1.
1 Internet of Things
2 H
2.1 Internet of Things
2.1.1 Definition: The Internet of Things
(IoT) is a network of physical devices,
vehicles, appliances, and other objects
that are embedded with sensors,
software, and network connectivity
2.1.2 Characteristics of IoT
2.1.2.1 Connectivity
2.1.2.2 Intelligence & Identity
2.1.2.3 Scalability
2.1.2.4 Dynamic & Self adapting
2.1.2.5 Architecture
2.1.2.6 Safety
2.1.2.7 Self Configuring
2.1.2.8 Interoperability
2.1.2.9 Autonomous operation
2.1.3 Applications of IoT
2.1.3.1 Smart Homes: Imagine lights
that adjust automatically,
thermostats you can control
from your phone, and
appliances that order groceries
when they're running low.
That's the magic of smart
homes.
2.1.3.2 Smart Cities: Traffic lights that
adjust congestion, waste
management systems that
optimize collection, and noise
monitoring that helps control
pollution - these are just a few
ways IoT is making cities
smarter.
2.1.3.3 Wearable Tech: Fitness
trackers, smartwatches, and
health monitors are all
examples of wearable tech that
use IoT to collect data about
our health and activity.
2.1.3.4 Smart Retail: IoT helps
retailers track inventory,
monitor customer behavior,
and even personalize shopping
experiences.
2.1.3.5 Industrial IoT: In factories and
industrial settings, IoT is used
for predictive maintenance,
optimizing production lines,
and improving worker safety.
2.1.3.6 Connected Cars: Vehicles are
becoming increasingly
connected, enabling features
like self-driving cars, real-time
traffic updates, and remote
diagnostics.
2.1.3.7 Environmental Monitoring:
IoT sensors can track air and
water quality, monitor weather
patterns, and help us better
understand and protect our
environment.
2.1.4 Advantages & Disadvantages of IoT
2.1.4.1 Advantages
2.1.4.1.1 IoT automates tasks and
gathers data to streamline
processes for increased
efficiency and productivity.
2.1.4.1.2 Better resource management
and preventive maintenance
with IoT lead to cost
reduction.
2.1.4.1.3 A mountain of data from IoT
devices empowers improved
decision-making.
2.1.4.1.4 Remote control and
automation of devices with
IoT enhance convenience and
comfort.
2.1.4.1.5 Monitoring threats and
improving safety measures
are facilitated by IoT systems.
2.1.4.1.6 Smart practices with IoT
sensors contribute to
environmental benefits.
2.1.4.1.7 The ever-evolving IoT fosters
innovation and new
opportunities.
2.1.4.2 Disadvantages
2.1.4.2.1 Security vulnerabilities in
interconnected IoT devices
raise security and privacy
concerns.
2.2 Design of IoT
2.2.1 Physical design of IoT
 on protocol for
Service) real-time
data
exchange.
WebSock Enables two- TCP/IP TCP
et way
communicati
on channels
between
2.2.2 Logical design of IoT devices and
servers for
real-time
data
exchange.
AMQP Robust TCP/IP TCP
(Advance messaging
d Message protocol for
Queuing reliable and
Protocol) secure
2.3 IoT Protocols
message
Protocol Description Network Transpor delivery.
Layer t Layer XMPP Open-source TCP/IP TCP
MQTT Lightweight TCP/IP TCP (Extensibl protocol for
(Message messaging (or Non- e real-time
Queue protocol for IP) Messagin messaging
Telemetry low- g and and presence
Transport) bandwidth Presence information
situations. Protocol) exchange.
Uses a OPC UA Industry TCP/IP TCP/IP
publish- (OPC standard for (or
subscribe Unified communicati proprieta
model for Architectu on in ry)
efficient data re) industrial
exchange. automation
HTTP Foundation TCP/IP TCP environment
(Hypertex of web s.
t Transfer communicati Bluetooth Energy- Not Not
Protocol) on. Used for Low efficient applicabl applicabl
transferring Energy version of e (uses e
data between (BLE) Bluetooth Bluetoot
devices and for short- h Link
servers. range Layer)
CoAP Lightweight UDP UDP communicati
(Constrain version of on between
ed HTTP devices.
Applicatio designed for Zigbee Low-power, IEEE Custom
n resource- low-cost 802.15.4
Protocol) constrained mesh
devices. networking
DDS High- TCP/IP Various protocol for
(Data performance (TCP, home
Distributi messaging UDP) automation
and
 industrial plant growth
applications. monitoring
Thread Secure mesh IEEE Custom Proximity Detect the Automatic
networking 802.15.4 Sensors presence or doors, motion-
protocol absence of activated
based on nearby security
Zigbee for objects. systems, self-
low-power driving cars
smart home Motion Detect Security
devices. Sensors movement or systems, smart
LoRaWA Low-power, LoRaW Not changes in lighting, fitness
N (Long wide-area AN applicabl position. trackers
Range networking (custom) e Image Sensors Capture Security
Wide protocol for (Cameras) visual data cameras, facial
Area long-range for analysis. recognition
Network) IoT systems,
communicati autonomous
on. robots
Gas Sensors Detect the Smoke and
2.4 Sensors & Actuators presence and carbon
concentration monoxide
Sensor Type Description Example Use
of specific detectors, air
Cases
gases. quality
Temperature Measure Smart monitoring,
Sensors ambient or thermostats, industrial leak
object industrial detection
temperature. process
Acoustic Detect and Smart speakers,
monitoring,
Sensors record sound. voice
wearables for
(Microphones) assistants,
health
noise
monitoring
monitoring
Pressure Measure Smart tire
Sensors pressure of pressure
gases or monitoring, Actuator Description Example Use
liquids. weather Type Cases
monitoring
Solenoid Control the Irrigation
stations,
Valves flow of fluids systems,
industrial
or gases by industrial
equipment
opening and automation
monitoring
closing a processes,
Humidity Measure Smart valve. medical devices
Sensors moisture humidifiers,
Electric Convert Smart appliances,
content in the greenhouses,
Motors electrical robots, drones,
air. weather
energy into adjustable
monitoring
mechanical thermostats
stations
motion.
