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Module 1 - LTE Introduction Ver 1.0
Module 1 - LTE Introduction Ver 1.0
Module 1 - LTE Introduction Ver 1.0
By
Nex-G Innovations – NESPL
The term LTE is typically used to represent both LTE and SAE.
LTE Evolution
Year Event
Mar 2000 Release 99 - UMTS/WCDMA
Mar 2002 Rel 5 – HSDPA
Mar 2005 Rel 6 – HSUPA
Year 2007 Rel 7 - DL MIMO, IMS (IP Multimedia
Subsystem)
January 2008 Release 8 – LTE 1st Version
March 2010 Release 9
September 2011 Release 10
March 2013 Release 11
March 2015 Release 12
March 2016 Release 13
June 2017 Release 14
Downlink Uplink
(eNodeB => UE) (UE => eNodeB)
OFDMA (Orthogonal SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-
Frequency Division Multiple Frequency Division Multiple
Access) Access)
LTE-Release 9
• New spectrum bands (e.g., 800 MHz and 1500 MHz) for LTE
operation.
LTE-Advanced (Rel-10/Rel-11/Rel-12)
• Latency reduction
• Enhancements of NB-IoT
Advantages of LTE
• Plug and play: The user does not have to manually install
drivers for the device. Instead system automatically recognizes
the device, loads new drivers for the hardware if needed, and
begins to work with the newly connected device.
LTE – QoS
QoS Parameters
• QCI (QoS Class Identifier)
• ARP (Allocation and Retention Priority)
• GBR (Guaranteed Bit Rate)
• MBR (Maximum Bit Rate)
• APN-AMBR
• UE-AMBR
Frequency Bands
The interfaces between the different parts of the system are denoted
Uu, S1 and SGi as shown below:
eNB is the RAN node in the EPS architecture that is responsible for
radio transmission to and reception from UEs in one or more cells.
eNB owns and controls the radio resources of its own cells.
S-GW pooling is managed by the MMEs and is not really seen in the
eNB.
• Mobility control
Since the eNB owns the cell resources, the eNB also handles the
shared and random access channels used for signaling and initial
access.
• Segmentation/Concatenation
Radio Link Control (RLC) Service Data Units (SDUs) received from
the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer consist of whole
IP packets and may be larger than the transport block size provided
by the physical layer.
• HARQ
To achieve low delay and efficient use of radio resources, the HARQ
operates with a native error rate which is sufficient only for services
with moderate error rate requirements such as for instance VoIP.
• Scheduling
The eNB also handles layer one functions like link adaptation and
power control.
There are few more components which have not been shown in the
diagram to keep it simple.
During registration MME talks to HSS via S6a interface for user
authentication & ciphering.
This node communicates with the outside world i.e. packet data
networks PDN, using SGi interface.
The PDN gateway has the same role as the GPRS support node
(GGSN) and the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) with UMTS and
GSM.
The DL data from the UEs in idle state is terminated at the SGW,
and arrival of DL data triggers paging for the UE.
It is responsible for:
• Idle mode UE (User Equipment) tracking
• Paging procedure such as re-transmissions
• Bearer activation and deactivation process
• S-GW selection for a UE at the initial attach
• Intra-LTE handover with Core Network node relocation
• User authentication with HSS
The S6a interface connects the MME to the HSS for roaming UEs.
Area Description
MME pool areas This is an area through which the mobile can
move without a change of serving MME.
Area Description
Tracking areas The MME pool areas and the S-GW service areas
are both made from smaller, non-overlapping
units known as tracking areas (TAs).
An MME code (MMEC) uniquely identifies the MME within all the pool
areas.
Finally adding the MME group identity and the PLMN identity with
S-TMSI results in the Globally Unique Temporary Identity (GUTI).
At user plane side, the application creates data packets that are
processed by protocols such as TCP, UDP and IP, while in the control
plane, the radio resource control (RRC) protocol writes the signalling
messages that are exchanged between the base station and the
mobile.
User Plane
Packets received by a layer are called Service Data Unit (SDU) while
the packet output of a layer is referred to by Protocol Data Unit
(PDU) and IP packets at user plane flow from top to bottom layers.
Control Plane
Mode Description
Idle The user equipment camps on a cell after a cell
selection or reselection process where factors like
radio link quality, cell status and radio access
technology are considered.
The protocol stack for the control plane between the UE and
MME is shown below.
The lower layers perform the same functions as for the user
plane with the exception that there is no header compression
function for the control plane.
Initiated by the NW
• GUTI reallocation
• Authentication
• Security mode control
• Identification
• EMM information.
Packets received by a layer are called Service Data Unit (SDU) while
the packet output of a layer is referred to by Protocol Data Unit
(PDU).
RLC layer does segmentation of these SDUS to make the RLC PDUs.
RLC submits these RLC PDUs (MAC SDUs) to the MAC layer.
If the RLC SDU is small, or the available radio data rate is high,
several RLC SDUs may be packed into a single PDU.
MAC layer adds header and does padding to fit this MAC SDU in TTI.
Logical Channels
Firstly, logical traffic channels carry data in the user plane, while
logical control channels carry signalling messages in the control
plane.
Following table lists the logical channels that are used by LTE:
Transport Channels
Following table lists the transport channels that are used by LTE:
Physical Channels
Following table lists the physical data channels that are used by
LTE:
The base station also transmits two other physical signals, which
help the mobile acquire the base station after it first switches on.
In the EPC, there are two alternative protocols for the S5/S8
interface. The following protocols are involved, when GTP is used in
S5/S8:
GPRS Tunneling Protocol, Control Plane (GTP-C):
It manages the UP connections in the EPC.
This includes signalling the QoS and other parameters.
If GTP is used in the S5/S8 interface it also manages the GTP-U
tunnels.
GTP-C also performs the mobility management functions within the
EPC, e.g. when the GTP-U tunnels of a UE need to be switched from
one node to the other.
UDP/IP transport :
The Unit Data Protocol (UDP) and IP are used as the standard
and basic IP transport.
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