Icons: Climate Analysis Icons: Comparing Systems The need to change our way of thinking Why a manual about

o change our way of thinking Why a manual about Bamboo? Bamboo: Growing Region Why Greenhouses? References
The manual is the inal result from the AR0533 Sustainability and There are 38 known species of Guadua bamboo that are all found in Central and South America. Due to the fact that the different climates within Europe are not Main text:
Temperature During years, there has been a discussion about if we, as human beings, are heading our planet towards Innovation Course within the Building Technology Master Track suited to grow bamboo, it is the only continent that doesn’t
Annual average temperature
Fresh Water Armageddon or not, due to our bad habits. This complex discussion has produced many scientiic research- in the faculty of Architecture, at the TU-Delft (NL). The goal have any natural bamboo5. In order to make guadua a sustain- 1
van der Lugt, P. (2003). Bamboe als alternatief bouwmateriaal in West-

es through time around the world. Regarding all these researches, it is stated that it is dificult to establish
Europa. TU Delft, 25, 16
(HºC)High ºC - (LºC) Low ºC Demand was to write a manual to contain the main abstraction from the able alternative available on the European markets, it is nec-

In tro a ‘fact’ due to the fact that they are based on assumptions and predictions. Nevertheless, there are some research done within AR0532 Innovation and Sustainability essary to generate controlled environments. Thus, producing 2 Vos, R. (2014) Structural bamboo in the Netherlands
Greenhouses. As concequence Europe could proit from having
HºC-LºC
widely accepted ‘facts’ that are alarming. Theory Course. During this reseach process, it was established
Humidity Energy that Bamboo could be the most sustainable building material a new sustainable building material. 3
de Jong, R,J. Bruins R,H,J. Oudshoorn P, Dekker L. Lier G. Meijer L. (2014). Licht bouwen met
Bamboo, Haren. Ingenieursbureau Wassenaar,

HE L P!!
Relative humidity averages for for European use according to P, van der Lugt (2003)1 and R,
the year (%) Demand Current World Situation A Vos(2014)2. In fact, it was stated that structural Bamboo within VROM, Beleidsprogramma Duurzaam bouwen, (2000-2004), Verankeren in beleid en prak-
00%
in The Netherlands is not a sustainable material considering the 4 tijk, Den Haag: 1999.
MOISTURE ENERGY DEMAND
Precipitation Lighting Ecological Footprint (Annually 2003) Oil left transportation cost, production of CO2 and energy used2.
Only about growing Bamboo 5
van der Lugt, P., Vogtländer, J., & Brezet, H. (2008), Bamboo, a Sustainable Solution for West-
Average yearly precipitation Available Used According to David Farrelly in ‘The Book of Bamboo’, there ern Europe Design Cases, LCAs and Land-use, INBAR Technical Report, 30.
Bamboo: Growing Region
000 mm
(mm) Demand were 1546 different applications for bamboo 6. Nowadays, the 6 Farrely, D., (1984) the book of bamboo. San Francisco: the Sierra Club,
1.26x
number is still increasing. Considering all these reasons, this man-
Sunshine
LIGHTING
Why Guadua Bamboo? Guadua Bamboo: Growing Region ual focuses in generating suitable climate conditions to grow United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (1972), The use of bamboo

ih owa n t t o g r o w b a m b o o
7
Guadua is well known for its structural properties. Actually, it is
Lifetime optimal structural Guadua bamboo. It will not explain the rest and reeds in building construction, United Nations, New York

High
Annual average sunshine 37 Years left

Low
one of the few species of bamboo that provides the information of its possibilities such as treatments or environmental impact.
(years)
0000 hours
(hours)
11.2 Billion ha. 14.1 Billion ha. 2000 required for the development of this manual. Many studies have However, people who are interested in reading more about this Images:
set that guadua has excellent material properties and a good topic are forwarded towards ‘The Use of Bamboo and Reeds n
Soil Chemistry
SUNLIGHT LIFETIME

w t o s u s t a i n a b ly g r o w s t r u c t u r e i n e u r o p e 6.6 pH for irst 100cm Maintenance

(De)Forestation
annual yield ratio. What is more, it is one of the few bamboo
spices on which a legislation was made to be implemented
within the European construction. This legislation is included in
in Building Construction’ by the United Nations. Department of
Economic and Social Affairs 7.
A Self made (combination Conway, E., (2004), There’s enough oil left to last for 40 years, says BP
[online text], Retrieved at May 7, 2014, from: http://www.resilience.org/stories/2004-06-15/
theres-enough-oil-left-last-40-years-says-bp. AND van der Lugt, P., Vogtländer, J., & Brezet,
pH the ISO norms for bamboo ISO 22156 and ISO 221573. Growing Bamboo Map B H. (2008), Bamboo, a Sustainable Solution for Western Europe Design Cases, LCAs and
Land-use, INBAR Technical Report, 30. AND Economic and Social Affairs (2004), World
Our readers population to 2300, United Nation, New York. AND Hails, C., Loh, J., & Goldinger, S. (2006).
Soil Quality
PH MAINTENANCE

(De)Forestation Optimal
5.5 5.9
Construction
Time Annual Surface NL
6.1 World
2000
population
Billion 2050
Why Europe?
As it was mentioned before, Europe is the most challenging con-
tinent for using and producing structural bamboo due to its cli- 26ºC-20ºC 75-85% 2000-2500 mm 1800-2200 hours
6.3
pH
Sandy Loam
Conditions
The target group for this manual is people that are interested in
Bamboo as a sustainable material, regarding its structural prop-
erties, and would like to grow it closer to home. So, it is meant for
Living planet report 2006. WWF International, Institute of Zoology, Global Footprint Net-
work. AND World Bank. (2007). World development report 2008: Agriculture for develop-
ment. World Bank.

