 HEAT TRANSFER MAY TAKE PLACE

BY ONE OR MORE OF THREE

MODES: CONDUCTION,
CONVECTION, AND RADIATION.

 IT HAS BEEN NOTED THAT THE

PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF

MULTI MODE CONVECTION IS RELATED TO THE

HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH
THE THIN LAYER OF FLUID
HEAT ADJACENT TO THE HEAT-
TRANSFER SURFACE.

TRANSFER  IN BOTH CONDUCTION AND

CONVECTION FOURIER’S LAW IS
APPLICABLE, ALTHOUGH FLUID
MECHANICS MUST BE BROUGHT
INTO PLAY IN THE CONVECTION
PROBLEM IN ORDER TO
ESTABLISH THE TEMPERATURE
GRADIENT.
 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
INVOLVES A DIFFERENT PHYSICAL
MECHANISM—THAT OF
PROPAGATION OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY. TO
STUDY THIS TYPE OF ENERGY
TRANSFER WE INTRODUCE THE
CONCEPT OF AN IDEAL RADIATOR,
OR BLACKBODY, WHICH RADIATES
ENERGY AT A RATE
PROPORTIONAL TO ITS ABSOLUTE
TEMPERATURE TO THE FOURTH
POWER.
Conduction and Convection in Series:

A 6 INCH THICK CONCRETE WALL

HAVING A THERMAL CONDUCTIVIY OF
0.5 BTU/HR-FT-°F IS EXPOSED TO AIR
AT 70 °F IN ONE SIDE AND IN AIR 20 °F
ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE. THE HEAT
TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS ARE 2
BTU/HR-FT 2-°F AND 10 BTU/HR-FT 2-°F
RESPECTIVELY. DETERMINE THE HEAT
TRANSFER RATE.
Conduction and Convection in Series:

AN ALUMINUM PIPE CARRYING STEAM

AT 110°C THE INSIDE DIAMETER OF THE
PIPE IS 10 CM HAVING A THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY OF K = 185 W/M-K AND
THE OUTSIDE DIAMETER IS 12 CM. THE
PIPE IS LOCATED IN A ROOM WHERE
THE AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE IS
30°C. THE CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT BETWEEN THE PIPE AND
THE AIR IS 15 W/M2-K. DETERMINE THE
HEAT TRANSFER RATE PER UNIT
LENGTH.

𝑄
= 451.99 W/m
𝐿
Convection and Radiation:
Convection and Radiation:

THE COMBUSTION GASES OF A

FURNACE ARE SEPARATED FROM
ITS SURROUNDING OR AMBIENT
AIR WHICH IS 29 °𝐶. THE BRICK
WALL IS 130 MM AND HAS A
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF 1.23
W/M –°𝐶 WITH A SURFACE
EMISSIVITY OF 0.81. THE OUTER
SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF THE
WALL IS 130 °𝐶 AND WITH SURFACE
AIR CONDUCTANCE OF 15 W/M2 – °𝐶.
FOR STEADY-STATE CONDITION,
DETERMINE THE TOTAL HEAT
TRANSMITTED FOR A SURFACE
AREA OF 30 M2?
Convection and Radiation:
A 0.5 DIAMETER PIPE (ɛ=0.9)
CARRYING A STEAM HAS A SURFACE
TEMPERATYURE OF 5OO K. THE
PIPE IS LOACTED IN A ROOM AT 300
K, AND THE CONVECTION HEAT
TRANSFER COEFFICIENT BETWEEN
THE PIPE SURFACE AND THE AIR IS
2O W/M2-K. CALCULATE THE
COMBINED HEAT TRANSFER RATE
COEFFICIENT AND THE RATE OF
HEAT LOSS PER METER OF PIPE
LENGTH.
Application of 3 Modes: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation
GIVEN:
T2 = Ts = 100 °C + 273 = 373K
T∞ = 25 °C + 273 = 298K
x = 0.15m SOLUTION:
k = 1.2 W/m-K Working Equation:
h = 20 W/m2-K Qk = Qc + Qr
ɛ = 0.8
𝑘𝐴(𝑇1−𝑇2)
FIND: = hA(Ts - T∞) + ɛσA(T24 - T∞4)
𝑋
T1=? (1.2 W/m−K)(𝑇1 −373𝐾)
= 20 W/m2-K (373K – 298K)
0.15𝑚
+ 0.8 σ (3734 K4 – 2984 K4)

T1 = 625. 55 K
T1 = 352.55 °C