Abstract;

Nutraceuticals are nutritional products (combinations of food and drugs) that are b
eneficial and have the potential to protect health and benefits. These products play a
n important role in maintaining people's health, endurance and, most importantly,
for future treatments. Nutraceuticals are known for their clinical and safety benefit
s as well as their nutritional value. Nutraceuticals continue to advance worldwide in
health promotion, disease reduction and other services. This review also highligh
ts the interactions between various drugs and nutrients with various examples. Th
e last part of the analysis touches on nutraceuticals used in agriculture and vario
us patents for various diseases, confirming that the value of nutraceutical produc
ts is increasing. Nutraceuticals are used not only for nutritional purposes, but also to
support medical treatment in the prevention and treatment of many diseases, such as
reducing the side effects of cancer treatment and chemotherapy electricity. Many ne
w nanoformulation methods are able to overcome the challenges often associated wi
th nutraceutical formulation development. Learning in advance about various inter
actions with medications will help avoid the dangers of nutraceuticals. Nanotechnol
ogy has also led to the creation of micronized foods and other nutritional products t
hat benefit health. In this review article, the latest key findings (clinical studies) on nutr
aceuticals that show the therapeutic action of nutraceutical’s bioactive molecules on vari
ous diseases have also been discussed.

1. Introduction;
Nutraceuticals are defined as "specific preparations" designed to meet specific
nutritional needs and/or ensure the maintenance of health. Nutraceuticals are types of
nutrients that, in addition to nutritional supplements, can help prevent and treat certain
diseases. Nutraceutical, Dr. Stephen De Felice, 1989. It consists of two words: and
"medication". These are foods or nutrients that are effective in providing many,health
benefits, including healing and/or preventing diseases. Food science develops new
perspectives every day, from the prevention of nutritional deficiencies to its importance
for human health and the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Terms such as
"nutraceuticals", "food products" and "food products" were coined by Dr. De Felice
suggested this idea.Regulators do not draw a clear line between food and
nutraceuticals. Information in recent years has been about redefining the concept of
nutraceuticals, taking into account the effectiveness, safety and toxicity of products.
Food is food that is eaten, drunk, or otherwise taken to sustain life, provide energy, and
promote growth. Separation of nutrients from these foods is now widely recognized and
used. The principle of distinguishing between food/food and food products is to
determine the purpose of contamination and then conduct safety investigation and
performance to understand the processes of action. One way to distinguish between
these two types of designs is to define “nutrients” as substances that compensate for
micro- and macronutrient deficiencies; Additionally, the use of “nutraceuticals” in the
treatment of pathological diseases needs to be supported by strong scientific evidence [
1 ]. If there is sufficient evidence, the dietary supplement must have a safety profile, few
side effects and good bioavailability. There is a very fine line between the two types of
formulations: The same ingredients can be used as nutraceuticals or food products, but
will be distributed according to the requester. Effective foods include one or more
combinations of prebiotic foods and nutritional supplements; Nutritional products include
one or more of minerals, vitamins, protein supplements, functional foods and herbal
products. Integrating nutraceuticals into the daily diet can help prevent pathological
diseases by replacing non-pharmacological methods of treating pathological diseases,
delaying or eliminating the need for medication in the subject. It has been recognized
that foods containing spices and herbs tend to reduce the risk of various diseases and
are beneficial in improving the quality of life [2]. Nutraceuticals have many benefits,
including their effectiveness in preventing and treating complex diseases. However,
nutraceuticals require control and dosage and must be strictly controlled to prevent
uncontrollable effects and side effects. Some researchers have examined nutraceuticals
as pharmaceutical agents to increase efficacy and bioavailability. The safety and
effectiveness of various statins have been shown to prevent heart disease even in
pregnant women. Nutraceuticals that are safe and effective for pregnancy may be
appropriate treatments for the prevention of diabetes and hypertension or as part of
medical procedures. Calcium, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D, folate,
resveratrol, alpha-lipoic acid, zinc, myo-inositol and probiotics may be candidates for
new nutraceuticals [4]. Researchers have evaluated nutraceuticals related to ezetimibe
to treat high-risk patients with high levels of statins, which can increase the risk of heart
disease [5]. New nutraceuticals combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) have been shown to be competitive in the treatment of osteoarthritis, thus
improving efficacy and safety credentials [6] .

The market for nutraceuticals such as antioxidants remains strong and growing;
Omega-3 fatty acids; plants such as algae, aloe vera, seaweed and wheatgrass; and
teas and herbs such as ginseng and echinacea. Detailed studies including clinical data
on nutraceuticals are shown in Table 1 [7,8]. The global nutraceutical industry is
expanding and could reach $340 billion by 2024, according to a recent study. The
annual growth rate (CAGR) of nutraceuticals from 2016 to 2024 is expected to be 7.2%.
Found in [9,10]. Europe, the United States and Japan currently account for 90% of total
world trade, and the global market is expected to grow from $247 billion in 2019 to $336
billion in 2023, with an annual growth rate of 8%. As the world economy grows, the
focus of nutraceutical players is now shifting to growing markets, especially in the Asia-
Pacific region, which includes India. In 2017, the Indian market accounted for only 2% of
the total global food supply. It is expected to reach 11 billion US dollars in 2023, with an
annual growth rate of 21%. By 2023, India is expected to capture at least 3.5% of the
world market [11,12].