MOISTURE people who love nature and think we all have to change our B Reprint from: Buckingham, K., (2014) Bamboo: The Secret Weapon in Forest and Landscape
SOIL QUALITY CONSTRUCTION TIME
2,15x 1.45x mate conditions. Actually, it consumes more than it produces. All SUNLIGHT SOIL QUALITY
Restoration? [online text], World Resources institute, retrieved at June 2, 2014, from: http://
way of thinking, downsize our footprint on the earth and believe
Construction Acceptable
BOUNDARY ICONS CHANGING
THE WAY OF BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS REFERENCE Costs 6.1Billion 8.9 Billion
these factors produced the inspiration to make a manual about
how to grow bamboo in Europe. Thus, offering an opportunity to
increase the sustainable construction in Europe and complying 75-85% 1270 - 5000 mm
5.5
pH Conditions
that bamboo can help us to create a more sustainable world.
www.wri.org/blog/2014/02/bamboo-secret-weapon-forest-and-landscape-restoration

I r. E.R. van den Ham Puttakhun Vongsingha 4314395 CONDITIONS EXPLANATION

THINKING THINKING CONSTRUCTION COST 7,3 Million ha. 3,4 Million ha. the Treaty of Amsterdam4.
36ºC-16ºC
MOISTURE
1800-2200 hours Sandy Loam

SUNLIGHT SOIL QUALITY

I r. P.G. Teeu w Ro bert Jan Vo s 4 2 1901 5
AR0533 Innovation and Sustainability Designer ’s Manual I r. R.J. G el derm an s Tati an a A rm i jo s Mo ya 4 3 1 984 2 From shoot to
 Plantation yield rateA
Plantation Soil requirements Plantation Basics Rhizomes typesF
Running bamboo
boo
Towards a full plantationI Planting
Planting a new clump
a new bamboo Bamboo clump J Bamboo parts and applications References
Bamboo Canadian pine The type of soil is important. Loam and sandy loam are most Rhizomes types Theoretically, all parts of the bamboo plant can be used and there are many known applications for each Main text:
suited, but are precious soils. Clay in the irst 60cm (max. depth • Monopodial or running bamboos (invasive, spreading) Creating cuttings from E
25m Cut the cuttings on the top part of the bamboo plant. For instance, regarding Guadua case study, the Basa and Cepa, which are the
1 Flander, K. D., & Rovers, R. (2009). One laminated bamboo-frame Reprint from: Schröder, S., (2012), Formation of a Bamboo Clump, [on-
• Sympodial or clumping bamboos (dense clumps, tufted) irst 9 to 11 meters of the cut culm, can be used for construction1. The other 8 to 14 meters can be used for
bamboo branches 24 hours house per hectare per year. Construction and Building Materi- line image], Retrieved at May 28, 2014, http://www.guaduabamboo.
of Rhizomes system) of the plantations are unacceptable. The Remove leaves 2 cm als, 23(1), 210-218. com/blog/guadua-bamboo-growing-habits
roots have trouble penetrating the clay cause its small grain Clumping bamboos is best suited for plantations3. and secundary different applications. The only part that can not be used on a plantation are the roots. Ones removed all

Farm i n g
Dip ends in soft Wax
4x size. All other soils can be fertilized to make them suited for the VS 20m
branches
to prevent dehydration
8-12 cm
the steps to ward a full plantation has to be retaken. 2 Schröder, S., (2012), Comparing Mechanical Properties of Bam-
boo: Guadua vs Moso, retrieved June 5, 2014, from http://www.
F
Self made (based on Kigomo, B.,(2007), Guidelines for Growing Bam-
boo, Kenia)
bamboo and if the leaves are left on the ground the bamboo Plantation build up
will enrich the soil. Furthermore, the aluminum, iron and manganese • A culm is comparable to a tree trunk
Liquid with rooting
hormones Bamboo
Parts of a parts
bambooand applications K
guaduabamboo.com/blog/comparing-mechanical-proper-
Guadua Basics •
Bamboo ties-of-bamboo-guadua-vs-moso G
Place the cutting in razed Self made (based on Kigomo, B.,(2007), Guidelines for Growing Bam-

Height of bamboo
concentrations of the soil are important. In fact, high concentra- A clump is built up from multiple culms connected by a root system. 15m buts
Comparing the same size of laminated beams of bamboo and timber beams, 15 3.55
m3/ha annual m3/ha annual
• A plantation is built up from multiple clumps.
the nursery bed boo, Kenia)

it is speciied that Guadua has almost 4 times higher annual yield rate, and
tions (typically red soils) will limit the development of Guadua. 3 Schröder, S., (2012) Guadua Bamboo Growing Habits From
And last, the plantation should never be looded for a extended
Running Bamboo Clumping bamboo Cutting of
Sticks, bamboo Leaves: Remains:
H
Seedling to Bamboo Forest, retrieved June 5, 2014, from http:// Self made (based on Kigomo, B.,(2007), Guidelines for Growing Bam-
it grows faster than the Canadian pine1. Thus, producing structural elements Diameter of
Diameter of the
culmculm B cuttings Leader (copo) poles and
scaffolding
Compost/mulch,
fodder, pigments,
Fiber boards
www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/guadua-bamboo-grow- boo, Kenia)
period of time. The bamboo starts to die after 2 to 4 months Clump growing behavior Plantation build-up G 10m Charcoal

when looded 5.
medicine, juice and Pulp ing-habits
faster than wood. Besides, bamboo has better mechanical properties. It is Shoot determines di- After plantation of the full grown cutting, the clump will grow from the Fill the center culms with beverages Lumber I
water to enhance growth Self made (combination Schröder, S., (2012), Guadua Bamboo
comparable to hardwood quality averages and has a density of 600kg/m³. ameter center outward increasing the culm size with each new sprout. After Curtain, mat, carpet, Fuel 4 Kigomo, B.,(2007), Guidelines for Growing Bamboo, Kenia Growing Habits [online text], Retrieved at May 28, 2014, from: http://
Soil requirementsD 4 years, the irst culms that can be used in construction can start
Stick (varillón)
What is more, it is stiffer than meranti, and theoretically higher tensile strength 5m woven articles and www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/guadua-bamboo-growing-habits,
than steel 2. 15-30 cm diameter growing, depending on the conditions. 3.
handicrafts Schröder, S., (2012), Guadua Bamboo Soil Requirements, November 19, 2012. AND Kigomo, B.,(2007), Guidelines for Growing
100 2m 5 5, 2014, from http://www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/guad- Bamboo, Kenia, Figure 16 : Growth and development of culms in a
Plantation From shoot to full SV 4-5 weeks
15 and 30cm.yield rate ua-bamboo-soil-requirements clump.)

