x4
∴ BX  4 cm
 65  24
 89
 90 Quick Practice 2.8 (p. 2.19)
∴ TA is not the tangent to the circle at A. Let AOT  x .
∵ COT  AOT  x (tangent properties)
Quick Practice 2.5 (p. 2.9) ∴ AOC  2 x
AOC
ABC  ( at centre twice at ☉ce)
2
2x

2
x
∵ ABC  COT
Join O1 to a point D on O2B such that O1D  O2B. ∴ BA // OT (corr. s equal)
∵ O1A  PQ and O2B  PQ (tangent  radius)
∴ AO1DB is a rectangle.
Quick Practice 2.9 (p. 2.30)
DB  O1 A (a) ACB  PAB ( in alt. segment)
 9 cm  75
O2 D  O2 B  DB BAC  BCQ ( in alt. segment)
 (25  9) cm  33
 16 cm In △ABC,
O1O2  O1C  CO2 ABC  ACB  BAC  180 (sum of △)
 (9  25) cm ABC  75  33  180
 34 cm ABC  72
Consider the right-angled triangle O1DO2.
O1D 2  DO2  O1O2
2 2
(Pyth. theorem)
(b) CAR  ABC ( in alt. segment)
O1D  342  162 cm  72
 30 cm ∵ CR  AR (tangent properties)
∴ AB  O1D  30 cm ∴ ACR  CAR (base s, isos. △)
 72
In △ACR,
Quick Practice 2.6 (p. 2.18)
OBA  90 (tangent  radius) ARC  ACR  CAR  180 ( sum of △)
OAB  OBA  AOC (ext.  of △) ARC  72  72  180
OAB  90  124 ARC  36
OAB  34
OAD  OAB  34 (tangent properties)

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions

Quick Practice 2.10 (p. 2.31) 3. AB  O1P (tangent  radius)

(a) △BDC ~ △ABC (tangent  radius)
AB  O2 P
Consider △BDC and △ABC.
∴ O1O2 P is a straight line.
BCD  ACB common angle
DBC  BAC  in alt. segment O2 P  O1P  O1O2
∴ △BDC ~ △ABC AAA  (9  4) cm
 5 cm
(b) Let BC = x cm. In △O2AP,
∵ △BDC ~ △ABC (proved in (a))
O2 A2  O2 P 2  AP 2 (Pyth. theorem)
BC CD
∴  (corr. sides, ~△s)
O2 A  5  12 cm
2 2
AC BC
x 3  13 cm

93 x
x 2  36 Further Practice (p. 2.20)
x  6 or  6 (rejected) 1. (a) TA  TB (tangent properties)
∴ BC  6 cm ∵ TA  TB  AB
∴ △TAB is an equilateral triangle.
∴ TAB  60
Quick Practice 2.11 (p. 2.32)
PSQ  BPQ ( in alt. segment)
 36 (b) OAT  90 (tangent  radius)
(opp. s, cyclic quad.) OAB  OAT  TAB
PSR  PQR  180
 90  60
(36  QSR)  78  180
 30
QSR  66
∵ OB  OA (radii)
∵ QS  QR (given) ∴ OBA  OAB  30 (base s, isos. △)
∴ QRS  QSR (base s, isos. △) In △OAB,
 66 AOB  OAB  OBA  180 ( sum of △)
In △QRS,
AOB  30  30  180
RQS  QRS  QSR  180 ( sum of △)
AOB  120
RQS  66  66  180
RQS  48
2. Let AP  x cm and BP  y cm,
∵ RQS  CRS
then AB  ( x  y ) cm.
∴ CR is the tangent to the circle at R.
(converse of  in alt. segment) AS  AP (tangent properties)
 x cm
∴ DS  (7  x) cm
Further Practice
DR  DS (tangent properties)
Further Practice (p. 2.10)  (7  x) cm
1. Let r cm be the radius of the circle. BQ  BP (tangent properties)
OP  OT  r (radii)
 y cm
OTB  90 (tangent  radius)
In △OTB, ∴ CQ  (6  y ) cm
CR  CQ (tangent properties)
OT 2  TB 2  OB 2 (Pyth.theorem)
 (6  y) cm
r 2  24 2  (r  18) 2
∵ CR  DR  CD
r 2  576  r 2  36r  324 ∴ (6  y )  (7  x )  8
252  36r 13  y  x  8
r7 x y 5
∴ The radius of the circle is 7 cm.
∴ AB  5 cm
2. DCE  BDC (alt. s, BD // CE)
 69 3. Let OBC  x and OCB  y .
ACD  ABD (s in the same segment) In △OBC,
 21 OBC  OCB  BOC  180 ( sum of △)
OCE  ACD  DCE x  y  126  180
 21  69 x  y  54
 90 OBD  OBE (tangent properties)
∴ CE is the tangent to the circle at C.
x
(converse of tangent  radius)

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 2 Tangents to Circles

OCF  OCE (tangent properties) Exercise

y
In △ABC, Exercise 2A (p. 2.11)
Level 1
BAC  ABC  ACB  180 ( sum of △)
1. OPA  90 (tangent  radius)
BAC  2 x  2 y  180 In △OAP,
BAC  2( x  y )  180 OAP  OPA  AOP  180 ( sum of △)
BAC  2(54)  180 x  90  52  180
BAC  72 x  38

Further Practice (p. 2.32) 2. APD  CDP  180 (int. s, AB // CD)
1. (a) CAD  CDE ( in alt. segment) APD  117  180
 62 APD  63
BAC  ADC ( in alt. segment) OPA  90 (tangent  radius)
In △ABD, OPD  APD  OPA
ADB  BAD  ABD  180 ( sum of △) x  63  90
ADC  (BAC  62)  40  180 x  27
2ADC  102  180
ADC  39 3. ∵ OC  OP (radii)
∴ OCP  OPC (base s, isos. △)
(b) ACD  ABC  BAC (ext.  of △) In △OCP,
 40  39 OPC  OCP  COP  180 ( sum of △)
 79 2OPC  130  180
∵ ACD  CDE OPC  25
∴ AC is not parallel to DE. OPB  90 (tangent  radius)
OPC  CPB  OPB
2. CAB  CBP ( in alt. segment)
25  x  90
ACB  CBP (alt. s, AC // TP)
x  65
∴ CAB  ACB
In △ABC,
ACB  CAB  ABC  180 ( sum of △) 4. OPA  90 (tangent  radius)
In △OAP,
2CAB  70  180
OA2  AP 2  OP2 (Pyth. theorem)
CAB  55
CAT  ATB  180 (int. s, AC // TP) OA  AP 2  OP2
(55  TAB)  70  180 16  x  122  162
TAB  55 16  x  20
∵ TAB  ACB
x4
∴ TA is the tangent to the circle at A.
(converse of  in alt. segment)
5. OPA  OPB  90 (tangent  radius)
3. CBT  CTQ ( in alt. segment) In △OAP,
 53 AP 2  OP2  OA2 (Pyth. theorem)
BCT  DAB (ext. , cyclic quad.) OP  OA  AP 2 2

 60
In △BCT,  7 2  ( 24 ) 2 cm
CTB  CBT  BCT  180 ( sum of △)  5 cm
CTB  53  60  180 In △OBP,
CTB  67 BP 2  OP2  OB2 (Pyth. theorem)
BP  OB  OP2 2

x  ( 89 ) 2  52
8

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions

6. OPA  90 (tangent  radius) 10. (a) ∵ OA  OB (radii)

In △OAP, ∴ OAB  OBA (base s, isos. △)
AP 2  OP2  OA2 (Pyth. theorem) In △OAB,
OAB  OBA  AOB  180 ( sum of △)
OP  OA  AP 2 2

2OBA  112  180

 ( 61 ) 2  52 cm OBA  34
 6 cm OBT  OBA  ABT
∵ CP is a diameter.  34  68
∴ CP  2OP  102
 2  6 cm  90
 12 cm ∴ TB is not the tangent to the circle at B.
In △ACP,
AC 2  AP 2  CP 2 (Pyth. theorem) (b) OAT  90 (tangent  radius)
In quadrilateral BOAT,
AC  AP 2  CP 2 ATB  OAT  OBT  AOB  (4  2)  180
x  52  122 ( sum of polygon)
 13 ATB  90  102  112  360
ATB  304  360
7. OAT  90 (tangent  radius) ATB  56
∵ OA  OB (radii)
∴ BAO  ABO (base s, isos. △) BOD
11. BAD  ( at centre twice at ☉ce)
In △TAB, 2
TAB  ABT  ATB  180 ( sum of △) 110

