 xy  ( x   y ) / 2

Vector  tan 2 p  tan 2 s 

 ( x   y ) / 2  xy
F1 or F1
2
x y   y 
2
  x  y 
Scalar 1    x    2 xy  max       xy
2

F1 2  2   2 
 2
2
x y   y 
2    x    2 xy  max  1
2  2  2
FR  F12  F22  2 F1F2 cos  R
2
1 x  y 
F1 F FR  avg  ( x   y ), R      xy2
 2  2  2 
sin 1 sin  2 sin  R
(   avg ) 2   2  R 2
FRx   Fx Shear stress sign convention
for a Mohr’s circle
FR y   Fy
y B 
( M R )O   M O   M
xy

r
A
For a plane truss of j number of joints, we have 2j equilibrium
equations which can evaluate 2j unknowns. The number of
f x
unknown forces acting on the joints is m member forces plus r on Plane A the shear stress direction
reaction forces. A truss is statically determinate if is clockwise, hence it is a +ve shear
stress on Mohr’s circle
2 j  m  r (Maxwell Equation)
where in planar truss, r = 3. Cylinder Pressure Vessels Spherical Pressure Vessels
pr pr pr
j = 6, m = 9, r = 3  1,t ,  2,a 1   2 
2t t 2t
∴ truss is statically determinate
1 pr
( max )a 
1
(  0) 
pr  xy
( max ) a  ( t  0)  tan 2 p 
j = 6, m = 10, r = 3 2 2t 2 4t x  y
∴ truss is statically indeterminate
x  y x  y  xy x  y
2
    y    xy 
2
Impossible to determine all reactions and  x   cos 2  sin 2 1    x    
No joint member forces using equilibrium equations 2 2 2 2  2   2 
alone. Need to have compatibility x  y x  y  xy
 y  cos 2  sin 2
2 2
equations to solve this problem.  x  y     y    xy 
2 2 2 2    x    
 xy x  y  xy 2  2   2 
FAE  sin 2  cos 2 2 2
Special Joint Properties: 2 2 2   x   y    xy 
FAB  max  2     
1. The forces in opposite members must be equal, i.e.
A  2   2 
FAE  FAC and FAB  FAD
2. The forces in two opposite members must be equal FAD
and the force in the other member must be equal to FAC 2 2
P. If P = 0, then the force in member AC is zero. P     y    xy 
FAB R   x    
FAE  P and FAB  FAD  2   2 
A
If P  0  FAC  P  0
FAD
3. The forces in the two members are equal. FAB
FAC
A
FAB  FAD
FAE
4. The forces in the two members are zero. FAD

FAE  FAD  0 A
FAD

Zero Force Members:

- At a 2 member joint -> if the members are not parallel & no external
forces/supports = Both are Zero-Member Force members
- At a 3-member joint -> 2 members at parallel & no external
x  y  z 1
forces/supports= 3rd non-collinear member is a zero force member
x     [ x   ( y   z )]
E E E E
x y x  y  x y  z 1
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2 y      [ y   ( x   z )]
2 2 E E E E
x y x  y  x  y z 1
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2 z      [ z   ( x   y )]
2 2 E E E E
x  y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
2
 x   y   x   y  constant

Stresses on element A
inclined at θ counter-
Element A clockwise to the x-axis

y y

  xy   xy

Pure positive shear x Pure negative shear x

 Normal Stress due to bending

parallel-axis theorem
  ( I z  Ad y2 )
I z,m4
Shear Stress due to bending
FxyQ
 ydA  yA*
Cantilevered Beam Slopes and Deflections
 xy  Q *
,m3
I zt *
A Beam Slope Deflection Elastic Curve
Maximum Shear Stress due to bending occurs at N.A. v

x
Ax i i
y
Ay i i
P
vmax
A i A i x umax =
- PL2
2EI
vmax =
- PL3
3EI
v =
- Px 2
6EI
(3L - x)

L umax

v
P
- Px 2
vmax v = (3L - 2x) 0 … x … L >2
2 3 12EI
x
- PL - 5PL
umax = vmax =
8EI 48EI
L L - PL 2
umax v = (6x - L) L >2 … x … L
2 2 48EI

v
w
vmax
- wL3 - wL4 - wx 2 2
x umax = vmax = v = (x - 4Lx + 6L 2)
6EI 8EI 24EI
umax
L

v
umax
x
M0 L M0 L2 M0 x2
umax = vmax = v =
M0 vmax EI 2EI 2EI
L

v - wx 2 2
w
v = 1 x - 2Lx + 32 L 2 2
24EI
vmax
0 … x … L>2
x - wL3 - 7wL4
umax = vmax =
L L umax 48EI 384EI - wL 3
2 2 v = (8x - L)
384EI
L>2 … x … L

v
w0
vmax
- w0 L3 - w0 L4 - w0 x2
x umax = vmax = v = (10L 3 - 10L 2 x + 5Lx 2 - x 3)
24EI 30EI 120EIL
L umax