10
A full grown plantation will produce culms sizes between The Give up! 90 Flooring and
Yeh it’s ok
size of the culm is determined by the sprout and will not increase as the bam- grown
maturebamboo
bamboo C
Lets do it!
Clump growing behavior E Cover the cuttings with
Top (sobrebasa) laminated furniture J
Self made (combination Schröder, S., (2012), Guadua Bamboo

20
boo gets older. Bamboo reaches its height 6 months after the sprout pups up 80 1/2-1 years rammed but damp soil Images: Growing Habits [online text], Retrieved at May 28, 2014, from: http://

4/5th Year
75 % light tranmision

6st Month
A Self made (based on Flander, K. D., & Rovers, R. (2009). One www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/guadua-bamboo-growing-habits,

1rd Year

2rd Year
30
and can survive on a normal plantation between 15 and 25m 3.

3th Year

9th Year
Planting 1 year 2 year

1st Day
70 Twigs: laminated bamboo-frame house per hectare per year. Con- November 19, 2012. AND Kigomo, B.,(2007), Guidelines for Growing
Clay Brooms and
Bamboo culm
Culm Clump Plantation struction and Building Materials, 23(1), 210-218. Bamboo, Kenia, Figure 16 : Growth and development of culms in a

40
In 6 months

Start
Roots system is created and Middle (basa) textile/clothes

Silt
Bamboo can be harvested 3 to 5 years after the sprout pops up. This is

%
60
Harvesting BambooH new bamboo culms become clump.)

te,

Sep
Planting the New sprouts Bamboo starts to Bamboo new sprouts are In ideal circum- Plantation is now

ara
because it needs 3 to 4 years to lignify and reaches its stiffness. Therefore, a Septum Self made (based on Schröder, S., (2012), Formation of

50
visible B

few ligniied bamboos should always remain in the plantation to support the

ara
Seedlings start to form create it’s own regulates its own +/- 10cm stances shoots from mature and can
Harvesting Basics

ep
50
Silty Construction a Bamboo Clump [online image], Retrieved at May 28, K
Self made (combination NICCEP, (2012). Full Utilization of Bam-

te,
yS
Culm size height and micro climate culm microclimate and the 4th year reach be commercially

%
Cla
Sandy clay Stem cavity

60
2mm thickness of size of new the culm of new Guadua’s maximum harvested as Cover the grove with a 2014, http://www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/guadua-bam- boo part-1 [online image], Retrieved at May 16, 2014, from: http://
younger culms in the clump4 40 Around 20 -25% of a full grown plantation can Cutting is ready to be
15-25 Meter height clay
Clay loam
Silty clay be harvested annually. Bamboo has a vast
culm starts to sprouts +/-1cm sprouts are +/- height potential building materials placed as new clump opaque layer boo-growing-habits www.niccep.dti.gov.ph/admin/img/industry/Full-Utilization-of-Bam-
4 year increase 4cm some ware Internode

70
loam Bottom (cepo) boo-part-1.jpg. AND NICCEP, (2012). Full Utilization of Bamboo part
Diameter of the culm 30 Sandy clay Fullgrown
root system holding a large biomass potential,
Towards a full plantation
between 20 and
Planting a new Bamboo clump C Self made (based on Schröder, S., (2012), Formation of 2 [online image], Retrieved at May 16, 2014, from: http://www.niccep.
Cuttings are most commonly used due to the fact that they offer speed, high success rates, money eficiency
loam 25m Source : http://www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/growing-bamboo-cuttings Node

80
but roots should never be removed this will se- Vegitable a Bamboo Clump [online image], Retrieved at May 28, dti.gov.ph/admin/img/industry/Full-Utilization-of-Bamboo-part-2.jpg.
20
Loam
Silt loam verely decrease the production of the planta- It takes about 8 to 9 years to have a newly plantation generating timber 2014, http://www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/guadua-bam- AND Schröder, S., (2011), Bamboo Stem Anatomy [online image],
tion. Bamboo cut 5-7 cm above the irst node
and a warranty to get the same genes as the ‘mother bamboo’. However, there are other options available.

90
products while a canadian pine plantation is normally harvested 20-25 boo-growing-habits Retrieved at May 21, 2014, from: http://www.guaduabamboo.com/
GUADUA
UA SREQUIOREMENTS
INTSL PLANTATION
TION
PARTS
ARTS AND REFERENCE
10
Loamy
Sandy Loam
Silt
Incresed hight and diameter

years after planting 1. First, seeds are valuable and ineffective. In fact, a bamboo only blooms once during its lifetime and only a Roots (raíces) blog/bamboo-stem-anatomy

0
Sand sand
5-7 cm

10
above above the ground will automatically regenerate
BASICS
SICS APPLICATIONS
TIONS
node and can be harvested 4 years later again 4.
part of the seeds will hatch. Another option would be to remove a rhizome bud that is at least as large as a D Reprint from: Schröder, S., (2012), Guadua Bamboo Soil
Requirements [online image].Retrieved at May 28, 2014,

40
10

10
30
90

20
60

50
80

70
football and plant it somewhere else again. However, for large scale this method is ineffective. Besides, wildings

0
from: http://www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/guadua-bam-
Sand Separate, % can be used, but it depends on several conditons.4+3 boo-soil-requirements, September 21, 2012
 Mediterranean South
The Environmental Zone named Mediterranean South
(MDS) occupies plains and uplands within the southern
Mediterranean and some lowlands in northern Spain.
Seawater Greenhouse
Seawater greenhouse is a system that brings the meth-
od of extracting fresh water from seawater desalina-
tion by evaporation. First, seawater is brought into the
Sunlight is iltered by seawater pipes
Seawater Greenhouse SystemB
between two roof layers which reduce
radiator that does not contribute to
photosynthesis. It cools down green-
Household water usage creates two types Systems Comparison Seawater Recyclewater References
Turbines draw the air
Recyclewater Greenhouse Moveable shading screen reduces
of waste water which are grey water from
through greenhouse.
Two recycled water systems are combined into this meth- intensity of solar radiation. It should be Location
Greenhouse VS Greenhouse Main text:
od: irst, the recycle system from household waste water
able to cover the roof only when the shower, bathtub, kitchen sink, lavatory and Recyclewater greenhouse is more suitable for rural areas, d
Humidiied air that is not
interior temperature is too high and black water from toilet. which have high production of waste water. 1 M. Metzger, A. S. (2009). The European Environmental Zones and Strata.
to create fresh water; second, the close-loop substrate