(90  BAO )  ABO  22  180 2
 55
2ABO  112  180
In △ABC,
ABO  34
ABC  ACB  BAC  180 ( sum of △)
ABC  35  55  180
8. ∵ OT  OP (radii)
ABC  90
∴ OTP  OPT (base s, isos. △) ∴ BC is the tangent to the circle at B.
 62 (converse of tangent  radius)
In △OPT,
POT  OPT  OTP  180 ( sum of △) 12. (a) ACD  ABD  74 (s in the same segment)
POT  62  62  180 OCE  90 (tangent  radius)
POT  56 DCE  OCE  OCD
OTB  90 (tangent  radius)  90  74
In △OBT,  16
OBT  OTB  BOT  180 ( sum of △)
PBT  90  56  180 (b) BDC  DCE  CED (ext.  of △)
PBT  34  16  22
 38
9. PO  (4  6) cm BAC  BDC (s in the same segment)
 10 cm  38
PO2  102 cm2  100 cm2
∵ BO  AO  6 cm radii 13. OBD  90 (tangent  radius)
∴ PB 2  BO 2  (82  62 ) cm 2 In △OBD,
 100 cm 2 BOD  OBD  ODB  180 ( sum of △)
∵ PO2  PB 2  BO2 BOD  90  32  180
∴ PB⊥OB converse of BOD  58
Pyth. theorem BOE
BAE  ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
∴ PB is the tangent to the circle converse of 2
at B. tangent  radius 58

2
 29

48
 2 Tangents to Circles

In △ABC, 17. TAC  90 (tangent  radius)

ACB  ABC  BAC  180 ( sum of △) In △TAC,
ACB  90  29  180 TCA  TAC  ATC  180 ( sum of △)
ACB  61 TCA  90  48  180
TCA  42
14. BCD  BCA  ACD
 42  65
 107
BAD  BCD  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
BAD  107  180
Join OA. BAD  73
OPA  90 (tangent  radius)
In △OAP, 
AP 2  OP2  OA2
AP  OA2  OP2
(Pyth. theorem) 18. ∵
BOD BD 4
AOD DA 5
   arcs prop. to s at centre

4
 102  62 cm ∴ BOD  AOD
5
 8 cm adj. s on st. line
AOD  BOD  180
∵ OP  AB
4
∴ BP  AP  8 cm (line from centre  AOD  AOD  180
chord bisects chord) 5
∴ AB  AP  PB 9
AOD  180
 (8  8) cm 5
AOD  100
 16 cm
AOD
ABD   at centre twice  at ☉ce
2
15. 100

2
 50
∵ BD  CD given
∴ CBD  BCD base s, isos. △
Join OB.  40
OBD  90 (tangent  radius) OBC  OBD  CBD
OBA  OBD  ABD  50  40
OBA  90  118  90
OBA  28 ∴ BC is the tangent to converse of tangent 
∵ OA  OB (radii) the circle at B. radius
∴ OAB  OBA (base s, isos. △)
 28 19.
In △ABD,
ADB  ABD  BAD  180 ( sum of △)
ADB  118  28  180
ADB  34
∴ CDB  34 Join OC.
∵ OC  OA (radii)
∴ OCA  OAC  32 (base s, isos. △)
16. ADB  90 ( in semi-circle)
∵ OC  OB (radii)
ODA  ODB  ADB
∴ OCB  OBC  28 (base s, isos. △)
ODA  48  90
∵ OA  OB (radii)
ODA  42 ∴ OAB  OBA (base s, isos. △)
∵ OA  OD (radii)
In △ABC,
∴ OAD  ODA  42 (base s, isos. △)
ACB  ABC  BAC  180
OBC  90 (tangent  radius) ( sum of △)
In △ABC,
(32  28)  (28  OBA)  (32  OAB)  180
ACB  ABC  BAC  180 ( sum of △)
2OAB  120  180
ACB  90  42  180
OAB  30
ACB  48

49
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions

OAD  OAB  BAD 23. (a) Consider △ABC and △ADB.

 30  60 ABC = 90 tangent  radius
 90 ADB = 90  in semi-circle
∴ AD is the tangent to the circle at A. ∴ ABC = ADB
(converse of tangent  radius) BAC = DAB common angle
∴ △ABC ~ △ADB AAA
Level 2
20. ∵ AB  AC (given) (b) ∵ △ABC ~ △ADB (proved in (a))
∴ ABC  ACB (base s, isos. △) ∴
AD AB
 (corr. sides, ~△s)
OAC  ABC  ACB (ext.  of △) AB AC
 2ABC AD 6 cm

∵ OC  OA (radii) 6 cm 10 cm
∴ OCA  OAC (base s, isos. △) AD  3.6 cm
∴ CD  AC  AD
 2ABC
OCB  90 (tangent  radius)  (10  3.6) cm
OCA  ACB  90  6.4 cm
2ABC  ABC  90
24. (a)
ABC  30

21. (a) reflex POT  POT  360 (s at a pt.)

reflex POT  128  360
reflex POT  232 Join OP.
reflex POT APO  90 (tangent  radius)
PQT  ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
2 COP  OAP  APO (ext.  of △)
232
  38  90
2
 128
 116
∵ OP  OC (radii)
∴ OPC  OCP (base s, isos. △)
(b) OTQ  PQT  180 (int. s, QP // TO) In △OPC,
OTQ  116  180 OPC  OCP  COP  180 ( sum of △)
OTQ  64 2OPC  128  180
OTA  90 (tangent  radius) OPC  26
OTQ  QTA  90 APC  APO  OPC
64  QTA  90  90  26
QTA  26  116

22. (a) TAB  TCB  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.) (b) APC  CPD  180 (adj. s on st. line)
TAB  100  180 116  CPD  180
TAB  80 CPD  64
In △TPA, ∵ PC  PD (given)
PTA  TPA  TAB (ext.  of △) ∴ PCD  PDC (base s, isos. △)
PTA  42  80 In △PCD,
PTA  38 PCD  PDC  CPD  180 ( sum of △)
2PCD  64  180
(b) OTP  90 (tangent  radius) PCD  58
OCD  OCP  PCD
OTA  PTA  90
 26  58
OTA  38  90
 84
OTA  52
 90
∵ OA  OT (radii)
∴ DC is not the tangent to the circle at C.
∴ OAT  OTA  52 (base s, isos. △)
In △OTA,
TOA  OAT  OTA  180 ( sum of △)
TOA  52  52  180
TOA  76

50
 2 Tangents to Circles

25. 27. (a) Consider △O1AP and △O2BP.

O1 AP  90 tangent  radius
O2 BP  90 tangent  radius
∴ O1 AP  O2 BP
O1PA  O2 PB vert. opp. s
Join OP. ∴ △O1AP ~ △O2BP AAA
Let OQP = .
∵ OP = OQ (radii) (b) (i) Let O1P = x cm.
∴ OPQ = OQP =  (base s, isos. △) ∵ △O1AP ~ △O2BP (proved in (a))
OPA = 90 (tangent  radius) O1P O1 A
APB  OPA  OPQ ∴  (corr. sides, ~△s)
O2 P O2 B
 90   x 10
In △OQB, 
24  x 6
OBQ  OQB  QOB  180 ( sum of △)
6 x  240  10 x
OBQ    90  180
16 x  240
OBQ  90  
x  15
ABP  OBQ (vert. opp. s) ∴ O1P  15 cm
 90  
(ii) In △O1AP,
∵ ABP  APB
AP 2  O1 A2  O1P 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∴ AB  AP (sides opp. equal s)
i.e. △ABP is an isosceles triangle. AP  O1P 2  O1 A2

26. Let O2 and r cm be the centre and the radius of the smaller  152  102 cm
circle respectively.  5 5 cm
Join O2 to a point F on OE such that O2F⊥OE.
BP O2 B
 (corr. sides, ~△s)
AP O1 A
BP 6 cm

5 5 cm 10 cm
BP  3 5 cm
AB  AP  BP
With the notations in the figure,
OE  BC and O2G  BC (tangent  radius)  (5 5  3 5 ) cm
∴ O2FEG is a rectangle.  8 5 cm
FE  O2G
 r cm 28. (a) (i) OT  OC  15 cm (radii)
OF  (4  r ) cm ∵ OTA  90 (tangent  radius)
O2 F  BC  BE  GC 1
∴ AT  AB (line from centre 
 (9  4  r ) cm 2
 (5  r ) cm 1 chord bisects chord)
  16 cm
OO2  OP  O2 P 2
 (4  r ) cm  8 cm
In △OFO2, In △OAT,
O2 F 2  OF 2  OO2
2
(Pyth.theorem) OA2  OT 2  AT 2 (Pyth. theorem)
(5  r )  (4  r )  (4  r )
2 2 2
OA  OT  AT 2 2

25  10r  r  16  8r  r  16  8r  r
2 2 2
 152  82 cm
r  26r  25  0
2
 17 cm
(r  1)(r  25)  0 ∴ The radius of the larger circle is 17 cm.
r  1 or r  25 (rejected) (ii) Consider △OCD and △OAB.
∴ The radius of the smaller circle is 1 cm. OC  OD (radii)
OA  OB (radii)
OC OD
∴ 
OA OB
COD  AOB (common angle)
∴ △OCD ~ △OAB (ratio of 2 sides, inc. )

51
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions

CD OC In △OBT,
∴  (corr. sides, ~△s)
AB OA OTB  OBT  BOT  180 ( sum of △)
CD 15 cm x  90  60  180