Amino Acids
N-Acetyl Cysteine
N-Acetyl Cysteine is the prodrug form of L-cysteine and is both oral and topical [5, 6]. N-
acetyl cysteine forms glutathione, the most abundant endogenous intracellular
antioxidant that plays an important role in the body's antioxidant defense [6, 7]. As
people age, the rate of glutathione synthesis decreases, resulting in glutathione
deficiency and exposing the body to oxidative stress. Increased oxidative stress leads to
further DNA damage and aging.

Sekhar et al.'s study. [7] found that intracellular glutathione synthesis and concentration
were decreased in the elderly compared to young people. After two weeks of cysteine
and glycine supplementation, erythrocyte glycine, cysteine, and glutathione increased in
adults. Additionally, plasma markers of oxidative stress and oxidative damage were
reduced after supplementation. The Food and Drug Administration has not established
a recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for N-acetylcysteine. More clinical research is
needed to determine the optimal daily intake of N-acetylcysteine to achieve the best
results on the skin.

Carotenoids
Carotenoids are a family of more than 600 fat-soluble plant pigments, approximately 20
of which are found in human tissues and blood [3, 8]. These are powerful scavengers of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protect the skin against oxidative stress. Humans
and animals cannot produce carotenoids, so they must be obtained from foods or
supplements. Skin concentrations of carotenoids increase with food intake but decrease
with oxidative stress and UV exposure [3]. Here we focus on four major dietary
carotenoids: beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin.

Beta-carotene
Beta-carotene is the precursor of vitamin A. It protects cells from damage by inhibiting
free radicals and lipid peroxidation caused by singlet oxygen [3]. It also has
photoprotective properties that increase the minimum erythematous dose (MED) and
prevent heat and photosuppression of the immune system [3,8,9]. In mice, β-carotene
has been shown to prevent wrinkle formation and protect the extracellular matrix (ECM)
from degradation by reducing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity [3].
Foods containing beta-carotene are green leafy vegetables, orange root vegetables,
and yellow or orange fruits [3]. Beta-carotene is the precursor of vitamin A; therefore the
recommended daily intake is determined by vitamin A intake. The recommended
vitamin A intake is 900 mcg of retinol active equivalent (RAE) per day for men and 700
mcg RAE per day for women aged 19 years and over [10]. According to the Association
for Vitamin A and Carotenoid Unit Conversion Table, 2 mcg of supplemental all-trans-
beta-carotene equals 1 RAE, and 12 mcg of dietary all-trans-beta-carotene equals 1
RAE. Therefore, the recommended daily intake of all-trans beta-carotene supplements
is 1800 mcg per day for men and 1400 mcg per day for women, and the recommended
daily intake from vegetables (rice all-trans beta-carotene) is 10,800 mcg per day for
men. and 8400 mcg per day for women. micrograms of a woman's day [10]. Long-term
beta-carotene supplementation has been associated with an increased risk of lung
cancer, so more research is needed to determine optimal daily intake while taking
health risks into account [9].

Lutein and Zeaxanthin

Lutein and zeaxanthin are the two main xanthophyll carotenoids in the retina and are
generally thought to improve eye health; However, these two products are found in
large amounts in human skin [11]. In the skin and eyes, carotenoids act as fillers to
block harmful blue wavelengths and act as antioxidants to prevent free radical damage
[11, 12].

Juturu et al. [12] measured daily oral intake of 10 mg of lutein and 2 mg of the
zeaxanthin isomer. They concluded that supplementation for 12 weeks increased mean
MED and improved skin tone, radiance, and color [12]. Other studies have shown that
lutein and zeaxanthin can protect keratinocytes from photoaging by UV radiation,
prevent ECM degradation by inhibiting MMPs, and reduce lipid peroxidation in the skin
[11, 13]. These skin effects can be observed by applying lutein and zeaxanthin topically
or together orally to increase efficacy [11, 13].

Humans cannot produce lutein or zeaxanthin, so they must be obtained from other
sources [10]. Both are maximally present in green leaves, but are more bioavailable in
eggs [13]. The Food and Drug Administration has not established RDAs for lutein and
zeaxanthin; However, previous studies recommend 6-10 mg lutein and 2 mg zeaxanthin
per day [10,12,14]. Remember, if you're not getting enough lutein and zeaxanthin from
diet alone, the American Optometric Association recommends 10 mg of lutein and 2 mg
of zeaxanthin per day to reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration and
cataracts [15].
Lycopene;
Lycopene does not have vitamin A activity but is considered the best singlet oxygen
quencher in the carotenoid family [3]. Studies have shown that consumption of
lycopene-rich tomatoes reduces UV-induced erythema and reduces MMP-1 activity (an
enzyme involved in the breakdown of collagen) [16]. In vitro studies of lycopene have
shown that it can inhibit the growth of various types of cancer through induction of the
cell cycle and apoptosis. There is also a correlation between higher skin lycopene levels
and reduced skin roughness [3].

Foods containing lycopene include tomatoes, oranges and grapefruits [10]. The Food
and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine has not determined the recommended
daily intake of lycopene; Therefore, more research is needed to determine the optimal
daily intake when considering health supplements.