HE L P !!!
59% 301mm Within this region, the climate is Mediterranean with hot house while allows bamboo to grow in condensed will increase able to be removed when solar heat On the other hand, regarding transportation costs, seawater
Wageningen: Alterra.
24ºC - 8ºC greenhouse system and is forced to evaporate by wind system, which is the water reuse system inside greenhouse
MOISTURE
and dry summer and maximum of precipitations in winter 1. current that is created by a turbine. It will increase mois-
suitable light condition. humidity behind and itself. Waste water recycle system is a big system that can is needed. greenhouse works better in desert areas, which are not too VS 2 CurrentResults. (2014). Average Weather in Spain. Retrieved May 2014,

2797 hours
6.6
pH
Sandy Loam
During summer, regions of Mediterranean climate are
dominated by subtropical high pressure cells, with dry
ture within the air, which creates suitable environment of
growing bamboo. In last step of this process, the humid-
iied air will be condensed back to fresh water and be
around greenhouse and
produce greenery in the
surrounding area.
support houses community as a central facility. Two types
of water are used within this system: grey water (waste water
from kitchen sink, lavatory and shower) and black water
New water and nu-
trients are added
within the mixing tank,
far from the sea. However, the location of seawater green-
house needs to consider the distance between the sea
and quantity of humidity in the air due to the fact that the 3
from Current Results: research news & science facts: http://www.curren-
tresults.com/Weather/Spain/average-spain-weather.php

Paton, C. (2012). Seawater Greenhouse. Retrieved May 2014, from Sea-

sinking air capping a surface marine layer of varying hu- larger the distance the bigger the fresh water production.
PH
stored in a water tank. (waste water from toilet). They need to be treated sepa- including pH and EC VS water Greenhouse: www.seawatergreenhouse.com
Mediterranean SouthA
SUNLIGHT SOIL QUALITY
midity and making rainfall impossible or unlikely except rately in the early part of the recycling process. Black water
The beneits of seawater greenhouse are not only fo-
adjustment. 4 Paton, C. (2012). Seawater Greenhouse: A restorative approach to ag-
for the occasional thunderstorm. During winter, periodic Construction
5.5 5.9
treatment in digester can produce biogas, which can be
cus in within the greenhouse. In fact, the humidiied air,
riculture. Discussion Paper 1220 .
storms reach into the lower latitudes of the Mediterra- used as fuel and the rest can be extracted out for water Water reuse system in recyclewater greenhouse is a small
Disinfection Unit
nean zones, bringing rain, with snow at higher elevations. which is created in greenhouse and left out from be- Greenhouse surrounding air is drawn into the and soil, or as a fertilizer. Afterwards, black water will be put system with low construction and maintaining costs that can NETAFIM. (2012). Greenhouse Technology. Retrieved May 2014, from
VS NETAFIM: http://www.netaim.com/Greenhouse_Technology/drainage_
5

ing condensed, increase humidity in the air around the building by turbines. together with grey water into the bioreactor, which uses be done by individual bamboo producers. However, the
water_recycling

Condenser
Evaporator

Evaporator
Regions with this form climate experience average greenhouse itself. As consequence, greenery around the bacteriological substance to break down the waste. Thus, city sewage system is a bigger system. Therefore, it should
monthly temperatures in excess of 24°C during its warm- building will be increased progressively during green- producing fres water. Sinker be constructed by central municipalities. LIGHTING LIGHTING
Grease Trap
est month and an average in the coldest month of 8ºC. house operation. 3+4 Drainage The main construction issue for seawater greenhouse is the
In this region, the average yearly precipitation is around seawater transportation. It is important to consider corrosion Images:
301mm, the annual average sunshine is around 2797 Typically, one hectare of seawater greenhouse near the
Close-loop substrate system is based on a close circuit of
reusing water. Regarding that this system generates a close
Bioreactor
in steel because of saline water.
VS n Self made based on: M. Metzger, A. S. (2009). The European Environmen-
hours, and the relative humidity averages for the year coast will evaporate 50 tons of water/day, but this will in- environment, the process of collecting water has two main Digester
A tal Zones and Strata. Wageningen: Alterra. Background: Spain Parque
is 59% 2. crease 2-3 folds in regions of low humidity 4. For instance, sources, which are plants transpiration and underground Irrigation Water Biogas Environmental Impact Natural Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche.
in Southern Spain, with air temperature around 30 ºC, water that is not absorbed by roots. Considering these Buffer Complete recyclewater greenhouse uses waste water from
relative humidity of 59% with 500 m2 greenhouse area,
Surface Seawater Fresh Water two sources, water can be collected underground by us- Fertilizer
a city area and turn it into fresh water, biogas and soil. The VS B
Self made based on: Paton, C. (2012). Seawater Greenhouse. Retrieved
May 2014, from Seawater Greenhouse: www.seawatergreenhouse.com.
the air temperature will drop to 25 ºC and 2.5-3 tonnes Tank ing plastic membrane under layers of soil and gravel. After sewage system can reduce waste production of the area
Drain Water AND LANDmine2. (2009). Seawater Greenhouse. Retrieved May 2014,
of water will be evaporated in 24 hours2. However, to Deep Seawater water being collected, it needs to go through disinfection Tank Sandscrew while the greenhouse water reuse system can reduce amount from LANDmine 2: http://www.alicefeng.net/blog/?p=192
increase amount of evaporated water, air relative hu- unit which prevent the deceases to spread amount the of input water, which is a limited resource in this climate.
Self made based on: Felstead, A. (2012). Greenhouse Village . Retrieved
midity should be low, which means that further away from plants. Disinfection unit can be located in different parts Regarding environmental impact, seawater greenhouse
the sea the greenhouse will work better.
Surface seawater is pumped up and spayed Fresh water is also The second layer Condenser uses low temperature
within the system, for example, Heat Pasteurization, Ozona-
Greenhouse close-loop substrate sys- Community waste water treatment system
is more suitable for desert areas because it improves its
VS C
May 2014, from Food Urbanism: http://www.foodurbanism.org/green-
house-village/. AND, Vox, G., Teitel, M., Pardossi, A., & Minuto, A. (2010).
to front wall evaporator. Dust, insects and small collected from the of evaporator hu- deep seawater to condense the tem collects water that is transpired produces water, biogas and soil from house-
RECYCLE particles are iltered out, leaving only cool hu- midiies water into tion, UV Disinfection, Slow Filtration, Ultra-Filtration or Iodine. surrounding environment. It produces fresh water that can Sustainable Greenhouse Systems. PROGESA.
The inal process before using the water is to add new
ground to fresh saturated air. Then, condensed from bamboo leaf and water that is hold waste water. Biogas can be used as
SEAWATER
TER midiied air.
CONSTRUCTION TIME
be stored and humidify the surrounding area. Later the sur-
CLIMATE GREENHOUSE WATER COMPARISON
ARISON REFERENCE water tank saturation point. fresh water is collected into water
water from waste water recycle system and nutrients with pH
not absorbed by bamboo root and fuel and soil can be used for fertilizing. Water
roundings will be suitable for new plantations. What is more,
GREENHOUSE tank for further use. Recyclewater Greenhouse SystemC reuses it again. will be used for the greenhouse.
and EC adjustment5. building greenhouse in front of a hill or mountain will also VS
increase the effectiveness of humidifying the air.
CONSTRUCTION COST
 Lusitanian
The relief and landscape within the Lusitanian Environ-
mental Zone is very diverse, varying from the lowlands
of Les Landes to the mountain ranges of Galicia and
Plant-Animal Greenhouse Operable shading screen system Recyclewater Greenhouse New water and nutrients are added Household water usage creates two types Systems Comparison Plant-Animal Recyclewater References
Plant-animal greenhouse uses waste that is produced by
reduces intensity of solar radiation. Two recycled water systems are combined into this meth- within the mixing tank, including pH and of waste water which are grey water from Location
Greenhouse VS Greenhouse Main text:
od: irst, the recycle system from household waste water
It should be able to cover the roof EC adjustment. shower, bathtub, kitchen sink, lavatory and Recyclewater and Plant-animal greenhouse systems are d
animals. Thus, producing fertilizer for plants. The aim of this black water from toilet.
when the interior temperature is too to create fresh water; second, the close-loop substrate suitable for rural areas that have high production of waste 1 M. Metzger, A. S. (2009). The European Environmental Zones and Strata.
system is to combine two ecosystems in one, and it consists Disinfection Unit