16 cm 17 cm x  30
2
CD  14 cm
17 4. OTB  OTA (tangent properties)
 24
(b) ∵ EF = AB (given) OBT  90 (tangent  radius)
∴ EF and AB are equidistant from the centre O. BOP  OBT  OTB (ext.  of △)
(equal chords, equidistant from centre)
x  90  24
∴ The distance from O to EF is equal to the radius of
the smaller circle.  114
∴ EF is a tangent to the smaller circle.
(tangent  radius) 5. AR  AP (tangent properties)
 3 cm
29. ∵ OC = OD (radii)
∴ CR  (8  3) cm
∴ OCD  ODC (base s, isos. △)
 5 cm
 66
CQ  CR (tangent properties)
In △OCD,
 5 cm
COD  OCD  ODC  180 ( sum of △)
BQ  BP (tangent properties)
COD  66  66  180
 2 cm
COD  48 ∴ BC  BQ  CQ
BAF  COD (corr. s, AB // OC)
 (2  5) cm
 48
 7 cm
OBA = 90 (tangent  radius)
BOC  OBA (alt. s, AB // OC)
 90 6. TB  TD (tangent properties)
∵ OC = OE (radii)  15 cm
∴ OCE = OEC (base s, isos. △) TA  TB  AB
OCE  OEC  BOC (ext.  of △)  (15  5) cm
2OEC  90  10 cm
OEC  45 TC  TA (tangent properties)
∵ BAF  BEF  10 cm
∴ A, B, F and E are not concyclic.
7. ACD  BAC (alt. s, BA // CD)
Exercise 2B (p. 2.20)
 64
Level 1
1. ∵ TA  TB (tangent properties) ∵ DA  DC (tangent properties)
∴ TBA  TAB  68 (base s, isos. △) ∴ CAD  ACD (base s, isos. △)
In △TAB,  64
ATB  TAB  TBA  180 ( sum of △) In △ACD,
x  68  68  180 ADC  ACD  CAD  180 ( sum of △)
x  44 ADC  64  64  180
ADC  52
2. ∵ OTA  OTB (tangent properties)
50 8. ∵ AB  BC (given)
∴ OTA   25 ∴ BAC  ACB (base s, isos. △)
2
OAT  90 (tangent  radius)  28
In △OAT, ABT  BAC  ACB (ext.  of △)
AOT  OAT  OTA  180 ( sum of △)  28  28
x  90  25  180  56
x  65 ∵ TA  TB (tangent properties)
∴ BAT  ABT (base s, isos. △)
 56
3. AOT  BOT (tangent properties)
In △ABT,
AOT  BOT  reflex AOB  360 (s at a pt.)
ATB  ABT  BAT  180 ( sum of △)
2BOT  240  360
ATB  56  56  180
BOT  60
ATB  68
OBT  90 (tangent  radius)

52
 2 Tangents to Circles

9. OCB  OCA (tangent properties) ∴ PAR  OAP  OAR

 25  27  27
In △OBC,  54
OBC  OCB  BOC  180 ( sum of △)
OBC  25  121  180 13. ∵ BP  BQ (tangent properties)
OBC  34 ∴ BPQ  BQP (base s, isos. △)
OBA  OBC (tangent properties) In △BPQ,
 34 BPQ  BQP  PBQ  180 ( sum of △)
OAB  OAC (tangent properties) 2BQP  90  180
In △ABC, BQP  45
BAC  ABC  ACB  180 ( sum of △)
∵ CQ = CR (tangent properties)
2OAB  2(34)  2(25)  180 ∴ CQR = CRQ (base s, isos. △)
2OAB  118  180 In △CQR,
OAB  31 CRQ  CQR  QCR  180 ( sum of △)
2CQR  124  180
10. OQB  90 (tangent  radius) CQR  28
In △ABQ, BQP  PQR  CQR  180 (adj. s on st. line)
ABQ  AQB  BAQ  180 ( sum of △) 45  PQR  28  180
ABQ  90  26  180 PQR  107
ABQ  64
PSR  PQR  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∵ ABO  QBO (tangent properties)
PSR  107  180
ABQ
∴ ABO  PSR  73
2
64
 14. OCE  OCF (tangent properties)
2
 32  40
ODB  90 (tangent  radius)
In quadrilateral ODBC,
11. RSA  QSA  180 (adj. s on st. line) DOC  ODB  OCB  DBC  (4  2)  180
RSA  135  180 ( sum of polygon)
RSA  45 DOC  90  40  68  360
SAR  RSA  QRT (ext.  of △) DOC  162
SAR  45  110
SAR  65 15. (a) OAT  90 tangent  radius
∵ TB  TA (tangent properties) OBT  90 tangent  radius
∴ TBA  TAB (base s, isos. △) ∵ OAT  OBT  90  90
 65  180
BSQ  RSA (vert. opp. s) ∴ O, A, T and B are concyclic. opp. s supp.
 45
TQR  BSQ  TBA (ext.  of △) (b) ∵ O, A, T and B are concyclic. proved in (a)
∴ OAB = OTB s in the same segment
TQR  45  65
∵ OTB = OTA tangent properties
TQR  20
∴ OAB = OTA

12. OQB  90 (tangent  radius) Level 2

In △OQB, 16. (a) ECB  ECF  180 (adj. s on st. line)
OBQ  OQB  QOB  180 ( sum of △) ECB  x  180
OBQ  90  53  180 ECB  180  x
OBQ  37 ∵ OCB  OCE (tangent properties)
OBR  OBQ (tangent properties) ECB
∴ OCE 
 37 2
In △OAB, 180  x

OAB  OBA  AOB  180 ( sum of △) 2
OAB  37  116  180 x
 90 
OAB  27 2
OAP  OAR (tangent properties) AEC  ECF (alt. s, AE // BF)
 27 x

53
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions

∵ OEA  OEC (tangent properties) (b) (i) ∵ PB  PD (tangent properties)

AEC ∴ PBD  PDB (base s, isos. △)
∴ OEC 
2 PBD  PDB  APQ (ext.  of △)

x 2PBD  64
2 PBD  32
CBD  PBD  ABC
(b) In △OEC,
CBD  32  60
EOC  OCE  OEC  180 ( sum of △)
CBD  28
 x x
EOC   90     180 (ii) ∵ QC  QD (tangent properties)
 2 2
∴ QCD  QDC (base s, isos. △)
EOC  90
QCD  QDC  AQP (ext.  of △)
17. Let O be the centre of the circle. 2QCD  56
QCD  28
DCB  QCD  ACB
DCB  28  60
DCB  32
In △BCD,
BDC  DCB  CBD  180 ( sum of △)
Join OC, OD and OQ. BDC  32  28  180
(5  2)  180
PCQ  ( sum of polygon) BDC  120
5
 108
19. Let BP = x cm.
∵ OCQ  OCP (tangent properties)
BR  BP  x cm (tangent properties)
PCQ
∴ OCQ  CR  BC  BR
2
 (6  x) cm
108
 CQ  CR  (6  x) cm (tangent properties)
2
 54 AP  AQ (tangent properties)
QDR  108 ( sum of polygon) AB  BP  AC  CQ
∵ ODQ  ODR (tangent properties) 9  x  7  (6  x )
QDR 2x  4
∴ ODQ 
2 x2
108 ∴ AP  (9  2) cm  11 cm

2
 54
20. (a) ∵ AT  BT (tangent properties)
∵ OCQ  ODQ
∴ AB  AT  BT
∴ OC  OD (sides opp. equal s)
∴ ATB  ABT  TAB  60(prop. of equil. △)
and CD  OQ (tangent  radius)
DAT  90 (tangent  radius)
∴ CQ = DQ (prop. of isos. △) In △ADT,
∴ Q is the mid-point of CD.
ADT  ATD  DAT  180 ( sum of △)
18. (a) In △APQ, ADT  60  90  180
PAQ  APQ  AQP  180 ( sum of △) ADT  30
∴ CDB  30
PAQ  64  56  180
PAQ  60
(b) ABC  90 ( in semi-circle)
∵ AB  AC (tangent properties)
CBD  ABC  ABT  180 (adj. s on st. line)
∴ ABC  ACB (base s, isos. △)
In △ABC, CBD  90  60  180
ABC  ACB  BAC  180 ( sum of △) CBD  30
∵ CBD  CDB
2ABC  60  180
∴ CB  CD (sides opp. equal s)
ABC  60
∴ Kenneth’s claim is correct.
∵ ABC  ACB  BAC  60
∴ △ABC is an equilateral triangle.

