University Hama Lakhdar, El Oued.

Differential Geometry
Exact sciences faculty. 08/05/2022
Mathematics department. Examination time: 1h
———————————————–
Full name:................................................................ Group:............

Exercise 1:
Choose the correct answers.
(1) A smooth bijective function is necessarily a submersion.
 True  False  needs more conditions

(2) Let f : Rn → Rm be a local diffeomorphism, then

 f is bijective  n < m  n > m  n = m

(3) Let f : R2 → R2 given by f (x, y) = (x2 , y 2 ). Then

 f is a local diffeomorphism but not global  f is a global diffeomorphism
 0 is a regular value for f  f is neither local nor global diffeomorphism

(4) Let V be a vector subspace of Rn of dimension d < n and let p ∈ V .

 V is a submanifold  dim(Tp V ) = n  V is smooth  dim V = dim T V

(5) Let M ⊂ Rn be a smooth submanifold and let f : Rn → Rm such that f −1 (0) = M .

 Tp M = Rm  dim M = m − n 0∈M  f (0) ∈ M

Exercise 2:
Let M ⊂ Rn be the subset given by M = f −1 (1), where f : Rn → R is given by
f (x1 , · · · , xn ) = x1 x2 + x2 x3 + · · · + xn x1 .
(1) Show that M 6= ∅.
(2) Compute Jp f at a point p ∈ M
(3) Show that Jp f has a maximal rank.
(4) Show that M is a submanifold of Rn and give its dimension.
(5) Determine precisely the tangent space Tp M .

———————————————————————————————————————
 University Hama Lakhdar, El Oued. Differential Geometry
Mathematics department. 11/03/2021
——————— Solution ———————

Exercise 1:
Consider the smooth function f : R2 → R2 given by
f (x, y) = (ex + y, ey − x).
(1) Compute the Jacobian matrix of f at p = (x0 , y0 ) ∈ R2 .
 x 
e 0 1
Jp (f ) =
−1 ey0

(2) Show that f is a local diffeomorphism at any point of R2 . We have det(Jp (f )) =

ex0 +y0 + 1 > 0, so by the inverse function theorem, we deduce that f is a local
diffeomorphism at any p ∈ R2 .
0
(3) Show that f is injective. let (x, y), (x0 , y 0 ) ∈ R2 s.t f (x, y) = f (x0 , y 0 ). Then ex −ex =
0 0
y 0 − y and ey − ey = x − x0 . Assume that x > x0 , so ey > ey , since the function
0
x 7→ ex is strictly increasing we deduce that y > y 0 , so ex > ex but this implies that
x0 > x, a contradiction. Similarly x0 < x implies a contradiction. So x = x0 and
y = y0.
y
(4) Show that f is surjective. if f (x, y) = (a, b), then ee −b + y = a, the function
y
g : y 7→ ee −b + y is a continuous strictly increasing (g 0 > 0) such that lim g = ±∞.
±∞
So it is surjective from R → R. Hence the equation f (x, y) = (a, b) has a solution.
(5) Deduce that f : R2 → R2 is a global diffeomorphism. Since f is a bijective local
diffeomorphism, then it is a global diffeomorphism.

Exercise 2:
Let M ⊂ R3 be the subset given by
M = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 |x sin(z) − y cos(z) = 0}.
(1) Give a function f such that M = f −1 (0). f (x, y, z) = x sin z − y cos z.
(2) Compute Jp (f ) at a point p = (x0 , y0 , z0 ) ∈ R3 and show that it has a maximal rank.
We have Jp (f ) = (sin(z), − cos(z), x cos(z) + y sin(z)), since sin(z) and cos(z) do not
vanish simultaneously, we deduce that rk(Jp (f )) = 1 which is maximal.
(3) Show that M is a submanifold of R3 and give its dimension. By question 2), we
deduce that 0 is a regular value for f , hence f −1 (0) is a smooth submanifold of R3
of dimension 2.
(4) Determine precisely the tangent space Tp M , where p = (x0 , y0 , z0 ) ∈ M . We have
Tp M = Ker(dp f ), since dp f (x, y, z) = x sin(z0 ) − y cos(z0 ) + z(x0 cos(z0 ) + y0 sin(z0 )),
we get
Tp M = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 | x sin(z0 ) − y cos(z0 ) + z(x0 cos(z0 ) + y0 sin(z0 )) = 0}.
 Exercise 3:
Let M = R2 .
(1) Determine Ω1 (M ) and Ω2 (M ). Ω1 (M ) = C ∞ (M )dx + C ∞ (M )dy, and Ω2 (M ) =
C ∞ (M )dx ∧ dy.
(2) Let ω = (x + y 2 )dx + (y + x2 )dy. Calculate dω. Is ω a closed 1−form? dω =
∂(x + y 2 ) ∂(y + x2 )
dy ∧ dx + dx ∧ dy = 2(x − y)dx ∧ dy. In particular ω is not closed.
∂y ∂x
(3) Let ω 0 = x2 y 3 dx + y 2 x3 dy. Is ω 0 exact 1−form? If yes, determine f ∈ C ∞ (M )
∂(x2 y 3 ) ∂(x3 y 2 )
such that df = ω 0 . we have = 3x2 y 2 = , so ω 0 is an exact 1-form.
∂y ∂x
∂f ∂f
So we look for a function f such that = x2 y 3 and = x3 y 2 . One can take
∂x ∂y
f (x, y) = x3 y 3 /3. So df = ω 0 .

Exercise 4:
Let V be an R−vector space of dimension d, and let k ∈ {1, · · · , d}.
(1) Assume that (e1 , · · · , ed ) is a basis for V . Determine a basis for Λk V . A basis is
given by {ei1 ∧ · · · ∧ eik | ij ∈ {1, · · · , d} such that i1 < i2 < · · · < ik }.
(2) Deduce the dimension of Λk (V ). dim Λk (V ) = kd .

(3) Show that the map Ψ : Λd−1 V → V ∗ given by

Ψ(α) : V → R
x 7→ x ∧ α
is an isomorphism. We have for any λ ∈ R, α, β ∈ Λd−1 V and any x ∈ V
Ψ(α + λβ)(x) = x ∧ (α + λβ)
= x ∧ α + λx ∧ β
= Ψ(α)(x) + λΨ(β),
hence Ψ is linear. Moreover, if Ψ(α)(x) = 0 for any x, then, by taking x ∈
{e1 , · · · , ed }, we deduce that α = 0 so Ψ is injective. Since dim Λd−1 V = dim V ∗
we deduce that Ψ is also surjective, hence it is an isomorphism.