HE L P !!!
high, and able to be removed when Wageningen: Alterra.
19ºC - 9ºC 72% 1195mm Serra da Estrela with peaks of over 2000 m. It has a on bamboo greenhouse and a barn or animal house. system, which is the water reuse system inside greenhouse water and where animal houses can be set.
MOISTURE
relatively humid climate with Mediterranean-like distribu- solar heat is needed. itself. Waste water recycle system is a big system that can Ventilation fans are used during summer Nevertheless, plant-animal greenhouse location have to- VS
to create air low to low the temperature consider wind direction. In fact, a suitable wind low reduces
2 CurrentResults. (2014). Average Weather in Spain. Retrieved May 2014,

1584 hours
6.3
pH
Sandy Loam
tion of precipitation within a year as it has its maximum in
the winter. The climate has Atlantic with Mediterranean
inluence, towards the east modiied by aspects of the
The animal house creates heat and CO2, which is brought
to the greenhouse by a ventilation system. The heated air
is supplied from the lower part of the greenhouse and re-
Exhaust air duct returns cooled air with
high quantity of oxygen from green-
house back to animal house.
support houses community as a central facility. Two types
of water are used within this system: grey water (waste water
from kitchen sink, lavatory and shower) and black water
that is created by greenhouse. work load for ventilation fans. Regarding, wind low, animal
house must be located at the side that receives the wind. 3
from Current Results: research news & science facts: http://www.curren-
tresults.com/Weather/Spain/average-spain-weather.php

FAO. (n.d.). Integrated energy self-served animal and plant comple-

Massif Central1.
LusitanianA
SUNLIGHT SOIL QUALITY
Regions with this form climate experience average
monthly temperatures in excess of 20°C during its warm-
est month and an average in the coldest month of 9ºC.
In this region, the average yearly precipitation is around
758mm, the annual average sunshine is around 2579
hours, and the relative humidity averages for the year
is 67% 2.
Therefore, orientation of this system is crucial.
turn to the animal house through an exhaust air duct. The (waste water from toilet). They need to be treated sepa- VS mentary ecosystem in China. Retrieved June 2014, from FAO Corporate
returned air is cooler and contains high quantity of oxy- Farm animals such as pigs can con- rately in the early part of the recycling process. Black water Document Repository: http://www.fao.org/docrep/t4470e/t4470e0d.htm
gen, which improves the climate in the animal house. More- sume bamboo leafs and produce treatment in digester can produce biogas, which can be Construction ENERGY DEMAND 4 NETAFIM. (2012). Greenhouse Technology. Retrieved May 2014, from
NETAFIM: http://www.netaim.com/Greenhouse_Technology/drainage_
over, excreta from animals can be collected and put into heat, carbon dioxide and fertilizer. used as fuel and the rest can be extracted out for water Water reuse system in recyclewater greenhouse is a small
a methane tank to create fuel for generators and other Their excreta can also be used for and soil, or as a fertilizer. Afterwards, black water will be put system with low construction and maintaining costs that can water_recycling
household uses. The electricity from the generator can be methane production. together with grey water into the bioreactor, which uses be done by individual bamboo producers. However, the VS
used for air exchanging and ventilation system. bacteriological substance to break down the waste. Thus, city sewage system is a much bigger system. Therefore, it
producing fres water. Sinker should be constructed by central municipalities. LIGHTING
Images:
Grease Trap
This system is suitable for winter or during cold periodsdue Drainage Plant-animal greenhouse is suitable for small individual pro- n Self made based on: M. Metzger, A. S. (2009). The European Environmen-
ducers. However, the balance between the amount of plants
to heat exchanging between two houses. However, during Heat + CO2 Close-loop substrate system is based on a close circuit of
reusing water. Regarding that this system generates a close
Bioreactor
and animals is important because it affects the amount of
VS A tal Zones and Strata. Wageningen: Alterra. Background: France, Aquita-
summer, extra ventilation is needed to get rid of the heat Recycled animal excreta is put into ine region, La-Roque-Gageac
that is created from both houses. Furthermore, greenhouse methane tank for methane produc- environment, the process of collecting water has two main Digester CO2, O2 and also temperature level.
needs to be close by a shading system to reduce light tion. Methane gas can be used as sources, which are plants transpiration and underground Irrigation Water Biogas B
Self made based on: FAO. (n.d.). Integrated energy self-served animal
fuel for generators. The extra fuel can water that is not absorbed by roots. Considering these Buffer Environmental Impact and plant complementary ecosystem in China. Retrieved June 2014,
density and heat transmits by sunlight. Air exchanging be-
tween two houses should be disabled, only the ventilation be used for different purposes, sush two sources, water can be collected underground by us- Complete recyclewater greenhouse uses waste water from VS from FAO Corporate Document Repository: http://www.fao.org/docrep/