54
 2 Tangents to Circles

21. AB  AD given 24. (a) AB  BD tangent properties

AP  AS tangent properties BD  BC tangent properties
∴ AB  AP  AD  AS ∴ AB  BC
BP  DS
BQ  BP tangent properties (b) BAD  BDA (base s, isos. △)
DR  DS tangent properties BCD  BDC (base s, isos. △)
∴ BQ  DR In △ACD,
BAD  BCD  ADC  180 ( sum of △)
CQ  CR tangent properties
BDA  BDC  ADC  180
∴ CQ  BQ  CR  DR
CB  CD ADC  ADC  180
∴ △BCD is an isosceles triangle. ADC  90
∴ AD is perpendicular to CD.
22. AS  AP (tangent properties)
BQ  BP (tangent properties) 25. (a) (i) OBT  90 tangent  radius
CQ  CR (tangent properties) BOC  OBT  180 int. s, OC // BT
DS  DR (tangent properties) BOC  90  180
Perimeter of ABCD  AB  BC  CD  AD BOC  90
 AB  ( BQ  CQ )  CD  ( DS  AS ) ∴ OC  OB
 AB  BP  CR  CD  DR  AP (ii)
 AB  ( AP  BP )  CD  (CR  DR)
 AB  AB  CD  CD
 (12  12  8  8) cm
 40 cm
Join OT.
BTO  CTO tangent properties
23. (a) OPB  90 (tangent  radius) COT  OTB alt. s, OC // BT
OQB  90 (tangent  radius) ∴ COT  CTO
B  90 (given) ∴ OC  CT sides opp. equal s
POQ  90 ( sum of polygon)
OP  OQ (radii) (b) (i) Consider △OAC and △COB.
∵ All four interior angles are equal to 90 and two ∵ OAC  90 tangent  radius
adjacent sides are equal. ∴ OAC  COB
∴ OPBQ is a square. AOC  OCB alt. s, OA // BC
∴ △OAC ~ △COB AAA
(b) Let r cm be the radius of the circle. (ii) OC  CT proved in (a)(ii)
∵ OPBQ is a square. (proved in (a))
1
∴ BP  BQ  OP  OQ  r cm
In △OAC,
CQ  BC  BQ
OA2  AC 2  OC 2 Pyth. theorem
 (5  r ) cm
CR  CQ (tangent properties) OA  OC 2  AC 2
 (5  r ) cm  1  s2
AP  AB  BP OB  OA radii
 (12  r ) cm  1 s2
AR  AP (tangent properties) ∵ △OAC ~ △COB proved in (b)(i)
 (12  r ) cm AC OA
∴  corr. sides, ~△s
AC  AR  CR OB OC
 [(12  r )  (5  r )] cm s 1  s2

 (17  2r ) cm 1  s2 1
AC  AB  BC
2 2 2
(Pyth.theorem) s  1  s2
AC  AB 2  BC 2 s2  s  1  0
 122  52 cm 26. (a) DQ  AD (tangent properties)
 13 cm
a
∴ 17  2r  13 QC  BC (tangent properties)
r2
b
∴ The radius of the circle is 2 cm.
∴ DC  DQ  QC
 ab

55
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions

(b) PAD  90 tangent  radius ATP  ATB  BTQ  180 (adj. s on st. line)
∵ APQ  PAD  90  90 x  90  28  180
 180 x  62
∴ AD // PQ int. s supp.
Consider △CQR and △CDA.
3. ∵ TB  AB (given)
CQR  CDA corr. s, AD // PQ
∴ ATB  TAB (base s, isos. △)
CRQ  CAD corr. s, AD // PQ
RCQ  ACD common angle x
∴ △CQR ~ △CDA AAA BTQ  BAT ( in alt. segment)
QR QC x
∴  corr. sides, ~△s ATB  BTQ  ATQ
AD DC
QR b x  x  150

a ab x  75
ab
QR 
ab 4. ATQ  ABT ( in alt. segment)
 65
(c) Consider △APR and △ABC. ATB  90 ( in semi-circle)
∵ ABC  90 (tangent  radius) (adj. s on st. line)
BTP  ATB  ATQ  180
∴ APR  ABC
BTP  90  65  180
PAR  BAC (common angle)
∴ △APR ~ △ABC (AAA) BTP  25
AR PR BPT  BTP  ABT (ext.  of △)
∴  (corr. sides, ~△s) x  25  65
AC BC
∵ △CQR ~ △CDA (proved in (b)) x  40
RC QR
∴  (corr. sides, ~△s)
AC AD 5. CAT  CTQ ( in alt. segment)
AC  AR QR
  34
AC AD (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
TAB  TCB  180
 ab 
  (34  x)  102  180
AR  a  b 
1  x  44
AC a
PR b
1  6. BCT  BTP ( in alt. segment)
BC a  b
PR b  75
1  CBT  CTQ ( in alt. segment)
b ab
PR b  37
1 (alt. s, CA // TB)
b ab ACB  CBT
PR a  37

b ab ABT  ACT  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
ab ( x  37)  (37  75)  180
PR 
ab x  31
 QR
∴ R is the mid-point of PQ. 7. ACB  90 ( in semi-circle)
In △ACD,
Exercise 2C (p. 2.34)
Level 1 CAD  ADC  ACD  180 ( sum of △)
1. BTQ  TAB ( in alt. segment) CAD  32  (28  90)  180
 76 CAD  30
TBA  BTQ (alt. s, AB // PQ) ∵ CAB  BCD
 76 ∴ DC is not the tangent to the circle at C.
In △TAB,
ATB  TAB  TBA  180 ( sum of △) 8. (a) DBT  DBQ  180 (adj. s on st. line)
x  76  76  180 DBT  80  180
x  28 DBT  100
In △BDT,
PTQ  DBT  PDB (ext.  of △)
2. BTQ  BAT ( in alt. segment)
PTQ  100  150
 28
PTQ  50
ATB  90 ( in semi-circle)

56
 2 Tangents to Circles

(b) ∵ TA  TB (tangent properties) In △ABT,

∴ TAB  TBA (base s, isos. △) ATB  ABT  BAT  180 ( sum of △)
In △TAB, ATB  30  72  180
TAB  TBA  ATB  180 ( sum of △) ATB  78
2TAB  50  180 RBA  ATB ( in alt. segment)
TAB  65  78
BCA  TAB ( in alt. segment)
 65 12.

9. DAE  DBA ( in alt. segment)

 32
BAF  DBA (alt. s, DB // EF)
 32
DAE  BAD  BAF  180 (adj. s on st. line) Join BD.
32  BAD  32  180 ADB  PAB ( in alt. segment)
BAD  116  66
BCD  BAD  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.) BDC  MCB ( in alt. segment)
BCD  116  180  32
BCD  64 ADC  ADB  BDC
In △CEF,  66  32
CFE  CEF  ECF  180 ( sum of △)  98
CFE  56  64  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
ABC  ADC  180
CFE  60
ABC  98  180
∴ AFB  60
ABC  82

10. Let ACB  x.

∵ BA  BC (given) 13. (a) Consider △BCT and △CAT.
∴ BAC  BCA (base s, isos. △) BCT  CAT  in alt. segment
BTC  CTA common angle
x
∴ △BCT ~ △CAT AAA
BTQ  BCA (alt. s, AC // PQ)
x (b) Let AB = x cm.
BAT  BTQ ( in alt. segment) ∵ △BCT ~ △CAT (proved in (a))
x BT CT
∴  (corr. sides, ~△s)
ATP  CAT (alt. s, AC // PQ) CT AT
 BAC  BAT 8 12

 2x 12 x  8
ATP  ATB  BTQ  180 (adj. s on st. line) 8 x  64  144
2 x  78  x  180 x  10
3 x  102 ∴ AB  10 cm
x  34
∴ ACB  34 14. (a) Consider △ABC and △BTC.
BAC  TBC  in alt. segment
11. ACB  90  in semi-circle
BCT  180  ACB adj. s on st. line
 180  90
 90
∴ ACB  BCT
∴ △ABC ~ △BTC AAA

Join AT. (b) Let TB = x cm.

ATP  ABT ( in alt. segment) In △ABC,
 30 AB 2  BC 2  AC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
BAT  ATP  APT (ext.  of △)
AB  BC  AC
2 2
 30  42
 72  92  122 cm
 15 cm

57
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions

∵ △ABC ~ △BTC (proved in (a)) ATC  CTQ  ATQ

TB BC  145  60
∴  (corr. sides, ~△s)
AB AC  85
x 9 ABC  ATC  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)

15 12 ABC  85  180
45 ABC  95
x
4
45
∴ TB  cm 19. (a) ∵ AD  CD given
4
∴ CAD  ACD base s, isos. △
In △ACD,
15.
CAD  ACD  CDA  180  sum of △
2CAD  46  180
CAD  67
∵ CAD  CBA
∴ DA is the tangent to the converse of  in
circle at A. alt. segment
Join CD.
EAB  FEA (alt. s, AB // FE) (b) OAD  90 (tangent  radius)
DCE  EAB (ext. , cyclic quad.)
OAC  OAD  CAD
∴ DCE  FEA
 90  67
∴ FE is the tangent to the smaller circle at E.
(converse of  in alt. segment)  23
In △ABC,
16. (a) Consider △BPT and △TPA. BCA  CBA  CAB  180 ( sum of △)
BPT  TPA common angle BCA  67  (23  27)  180
TP

6

1 BCA  63
AP 9  3 2
Alternative Solution
BP 3 1 ∵ OB  OA
  (radii)
TP 6 2 ∴ OBA  OAB (base s, isos. △)
TP BP
∴   27
AP TP In △OAB,
∴ △BPT ~ △TPA ratio of 2 sides, inc. 
AOB  OAB  OBA  180 ( sum of △)
(b) ∵ △BPT ~ △TPA proved in (a) AOB  27  27  180
∴ PTB  PAT corr. s, ~△s AOB  126
∴ TP is the tangent to the converse of  in AOB
BCA  ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
circle at T. alt. segment 2
126

Level 2 2
17. EDB  ABE ( in alt. segment)  63
 70
CBD  EDC ( in alt. segment) 20. (a) ABP  ACB ( in alt. segment)
In △BCD,
 39
CBD  BDC  BCD  180 ( sum of △) In △APB,
EDC  (EDC  70)  50  180
APB  ABP  PAB  180 ( sum of △)
2EDC  120  180
APB  39  105  180
EDC  30
APB  36

18. CTP  CTQ  180 (adj. s on st. line)

(b) ADB  ABP ( in alt. segment)
CTP  145  180
 39
CTP  35 In △ABD,
ACT  CPT  CTP (ext.  of △) ABE  ADB  PAB (ext.  of △)
 25  35 ABE  39  105
 60 ABE  66
ATQ  ACT ( in alt. segment)
 60

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 2 Tangents to Circles

21. (a) ATC  PBC (ext. , cyclic quad.) 

