Math Schaum's Outline of Complex Variables (2nd Edition)

Exercise 92
Chapter 6, Page 197

Schaum's Outline of Complex Variables

ISBN: 9780071615709
Table of contents

Solution Verified Answered 2 years ago

Step 1 1 of 23

a) First, we are going to manipulate algebraically the given function into a form similar
1
to the function 1−z from which the expansion is known. To do that we proceed by
​

using partial functions as follows

z −z A B
= = +
(z − 1)(2 − z) (z − 1)(z − 2) z−1 z−2
​ ​ ​ ​

then,

A B A(z − 2) + B(z − 1) −z
+ = =
z−1 z−2 (z − 1)(z − 2) (z − 1)(z − 2)
​ ​ ​ ​
Step 2 2 of 23

Consequently,

A(z − 2) + B(z − 1) = −z

Taking, z = 2 the above equation reduces to

0
A(2 − 2) + B (2 − 1) = −2
​ ​

then, B = −2.

Now, taking, z = 1 the above equation reduces to

0
A(1 − 2) + B(1 − 1) = −1
​ ​

−1

then, A = 1.

Step 3 3 of 23

Then, we can express the given function as follows

z 1 2
= −
(z − 1)(2 − z) z−1 z−2
​ ​ ​

To follows, we obtain the expansion in each one of the fraction envolved in the above

partial sum.
Step 4 4 of 23

1 1
Then, using the standard expansion of 1−z in the partial fraction z−1 we have that ​ ​

1 1
=−
z−1 1−z
​ ​

∞
​

= − ∑ z n , ∣z∣ < 1 ​
​

n=0
= −1 − z − z 2 − z 3 − z 4 − … , ∣z∣ < 1

Step 5 5 of 23

2
Now, we proceed on the same way as before for the second partial expresion z−2 . ​

Manipulating algebraically this expresion result,

2 1 1 1
=2⋅ =2⋅ z =− z
z−2 z−2 −2(1 − 2 ) 1−
​ ​ ​ ​

2
​ ​

Step 6 6 of 23

1
Then, using the known standard expansion of 1−z ​

2 1
=−
z−2 1− z
​ ​

2
​

∞
z n z
= −∑( ) , <1
2 2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​

n=0
z z 2 z 3 z 4
= −1 − − ( ) − ( ) − ( ) − … , z <2
2 2 2 2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Step 7 7 of 23

Thus, the desired expansion valid for ∣z∣ < 1 and for ∣z∣ < 2, this is when ∣z∣ < 1 can
be obtained by adding the previous two expansions as follows,

z 1 2
= −
(z − 1)(2 − z) z−1 z−2
​ ​ ​

= −1 − z − z 2 − z 3 − z 4 − …
z z 2 z 3 z 4
− (−1 − − ( ) − ( ) − ( ) − …)
2 2 2 2
​ ​ ​ ​

2 3 4
= −1 − z − z − z − z − …
​ ​

z z 2 z 3 z 4
+1 + + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + …)
2 2 2 2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

2 3 4
z z z z
= − − 3 − 7 − 15 − … , ∣z∣ < 1
2 4 8 16
​ ​ ​ ​

Step 8 8 of 23

b) From the previous item we known that

z 1 2
= −
(z − 1)(2 − z) z−1 z−2
​ ​ ​

To follows, we obtain the expansion in each one of the fraction envolved in the above
partial sum after manipulate alegraically each term in order to obtain the espansion on

the desired region.

Step 9 9 of 23

1
For the first term, z−1
​ we have that

1 1
=
z−1 z(1 − z1 )
​ ​

1 1
=
z 1 − z1
​ ​

∞
1 1 1
= ∑ n,
​ ​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​
<1 ​

z n=0 z z
∞
1
=∑ , z >1
z n+1
​ ​ ​ ​

n=0

Step 10 10 of 23

2
For the second term, z−2 by the previous item we have that
​

∞
2 z n
= −∑( ) , z <2
z−2 2
​ ​ ​ ​

n=0
Step 11 11 of 23

Thus, the desired expansion valid for ∣z∣ > 1 and for ∣z∣ < 2, this is when 1 < ∣z∣ <
2 can be obtained by adding the previous two expansions as follows,

z 1 2
= −
(z − 1)(2 − z) z−1 z−2
​ ​ ​

∞ ∞
1 z n
= ∑ n+1 + ∑ ( )
2
​ ​ ​ ​

n=0
z n=0
1 1 1 1
= + 2+ 3+ 4…
​

​ ​ ​ ​

z z z z
z z 2 z 3 z 4
+1 + +( ) +( ) +( ) +…
2 2 2 2
​ ​ ​ ​

1 1 1 1 z z 2 z 3 z 4
=…+ 4 + 3 + 2 + +1+ +( ) +( ) +( ) +
2 2 2 2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

z z z z

Step 12 12 of 23

c) From the previous item we also consider the relation

z 1 2
= −
(z − 1)(2 − z) z−1 z−2
​ ​ ​

Also, in that item we obtain that

∞
1 1
= ∑ n+1 , z >1
z−1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

n=0
z
Step 13 13 of 23

To obtain the Laurent expansion of the second term we proceed as for the above
term in item b). So, we can obtain the follows