fans are used during this period. The ventilation low should
Fertilizer t4470e/t4470e0d.htm
Methane Tank as additional heat for greenhouse or ing plastic membrane under layers of soil and gravel. After a city area and turn it into fresh water, biogas and soil.
Drain Water
be from animal house to greenhouse to outside for CO2 household heating. water being collected, it needs to go through disinfection Sandscrew The sewage system can reduce waste production of the Self made based on: Felstead, A. (2012). Greenhouse Village . Retrieved
Tank C

absorption and smell reduction3. Ventilation fans are used during
summer to create air low to low
the temperature that is created
PLANT RECYCLE by greenhouse and animal house.
Supply air duct brings warm air and
carbon dioxide from animal house to
greenhouse. The heat air will loat up,
and carbon dioxide will be used by
Generator uses methane to generate unit which prevent the deceases to spread amount the area while the greenhouse water reuse system can reduce May 2014, from Food Urbanism: http://www.foodurbanism.org/green-
amount of input water at the same time. house-village/. AND, Vox, G., Teitel, M., Pardossi, A., & Minuto, A. (2010).
electricity for ventilation system both in plants. Disinfection unit can be located in different parts VS
within the system, for example, Heat Pasteurization, Ozona- Greenhouse close-loop substrate sys- Community waste water treatment system On the other hand, plant-animal greenhouse needs less Sustainable Greenhouse Systems. PROGESA.
summer and winter
tion, UV Disinfection, Slow Filtration, Ultra-Filtration or Iodine. amount of energy because it can be produced by meth-
The inal process before using the water is to add new
tem collects water that is transpired from produces water, biogas and soil from house-
ane tank; however, animal houses generate smell that might
CONSTRUCTION TIME

CLIMATE ANIMAL WATER COMPARISON

ARISON REFERENCE bamboo and return to animal house
water from waste water recycle system and nutrients with pH
bamboo leaf and water that is not ab-
sorbed by bamboo root and reuses it
hold waste water. Biogas can be used as
fuel and soil can be used for fertilizing. Water disturb the neighborhood area.
GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE through exhaust duct.
and EC adjustment4. Recyclewater Greenhouse SystemC again. will be used for the greenhouse. VS
Plant-Animal Greenhouse System B
CONSTRUCTION COST

Alpine South
The Environmental zone Alpine South is composed by
high, medium and low mountains of Central and South-
ern Europe. Most of them belong to the Alpine orogenic
Artiicial lighting is needed in winter due to
Dam Greenhouse short periods of daylight. It uses electricity Plant-Animal Greenhouse Operable shading screen system Systems Comparison Dam Plant-Animal References
Dam greenhouse is a system that is suitable for slope areas. reduces intensity of solar radiation.
The water storage collects water from the mountain. This
from water turbine. Plant-animal greenhouse uses waste that is produced by
It should be able to cover the roof
Location
Dam greenhouse is suitable for steep slope area that can place water Greenhouse VS Greenhouse
Main text:
animals. Thus, producing fertilizer for plants. The aim of this d
water system is integrated to the greenhouse to keep the when the interior temperature is too storage at the back of the building. The greenhouse should be a linear 1 M. Metzger, A. S. (2009). The European Environmental Zones and Strata.
system is to combine two ecosystems in one, and it consists
Insulation for heat lost protection. high, and able to be removed when

HE L P !!!
73% 1338mm greenhouse and to produce electricity. Energy production Wageningen: Alterra.
11ºC - 2ºC belt such as the Carpathian mountains Pyrenees, Alps, on bamboo greenhouse and a barn or animal house. building alone the contour line of the mountain. The glass façade should
solar heat is needed.
VS
MOISTURE
Massif Central, Carpathians and mountains of the Bal- is produced by using gravity to bring down the water from face towards the south to be able to receive sunlight for the whole year. 2 CurrentResults. (2014). Average Weather in Switzerland. Retrieved May

5.5 5.9
1545 hours
pH
Sandy Loam
kan peninsula) or to Hercynian Europe (Schwarzwald,
Thüringer Wald, Harz, Ore mountains at the border be-
tween Germany and Czech Republic). Besides, this re-
the storage to the turbine. The spinning turbine creates
electricity, which will be stored in batteries and will be used
during winter for artiicial lighting and heating (convector).
Water storage collects water from the
mountain and the roof to use it within
greenhouse and to generate electricity.
The animal house creates heat and CO2, which is brought
to the greenhouse by a ventilation system. The heated air
is supplied from the lower part of the greenhouse and re-
Exhaust air duct returns cooled air with
high quantity of oxygen from green-
house back to animal house.
The distance to CO2 sources is another concern because the further the
distance from community area, the longer the pipe to bring in CO2 and
warm air. Finally, building on a rocky area might not be an option. 3
2014, from Current Results: research news & science facts: http://www.cur-
rentresults.com/Weather/Switzerland/average-switzerland-weather.php