 55
CTP  ATC  ATQ  180 (adj. s on st. line)
24. ∵
ADB ACB 2

ACB ADB 3   (arcs prop. to s at ☉ce)

CTP  55  100  180 2

∴ ADB  ACB
3
CTP  25
CAT  CTP ( in alt. segment) ACB  ADB  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
 25 2
ACB  ACB  180
3
(ext.  of △) ACB  108
(b) PAT  APT  ATQ
∵ AC  BC (given)
(BAC  25)  42  100
∴ BAC  ABC (base s, isos. △)
BAC  33 In △ABC,
ABC  BAC  ACB  180 ( sum of △)
22. 2ABC  108  180
ABC  36
CAT  ABC ( in alt. segment)
 36

25. (a) ∵ PC  PD (tangent properties)

Join AB. ∴ PCD  PDC (base s, isos. △)
EBD  BAE  in alt. segment
In △PCD,
BDC  BAE s in the same segment
PCD  PDC  DPC  180 ( sum of △)
∴ EBD  BDC
∴ BE is parallel to CD. alt. s equal 2PCD  52  180
PCD  64
23. (a) CBD  PCD ( in alt. segment)
 64
BDC  BCN ( in alt. segment)
 36
∵ AB  AD (given)
∴ ABD ADB (base s, isos. △)
ABC ADC  180
Join AB. (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
Let TAC = x. (ABD  CBD )  (ADB  BDC )  180
ABC  TAC  x ( in alt. segment)
2ADB  64  36  180
ACB  TAC  x (alt. s, BC // AT)
ADB  40
In △ABC,
ADC  ADB  BDC
BAC  ABC  ACB  180 ( sum of △)
 40  36
BAC  x  x  180
 76
BAC  180  2 x
CBQ  BAC ( in alt. segment)
 180  2 x (b) CAD  PCD ( in alt. segment)
In △CBQ,  64
CBQ  BQC  ACB (ext.  of △) In △ADK,
(180  2 x)  36  x AKD  ADK  DAK  180 ( sum of △)
3x  216 AKD  40  64  180
x  72 AKD  76
∴ TAC  72
26. (a) CDT  CTP  in alt. segment
(b) ABC  ACB  72 (proved in (a)) ABT  CTP  in alt. segment
ABP  ACB ( in alt. segment) ∴ CDT  ABT
 72 ∴ AB // CD corr. s equal
PBC  ABP  ABC
(b) CEA  CDE ( in alt. segment)
 72  72
DCE  CEA (alt. s, AB // CD)
 144
∴ DCE  CDE
∴ CE  DE (sides opp. equal s)

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions

27. (a) (i) BCQ  CAB ( in alt. segment) (c) 

x OPT  POT  OTQ (ext.  of △)
CBQ  CAB ( in alt. segment) OPT  42  132
x OPT  90
In △BCQ, ∴ PQ is the tangent to the circle at P.
BQC  BCQ  CBQ  180 ( sum of △) (converse of tangent  radius)
PQR  x  x  180
(d) 
PQR  180  2 x ∵ BA  BT (given)
(ii) ADS  DBA ( in alt. segment) ∴ BAT  BTA (base s, isos. △)
y In △ABT,
DAS  DBA ( in alt. segment) BAT  BTA  ABT  180 ( sum of △)
y 2BAT  70  180
In △ADS, BAT  55
ASD  ADS  DAS  180 ( sum of △) ∵ BAT  BTP
PSR  y  y  180 ∴ PT is not the tangent to the circle at T.
PSR  180  2 y
2. x  90 (tangent  radius)
(b) In △ABE, y  2OAB ( at centre twice  at ☉ce)
BAE  ABE  AEB  180  sum of △  2  27
x  y  90  180  54
x  y  90
In △OBT,
PQR  PSR x  y  z  180 ( sum of △)
 (180  2 x)  (180  2 y ) 90  54  z  180
 360  2( x  y ) z  36
 360  2  90
 180 3. BAC  CBQ ( in alt. segment)
∴ PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. opp. s supp.
a  78
28. (a) Consider △AMD and △BMP. ABP  ABC  CBQ  180 (adj. s on st. line)
AMD  BMP vert. opp.s 36  b  78  180
AM  MB given b  66
DAM  PBM  90 propertyof square
ACB  ABP ( in alt. segment)
∴ △ AMD  △BMP ASA c  36

(b) ∵ △AMD  △BMP (proved in (a))

4. BAC  BCQ ( in alt. segment)
∴ BP  AD (corr. sides, △s)
∵ AD  AB (property of square)  80
∴ BP  AB CAT  BAC  BAP  180 (adj. s on st. line)
∴ APB  PAB (base s, isos. △) x  80  36  180
In △APB, x  64
PAB  APB  ABP  180 ( sum of △) ABC  CAT ( in alt. segment)
2PAB  90  180 y  64
PAB  45
∵ TC  TA (tangent properties)
∴ ACT  CAT (base s, isos. △)
(c) ACB  45 (property of square)  64
∵ PAB  ACB In △ACT,
∴ PA is the tangent to the circle at A. ATC  ACT  CAT  180 ( sum of △)
(converse of  in alt. segment)
z  64  64  180
Check Yourself (p. 2.42) z  52
1. (a) 

(b) 

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 2 Tangents to Circles

5. BX  BY (tangent properties) BAP  90 (tangent  radius)

 3 cm CAP  BAP  BAQ
CZ  CY (tangent properties)  90  61
 7 cm  29
∴ AZ  (21  7) cm
 14 cm (b) ∵ BC  BA (tangent properties)
AX  AZ (tangent properties) ∴ BCA  BAC (base s, isos. △)
 14 cm  61
AB  AX  BX CAP  APC  BCA (ext.  of △)
 (14  3) cm 29  APC  61
 17 cm APC  32

Revision Exercise 2 (p. 2.43)

6. BTP  OBA (alt. s, OB // TP)
Level 1
1. OB  OA (radii)  27
 10 cm OTP  90 (tangent  radius)
OAT  90 (tangent  radius) OTA  OTP  BTP
In △OAT,  90  27
TA  OA  OT
2 2 2
(Pyth. theorem)  63
∵ OA  OT (radii)
TA  OT  OA 2 2
∴ OAT  OTA (base s, isos. △)
 (10  16) 2  10 2 cm  63
 24 cm AOB  OBA  OAT (ext.  of △)
AOB  27  63
2. (a) ∵ TA  TB (tangent properties) AOB  36
∴ TAB  TBA (base s, isos. △)
In △TAB, 7. AC 2  AB 2  BC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
TAB  TBA  ATB  180  ( sum of △)
AC  AB 2  BC 2
2TAB  58  180
TAB  61  82  62 cm
 10 cm
(b) ACB  TBA ( in alt. segment) Let AR = x cm, then CR = (10 – x) cm.
AP  AR (tangent properties)
 61
CBF  ACB (alt. s, AC // TF)  x cm
∴ BP  (8  x) cm
 61
BQ  BP (tangent properties)

3. ACT  ABC ( in alt. segment)  (8  x) cm

 68 CQ  CR (tangent properties)
In △ACT,  (10  x) cm
ATC  ACT  CAT  180 ( sum of △) ∵ BQ  CQ  BC
ATC  68  28  180 ∴ (8  x)  (10  x)  6
ATC  84 2 x  12
x6
4. (a) PAB  ADB ( in alt. segment) ∴ AR  6 cm
 49
AED  PAB (alt. s, PQ // ED) 8. (a) ABC  90 (tangent  radius)
 49 In △ABC,
AB 2  BC 2  AC 2 (Pyth. theorem)