Light Sensors Detect and Smart lighting
Relays Switch Smart lighting
measure light systems,
electrical systems, security
intensity. automatic
circuits on systems,
camera
and off based industrial control
adjustments,
on control panels
signals.
Piezoelectric Convert Inkjet printers,
Actuators electrical microfluidic
energy into devices, medical
precise ultrasound
mechanical imaging
motion.
Shape Materials Deployable
Memory that change antennas, self-
Alloys shape in repairing 2.5.2.3 Network Components
response to micromachines, 2.5.2.3.1 Media Gateway (MGW):
temperature adjustable Translator between network types,
changes. aerospace converting signals for 5G.
structures 2.5.2.3.2 Media Gateway Controller
(MGC): Brain of MGW, controls
media handling and resources.
2.5 Introduction to 5G Network
2.5.2.3.3 Application Server (AS): Provides
2.5.1 5G Characteristics & Application
logic and functionality for specific
Areas
network services.
2.5.2 NGN Architecture
2.5.3 NGN Wireless technology
2.5.2.1 Features
2.5.3.1 Telecom network spectrum: Telecom
2.5.2.1.1 Packet-based transfer: Data is sent
network spectrum is the range of
in packets from source to
frequencies used by telecom operators
destination, and can be separated.
to send and receive signals to enable
2.5.2.1.2 Quality of Service (QoS): NGN has
communication.
end-to-end QoS and transparency.
2.5.3.2 Licensed spectrum: Reserved by a
2.5.2.1.3 Separation of service and transport:
country's telecommunications
The service network is separate
regulatory body for exclusive use by
from the transport layer, and
certain companies, such as radio
develops independently from the
stations, cellular companies, and
bearer network.
television providers. Licensed
2.5.2.1.4 Generalized mobility: NGN allows
spectrum has better performance and
consistent and all over-provision of
reliability than unlicensed spectrum,
services to users.
with less congestion and the ability to
2.5.2.1.5 Open interfaces: NGN interworks
transmit data faster.
with legacy systems by way of
2.5.3.3 Unlicensed spectrum: Free and open
open interfaces.
for anyone to use, and is where Wi-Fi
2.5.2.1.6 Broad range of services: NGN
lives. Unlicensed spectrum is subject to
provides a broad range of services,
some regulatory constraints, like
applications, and structures based
restrictions in transmission power.
on service building blocks.
Unlicensed spectrum users compete
2.5.2.1.7 Softswitch: A main component of
with other users for priority.
NGN network that controls VOIP
2.5.4 Mobile Network Evolution
calls and integrates different
2.5.4.1 1G: The first generation of mobile
protocols.
networks, introduced in 1979, allowed
2.5.2.2 NGN block diagram
for basic voice communication.
2.5.4.2 2G: Digital networks that offered data
speeds and better call quality, as well as
SMS messaging and roaming.
2.5.4.3 3G: A global standard that combined
the best of competing technologies,
allowing users to browse the web, send
 emails, and access basic multimedia
content on their phones.
2.5.4.4 4G: Introduced LTE technology for
devices that are constantly connected to
the internet.
2.5.4.5 5G: The most advanced and
revolutionary form of wireless
technology, offering ultra-fast speeds
and massive capacity. 5G networks use
a combination of existing 4G LTE and
new 5G New Radio (5G NR)
technology.
2.6 NGN Core
2.6.1 features: NGN (Next Generation
Network) cores are designed to be
packet-based, relying on the internet
protocol (IP) for communication. This
allows for more flexibility and
scalability compared to traditional
circuit-switched networks.
2.6.2 Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(MPLS): MPLS is a traffic engineering
technique used in NGNs. It creates
virtual tunnels through an IP network to
prioritize certain traffic flows. This
ensures consistent, low-latency
delivery of data for time-sensitive
applications like video conferencing or
remote surgery.
2.6.3 Advantages:
2.6.3.1 Traffic prioritization: MPLS can
prioritize certain types of traffic,
ensuring that critical applications get
the bandwidth they need.
2.6.3.2 Reduced congestion: By creating
virtual tunnels, MPLS can help to
reduce congestion on the network.
2.6.3.3 Improved scalability: MPLS networks
can easily be scaled to accommodate
new traffic demands.
2.6.3.4 Security: MPLS can be used to create
secure tunnels for data transmission.

25042024