Benson-Institute. (2002). Walipini Construction (The Underground Green-

gion has classic Alpine landscapes with deep, relatively
Alpine SouthA
SUNLIGHT PH SOIL QUALITY
inaccessible valleys and permanent snow cover on the
6.3 highest peaks, or low mountains and uplands.
The climate and vegetation changes progressively from
west to east and also depends on the orientation of
slopes. The climate is continental1.
Regions with this form climate experience average
monthly temperatures in excess of 11°C during its warm-
est month and an average in the coldest month of 2ºC.
turn to the animal house through an exhaust air duct. The Plant-animal greenhouse location should consider wind direction. In fact,
a suitable wind low reduces work load for ventilation fans. Therefore, ori-
house). Brigham Young University .
This system should be in linear shape along the contour line returned air is cooler and contains high quantity of oxy- Farm animals such as goats can con-
VS
of the slope with glass façade facing south, which is the The glass façade faces south for receiving gen, which improves the climate in the animal house. More- sume bamboo leafs and produce entation of the building is crucial, and the animal house should be at the 4 FAO. (n.d.). Integrated energy self-served animal and plant comple-
side that is able to gain more quantity of sunlight during the sunlight the whole year. ENERGY DEMAND ENERGY DEMAND mentary ecosystem in China. Retrieved June 2014, from FAO Corporate
over, excreta from animals can be collected and put into heat, carbon dioxide and fertilizer. side of the building that receives the wind. Document Repository: http://www.fao.org/docrep/t4470e/t4470e0d.htm
whole year. The roof is in the same angle with the highest a methane tank to create fuel for generators and other Their excreta can also be used for
sun and it works as water collector too. Inside of the green- Concrete wall painted in black to collect household uses. The electricity from the generator can be methane production. Construction VS
house, the concrete wall or black material wall should be the heat from the sun and transmit it when used for air exchanging and ventilation system. Dam greenhouse should be a linear building with few bamboo culms oth-
installed to collect heat from sunlight during day and radi- the interior temperature decreases. Images:
erwise the façade will be too high, which will affect the size of the structure
n
ate the collected heat during night. This system is suitable for winter or during cold periodsdue and construction costs. The structure for water storage and the wall at the Self made based on: M. Metzger, A. S. (2009). The European Environ-
A
to heat exchanging between two houses. However, during Heat + CO2 back of the building must handle the weight of the collected water. mental Zones and Strata. Wageningen: Alterra. Background: Italian Alps,
CO2 needs to be brought from outside. In order to keep summer, extra ventilation is needed to get rid of the heat Recycled animal excreta is put into Plant-animal greenhouse is suitable for small individual producers. However, VS Macugnaga.

In this region, the average yearly precipitation is around the interior temperature warm, ventilation rate should be that is created from both houses. Furthermore, greenhouse methane tank for methane produc- the balance between the amount of plants and animals is important be-
Terrace or relector with white material for
Self made based on: Benson-Institute. (2002). Walipini Construction (The
1338mm, the annual average sunshine is around 1545 low. In this case, CO2 is brought from community usage, needs to be close by a shading system to reduce light tion. Methane gas can be used as cause it affects the amount of CO2, O2 and also the temperature level. B

relecting sunlight into the greenhouse.

hours, and the relative humidity averages for the year is
73% 2.
Underground Greenhouse). Brigham Young University .
which can be from normal chimneys or from machine. The density and heat transmits by sunlight. Air exchanging be- fuel for generators. The extra fuel can
advantage is that this heated air will raise the temperature tween two houses should be disabled, only the ventilation be used for different purposes, sush Environmental Impact VS Self made based on: FAO. (n.d.). Integrated energy self-served animal
fans are used during this period. The ventilation low should Dam greenhouse construction blocks the low of the water underground
C

within the greenhouse too3. Methane Tank as additional heat for greenhouse or and plant complementary ecosystem in China. Retrieved June 2014,
Water turbine generates electricity for arti- from FAO Corporate Document Repository: http://www.fao.org/docrep/
icial light during winter.
be from animal house to greenhouse to outside for CO2 household heating. surface. Therefore, the direction of the water will be changed. However,
absorption and smell reduction4. Ventilation fans are used during Supply air duct brings warm air and Generator uses methane to generate outlet of the water from water turbine can be designed to keep the low t4470e/t4470e0d.htm

summer to create air low to low carbon dioxide from animal house to electricity for ventilation system both in direction as much normal as possible. The usage of smoke and CO2 from
the temperature that is created greenhouse. The heat air will loat up, summer and winter the community reduces pollution within the surrounding area. Besides, the VS
heat from the air reduces heat load produced in greenhouse.
DAM PLANT Adding CO2 to greenhouse through smoke col- by greenhouse and animal house. and carbon dioxide will be used by
Plant-animal greenhouse needs less amount of energy because it canCONSTRUCTION
be
ANIMAL Dam Greenhouse SystemB
TIME CONSTRUCTION TIME
CLIMATE COMPARISON
ARISON REFERENCE lectors from chimneys of household usage bamboo and return to animal house
GREENHOUSE
GREENHOUSE through exhaust duct. Plant-Animal Greenhouse System C produced by methane tank, but the animal house also generates smell
that might disturb the neighborhood area. VS
CONSTRUCTION COST CONSTRUCTION COST
 Atlantic North Earth Heating Greenhouse Earth Heating Greenhouse SystemB Energy + Greenhouse Energy + Greenhouse SystemC System Comparison Earth Heating Energy + References
The Environmental Zone Atlantic North (ATN) is com- Earth heating greenhouse is the system that uses heat With good ventilation in green- Energy + Greenhouse is an energy eficiency system that Location VS Main text:
posed by uplands and low mountains in central and from underground water (Aquifer) to warm the greenhouse Winter Summer house, heat exchanger can be produces electricity and is used mainly for greenhouse
Opening on façade is for ventila- Earth heating greenhouse needs to incorporate underground Greenhouse Greenhouse d
management, including heating and artiicial lighting. There
tion during summer. water (aquifer). Hence, location and geology survey should be 1 M. Metzger, A. S. (2009). The European Environmental Zones and Strata.
northern Britain, Northern Ireland, the west coast of Nor- during winter. Aquifer works as a thermal storage during turned off during summer. Transparent roof with photovol-

HE L P !!!
Wageningen: Alterra.
done due to the fact that aquifers in different areas have different
Artiicial lighting is needed during
13ºC - 5ºC 85% 812mm way and lowlands and plains of Jutland and northern between seasons which means that, in summer, the under- are three energy sources within the system, which are wind
taic panels (PV) uses sunlight to
MOISTURE
Germany and The Netherlands. The climate is oceanic ground water needs to be heated and stored for follow- Heat exchanger works as ventilator in winter High ventilation is needed in summer. turbines, photovoltaic panels and biogas generator. depths, temperature and amount of water. Using temperature from VS
and heavily inluenced by the Gulf stream; the tempera-
generate electricity.
2 CurrentResults. (2014). Average Weather in the Netherlands. Retrieved

6 pH
ture amplitude does not exceed 8-9°C and most of the
precipitation is in the winter period1.
ing winter. Underground water has varies temperatures in
different depth, also in the dept in different areas are not
the same. Using the system, a survey has to be done to
which keeps the temperature at a suitable level. Greenhouse orientation should be
able to gain direct wind in summer or
have an active ventilation system to
Combining high wind speed and the building height, wind
turbines on the rooftop of the greenhouse will create high
winter with short period of daylight.