(b) ABD  AED  BDE (ext.  of △) AB  AC 2  BC 2

 49  19  252  152 cm
 68  20 cm

5. (a) In △ABQ,
BAQ  ABQ  AQB  180  ( sum of △)
BAQ  90  29  180
BAQ  61

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions

(b) Let BD = y cm. OBP  OBA  ABP

1
Area of △ABC   AB  BC  26  64
2  90
1 ∴ PB is the tangent to the circle at B.
  20  15 cm 2
2 (converse of tangent  radius)
 150 cm 2 Alternative Solution
∵ ADB  90 ( in semi-circle)
1
∴ Area of △ABC   BD  AC
2
1
150   y  25
2
y  12
∴ BD  12 cm Join AD.
ADC  90 ( in semi-circle)
9. ADB  ADC  BDC
 90  26
 64
∵ ADB  ABP
∴ PB is the tangent to the circle at B.
(converse of  in alt. segment)
Join OA.
OAP  90 (tangent  radius) 11. (a)
OAB  OAP  PAB
 90  33
 57
∵ OB  OA (radii)
∴ OBA  OAB (base s, isos. △) Join AC.
 57 CAB  90 ( in semi-circle)
APB  PAB  OBA (ext.  of △) ACB  BAQ ( in alt. segment)
APB  33  57  36
APB  24 ABC  ACB  CAB  180 ( sum of △)
Alternative Solution ABC  36  90  180
ABC  54

(b) ADC  ABC  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)

ADC  54  180
ADC  126
Join AC.
BAC  90 ( in semi-circle)
12.
ACB  PAB ( in alt. segment)
 33
In △ACP,
APC  ACP  PAC  180 ( sum of △)
APB  33  (90  33)  180
APB  24 Join R to a point B on OP such that RB  OP.
∵ OP  AQ (tangent  radius)
10. and RQ  AQ (given)
∴ BPQR is a rectangle.
Let r cm be the radius of the circle.
OP = OR = r cm (radii)
BR  PQ
 15 cm
BP  RQ
Join OB.  9 cm
BAC  BDC (s in the same segment) OB  OP  BP
 26  (r  9) cm
∵ OB  OA (radii)
∴ OBA  OAB (base s, isos. △)
 26
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 2 Tangents to Circles

Consider the right-angled triangle OBR. AOE  OED  ODE (ext.  of △)

OR2  OB2  BR 2 (Pyth. theorem)  28  34
r 2  ( r  9) 2  152  62
r 2  ( r 2  18r  81)  225 AOF
ACF  ( at centre twice  at ☉ce )
18r  306 2
62
r  17 
∴ The radius of the circle is 17 cm. 2
 31
13. (a) TDA  TCB (corr. s, AQ // BC) EAF  ACF ( in alt. segment)
 70  31
QTC  TQD  TDA
QTC  26  70
(ext.  of △)

QTC  44
15. ∵
ABC AC 3

BAC BC 2   (arcs prop. to s at ⊙ce)

3
(b) PTB  TCB ( in alt. segment) ∴ ABC  BAC
2
 70 ACB  90 ( in semi-circle)
PTB  ATD  QTC  180 (adj. s on st. line) In △ABC,
70  ATD  44  180 ABC  BAC  ACB  180 ( sum of △)
ATD  66 3
BAC  BAC  90  180
2
14. (a) DAE  90 (tangent  radius) BAC  36
In △ADE, 3
ABC  BAC
AED  ADE  DAE  180 ( sum of △) 2
AED  34  90  180 3
  36
2
AED  56
 54
∵ OED  OEA (tangent properties)
BCT  BTC  ABC (ext.  of △)
AED
∴ OED  BCT  18  54
2
56 BCT  36
 ∵ BCT  BAC
2
 28 ∴ TC is the tangent to the circle at C.
In △ODE, (converse of  in alt. segment)
DOE  OED  ODE  180 ( sum of △)
16. Let OBC  x and OCB  y .
DOE  28  34  180
OBA  OBC (tangent properties)
DOE  118
x
OCA  OCB (tangent properties)
(b) AOE  OED  ODE (ext.  of △)
y
 28  34
∴ ABC  2 x and ACB  2 y.
 62 In △ABC,
∵ OA  OF (radii)
ABC  ACB  BAC  180 ( sum of △)
∴ OAF  OFA (base s, isos. △)
2 x  2 y  88  180
In △OAF,
OAF  OFA  AOF  180 ( sum of △) x  y  46
In △OBC,
2OAF  62  180
BOC  OBC  OCB  180 ( sum of △)
OAF  59
EAF  OAE  OAF BOC  x  y  180
 90  59 BOC  46  180
 31 BOC  134
Alternative Solution

Join CF.

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions

17. 19. AOB  2AEB ( at centre twice  at ⊙ce)

 2  32
 64
In △BOF,
BFO  OBF  BOF  180 ( sum of △)
BFO  28  64  180
Join D to a point E on BC such that DE  BC.
∵ BC  AB and AD  AB (tangent  radius) BFO  88
∴ ABED is a rectangle. OCD  BFO (alt. s, BE // CD)
Let r cm be the radius of the circle.  88
DE  AB  90
 2r cm ∴ CD is not the tangent to the circle at C.
BE  AD
 4 cm 20.
PD  AD (tangent properties)
 4 cm
PC  BC (tangent properties)
 9 cm
DC  PD  PC Join OP and OQ.
 (4  9) cm OP  AB tangent  radius
OQ  AC tangent  radius
 13 cm OP = OQ radii
Consider the right-angled triangle CDE. ∴ AB = AC chords equidistant from centre are equal
DE 2  EC 2  DC 2 (Pyth.theorem)
( 2r ) 2  (9  4) 2  132 21. (a) ∵ AM  BM given
4r  25  169
2 ∴ OM  AB line joining centre to mid-pt.
of chord  chord
r 2  36
∵ AN  CN given
r  6 or  6 (rejected) ∴ ON  AC line joining centre to mid-pt.
∴ The radius of the circle is 6 cm. of chord  chord
∵ OM  ON ,
18.
OM  AB and
ON  AC
∴ AB  AC chords equidistant from centre
are equal

(b) ∵ AB  AC proved in (a)

∴ ABC  ACB base s, isos. △
Join BC. CAP  ACB alt. s, PA // CB
BOC ∴ CAP  ABC
BAC  ( at centre twice  at ⊙ce)
2 ∴ PA is the tangent to the converse of  in
88 circle at A. alt. segment

2
Level 2
 44
22. (a) DBC  AQB (alt. s, PQ // BC)
∵ AB  AC (given)
x
∴ ABC  ACB (base s, isos. △)
ABD  BDC (alt. s, BA // CD)
In △ABC,
 34
ABC  ACB  BAC  180 ( sum of △)
ABC  DBC  ABD
2ABC  44  180
 x  34
ABC  68
CBD  BAC ( in alt. segment)
(b) QAD  ABD ( in alt. segment)
 44
In △ABD,  34
ADB  QAD  AQD (ext.  of △)
BDA  BAD  ABD  180 ( sum of △)
 34  x
BDA  44  (68  44)  180
ABC  ADC  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
BDA  24
( x  34)  (34  x  34)  180
2 x  78
x  39

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 2 Tangents to Circles

23. (b) ADQ  BCD  CQD (ext.  of △)

ODA  ODQ  ODA  90
ODQ  90
∴ DQ is the tangent to the circle at D.
(converse of tangent  radius)

26. (a) Consider △PBC and △PAB.

Join CD. PBC = PAB  in alt. segment
ACD  TAB ( in alt. segment) BPC = APB common angle
 68 ∴ △PBC ~ △PAB AAA
BCD  TBA ( in alt. segment)
(b) Let PB = x cm and PC = y cm.
 48 ∵ △PBC ~ △PAB (proved in (a))
ACB  ACD  BCD PC BC
 68  48 ∴  (corr. sides, ~△s)
PB AB
 116 y 6

x 9
24. 2
y  x ......(1)
3
PB BC
and  (corr. sides, ~△s)
AP AB
x 6

10  y 9
Let C be any point on major arc AB. Join AC and BC. 3x  20  2 y (2)
BAC  CBR ( in alt. segment) By substituting (1) into (2), we have
CAP  ABC ( in alt. segment) 2 
3x  20  2 x 
BAP  BAC  CAP 3 
 CBR  ABC 5
x  20
 ABR 3
 95 x  12 (3)
QAB  BAP  180 (adj. s on st. line) By substituting (3) into (1), we have
QAB  95  180 2
y  (12)  8
QAB  85 3
∴ PB  12 cm and PC  8 cm
Alternative Solution

27.

