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Greenhouse Gases:
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) 2. Methane (CH4) is produced from anaerobic decomposition through biological process. 3. Water vapor 4. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is emitted by using chemical and manure fertilizer. 5. Ozone is presented in upper stratosphere. 6. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (caused ozone depletion) Man4.2(Gajaseni, 2011)

Global environmental problem = Global Warming & Climate Change

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Greenhouse gases cause Global Warming & Climate Change

CO2 is the major contribution to greenhouse effect more than others.
Methane, Nitrous oxide and CFCs have much more impact on greenhouse effect than CO2 Methane is a greenhouse gas3 and has 25 times more heat trapping potential than CO2 in the global climate change

ozone absorbs between 97 to 99% of the suns harmful ultra-violet (UV) rays thus protecting life on earth. However, this "good" ozone is gradually being depleted by chemicals referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS), including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform.

CFCs

"good" ozone

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The Greenhouse Effect

Before climate change

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5 Fig. 6-14 p. 110

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Climate Change and Human Activities Increased use of fossil fuels Deforestation Global warming Melting icecaps and glaciers

Climate change

Rising sea level

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Existing condition

Major contributors of global warming: 80-85% of CO2 being added to atmosphere

Coal, oil and natural gas through combustion and release CO2

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Modest contributors:
Deforestation: CO2 is released by wood burning CO2 from deforestation in tropical regions are responsible for 15-20% of CO2 emission.

Paddy rice field, landfills produce methane (CH4) and other greenhouse gas which causes about 30% of warming

Fertiliser and other chemicals release N2O cause about 10% of warming
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CO2 emissions per capita Carbon dioxide emissions in metric tons per capita.

6 5 4 3 2 1
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China?

Direct Observations of Recent Climate Change (IPCC, 2007)

Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global mean sea level.

Direct Observations of Recent Climate Change

Global mean temperature

Global average sea level

Future CO2 sources:

Global CO2 emission:
2020: 2050: 29-44 Gt CO2 23-84 Gt CO2
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Northern hemisphere snow cover

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Direct Observations of Recent Climate Change

Global average air temperature: Updated 100-year linear trend of 0.74 [0.56 to 0.92] oC for 1906-2005 Larger than corresponding trend of 0.6 [0.4 to 0.8] oC for 1901-2000 given in IPCC report Average ocean temperature increased to depths of at least 3000 m ocean has absorbed 80% of heat added > seawater expansion and SLR
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How much warming will there be?

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has projected further increase in global

surface temperature of 1.4 - 5.8 oC and increase sea level of 0.09 - 0.88 m. by the year 2100 as compared with 1990.

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Land surface temperatures are rising faster than SSTs

1998,2005,2003,2002,2004,2006, 2001,1997,1995,1999,1990,2000

Warmest 12 years:

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Other Changes in Extreme Events:

Widespread changes in extreme temperatures observed Cold days, cold nights and frost less frequent Hot days, hot nights, and heat waves more frequent Observational evidence for an increase of intense tropical cyclone activity in the North Atlantic since about 1970, correlated with increases of tropical sea surface temperatures
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Source: Global Change New Letter, No. 53 (March, 2003)

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Proportion of heavy rainfalls: increasing in most land areas

North Atlantic hurricanes have increased with SSTs

Marked increase after 1994

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Heat waves are increasing: an example

Some Possible Effects of a Warmer World

Extreme Heat Wave Summer 2003 (Europe)

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25 Fig. 21-12 p. 475

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Possible Benefits from a Warmer Atmosphere

Less severe winters More precipitation in some dry areas Less precipitation in some wet areas Increased food production in some areas Expanded population and ranges of some species
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What are feedbacks of climate change? CO2 acts as fertilizer

to make plants grow faster and result in negative feedback to slowing the rate of warming.

Earth warms causes snow and ice to melt.

The ground is exposed with the sunlight and absorbed by the earth so it results positive feedback.
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Melting of Alaskas Muir Glacier between 1948 and 2004

1948
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2004
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Melting of Arctic sea ice accelerates

Trend in extend of September ice in the Arctic Ocean, 1978-2005

Sea ice extent minimum over the Arctic Ocean in September 1979.
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Sea ice extent minimum over the Arctic Ocean in September 2005. The yellow line is the average of ice extent from 1979 to 2005.
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Areas of Glacial Ice Melting in Greenland during Summer 19822007 Increased

New evidence questions stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet

Krill, at the base of the Antarctic food chain, are adversely impacted by a reduction in Antarctic sea.

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Digital evolution models showing ice surface levels measured in the present days (A) and modelled for the last glacial maximum (B) The West Antarctic ice Sheet (on the left side of each image) has lost twothirds of its mass since the last glacial Man4.2(Gajaseni, 2011) maximum.

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Global warming could shrink Ugandas coffee growing areas.

So what will happen to the people?

Temperate zones may benefit from an extended growing season.

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Impacts of climate change to Asia:

Ecosytems: Water resources: Food and fiber production: Coastal systems: Human health:

Ecosystems:
Increasing intensity and spread of forest fires in Asia (Ex. Indonesia) Wetlands in Asia are being threatened by warmer climate and precipitation decline. In Thailand, the area of tropical forest could increase from 45% to 80% of total forest cover (prediction ???) and in Sri Lanka will increase in dry forest and decrease in wet forest.