With the height of the greenhouse,

underground water requires some adjustments to keep the tem-
perature at the level that is needed in each period.
Energy + Greenhouse needs to cooperate with the climate of the
May 2014, from Current Results: research news & science facts: http://www.
currentresults.com/Weather/Netherlands/average-netherlands-weather.
php
1550 hours Sandy Loam - Clay
lower the heat. wind installation on the top of
observe the suitable depth for suitable temperature. amount of electricity. However, the distance between wind area. For instacnce, it should be in the area with high speed wind
Atlantic NorthA
SUNLIGHT PH SOIL QUALITY greenhouse generates electricity VS 3 Sethi, V., & Sharma, S. (2006, January 18). Greenhouse heating and cool-
for artiicial lighting and heating.
Regions within this climate zone experience average turbines should be at least 10 meters to avoid disturbance at high altitude (30 meters height). Furthermore, the roof with PV ing using aquifer water. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Punjab
of the wind low, also placing turbine behind each other
monthly temperatures in excess of 13°C during its warm- 10 meters 10 meters panels should be located in an optimal orientation to gain as Agricultural University, Ludhiana .
The system requires aquifer management plan that it will

6.6
est month and an average in the coldest month of 5ºC. determine in which period and which depth of aquifer can
In this region, the average yearly precipitation is around be used. The plan also has to consider the situation in sum-
812mm, the annual average sunshine is around 1550 mer and winter. Underground water can be used in winter
hours, and the relative humidity averages for the year but also need to be heated in summer to keep aquifer in
is 85% 2. function.
In winter, warm water from aquifer (normally it is the upper
layer of aquifer) is brought up to radiators inside green-
house and radiates heat to warm up the greenhouse. After
being used, cooled water is brought down to the cooler
part of aquifer (bottom layer of aquifer). In summer, solar
collectors are used to heat up aquifer water. The cold
water from lower layer is pumped up to solar collectors
and brought down again to the upper part of aquifer after
being heated.
Underground water is a large system which covers a big
area. This greenhouse system is suitable for complex of
EARTH ENERGY
greenhouses that cooperate with each other and have
CLIMATE HEATING
TING ANIMAL
+ COMPARISON
ARISON REFERENCE the same plan for aquifer3.
GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE
Radiators are operat-
ed by hot water from
aquifer. It has to be
turned off during sum-
mer.
Underground water (Aquifer) is used
as a thermal storage. The temper-
tures are varies in different depth from
ground surface. In early winter, there is
large amount of warm water from sum-
mer to be used
ENERGY DEMAND
should be avoided. The roof of the greenhouse is com- much sunlight as possible, especially in winter.
Heat exchanger works as ven-
4 Ingham, L. (2014, May). Revolutionary urban wind turbine to transform
posed by an integrated system of glass panels and pho- city power generation. Retrieved June 2014, from Factor-Tech: http://www.
tovoltaic panels (PV), which allow sunlight to go through, tilator in winter which keeps the Construction VS factor-tech.com/future-cities/revolutionary-urban-wind-turbine-to-trans-
Solar collectors heat but being screened by PV panels. Moreover, bamboo temperature at a suitable level. It Earth heating system is more suitable for greenhouse big complex- form-city-power-generation/
the water for aquifer. should be disable during summer
leafs are collected from the greenhouse and being put es due to aquifer requires a large underground water system. In
or period with high temperature.
5 Transparent solar panels. (n.d.). Retrieved June 2014, from Solar Con-
into a digester to create biogas which will be used for a fact, many individual management greenhouses are not a good structions: http://www.solar-constructions.com/wordpress/transparent-so-
generator to produce electricity. solution by using aquifer.
Energy + Greenhouse needs extra structure to support the load of
VS lar-panels/
Vox, G., Teitel, M., Pardossi, A., & Minuto, A. (2010). Sustainable Green-
Electricity radiator increases interi-
Interior climate is controlled by three systems; irst, it has
house Systems. PROGESA .
or temperature of the greenhouse. wind turbines and PV panels. The structure has to be able to han-
façade openings that should be used during summer or dle horizontal loads such as wind load that pushes wind turbines 6 Beciri, D. (2012, April). Clean World Partners anaerobic digestion sys-
in the moment that the temperature in the greenhouse is and its vibrations while they are functioned. The construction cost tem. Retrieved June 2014, from Rob Aid: http://www.robaid.com/tech/
too high. The second system is convectors (radiators) that
Bamboo leafs are collected into
a digester to produce biogas
for this greenhouse is possibly high. VS clean-world-partners-anaerobic-digestion-system.htm
Aquifer Management System Aquifer Management System use electricity to create heat. The last system is a heat ex-
that is used as fuel for generator. Environmental Impact Images:
changer, which is used as ventilation system for bringing in
Aquifer management system collects water from Aquifer in early sum- n
fresh air from outside into the greenhouse; therefore, de- Aquifer reduces heat load for earth heating greenhouse. However, Self made based on: M. Metzger, A. S. (2009). The European Environ-
different layers of underground water according 25 °C mer contains a large Generator A
creasing the amount of heat lost4+5+6. with improper management, there is a possibility that the aquifer mental Zones and Strata. Wageningen: Alterra. Background: Dutch land-
25 °C to the temperature that the greenhouse needs. In amount of cold wa- might be damaged and lose its ability as thermal storage. There- VS scape
winter, it draws warm water to heat up the green- 18 °C ter from winter.
fore, heat load in the greenhouse is supported by aquifer, but ar-
tiicial lighting and watering still need extra resource from outside.
18 °C house. In summer, it needs solar collector to heat CONSTRUCTION TIME B Self made based on: Felstead, A. (2012). Greenhouse Village . Retrieved
8 °C
the water and store the water back to aquifer for 8 °C Digester Energy + Greenhouse has very less environmental impact. The only
May 2014, from Food Urbanism: http://www.foodurbanism.org/green-
house-village/
up coming winter. main impact is the material and its foundation and land used for VS
construction. C Self made.