Join CE.
BCE  BAE  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
BCE  180  BAE
CDE  BAE  180 (int. s, AB // DC)
Produce PQ and RS to meet at T. CDE  180  BAE
TBA  ABR  180 (adj. s on st. line) ∴ CDE  BCE
TBA  95  180 ∴ BC is the tangent to the circle CDE at C.
TBA  85 (converse of  in alt. segment)
∵ TA  TB (tangent properties)
∴ TAB  TBA (base s, isos. △) 28. ∵ BY  BX (tangent properties)
∴ BYX  BXY (base s, isos. △)
 85
In △BXY,
∴ QAB  85
BYX  BXY  XBY  180 ( sum of △)
2BYX  60  180
25. (a) ∵ OA  OD radii
BYX  60
∴ OAD  ODA base s, isos. △
∴ BXY  BYX  XBY  60
∵ BA  BC given
∴ △BXY is an equilateral triangle.
∴ OAD  BCD base s, isos. △
∴ ODA  BCD

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions

Let XY = a cm, OCN  BCA common angle

then BX = BY = a cm. ∴ △CON ~ △CBA AAA
AX  (8  a) cm (ii) OMA = 90 (tangent  radius)
AZ  AX (tangent properties) ONA = 90 (tangent  radius)
 (8  a) cm AM // NO (int. s supp.)
CY  (5  a) cm AN // MO (int. s supp.)
AM = AN (tangent properties)
CZ  CY (tangent properties) ∴ AMON is a square.
 (5  a) cm
∵ AZ  CZ  AC (b) Let r cm be the radius of the circle.
∴ (8  a)  (5  a)  7 AN  ON (property of square)
2a  6  r cm
∵ △CON ~ △CBA (proved in (a)(i))
a3
∴ XY  3 cm ON CN
∴  (corr. sides, △s)
AB AC
r 6r
29. 
4 6
6r  24  4r
r  2.4
∴ The radius of the circle is 2.4 cm.

Join OB. 32. (a) BQ  BN (tangent properties)

OAP  90 (tangent  radius) CN  CS (tangent properties)
OBP  90 (tangent  radius) AS  AQ (tangent properties)
OBQ  90 (tangent  radius) ∵ Perimeter of △ABC = 20 cm
OCQ  90 (tangent  radius) ∴ AB  BN  CN  AC  20 cm
In quadrilateral OAPB, ( AB  BQ )  (CS  AC )  20 cm
AOB  OAP  OBP  APB  (4  2)  180 AQ  AS  20 cm
( sum of polygon) 2 AQ  20 cm
AOB  90  90  x  360 AQ  10 cm
AOB  180  x
Similarly, BOC  180  y. (b) AR  AP (tangent properties)
AOB  BOC  AOC  360 (s at a pt.) BP  BM (tangent properties)
(180  x)  (180  y )  z  360 CR  CM (tangent properties)
z  x y ∵ Perimeter of △ABC = 20 cm
∴ AP  BP  BM  CM  CR  AR  20 cm
30. (a) Consider △AOC and △CBT. 2 AP  2 BM  2MC  20 cm
OAC  BCT  in alt. segment 2 AP  2 BC  20 cm
∵ AC  TC given AP  BC  10 cm
∴ OAC  BTC base s, isos. △ AP  6 cm  10 cm
∵ OA  OC radii AP  4 cm
∴ OAC  OCA base s, isos. △
∴ OCA  BTC
33. (a)
∴ △AOC  △CBT ASA

(b) ∵ △AOC  △CBT (proved in (a))

∴ OC  BT (corr. sides, △s)
∵ OA  OB  OC (radii)
∴ OA  OB  BT Join BD.
∵ △CAT and △CBT have the same height. BDE  DAB ( in alt. segment)
∴ Area of △CAT : area of △CBT
 79
 AT : BT
ADB  ADE  BDE
 3BT : BT
 115  79
 3 :1
 36
ACB  ADB (s in the same segment)
31. (a) (i) Consider △CON and △CBA.  36
ONC  90 tangent  radius
BAC  90 given
∴ ONC  BAC

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 2 Tangents to Circles

(b) OMQ  OPQ  90  90

 180
∴ O, P, Q and M are opp. s supp.
concyclic.

(b)
Join CD.
DCB  DAB  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
DCB  79  180
DCB  101
DCA  DCB  ACB
Join OQ.
 101  36 ∵ OP  PQ (given)
 65 ∴ POQ  PQO (base s, isos. △)
DEF  DCA (ext. , cyclic quad.)
In △POQ,
 65 POQ  PQO  OPQ  180 ( sum of △)
2POQ  90  180
34. (a) AED  EAT  ATE (ext.  of △)
POQ  45
 x y
PMQ  POQ (s in the same segment)
∵ AD  AE (given)
 45
∴ ADT  AED (base s, isos. △)
AMP  PMQ  180 (adj. s on st. line)
 x y
AMP  45  180
AMP  135
(b) BTD  ATE (angle bisector)
y 37. (a)
ACT  BTD  ADT (ext.  of △)
ACT  y  x  y
ACT  x
∵ EAT  ACT
∴ TA is the tangent to the circle at A.
(converse of  in alt. segment) Join AP and AQ.
Consider △TAP and △TQA.
35. (a) TAP  TQA  in alt. segment
ATP  QTA common angle
∴ △TAP  △TQA AAA
TA TP
∴  corr. sides, △s
TQ TA
TA2  TP  TQ
Join OC.
BAC  CBT  in alt. segment
(b) (i)
∵ OA  OC radii
∴ OAC  OCA base s, isos. △
COT  OCA alt. s, CA // TO
∴ CBT  COT
∴ C, O, B and T are concyclic. converse of s in
the same segment

(b) OBT = 90 tangent  radius

∵ COBT is a cyclic proved in (a) Join PR and QS.
Consider △TPR and △TSQ.
quadrilateral.
opp. s, cyclic quad. TPR  TSQ ext. , cyclic quad.
∴ OCT  OBT  180
TRP  TQS ext. , cyclic quad.
OCT  90  180
PTR  STQ common angle
OCT  90
∴ CT is the tangent to the converse of ∴ △TPR  △TSQ AAA
tangent  radius TP TR
circle at C. ∴  corr. sides, △s
TS TQ
36. (a) ∵ AM  BM given TP  TQ  TR  TS
∴ OMQ  90 line joining centre to
mid-pt. of chord  chord
OPQ  90 tangent  radius

67
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions

(ii) TA2  TP  TQ proved in (a) 2. Answer: B

ABD  ACD (s in the same segment)
Similarly, TB2  TR  TS
 68
∵ TP  TQ  TR  TS proved in (b)(i)
In △ABD,
∴ TA  TB
2 2
BAD  ABD  ADB  180 ( sum of △)
TA  TB (32  DAC )  68  41  180
38. (a) DAC  39
DCQ  DAC ( in alt. segment)
 39

3. Answer: B
∵ TA = TB (tangent properties)
∴ TAB  TBA (base s, isos. △)
Join S to point Z on OX such that SZ  OX.
In △TAB,
OX  PQ tangent  radius
SY  PQ tangent  radius TAB  TBA  ATB  180 ( sum of △)
SZ  OX by construction 2TAB  52  180
∴ ZXYS is a rectangle. TAB  64
ZS  XY property of rectangle OAT  90 (tangent  radius)
OZ  OX  ZX OAB  OAT  TAB
 OX  SY property of rectangle  90  64
 x y  26
OS  OT  TS
 x y 4. Answer: C
In △OZS, BAO  CAO (tangent properties)
OS 2  OZ 2  ZS 2 Pyth. theorem ABO  CBO (tangent properties)
ACO  BCO (tangent properties)
( x  y )  ( x  y )  XY
2 2 2
In △ABC,
XY 2  ( x 2  2 xy  y 2 ) BAC  ABC  ACB  180 ( sum of △)
 ( x 2  2 xy  y 2 ) 2BAO  2CBO  2ACO  180
 4 xy BAO  CBO  ACO  90
∴ XY  2 xy BAO  37  24  90
BAO  29
(b) From the result of (a), we can deduce that
CA  2 ac , CB  2 bc and BA  2 ab 5. Answer: A
CA  CB  BA ADC  DCQ (alt. s, AD // PQ)
x
2 ac  2 bc  2 ab
DBC  DCQ ( in alt. segment)
ac

bc

ab x
abc abc abc ABC  ADC  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
1 1 1 (44  x)  x  180
∴  
b a c 2 x  136
x  68
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 2.50)
1. Answer: C
OBQ  90 (tangent  radius) 6. Answer: B
BAC  90 ( in semi-circle)
OBA  OBQ  ABQ
ACB  PAB ( in alt. segment)
 90  67
 52
 23 In △ABC,
∵ OA  OB (radii)
ABC  ACB  BAC  180 ( sum of △)
∴ OAB  OBA (base s, isos. △)
(ABQ  13)  52  90  180
 23
In △ABP, ABQ  25
AQB  ABQ  PAB (ext.  of △)
APB  PAB  ABQ (ext.  of △)
x  25  52
APB  23  67
x  27
APB  44

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 2 Tangents to Circles

7. Answer: D OQC  90 (tangent  radius)

ABD  ACD (s in the same segment)  ABC
 63 ∴ △OQC  △ABC
 OQ QC

(AAA)

(corr. sides, △s)