2 1
=2
z−2 z(1 − z2 )
​ ​

2 1
=
z 1 − z2
​ ​

∞ n
2 2 2
= ∑( ) ,
​ ​

​ ​ ​ ​
<1​ ​

z n=0 z z
∞ n+1
2
= ∑( ) ​ ​ , z >2
​ ​

z
n=0

Step 14 14 of 23

Thus, the desired expansion valid for ∣z∣ > 1 and for ∣z∣ > 2, this is when ∣z∣ > 2,
can be obtained by adding the previous two expansions as follows,

z 1 2
= −
(z − 1)(2 − z) z−1 z−2
​ ​ ​

∞ ∞ n+1
1 2
=∑ − ∑( )
z n+1
​ ​ ​ ​

n=0 n=0
z
1 1 1 1
​

= + 2+ 3+ 4…
​ ​ ​ ​
​

z z z z
2 3 4
2 2 2 2
− −( ) +( ) −( ) +…
​ ​ ​ ​

z z z z
1 3 7 15
=− − 2 − 3 − 4 … ​ ​ ​ ​

z z z z
Step 15 15 of 23

d) Let u = z − 1, then the given function in terms of u is

z=u+1
z u+1
=
(z − 1)(2 − z) ((u + 1) − 1)(2 − (u + 1))
​ ​

u+1
=
u(1 − u)
​

u 1
= +
u(1 − u) u(1 − u)
​ ​
​ ​

1 1
= +
1 − u u(1 − u)
​ ​

1 1 1
= +
1−u u1−u
​ ​ ​

Step 16 16 of 23

Then, considering the expansion

∞
1 1
= ∑ n+1 , z >1
z−1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

z
n=0

with u intead of z result

∞
1 1
= ∑ n+1 , u >1
u−1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

n=0
u

and consequently,

∞
1 1 1
=− = − ∑ n+1 , u >1
u−1 1−u
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

u
n=0
Step 17 17 of 23

Therefore, the expansion of the proportion in u valid for ∣u∣>1 is

∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = − ∑ n+1 − ∑ n+1
1−u u1−u
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

u u u
n=0 n=0
1 1 1 1
=− − 2− 3− 4…
​ ​ ​ ​

u u u u
1 1 1
​ ​

− 2− 3− 4… ​ ​ ​

u u u
1 2 2 2
=− − 2 − 3 − 4…
​ ​ ​ ​

u u u u

Step 18 18 of 23

Then, going back to the variable z we have that for ∣z − 1∣ > 1

z 1 2 2 2
=− − − − …
(z − 1)(2 − z) z − 1 (z − 1)2 (z − 1)3 (z − 1)4
​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Step 19 19 of 23

e) Let u = z − 2, then proceeding analogously to the previous item the given

function in terms of u is

z=u+2
z u+2
=
(z − 1)(2 − z) ((u + 2) − 1)(2 − (u + 2))
​ ​

u+2
=−
(u + 1)u
​

u 2
=− −
u(1 + u) u(1 + u)
​ ​
​ ​

1 2
=− −
1 + u u(1 + u)
​ ​

1 2 1
=− −
1+u u1+u
​ ​ ​

Step 20 20 of 23

Then, considering the expansion

∞
1
= ∑(−1)n z n , ∣z∣ < 1
1+z
​ ​

n=0

with u intead of z result

∞
1
= ∑(−1)n un , ∣u∣ < 1
1+u
​ ​

n=0
Step 21 21 of 23

Therefore, the expansion of the proportion in u valid for 0 < ∣u∣<1 is

∞ ∞
1 2 1 2
− − = − ∑(−1)n un − ∑(−1)n un
1+u u1+u
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

u
n=0 n=0
2 3
= −1 + u − u + u − …
​

2 ​

− + 2 − 2u + 2u2 − 2u3 + …
​

u
2
= − + 1 − u + u2 − u3 + …
​

Step 22 22 of 23

Then, going back to the variable z we have that for 0 < ∣z − 2∣ < 1

z 2
=− + 1 − (z − 2) + (z − 2)2 − (z − 2)3 + …
(z − 1)(2 − z) z−2
​ ​
Result 23 of 23

a)

z z z2 z3 z4
= − − 3 − 7 − 15 − …
(z − 1)(2 − z) 2 4 8 16
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

for all z in ∣z < 1∣ b)

z
(z − 1)(2 − z)
​

1 1 1 1
= … + 4 + 3 + 2 + + 1+ ​ ​ ​ ​

z z z z
​ ​

z z 2 z 3 z 4
+ +( ) +( ) +( ) +…
2 2 2 2
​ ​ ​ ​

for all z in 1 < ∣z∣ < 2. c)

z 1 3 7 15
= − − 2 − 3 − 4 … , ∣z∣ > 2
(z − 1)(2 − z)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

z z z z

d)

z
(z − 1)(2 − z)
​

1 2 2 2 ​

=− − − − …
z − 1 (z − 1)2 (z − 1)3 (z − 1)4
​ ​ ​ ​

for all z in ∣z − 1∣ > 1 e)

z
(z − 1)(2 − z)
​

2 ​

=− + 1 − (z − 2) + (z − 2)2 − (z − 2)3 + …
z−2
​

for all z in 0 < ∣z − 2∣ < 1

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