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Water resources:
Rapid thawing of permafrost caused more landslide. The Himalayas are expected to have rapid melting of glaciers, glacial runoff and glacial lake outburst causing mudflows and avalanches. Decreases in precipitation with increasing water use have caused water shortages that led to drying up lakes and rivers. 39 Man4.2(Gajaseni, 2011)

Food and fiber production:

Climate change impacts could result in significant changes in
+ up to 20% crop yield in East &SE Asia - up to 30% crop yield in Central & South Asia

Rice yield was observed to decrease by 10% for every 1C increase in growingseason minimum temperature.
+2 C in mean air temperature could decrease rain-fed rice yield by 5-12% in China.
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Maize and rice yields versus temperature increase in the tropics averaged across 13 crop modelling studies

Potential land loss to different amounts of sea-level rise in selected Man4.2(Gajaseni, 2011) Asian countries.

Projected percentage gains and losses in rainfed cereal production potential, by 2080.
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Coastal systems:
Sea-level rise (SLR) is the climate-related impact on large delta regions
1 m SLR will create wetland lost ~2,500km2. Rising rate of sea level vary from 1.5-4.4 mm/yr along the East Asia coast.

Gains and losses in rainfed cereal potential, by region, for a 3 C temperature rise. Man4.2(Gajaseni, 2011)

Coastal erosion and sea-water intrusion are substantially increased and penetrated 100km or more inland during dry season. >34% of the vast and diverse coral reefs of Asia that are of immense ecological and economic importance to this region are reported to have been lost in 1998 due to coral bleaching.
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Coral bleaching

Human health:
+ mortality due to heat stress in India and China Some vector-borne diseases are expected to increase in Tropical Asia with global warming. Epidemic potential of
Diarrhea & malnutrition are largest in SE Asia Malaria (increase 12-27%) Schistosomiasis (decrease 11-17%) Dengue fever (increase 31-47%): >50% in India and China

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Impacts of Climate Change by sub-region in Asia:

What can be done about climate change?

To control the future emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases To reduce emission from baseline of 1990 To reduce energy consumption with improving energy efficiency To search new energy source as renewable or clean energy

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Abatement options
Consider 3 kinds of options:
1. Improved energy efficiency 2. Use of cleaner energy 3. Changes in agriculture and forestry

1. Improved energy efficiency:

Reduced energy use in building as eco-design to save energy Improved fuel efficiency of new cars: by increased average mileage Make appliances more efficient: refrigerators, dishwasher, etc are used new technology to save energy
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Example of energy safe:

Lighting
Incandescent lamps have been replaced by compact fluorescent lamps. This compact (18 watt) can save over its lifetime: 1 tonne of CO2 , 4kg of SO2,

Energy-save house (Eco-design)

Traditional Thai house save energy and appropriate with tropical climate Eco-design house modern house with energy saveconcept

1kg of N2O from coal-fired plant 200 litres of oil fed into an oilMan4.2(Gajaseni, 2011) fired power station

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Concept of Traditional Thai House

Office equipment: Computers

Desktop computer and screen use electricity at a rate of 150 watts which compares to portable computer use at 1.5 watts.

Eco-House

Printers
Ink-jet printers and

fax machines use only 1-2% as much electricity as laser printers.

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2. Use of cleaner energy:

Switching to
lower-carbon or carbon-free energy renewable energy (solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy)

3. Change in agriculture and forestry:

Rice paddy field
to provide new technique to minimise CH4 emission

Livestock
feed improvement and manure management in order to reduce CH4 emission

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Forestry
to protect existing forest and enhance to increase forest area to preserve forest as carbon sink to manage forest products as long-life materials

Solutions: Dealing with the Threat of Climate Change

Options
Do nothing Do more research Act now to reduce risks Precautionary principle

planting more trees to absorb carbon dioxide!!!!

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Methods for removing CO2

No-one can change the world alone so.. everyone must work together to solve this global problem!!!
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How can human solve this problem?

UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) was established in 1992
Responding to concern that human activities are increasing GHGs concentration in the atmosphere.

Kyoto Protocol is one protocol to UNFCCC to reduce GHGs emission by harnessing the force of the global marketplace to protect environment.
A central feature of protocol is a set of binding emission targets for developed countries based on 1990 baselines.

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Thailand ratified on UNFCCC in 1994:

Office of Environmental Policy and Planning (OEPP), MoSTE has also signed the Kyoto Protocol in 1999 but has yet to ratify it. Thailand participated in COP7 (7th Conference of the Parties) had ratified Kyoto Protocol since August 28, 2002 in WSSD, Johannesburg.
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Emission targets (2008-2012)

European Union USA Japan, Canada Eastern European countries 8% below 1990 levels 7% 6% 5-8%
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Annex A country 5% Average reduction 5.2%

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Is it possible to reduce CO2 emission without US. Cooperation and commitment??

What can you do for CO2 emission reduction in Thailand?

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