DBC CD
ABD DA
  (arcs prop. to s at ☉ce) AB BC
r 6r

DBC 1 8 6

63 3 6r  48  8r
DBC  21 14r  48
ACB  PAB ( in alt. segment) 24
 37 r
7
In △ABC, 24
BAC  ABC  ACB  180 ( sum of △) ∴ The radius of the semi-circle is .
7
BAC  (63  21)  37  180
BAC  59 10. Answer: A
Consider △ACT and △CBT.
8. Answer: B CAT  BCT ( in alt. segment)
ATC  CTB (common angle)
∴ △ACT  △CBT (AAA)
AT CT
∴  (corr. sides, △s)
CT BT
AB  4 cm 8 cm

8 cm 4 cm
Join AB. With the notations in the figure, AB  12 cm
BAC  CBE ( in alt. segment)
 37 11. Answer: B
BAP  BAC  CAF  180 (adj. s on st. line) Produce O1A to a point D such that O2D  O1D.
BAP  37  84  180
BAP  59
∵ BP  AP (tangent properties)
∴ ABP  BAP (base s, isos. △)
 59
In △ABP,
APB  ABP  BAP  180 ( sum of △)
x  59  59  180 ∵ O1A  PQ and O2B  PQ (tangent  radius)
x  62 ∴ ADO2B is a rectangle.
AD  BO2
9. Answer: C  7 cm
In △O1DO2,
O2 D 2  O1D 2  O1O2
2
(Pyth. theorem)

O2 D  O1O2  O1D 2
2

 17 2  (8  7) 2 cm
 8 cm
Join OP and OQ. ∴ AB  O2 D
Let r be the radius of the semi-circle.
OP = OQ = r (radii)  8 cm
OQB  90 (tangent  radius)
OPB  90 (tangent  radius) 12. Answer: A
POQ  90 ( sum of polygon) AP  x
∵ All four interior angles are equal to 90 and two AR  AP (tangent properties)
adjacent sides are equal. x
∴ OPBQ is a square. ∴ CR  AC  AR
BQ  OP  r bx
QC  BC  BQ CQ  CR (tangent properties)
6r bx
Consider △OQC and △ABC. ∴ QB  CB  CQ
OCQ  ACB (common angle)  a  (b  x)
 a b x
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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions

PB  QB (tangent properties) OY
sin OBY 
 a b x BO
∵ AB = AP + PB OY
sin(90  BAC ) 
∴ c  x  (a  b  x) BZ  OZ
c  a  b  2x OY
cos BAC 
1 BZ  OZ
x  (c  a  b ) 3 r
2 
5 16  r
13. Answer: C 5r  3(16)  3r
For I, 8r  48
If △ABC  △PBC,
r 6
then ABC  PBC (corr. s, △s)
ABC  PBC  180 (adj. s on st. line)
2ABC  180 Exam Focus
ABC  90 Exam-type Questions (p. 2.53)
Then, AC is a diameter. (converse of  in semi-circle)
BAT  ABC  180 (int. s, TA // CB) 1. (a) (i) ∵ AD is the altitude of △ABC. given
BAT  90  180 ∴ ADB  90
BAT  90 ∵ BE is the altitude of △ABC. given
Then, AB is a diameter, which is a contradiction. ∴ BEA  90
( to tangent at its point of contact passes through centre) ∵ ADB  BEA
∴ I is not true. ∴ A, B, D and E are concyclic. converse of s
For II, in the same
Consider △ABC and △TCA. segment
ACB  TAC (alt. s, TA // CB) (ii) CED  ABD (ext. , cyclic quad.)
ABC  TCA ( in alt. segment) ACF  ABD ( in alt. segment)
∴ △ABC  △TCA (AAA) ∴ CED  ACF
∴ II must be true. ∴ FC // ED (alt. s equal)
For III,
BCP  BAC ( in alt. segment) (b) DAE  DBE (s in the same segment)
∵ CA  CP (given)  24
∴ BAC  BPC (base s, isos. △) In △ACD,
∴ BPC  BCP DCE  DAE  ADB (ext.  of △)
∴ BP  BC (sides opp. equal s)
DCE  24  90
∴ III must be true.
DCE  66
∴ The answer is C.

HKMO (p. 2.51) 2. (a) TA  TB (tangent properties)

TC  TE (prop. of equil. △)
TA  TC  TB  TE
CA  EB
∵ CD  CA (tangent properties)
and ED  EB (tangent properties)
With the notations in the figure, X, Y and Z are the points of ∴ CD  ED
contact. ∴ CDT  90 (prop. of isos. △)
∴ OX  BC, OY  BA and OZ  CA (tangent  radius) FDC  90 (tangent  radius)
Draw a perpendicular line from B to AC. FDT  FDC  CDT
Then, BOZ is a straight line passing through the centre of the  90  90
circle.
 180
4
∵ tan BAC  ∴ F, D and T are collinear.
3

∴ sin BAC 
4
and cos BAC 
3 (b) ATF  BTF (tangent properties)
5 5 CTE

BZ 2
sin BAC 
AB 60
 (prop. of equil. △)
4 BZ 2

5 20 cm  30
4 TC  CE  2 cm (prop. of equil. △)
BZ   20 cm
5
 16 cm

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 2 Tangents to Circles

CA  CD (tangent properties) 5. Answer: D

1
 CE (proved in (a))
2
1
  2 cm
2
 1 cm
FAT  90 (tangent  radius)
Consider the right-angled triangle AFT. Join BD.
AF ∵ AB  AD (given)
tan ATF  ∴ ABD  ADB (base s, isos. △)
AT
AF In △ABD,
tan 30  ABD  ADB  BAD  180 ( sum of △)
(1  2) cm
AF  3  tan 30 cm 2ADB  124  180
1 ADB  28
 3 cm BDC  BCP ( in alt. segment)
3
 52
 3 cm
ABC  ADC  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∴ The radius of the circle is 3 cm. ABC  (28  52)  180
ABC  100
3. (a) (i) CDA  FAC  in alt. segment
∵ FA  FC tangent properties
∴ FAC  FCA base s, isos. △ 6. Answer: D
Consider △ABC and △ADB.
FGA  FCA s in the same segment
BAC  DAB (common angle)
∴ FGA  CDA
ACB  ABD ( in alt. segment)
∴ FE // CD corr. s equal
∴ △ABC  △ADB (AAA)
(ii) GCD  FGC (alt. s, FE // CD )
Area of △ADB : area of △ABC
 FAC (s in the same segment) 2
 AB 
 ADC ( in alt. segment )  
 AC 
∴ GC = GD (sides opp. equal s)
2
∴ △CDG is an isosceles triangle. 1
 
3
(b) 1

9
∴ Area of △BCD : area of △ABC
 (9  1) : 9
 8:9

7. Answer: A
With the notations in the figure, Join A to point M on BC such that AM  BC.
∵ GC = GD and GH  CD Then, AM passes through the centre O of the circle.
∴ CH = HD (prop. of isos. △) Let D be the point where AC touches the circle.
∴ GH is the perpendicular bisector of CD.
∴ The centre of the circle ABCDE lies on the line
joining G and H.
( bisector of chord passes through centre)

4. Answer: C
For I,
∵ DA  DB (tangent properties) ∵ BM  MC (prop. of isos. △)
∴ DAB  DBA (base s, isos. △) BC
∴ MC 
Therefore, I must be true. 2
For III, 12
 cm
ABC  EAC ( in alt. segment) 2
∵ AC  BC (given)  6 cm
∴ BAC  ABC (base s, isos. △) In △AMC,
∴ EAC  BAC AM 2  MC 2  AC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
Therefore, III must be true.
AM  AC 2  MC 2
∴ The answer is C.
 102  62 cm
 8 cm

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 5A Full Solutions

DC  MC
 6 cm
(tangent properties)
  
The shortest length of the metal band required
 AB  BC  CD  DE  EF  AF
AD  (10  6) cm
 20 
 4 cm  3 20    cm
(tangent  radius)  3 
ODA  90
Let r cm be the radius of the circle,  (60  20 ) cm
then AO = (8 – r) cm.  122.8 cm
In △OAD,  1.228 m
OD 2  AD 2  AO 2 (Pyth. theorem)  1.3 m
r 2  4 2  (8  r ) 2 ∴ The metal band is long enough to wrap around the
three metal pipes.
r 2  16  64  16r  r 2
16r  48 (d) Using similar approach in (a) to (c), we have:
r 3 The shortest length of the metal band
∴ The radius of the circle is 3 cm.  20 
  6  20  3    cm
 3 
Investigation Corner (p. 2.57)  (20  120) cm

(a) equilateral triangle

(b) (i) APF  60 (prop. of equil. △)

OAP  OFP  90 (tangent  radius)
In quadrilateral AOFP,
AOF  OAP  OFP  APF  (4  2) 180
( sum of polygon)
AOF  90  90  60  360
AOF  120

(ii)

AF  2  10 
120
cm
360
1
 20  cm
3
20
  cm
3

  
(c) ∵ The three circles are identical.
∴ BC  DE  AF   cm
20
3
Let O2 be the centre of the circle at the bottom left.

OAB  O2 BA  90 (tangent  radius)

OA  O2 B  10 cm (radii)
∴ ABO2O is a rectangle.
∴ AB  OO2  2(10) cm  20 cm
Similarly, CD  EF  AB  20 cm

72