Problem Statement:

The problem addressed in this study is the classification of heart diseases using
ECG signals. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of morbidity and
mortality worldwide. Early detection and accurate classification of heart diseases
are crucial for effective treatment and management. ECG signals provide valuable
information about the electrical activity of the heart and are commonly used by
physicians for diagnosing heart diseases. However, the classification of heart
diseases based on ECG signals is a challenging task due to the complexity and
variability of the signals.
Introduction:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a broad term that encompasses various diseases
related to the heart and blood vessels. These include coronary artery disease
(CAD), valvular heart disease (VHD), heart failure (HF), coronary heart disease
(CHD), peripheral artery disease, and angina [1]. The diagnosis of these diseases
often involves the analysis of clinical test data, including ECG, HS,
echocardiography, ICG, or MCG signals [1].
In recent years, machine learning (ML) techniques have gained significant
attention for the classification and detection of heart diseases. ML algorithms, such
as neural networks, random forest, support vector machines, and deep learning
models, have shown promising results in accurately classifying heart diseases
based on ECG signals [1].
Several studies have been conducted to develop classification models for heart
diseases using ML techniques. Anooj [1] developed a clinical decision support
system for HD risk prediction using fuzzy logic technique and achieved better
accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity compared to neural network-based classifiers.
Dwivedi [1] investigated HD prediction using different ML techniques and found
that the LR classifier provided the highest accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.
Kumar and Gandhi [1] proposed a non-invasive IoT platform-based HD detection
scheme using clinical data and performed ROC analysis to identify significant
clinical parameters for detection.
Other studies have explored the use of ensemble learning techniques for heart
disease classification. Meng et al. [1] suggested RF and HMM-based models using
activity tracker data, with the HMM model outperforming the RF model. Mohan et
al. [1] developed a hybrid scheme using LM and RF under the IoT platform,
achieving an accuracy of 88.7%. Zomorodi-moghadam et al. [1] employed a
binary-real PSO-based hybrid scheme for CAD diagnosis and found that the
selected 11 features outperformed the 13 feature-based models.
While most ML and DL models provide satisfactory results for CVD detection
from balanced ECG samples, there is a need to address the challenges posed by
imbalanced datasets. Rath et al. [1] proposed a GAN-LSTM ensemble model for
CHD detection from imbalanced datasets and achieved the best performance.
Sengur and Turkoglu [2] used an artificial immune system-based fuzzy k-NN
classifier for heart valve disorder detection using Doppler HSs, with high
sensitivity and specificity rates.
Overall, the classification of heart diseases using ECG signals is a complex task
that requires the development of accurate and robust ML models. The existing
literature demonstrates the potential of various ML techniques and ensemble
learning approaches for achieving accurate classification results.
References:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97118-5
https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40537-019-0244-x
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdata.2022.1021518/full